Theinfluenceofsucheconomicalarrangementsextendseventothemoralcharacterofthosewhoaretheobjectsofthem。
Oftheexpenceoffeedingsoldiersinmesses。
OfthesurprisingsmallnessoftheexpenceoffeedingthepooratMunich。
SpecificproposalsrespectingthefeedingofthepoorinGreatBritain，withcalculationsoftheexpense，atthepresentpricesofprovisions。
CHAPTER。VI。
OfINDIANCORN。
Itaffordsthecheapestandmostnourishingfoodknown。
Proofsthatitismorenourishingthanrice。
Differentwaysofpreparingorcookingit。
Computationoftheexpenseoffeedingapersonwithit，foundedonexperiment。
ApprovedReceiptformakinganINDIANPUDDING。
CHAPTER。VII。
ReceiptsforpreparingvariousKindsofcheapFood。
OfMACCARONI。
OfPOTATOES。
Approvedreceiptsforboilingpotatoes。
Ofpotatoepuddings。
Ofpotatoedumplings。
Ofboiledpotatoeswithasauce。
Ofpotatoesalad。
OfBARLEY
Ismuchmorenutritiousthanwheat。
Barleymeal，agoodsubstituteforpearlbarley，formakingsoups。
Generaldirectionsforpreparingcheapsoups。
Receiptforthecheapestsoupthatcanbemade。
OfSAMP
MethodofpreparingitIsanexcellentSubstituteforBread。
OfbrownSoup。
OfRYEBREAD。
ESSAYIII。
INTRODUCTION。
Itisacommonsaying，thatnecessityisthemotherofinvention；andnothingismorestrictlyormoregenerallytrue。
Itmayevenbeshown，thatmostofthesuccessiveimprovementsintheaffairsofmeninastateofcivilsociety，ofwhichwehaveanyauthenticrecords，havebeenmadeunderthepressureofnecessity；anditisnosmallconsolation，intimesofgeneralalarm，toreflectupontheprobabilitythat，uponsuchoccasions，usefuldiscoverieswillresultfromtheunitedexertionsofthosewho，eitherfrommotivesoffear，orsentimentsofbenevolence，labourtoaverttheimpendingevil。
Thealarminthiscountryatthepresentperiod[1]，onaccountofthehighpriceofcorn，andthedangerofascarcity，hasturnedtheattentionofthePublictoaveryimportantsubject，THEINVESTIGATIONOFTHESCIENCEOFNUTRITION；——asubjectsocuriousinitself，andsohighlyinterestingtomankind，thatitseemstrulyastonishingitshouldhavebeensolongneglected：——
butinthemannerinwhichitisnowtakenup，bothbytheHouseofCommons，andtheBoardofAgriculture，thereisgreatreasontohopethatitwillreceiveathoroughscientificexamination；andifthisshouldbethecase，Iwillventuretopredict，thattheimportantdiscoveries，andimprovements，whichmustresultfromtheseenquiries，willrenderthealarmswhichgaverisetothemforeverfamousintheannalsofcivilsociety。
CHAPTER。I。
Greatimportanceofthesubjectunderconsideration。
Probabilitythatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartinnutritionthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined。
Surprisinglysmallquantityofsolidfoodnecessary，whenproperlyprepared，forallthepurposesofnutrition。
Greatimportanceoftheartofcookery。
Barleyremarkablynutritivewhenproperlyprepared。
TheimportanceofculinaryprocessesforpreparingfoodshownfromtheknownutilityofapracticecommoninsomepartsofGermanyofcookingforcattle。
Difficultyofintroducingachargeofcookeryintocommonuse。
Meansthatmaybeemployedforthatpurpose。
Thereis，perhaps，nooperationofNature，whichfallsunderthecognizanceofoursenses，moresurprising，ormorecurious，thanthenourishmentandgrowthofplants，andanimals；andthereiscertainlynosubjectofinvestigationmoreinterestingtomankind——Asprovidingsubsistenceis，andevermustbe，anobjectofthefirstconcerninallcountries，anydiscoveryorimprovementbywhichtheprocuringofgoodandwholesomefoodcanbefacilitated，mustcontributeverypowerfullytoincreasethecomforts，andpromotethehappinessofsociety。
Thatourknowledgeinregardtothescienceofnutritionisstillveryimperfect，iscertain；but，Ithinkthereisreasontobelieve，thatweareupontheeveofsomeveryimportantdiscoveriesrelativetothatmysteriousoperation。
