WhilethepapyrusplanthasalmostvanishedfromEgypt，itstillgrowsinNubiaandAbyssinia。ItisrelatedbytheArabtraveler，Ibn-Haukal，thatinthetenthcentury，intheneighborhoodofPalermoinSicily，thepapyrusplantgrewwithluxurianceinthePapirito，astreamtowhichitgaveitsname。
DuCange，1376，citesthefollowinglinesfromaFrenchmetricalromance，writtenaboutthattime，toshowthatwaxentabletscontinuedtobeoccasionallyusedtillalateperiod：
“SomewithantiquatedstyleInwaxentabletspromptlywrite；
Otherswithfinerpen，thewhileFormlettersloveliertothesight。”
ThelawsofGreecewerepromulgatedbymeansofMSS。onlinen，astheywerealsoinRome，andinadditiontolinen；clothandsilkwereoccasionallyused。
Skinsofvariouskindsoffish，andeventhe“intestinesofserpents“wereemployedaswritingmaterials。
ZonarasstatesthatthefirewhichtookplaceatConstantinopleinthereignofEmperorBasiliscusconsumed，amongothervaluableremainsofantiquity，acopyoftheIliadandOdyssey，andsomeotherancientpoems，writteninlettersofgolduponmaterialformedoftheintestinesofaserpent。WearealsoinformedbyPurcellithatmonumentsofmuchmoremoderndates，thecharterofHugoandLothaire，A。D。933
kingsofItaly，preservedinthearchivesofMilan，arewrittenuponfishskins。
Constantineauthorizedhissoldiersdyingonthefieldofbattletowritetheirlastwillandtestamentwiththepointoftheirswordonitssheathoronashield。
B。C。270。TheJewishelders，byorderofthehighpriest，carriedacopyofthelawtoPtolemyPhiladelphus，writteninlettersofgolduponskins，thepiecesofwhichweresoartfullyputtogetherthatthejoiningsdidnotappear。
NomonumentsofHebrewwritingexistwhicharenotposterioreventotheChristianera，withtheexceptionofthoseonthecoinsoftheMaccabees，whichareintheancientorwhatistermedtheSamaritanformsoftheHebrewletters。ThiscoinagetookplaceaboutB。C。144。
ThemostancientspecimenofHebrewinkwritingextantisallegedtohavebeenwrittenA。D。489。
ItisaparchmentrollwhichwasfoundinaKariatsynagogueintheCrimea。Another，broughtfromDanganstan，ifthesuperscriptionbegenuine，hasadatecorrespondingwithA。D。580。ThedateofstillanotherofthecelebratedHebrewscripturalcodices，aboutwhichthereisnodispute，istheHilelcodexwrittenattheendofthesixthcentury。ItsnameissaidtobederivedfromthefactthatitwaswrittenatHila，atownbuiltneartheruinsoftheancientBabel；
somemaintain，however，thatitwasnamedafterthemanwhowroteit。
OneoftheearliestspecimensofGreekwaxwritingisaninscriptiononasmallwoodentabletnowintheBritishmuseum。Itreferstoamoneytransactionofthethirty-firstyearofPtolemyPhiladelphus，B。C。
254。
InEnglandthecustomofusingwoodentallies，inscribedaswellasnotchedinthepublicaccounts，lasteddowntothenineteenthcentury。
Goldwritingwasapracticewhichdiedoutinthethirteenthcentury。
ThefirstdiscoveryofGreekpapyriinEgypttookplaceintheyear1778。ItisofthelateofA。D。
191andoutsideofEgyptandHerculaneumistheonlyplaceinwhichtheGreekpapyrihaseverbeenfound。
SquarecapitalinkwritinginLatinofancientdateisfoundonafewleavesofanMS。ofVirgil，whichisattributedtothecloseofthefourthcentury，andthefirstrusticMS。towhichanapproximatedatecanbegiven，belongstothecloseofthefifthcentury。
Themostancientuncialinkwritingextant，belongstothefourthcentury，whilsttheearliestmixeduncialandminisculewritingpertainstothesixthcentury。
TheoldestextantIrishMS。intheroundIrishhandisascribedtothelatterpartoftheseventhcentury，whiletheearliestspecimenofEnglishwritingofanykindextantdatesaboutthebeginningoftheeighthcentury。
ThegoldpenwonbyPeterBalesinhistrialofskillwithJohnson，duringthereignofQueenElizabeth，ifreallymadeforuse，isprobablythefirstmodernexampleofsuchpens。BaleswasemployedbySirFrancisWalsingham，andafterwardskeptawritingschoolattheupperendoftheOldBailey。
In1595，whennearlyfiftyyearsold，hehadatrialofskillwithoneDanielJohnson，bywhichhewasthewinnerofagoldenpen，ofavalueofL20，which，intheprideofhisvictory，hesetupashissign。UponthisoccasionJohnDavismadethefollowingepigraminhis“ScourgeofFolly：“
“TheHandandGoldenPen，ClophonionSetsonhissign，toshew，Oproud，poorsoul，Bothwherehewonnes，andhowthesamehewon，Fromwritersfair，thoughhewriteverfoul；
ButbythatHand，thatPensobornehasbeen，FromplacetoPlace，thatforthelasthalfYeare，Itscarceasen’nightataplaceisseen。
ThatHandsopliesthePen，thoughne’ertheneare，ForwhenMenseekit，elsewhereitissent，OrthereshutupasforthePlagueorRent，Withoutwhichstay，itneverstillcouldstand，BecausethePenisforaRunningHand。”
Thesignofthe“HandandPen“wasalsousedbytheFleetstreetmarriage-mongers，todenote“marriagesperformedwithoutimposition。”
RobertMore，afamouswritingmaster，in1696
livedinCastlestreet，nearSt。Paul’schurchyard，London，atthesignofthe“GoldenPen。”
TheinkhorninQueenElizabeth’stimewasinpopularuseasareceptacleforholdingwritingink，andPetticoatlaneinLondonwasthegreatmanufacturingcenterforthem。BishopsGateinthesamevicinitywasknownasthe“homeofthescribblers。”
Beginningwith1560andformanyyearsthereafterthesignoftheFiveInkHornswasappropriatelydisplayedbyHaddononthehouseinwhichhedwelt。
AwaybackinthetimeofKingEdwardIII1313-
1377，royaltywasemployingthepen，bothquillandgold，asbadges。ThisisindicatedintheaccompanyinginterestinglisttobefoundintheHarleinlibrary：
“KingEdwardtheiii。gavealyoninhispropercoulor，armed，azure，langued’or。Theoustrichfethergold，thepengold，andafauconinhispropercoulorandtheSonneRising。
“ThePrinceofWalestheostrichfetherpenandallarg。
“Henry，sonneoftheErlofDerby，firstDukofLancaster，gavetheredroseuncrowned，andhisancestorsgavetheFoxtayleinhisprop。coulorandtheostrichfetherar。thepenermyn。
“TheOstrychfethersilver，thepengobonesylverandazur，istheDukofSomerset’sbage。
“Theostrychfethersilverandpengoldysthekinges。
“TheostrychfetherpenandallsylverysthePrynces。
“Theostrychfethersylver，penermynistheDukeofLancesters。
“TheostrychfethersylverandpengoboneistheDukeofSomersets。”
“What’sgreatGoliath’sspear，thesevenfoldshield，Scanderbeg’ssword，toonewhocannotwieldSuchweapons？Or，whatmeansawellcutquill，Inth’untaughthandofhimthat’svoidofskill？“——
COCKER，A。D。1650。
TheoldestinkRussiandocumentsthatexistinRussiaaretwotreatieswiththeGreekemperors，madebyOleg，A。D。912，andIgor，A。D。943。Christianity，introducedintoRussiaatthebeginningoftheeleventhcenturybyVladimirtheGreat，broughtwithitmanywordsofGreekorigin。Printingwasintroducedthereaboutthemiddleofthesixteenthcentury。TheoldestprintedbookwhichhasbeendiscoveredisaSclavonicpsalter，thedateKiev，1551，twoyearsafterapresswasestablishedinMoscow。
Itissaidthattheskinsof300sheepwereusedineverycopyofthefirstprintedBible。Hencetheoldsaying，“Ittakesaflockofsheeptowriteabook。”
Whatwouldhavebeenthecommentinoldentimes，tolearnthatittakesalmostaforestoftreestoprinttheSundayeditionofsomeofourgreatnewspapers？
Waxshoemakers’wasfirstemployedondocumentsA。D。1213，althoughitwaswhitewaxwhichwasusedtosealthemagnacharta，grantedtotheEnglishbaronsbyKingJohn，A。D。1215。In1445
redwaxwasmuchemployedinEngland，buttheearliestspecimenofredsealingwaxextantisfoundonaletterdatedAugust3，1554。
Plinyenumeratesanddescribeseightdifferentkindsofpapyruspaper：
1。Charterhieratica——sacredpaper，usedonlyforbooksonreligion。FromadulationofAugustusitwasalsocalledchartaaugustaandchartalivia。