SinceithasbeenknownthatWaterisnotasimpleelement，butaCOMPOUND，andcapableofbeingdecomposed，muchlighthasbeenthrownuponmanyoperationsofnaturewhichformerlywerewrappedupinobscurity。Invegetation，forinstance，ithasbeenrenderedextremelyprobable，thatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartthanwasformerlyassignedtoitbyphilosophers——
ThatitservesnotmerelyastheVEHICLEofnourishment，butconstitutesatleastonepart，andprobablyanessentialpart，oftheFOODofplants——Thatitisdecomposedbythem，andcontributesMATERIALLYtotheirgrowth；——andthatmanuresserverathertopreparethewaterfordecomposition，thantoformofthemselves——substantially，anddirectly——thenourishmentofthevegetables。
Now，averyclearanalogymaybetraced，betweenthevegetationandgrowthofplants，andthedigestionandnourishmentofanimals；
andaswaterisindispensablynecessaryinbothprocesses，andasinoneofthem，vegetation，itappearsevidentlytoserveasFOOD；——whyshouldwenotsupposeitmayserveasfoodintheother？——Thereis，inmyopinion，abundantreasontosuspectthatthisisreallythecase；andIshallnowbrieflystatethegroundsuponwhichthisopinionisfounded——HavingbeenengagedforaconsiderablelengthoftimeinprovidingFoodforthePooratMunich，Iwasnaturallyled，aswellbycuriosityasmotivesofeconomy，tomakeagreatvarietyofexperimentsuponthatsubject；andIhadnotproceededfarinmyoperations，beforeI
begantoperceivethattheywereveryimportant；——evenmuchmoresothanIhadimagined。
Thedifferenceintheapparentgoodness，ofthepalatableness，andapparentnutritiousnessofthesamekindsofFood，whenpreparedofcookedindifferentways，struckmeveryforcibly；
andIconstantlyfoundthattherichnessorQUALITYofasoupdependedmoreuponaproperchoiceoftheingredients，andapropermanagementofthefireinthecombinationofthoseingredients，thanuponthequantityofsolidnutritiousmatteremployed；——muchmoreupontheartandskillofthecook，thanupontheamountofthesumslaidoutinthemarket。
Ifoundlikewise，thatthenutritiousofasoup，oritspowerofsatisfyinghunger，andaffordingnourishment，appearedalwaystobeinproportiontoitsapparentrichnessorpalatableness。
Butwhatsurprisedmenotalittle，wasthediscoveryoftheverysmallquantityofSOLIDFOOD，which，whenproperlyprepared，willsufficetosatisfyhunger，andsupportlifeandhealth；andtheverytriflingexpenceatwhichthestoutest，andmostlaboriousmanmay，inanycountry，befed。
AfteranexperimentofmorethanfiveyearsinfeedingthePooratMunichduringwhichtimeeveryexperimentwasmadethatcouldbedevised，notonlywithregardtothechoiceofthearticlesusedasFood，butalsoinrespecttotheirdifferentcombinationsandproportions；andtothevariouswaysinwhichtheycouldbepreparedorcooked；itwasfoundthattheCHEAPEST，mostSAVOURY，andmostNOURISHINGFoodthatcouldbeprovided，wasasoupcomposedofPEARLBARLEY，PEASE，POTATOES，CUTTINGSOFFINE
WHEATENBREAD，vinegar——saltandwaterincertainproportions。
Themethodofpreparingthissoupisasfollows；Thewaterandthepearlbarleyarefirstputtogetherintotheboilerandmadetoboil；thepeasearethenadded，andtheboilingiscontinuedoveragentlefireabouttwohours；——thepotatoesarethenadded，havingbeenpreviouslypeeledwithaknife，orhavingbeenboiled，inordertotheirbeingmoreeasilydeprivedoftheirskins，andtheboilingiscontinuedforaboutonehourmore，duringwhichtimethecontentsoftheboilerarefrequentlystirredaboutwithalargewoodenspoon，orladle，inordertodestroythetextureofthepotatoes，andtoreducethesouptooneuniformmass——Whenthisisdone，thevinegarandthesaltareadded；andlastofall，atthemomentitistobeservedup，thecuttingsofbread。
Thesoupshouldneverbesufferedtoboil，oreventostandlongbeforeitisservedupafterthecuttingsofbreadareputintoit。
Itwill，indeed，forreasonswhichwillhereafterbeexplained，bebestnevertoputthecuttingsofbreadintotheboileratall，but，asisalwaysdoneatMunich，toputthemintothetubsinwhichthesoupiscarriedfromthekitchenintothedining-hall；pouringthesouphotfromtheboileruponthem；
andstirringthewholewelltogetherwiththeironladlesusedformeasuringoutthesouptothePoorinthehall。