2。Chartaamphitheatrica——fromtheplacewhereitwasfabricated。
3。Chartafannia——fromFannius，themanufacturer。
4。Chartasaitica——fromSaisinEgypt。Thisappearstohavebeenacoarserkind。
5。Chartatoeniotica——fromtheplacewheremade，nowDamietta。Thiswasalsoofalessfinequality。
6。Chartaclaudia。Thiswasanimprovementofthechartahieratica，whichwastoofine。
7。Chartaemporitica。Acoarsepaperforparcels。
Therewasalsoapapercalledmacrocollum，whichwasofaverylargesize。
Ofallthese，hesays，thechartaclaudiawasthebest。
Theink-writtenrollsofpapyruswereplacedverticallyinacylindricalboxcalledcapsula。Itisveryevidentthatagreatnumberofsuchvolumesmightbecomprisedinthiswaywithinasmallspace，andthismaytendtoexplainthesmallnessoftheroomswhichareconsideredtohavebeenusedforcontainingtheancientlibraries。
AtMentz，inUpperGermany，isaleafofparchmentonwhicharefairlywrittentwelvedifferentkindsofhandwritingsinsixdifferentinksalsoavarietyofminiaturesanddrawingscuriouslydonewithapenbyoneTheodoreSchubiker，whowasbornwithouthandsandperformedtheworkwithhisfeet。
InRometheveryplateofbrassonwhichthelawsofthetentablesarewrittenisstilltobeseen。
Stylographicinksshouldnotbeuseduponrecords，mostofthemareaniline。Theabsenceofsolidmatter，whichmakesthemdesirableforthestylographicpen，unfitsthemforrecords。
Neveraddwatertoink。Whileaninkwhichhaswaterasitsbasemight，undercertainconditionsbeartheadditionofanamountequaltothatlostbyevaporation，asaruletheinkparticleswhichhavebecomeinjuredwillnotassimilateagain。
Oneofthebestmethodstocleanseasteelpenafteruse，istostickitinarawwhitepotato。
Inkswhicharerecommendedaspermanent，becausewaterwillnotremovethem，whileitdoesimmediatelyobliterateothers，maynotbepermanentasagainsttime。Theseinksmaybethebestformonetarypurposes，but，owingtoanexcessofacidinthem，maybedangerousintimetothepaper。
Itisinteresting，sincecoaltarhasacquiredsoimportantapositioninthearts，totracehowitsvariousproductssuccessivelyroseinvalue。ThepricesinParis，asgivenbyM。Parisalin1861，areasfollows：
Coal，……1/4c。perlb。
Coaltar，……3/4““
Heavycoaloil，……21/2a33/4““
Lightcoaloil，……63/4a101/4““
Benzole，……101/2a13““
Crudenitro-benzole，……57a61““
Rectifiednitro-benzole，……82a96““
Ordinaryaniline，……$3。27a$4。90““
Liquidanilineviolet，……28a41““
Carmineanilineviolet，……32c。a$1。92“
Pureanilineviolet，inpowder，……$245a$326。88“
Thelastisequaltothepriceofgold。Andso，saysM。Parisal，fromcoal，carriedtoitstenthpower，wehavegold；thediamondistocome。
Modernchemistryoffersmanyformulasandmethodsofrenderingvisiblesecretorsympatheticinks。Writingmadewithanyofthefollowingsolutions，andpermittedtodry，isinvisible。Treatmentbythemeanscitedwillrenderthemvisible。
Solution。Aftertreatment。Colorproduced。
Acetateoflead。Sulphuretofpotassiurin。Brown。
GoldinnitrohydroChloricacid。Tininsameacid。Purple。
Nut-galls。Sulphateofiron。Black。
Dilutesulphuricacid。Heat。Black。
CobaltindiluteHeat。Green。
nitrohydrochloricacid。
Lemonjuice。Heat。Brown。
OxideofcopperinHeat。Blue。
aceticacidandsaltNitrateofbismuth。InfusionsofNutgalls。Brown。
Commonstarch。Iodineinalcohol。Purple。
Colorlessiodine。Chlorideoflime。Brown。
Phenolphtalin。Alkalinesolution。Red。
Vanadium。Pyrogallicacid。Purple。
ThePatentOfficeatWashington，D。C。，formorethanfortyyearsemployedavioletcopyinginkmadeoflogwood。From1853until1878itwasfurnishedbytheAntoinesofParis，ofthebrandtermed“Imperial；“inlateryearsitwassuppliedbytheFabers。
Since1896theyhavebeenusing“combined“writingfluids。
ThefollowingfactselicitedbytheunrollmentofamummyatBristol，England，in1853，werecommunicatedtothePhilosophicalMagazine，byDr。Herapath。
Hesays：
“Onthreeofthebandageswerehieroglyphicalcharactersofadarkcolor，aswelldefinedasifwrittenwithamodernpen；wherethemarkingfluidhadflowedmorecopiouslythanthecharactersrequired，thetextureoftheclothhadbecomedecomposedandsmallholeshadresulted。Ihavenodoubtthatthebandagesweregenuine，andhadnotbeendisturbedorunfolded；thecolorofthemarksweresosimilartothoseofthepresent’markingink，’thatIwasinducedtotryiftheywereproducedbysilver。WiththeblowpipeI
immediatelyobtainedabuttonofthatmetal；thefibreofthelinenIprovedbythemicroscope，andbychemicalreagents，tobelinen；itisthereforecertainthattheancientEgyptianswereacquaintedwiththemeansofdissolvingsilver，andofapplyingitasapermanentink；butwhatwastheirsolvent？
Iknowofnonethatwouldactonthemetalanddecomposeflaxfibrebutnitricacid，whichwehavebeentoldwasunknownuntildiscoveredbythealchemistinthethirteenthcentury，whichwasabout2200yearsafterthedateofthismummy，accordingasitssuperscriptionwasread。
“TheYellowcolorofthefinelinenclothswhichhadnotbeenstainedbytheembalmingmaterials，Ifoundtobethenaturalcoloringmatteroftheflax；theythereforedidnot，ifwejudgefromthisspecimen，practicebleaching。Therewere，insomeofthebandagesneartheselvage，sometwentyorthirtybluethreads；theseweredyedbyindigo，butthetintwasnotsodeepnorsoequalastheworkofthemoderndyers；thecolorhadbeengivenitintheskein。
“Oneoftheouterbandageswasofareddishcolor，whichdyeIfoundtobevegetable，butcouldnotindividualizeit；Mr。T。J。Herapathanalyzeditfortinandalumina，butcouldnotfindany。
Thefaceandinternalsurfacesoftheorbitshadbeenpaintedwhite，whichpigmentIascertainedtobefinelypowderedchalk。”
“Iamascribbledform，drawnwithaPenUponaParchment，andagainstthisfireDoIshrinkup。”——
KINGJOHN，v，7。
“Withmuchado，hisBookbeforehimlaid，AndParchmentwiththesmoothersidedisplay’d；
HetakesthePapers，lays’emdownagen，AndwithunwillingfingerstrieshisPen；
Somepeevishquarrelstraighthetriestopick，HisQuillwritesdouble，orhisInk’stoothick；
InfusemoreWater；now’tisgrowntoothin，Itsinks，norcanthecharactersbeseen。”——
Persius，translatedbyDryden。
INKSCALLEDSYMPATHETICALSeventeenthCentury。
“Theseoperationsareliquorsofadifferentnature，whichdodestroyoneanother；thefirstisaninfusionofquick-limeandorpin；thesecondawaterturn’dblackbymeansofburnedcork；andthethirdisavinegarimpregnatedwithsaturn。
“Takeanounceofquick-lime，andhalfanounceoforpin，powderandmixthem，putyourmixtureintoamatrass，andpouruponitfiveorsixouncesofwater，thatthewatermaybethreefingersbreadthabovethepowder，stopyourmatrasswithcork，wax，andabladder；setitindigestioninamildsandheattenortwelvehours，shakingthematrassfromtimetotime，thenletitsettle，theliquidbecomesclearlikecommonwater。
“Burncork，andquenchitinaquavitae，thendissolveitinasufficientquantityofwater，whereinyoushallhavemeltedalittlegummarabick，inordertomakeaninkasblackascommonink。Youmustseparatethecorkthatcan’tdissolve，andiftheinkbenotblackenough，addmorecorkasbefore。
“Gettheimpregnationofsaturnmadewithvinegar，distilledasIhaveshewnbefore，orelsedissolvesomuchsaltofsaturnasaquantityofwaterisabletoreceive：writeonpaperwithanewpendiptinthisliquor，takenoticeoftheplacewhereyouwrit，andletitdry，nothingatallwillappear。
“Writeupontheinvisiblewritingwiththeinkmadeofburntcork，andletitdry，thatwhichyouhavewritwillappearasifithadbeendonewithcommonink。
“Dipalittlecottoninthefirstliquormadeoflimeandorpin，buttheliquormustbefirstsettledandclear；rubtheplaceyouwrituponwiththiscottonandthatwhichappearedwillpresentlydisappear，andthatwhichwasnotseenwillappear。
ANOTHEREXPERIMENT。