Itisofmoreimportancethancanwellbeimagined，thatthisbreadwhichismixedwiththesoupshouldnotbeboiled。
Itislikewiseofusethatitshouldbecutasfineorthinaspossible；andifitbedryandhard，itwillbesomuchthebetter。
ThebreadweuseatMunichiswhatiscalledsemelbread，beingsmallloaves，weighingfromtwotothreeounces；andaswereceivethisbreadindonationsfromthebakers，itiscommonlydryandhard，beingthatwhich，notbeingsoldintime，remainsonhand，andbecomesstaleandunsaleable；andwehavefoundbyexperience，thatthishardandstalebreadanswersforourpurposemuchbetterthananyother，foritrendersmasticationnecessary；andmasticationseemsverypowerfullytoassistinpromotingdigestion：itlikewisePROLONGSTHEDURATIONOFTHE
ENJOYMENTOFEATING，amatterofverygreatimportanceindeed，andwhichhasnothithertobeensufficientlyattendedto。
Thequantityofthissoupfurnishedtoeachperson，ateachmeal，oroneportionofit，thecuttingsofbreadincluded，isjustONEBAVARIANPOUNDinweight；andastheBavarianpoundistothepoundAvoirdupoisas1，123842to1，——itisequaltoaboutnineteenouncesandnine-tenthsAvoirdupois。Now，tothosewhoknowthatafullpintofsoupweighsnomorethanaboutsixteenouncesAvoirdupois，itwillnot，perhaps，atthefirstview，appearveryextraordinarythataportionweighingneartwentyounces，andconsequentlymakingnearONEPINTANDAQUARTERofthisrich，strong，savourysoup，shouldbefoundsufficienttosatisfythehungerofagrownperson；butwhenthematterisexaminednarrowly，andproperlyanalyzed，anditisfoundthatthewholequantityofSOLIDFOODwhichentersintothecompositionofoneoftheseportionsofsoup，doesnotamounttoquiteSIXOUNCES，itwillthenappeartobealmostimpossiblethatthisallowanceshouldbesufficient。
Thatitisquitesufficient，however，tomakeagoodmealforastronghealthyperson，hasbeenabundantlyprovedbylongexperience。Ihaveevenfoundthatasoupcomposedofnearlythesameingredients，exceptthepotatoes，butindifferentproportions，wassufficientlynutritive，andverypalatable，inwhichonlyaboutFOUROUNCESANDTHREEQUARTERSofsolidFoodenteredintothecompositionofaportionweighingtwentyounces。
Butthiswillnotappearincredibletothosewhoknow，thatonesinglespoonfulofsalope，weighinglessthanonequarterofanounce，putintoapintofboilingwater，formsthethickestandmostnourishingsoupthatcanbetaken；andthatthequantityofsolidmatterwhichentersintothecompositionofanotherverynutritiveFood，hartshornjelly，isnotmuchmoreconsiderable。
Thebarleyinmysoup，seemstoactmuchthesamepartasthesalopeinthisfamousrestorative；andnosubstitutethatIcouldeverfindforit，amongallthevarietyofcornandpulseofthegrowthofEurope，everproducedhalftheeffect；thatistosay，halfthenourishmentatthesameexpence。BarleymaythereforebeconsideredasthericeofGreatBritain。
Itrequires，itistrue，agreatdealofboiling；butwhenitisproperlymanaged，itthickensavastquantityofwater；and，asI
suppose，PREPARESITFORDECOMPOSITION。Italsogivesthesoupintowhichitentersasaningredient，adegreeofrichnesswhichnothingelsecangive。Ithaslittleornotasteinitself，butwhenmixedwithotheringredientswhicharesavoury，itrendersthempeculiarlygratefultothepalate[2]。
Itisamaxim，asancient，Ibelieve，asthetimeofHippocrates，that“whateverpleasesthepalatenourishes；“andIhaveoftenhadreasontothinkitperfectlyjust。Coulditbeclearlyascertainedanddemonstrated，itwouldtendtoplaceCOOKERYinamuchmorerespectablesituationamongtheartsthanitnowholds。
ThatthemannerinwhichFoodispreparedisamatterofrealimportance；andthatthewaterusedinthatprocessactsamuchmoreimportantpartthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined，is，Ithink，quiteevident；for，itseemstometobeimpossible，uponanyothersuppositions，toaccountfortheappearances。