Takeabookfourfingersbreadthinbigness，orbiggerifyouwill：writeonthefirstleafwithyourimpregnationofsaturn，orelseputapaperthatyouhavewrituponbetweentheleaves；turntot’othersideoftheBook，andhavingobservedasnearasmaybetheoppositeplacetoyourwriting，rubthelastleafofthebookwithcottondiptinliquormadeofquick-
limeandorpin，nayandleavethecottonontheplaceclapafoldedpaperpresentlyuponit，andshuttingthebookquickly，strikeuponitwithyourhandfourorfivegoodstrokes；thenturnthebook，andclapitintoapressforhalfaquarterofanhour；takeitoutandopenit，you’llfindtheplaceappearblack，whereyouhadwritwiththeinvisibleink。Thesamethingmightbedonethroughawall，ifyoucouldprovidesomethingtolayonbothsides，thatmighthindertheevaporationofthespirits。
REMARKS。
“Theseoperationsareindeedofnouse，butbecausetheyaresomewhatsurprizing，Ihopethecuriouswillnottakeitill，thatImakethissmalldigression。
“ItisahardmattertoexplicatewelltheeffectsI
havenowrelated，neverthelessIshallendeavourtoillustratethemalittle，withouthavingrecoursetosympathyandantipathy，whicharegeneralterms，anddonotexplicatenothingatall；butbeforeIbegin，wemustremarkseveralthings。
“Thefirstis，thatitisanessentialpointtoquenchthecoalofcorkinaquavitae，thatthevisibleinkmaybecomeblackwithit。
“Secondly，thattheblacknessofthisinkdoesproceedfromthefuliginosityorsootypartofthecoalofthecorkwhichisexceedingporousandlight，andthatthisfuliginosityisnothingbutanoilverymuchrarefied。
“Thirdly，thattheimpregnationofsaturn，whichmakestheinvisibleink，isonlyaleaddissolved，andheldupimperceptiblyinanacidliquor，asIhavesaid，whenIspokeofthismetal。
“Fourthly，thatthefirstoftheseliquorsinamixtureofthealkaliandigneouspartsofquick-limewiththesulphureoussubstanceofarsenick；fortheorpinisasortofarsenick，asIsaidbefore。
“Allthisbeinggranted，asnobodycanreasonablythinkotherwise，Inowaffirm，thatthereasonwhythevisibleinkdoesdisappear，whenthedefacingliquorisrubbeduponit，isthatthisliquorconsistingofanalkalisalt，andpartsthatareoilyandpenetrating，thismixturedoesmakeakindofsoap，whichisabletodissolveanyfuliginoussubstance，suchasburntcork，especiallywhenithasbeenalreadyrarefiedanddisposedfordissolutionbyaquavitae，afterthesamemannerascommonsoap，whichiscompoundedofoil，andanalkalisalt，isabletotakeawayanyspotsmadebygrease。
“Butitmaybedemanded，whyafterthedissolutiontheblacknessdoesdisappear。
“Ianswer，thatthefuliginouspartshavebeensodivided，andlockedupinthesulphureousalkalioftheliquor，thattheyarebecomeinvisible，andweseeeverydaythatveryexactsolutionsdorenderthethingdissolvedimperceptible，andwithoutcolour。
“Thelittlealkalisaltwhichisintheburntcorkmayalsothebetterservetojoynwiththealkaliofthequick-lime，andtohelpthedissolution。
“Asfortheinvisibleink，itiseasytoapprehendhowthatappearsblack，whenthesameliquor，whichservestodefacetheother，isuseduponit。Forwhereastheimpregnationofsaturnisonlyaleadsuspendedbytheedges，oftheacidliquor，thisleadmustneedsrevive，andresumeitsblackcolour，whenthatwhichhelditrarefiedisentirelydestroyed；sothealkaliofquick-
limebeingfilledwiththesulphursofarsenickbecomesverypropertobreakanddestroytheacids，andtoagglutinatetogethertheparticlesoflead。
Ithappensthatthevisibleinkdoesdisappearbyreasonthatthepartswhichdidrenderitblackhavebeendissolved；andtheinvisibleinkdoesalsoappearbecausethedissolvedpartshavebeenrevived。
“Quick-limeand，orpimentbeingmixedanddigestedtogetherinwater，doyieldasmellmuchlikethatwhichhappenswhencommonsulphurisboiledinalixivium，oftartar。Thishereisthestronger，becausethesulphurofarsenickisloadedwithcertainsaltsthatmakeastrongerimpressiononthesmell。Quick-
limeisanalkalithatoperatesinthismuchlikethesaltoftartarintheotheroperation；youmustnotleavethematrassopen，becausetheforceofthiswaterdothconsistinavolatile。
“Thelimeretainsthemorefixtpartofthearsenickandthesulphursthatcomefortharesomuchthemoresubtile，astheyareseparatedfromwhatdidfixthembefore，andthisappearstobeso，becausethesulphursmustofnecessitypassthroughallthebooktomakeawritingofaclearandinvisibleliquorappearblackandvisible：andtofacilitatethispenetrationthebookisstrook，andthenturnedabout，becausethespiritorvolatilesulphursdoalwaystendupwards；youmustlikewiseclapitintoapress，thatthesesulphursmaynotbedispersedintheair。Ihavefound，ifthatthesecircumstancesarenotobserved，thebusinessfails。
Furthermorethatwhichpersuadesmethatthesulphursdopassthroughthebook，andnottakeacircuittoslipinbythesides，asmanydoimagine，isthatafterthebookistakenoutofthepress，alltheinsideisfoundtobescentedwiththesmellofthisliquor。
“Thereisonethingmoretobeobserved，whichis，thattheinfusionofquick-limeandorpinbenewlymade，becauseotherwiseitwillnothaveforceenoughtopenetrate。Thethreeliquorsshouldbemadeindifferentplacestoo；foriftheyshouldapproachnearoneanother，theywouldbespoiled。
“Thislasteffectdoeslikewiseproceedfromthedefacingliquor；forbecauseuponthedigestionofquick-
limeandorpin，itisathingimpossibleforsomeoftheparticleswillexalt，stopthevesselascloseasyouwill；theairimpregnatedwiththeselittlebodiesdoesmixwith，andaltertheinks，insomuchthatthevisibleinkdoestherebybecomethelessblack，andtheinvisibleinkdoesalsoacquirealittleblackness。”
PricelessMSS。inimmensenumberwritteninperiodsbetweenthethirdandthirteenthcenturieshavebeendestroyedbymodernscholarsinexperimentationsbasedonthefalsetheorythatthefadedinksonthem，whetheraboveorbelowotherinkspalimpsests，containediron。
Sulphocyanideofpotassiumishighlyesteemedasareagentfortherestorationofwriting，ifironispresent。
Theoretically，itisoneofthebestforsuchapurposeifemployedwithaceticacid。Itcauses，however，suchadecidedcontractionofparchmentastobeutterlyuseless，butforpaperMSS。isexcellent。Themetallicsulphidesgenerallypronouncedharmless，causesthewritingtosoftenandbecomeillegibleinashorttime。Ontheotherhand，yellowprussiateofpotash，withaceticacidinsuccessiveoperationsisofgreatserviceintreatingthemostperplexingpalimpsests。
Inkwhichbadlycorrodesasteelpenneednotnecessarilybecondemned；itmaycontainjustthequalitieswhichmakeitbindtothepaperandrenderitmoredurable。
Someinkswhicharefairlypermanentagainsttimeifnottamperedwith，canberemovedwithwater。
Thisistrueofthemostlastingofinks，——theold“Indian。”
InancientLatinMSS。thewordsfuco，fucosusandfucusarefoundtobefrequentlyemployed。Itisinterestingtonotethevariationsintheirmeaning：
FUCO——Tocolor，paintordyearedcolor。
FUCOSUS——Colored，counterfeit，spurious，painted，etc。
FUCUS——Rocklichenorchilreddye。Redorpurplecolor。Thereddishjuicewithwhichbeesstopuptheentrancetotheirhives。Beeglue。
FUCUS——Adrone。
InJapantheword“ink“possessesmorethanonemeaningFourhundredInks——onedegreeofsixtymiles。”SeeGeographicalGrammar，of1737，page3。
“SaywhatyouwillSir，butIknowwhatIknow；
ThatyoubeatmeattheMart，Ihaveyourhandtoshow；
IftheskinwereParchment，andtheblowsyougavewereInk，YourownHand-writingwouldtellyouwhatIthink。”——
ComedyofErrors，iii，1。
ThefirstbookeverprintedinEurope，towit，acopyof“Tully’sOffices。”iscarefullypreservedinHolland。
White’sLatin-EnglishDictionary，1872，distinguishesthewordsAtramentumandSutoriumintheirinterpretations。
ATRAMENTUM——Thethingservingformakingblack。Ablackliquidofanykind。Awritingink。
Shoemaker’sblack。Bluevitriol。
SUTORIUM——Belongingtoashoemaker。
Beforetheemploymentofblottingpaperapounce-
boxwhichcontainedeitherpowderedgumsandarachandgroundcuttle-fishbones，orpowderedcharcoal，sandandlikematerialswasusedbyshakingitlikeapepper-
boxonfreshlywrittenmanuscripts。
Blottingpaperasfirstemployedconsistedofverythinsheetsandofadarkpinkcolor，whichfashionchangedtoblueinlateryears。
GoodblottingpaperofthepresenttimeremovesfullytwothirdsoffreshinkwhenusedonHARD
finishedpaper。
Blottingpapershouldnotbeuseduponrecords。
Itsuseremovesthebodyoftheink，leavingdiscoloration，butnothingforpenetration。Ininksintendedforcopying，theemploymentofblottingpaperisespeciallybad。
“ThouhastmosttraitorouslycorruptedtheyouthoftherealminerectingaGrammarSchool；andwhereas，before，ourforefathershadnootherbooksbutthescoreandthetally，thouhastcausedprintingtobeused，andcontrarytotheKing，hiscrownanddignity，thouhastbuiltapapermill。”——
2KingHenryVI，iv，5。
Mr。KnightrelatesaconversationbetweenDr。GaleandagentlemenfromtheWestrelativetotheintroductionofsomematerialintoinktopreventmoulding。
Dr。Galehadastonishedhisfriendbystating——
“willpreventthedepositionoftheovaofinfusoriaanimalcutae；“whenitwassuggestedthatheadd“andthesporadicgrowthsofthallogeniccryptogramsandbefataltothefungi。”
TheUniversityofPennsylvaniaclaimstopossesstheoldestpieceofwritingintheworldandwhichisonafragmentofavasefoundatNippur。Itisaninscriptioninpicturewritingsupposedtohavebeenmade4，500yearsbeforeChrist。
Waferswerenotintroduceduntilthecloseofthesixteenthcentury。
ThePersiansinancienttimes，some800yearsB。C。，wereinthehabitofcelebratingcertainfestivalsanditisrelatedthatinthemonthofDecemberoneoftheirceremonieswasthatofdrivingtheDivesspiritsoutoftheirhouses。
ForthispurposetheMagiwrotecertainwordswithsaffrononskins，papyrusorwoodandthensmokeditoverafire。Thespellthuspreparedwasgluedornailedtotheinsideofthedoor，whichwaspaintedred。Thepriestthentooksand，whichhespreadwithalongknife，whilsthemutteredcertainprayersandthenthrowingitonthefloortheenchantmentwascomplete；andtheDivesweresupposedimmediatelytovanish；oratleasttobedeprivedofallmalignantinfluence。
Aristotle’sworkontheConstitutionofAthens，B。C。340，orprobablythecopymadebyTyrannio，wasdiscoveredtranscribedunderneathfarmaccountsoflandinthedistrictofHermopolisinEgyptinthereignofVespasian，A。D。9to79。
InMSS。writtenbeforetheinventionofprintingandindeedformanyyearsafter，thetitlepageifany，willbefoundonthelastpagewiththedate。
“Letlawyersbawlandstraintheirthroats，’TisIthatmustthelandsconvey，Andstriptheirclientstotheircoats，Nay，givetheirverysoulsaway！“——
DEANSWIFT，“Onink。”
“ItiscertainthatintheirtreatieswiththeEuropeanGreeksofConstantinopletheArabsalwaysstipulatedforthedeliveryofafixednumberofmanuscripts。TheirenthusiasmforAristotleisequallynotorious；butitwouldbeunjusttoimaginethat，inadoptingtheAristotelianmethod，togetherwiththeastrologyandalchemyofPersia，andoftheJewsofMesopotamiaandArabia，theywerewhollydevoidoforiginality。”
The“Arabic“numeralswhichwenowemployareprobablyofIndianorigin，havingbeenbroughtbyArabtradersfromtheEastandintroducedbythemintoSpaininthemiddleages，whereastheyspreadoverEuropecominginuseinEnglandperhapsabouttheeleventhcentury。ButwhetherIndiainventedthemorborrowedfromGreekorothertradersfromtheWestisunknown。
Theancientwritingimplementknownasthestyluswasmadeofeveryconceivablematerial，sometimeswiththepreciousmetals，butusuallyofiron，andonoccasionmightbeturnedintoformidableweapons。
ItwaswithhisstylusthatCaesarstabbedCascainthearm，whenattackedinthesenatebyhismurderers；
andCaligulaemployedsomepersontoputtodeathasenatorwithalikeinstrument。
InthereignofClaudiuswomenandboysweresearchedtoascertainwhethertherewereanystylusesintheirpencases。Stabbingwiththepen，therefore，isnotmerelyametaphoricalexpression。
SirWilliamGoreOuseley，afamousdiplomatandsavant，whowaslivingatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury，duringhislongresidenceinIndiaspentafortuneinthecollectionofancientPersicandArabicMSS。In1807hepermittedthemtobeexaminedbyBeloe，whosedescriptionofafewwillbearrepeating：
“No。1。AKoran，intheCufiorCuficcharacter，saidtobewrittenbyAli，theson-in-lawofMahammed，theArabianprophet。Thesubstanceuponwhichthiscuriousmanuscriptiswrittenappearstobeafinekindofasses’skinorvellum，andtheinkofared，brownishcolour。Theendsofversesaremarkedbylargestarsofgold。IfwrittenbyAli，itmustbenearlytwelvehundredyearsold，butatalleventsmaybeconsideredasveryancient，manyhundredyearshavingelapsedsincetheuseoftheCuficharacterhasgivenwaytotheNeskh，Suls，etc。，etc。Thismanuscriptisstillinexcellentpreservation。”
“No。4。Beharistan，’TheGardenofSpring。’
Abookonethicsandeducation，illustratedbyinterestinganecdotesandnarratives，writtenbothinverseandprose，inimitationoftheGulistan，or’Rosegarden’ofSaadi，andlikeitdividedintoeightchapters，composedbyNuruddin，AbdurrahmanJami，benAhmedofthevillageofJam，nearHerat。HewasbornA。H。817anddiedattheageof81yearsaboutA。D。1492。Asagrammarian，theologistandpoethewasunequalled，andhiscompositiousareasvoluminousastheyareexcellent。Theenormousexpensewhichpeoplehaveincurredtopossessaccuratecopiesofandtoadornandembellishhisworks，isnosmallproofofthegreatestimationinwhichtheywereheldbytheliteratioftheEast。”
“Thisvolumeisasmallfolio，consistingof134
pages，writteninthemostbeautifulNastilikcharacter，bythefamousscribeMohammedHussein，who，inconsequenceofhisinimitablepenmanship，obtainedthetitleofZerinKalm，or’PenofGold。’TheleavesareofthesoftestCashmirianpaper，andofsuchmodestshadesofgreen，blue，brown，dove，andfawncolors，asnevertooffendtheeyebytheirglare，althoughrichlypowderedwithgold。Themargins，whicharebroad，displayagreatvarietyofchasteandbeautifuldelineationsinliquidgold，notwopagesbeingalike。Somearedividedintocompartments，othersareinrunningpatterns，inallofwhichtheilluminationsshowthemostcorrect，andatthesametimefancifultaste。Manyaredelineationsoffieldsports，which，thoughsimpleoutlinesofgold，arecalculatedtoaffordthehighestgratificationstotheloverofnaturalhistory，aswellastheartist，fromtheuncommonaccuracywithwhichtheformsoftheelephant，rhinoceros，buffalo，lion，tiger，leopard，panther，lynx，andotherAsiaticanimalsareportrayed。
Itappears，bythenameswhichareinsertedatthebottomofthepages，thatseveralartistswereemployedinthecompositionandcombinationoftheseornaments，oneforthelandscape，anotherfortheanimals，andathirdforthehumanfigures，allofwhomhavegivenproofsofsuperiormerit。Itwouldtakealmostamonthtoinspectalltheexcellenciesofthisraremanuscript；
for，althoughsorichlyornamentedingold，thechastecolorsofthegroundpreventanyglaringobtrusionontheeye，andobligetheexaminertoplaceitinaparticularpointoflighttoseetheexquisiteandminutebeautiesofthedelineations。
Thepaintings，whicharemeanttoillustratethesubjectofthebook，aredoneincolors，andinthecenteroftheleaves。
“OnthebackofthefirstpagearetheautographsoftheEmperorsofHindustan，JehangirandhissonShajehan。”
“No。5。’ADiwaniShahi。’ADiwanorCollectionOdesbyShahi，’transcribedbythefamouspenmanMirAli，inBokar