IftheverysmallquantityofsolidFoodwhichentersintothecompositionofaportionofsomeverynutritivesoupweretobeprepareddifferently，andtakenundersomeotherform，thatofbread，forinstance；sofarfrombeingsufficienttosatisfyhunger，andaffordacomfortableandnutritivemeal，apersonwouldabsolutelystarveuponsuchaslenderallowance；andnogreatreliefwouldbederivedfromdrinkingCRUDEwatertofillupthevoidinthestomach。
ButitisnotmerelyfromanobservationoftheapparenteffectsofcookeryuponthosearticleswhichareusedasFoodforman，thatweareledtodiscovertheimportanceoftheseculinaryprocesses。Theirutilityisprovedinamannerequallyconclusiveandsatisfactory，bytheeffortswhichhavebeenproducedbyemployingthesameprocessinpreparingFoodforbruteanimals。
Itiswellknown，thatboilingthepotatoeswithwhichhogsarefed，rendersthemmuchmorenutritive；andsincetheintroductionofthenewsystemoffeedinghornedcattle，thatofkeepingthemconfinedinthestablesalltheyearround，amethodwhichisnowcomingfastintocommonuseinmanypartsofGermany，greatimprovementshavebeenmadeintheartofprovidingnourishmentforthoseanimals；andparticularlybypreparingtheirFood，byoperationssimilartothoseofcookery；andtotheseimprovementsitismostprobablyowing，thatstallfeedinghas，inthatcountry，beensouniversallysuccessful。
IthaslongbeenapracticeinGermanyforthosewhofattenbullocksforthebutcher，orfeedmilch-cows，togivethemfrequentlywhatiscalledadrankordrink；whichisakindofpottage，prepareddifferentlyindifferentpartsofthecountry，andinthedifferentseasons，accordingtothegreaterfacilitywithwhichoneorotherofthearticlesoccasionallyemployedinthecompositionofitmaybeprocured；andaccordingtotheparticularfanciesofindividuals。Manyfeedersmakeagreatsecretofthecompositionoftheirdrinks，andsomehave，tomyknowledge，carriedtheirrefinementsofarasactuallytomixbrandyinthem，insmallquantities；andpretendtohavefoundtheiradvantageinaddingthiscostlyingredient。
Thearticlesmostcommonlyusedare，bran，oatmeal，brewersgrains，mashedpotatoes，mashedturnips，ryemeal，andbarleymeal，withalargeproportionofwater；sometimestwoorthreeormoreofthesearticlesareunitedinformingadrink；andofwhateveringredientsthedrinkiscomposed，alargeproportionofsaltisalwaysaddedtoit。
Thereis，perhaps，nothingnewinthismethodoffeedingcattlewithliquidmixtures，butthemannerinwhichthesedrinksarenowpreparedinGermanyis，Ibelieve，quitenew；andshowswhatIwishtoprove，thatCOOKINGRENDERSFOODREALLYMORENUTRITIVE。
Thesedrinkswereformerlygivencold，butitwasafterwardsdiscoveredthattheyweremorenourishingwhengivenwarm；andoflatetheirpreparationis，inmanyplaces，becomeaveryregularculinaryprocess。Kitchenshavebeenbuilt，andlargeboilersprovidedandfittedup，merelyforcookingforthecattleinthestables；andIhavebeenassuredbymanyveryintelligentfarmers，whohaveadoptedthisnewmodeoffeeding，andhavealsofoundbymyownexperience，thatitisveryadvantageousindeed；
thatthedrinksareevidentlyrenderedmuchmorenourishingandwholesomebybeingboiled；andthattheexpenceoffuel，andthetroubleattendingthisprocess，areamplycompensatedbytheadvantagesderivedfromtheimprovementoftheFood。Weevenfinditadvantageoustocontinuetheboilingaconsiderabletime，twoorthreehours，forinstance；astheFoodgoesontobestillfartherimproved，thelongertheboilingiscontinued[3]。
Thesefactsseemevidentlytoshow，thatthereissomeveryimportantsecretwithregardtonutrition，whichhasnotbeenyetproperlyinvestigated；anditseemstometobemoreprobable，thatthenumbersofinhabitantswhomaybesupportedinanycountry，uponitsinternalproduce，dependsalmostasmuchuponthestateofTHEARTOFCOOKERY，asuponthatofagriculture——
TheChinese，perhaps，understandboththeseartsbetterthananyothernation——Savagesunderstandneitherofthem。
But，ifcookerybeofsomuchimportance，itcertainlydeservestobestudiedwiththegreatestcare；anditoughtparticularlytobeattendedtointimesofgeneralalarmonaccountofascarcityofprovisions；forthereliefwhichmayinsuchcasesbederivedfromit，isimmediateandeffectual，whileallotherresourcesaredistantanduncertain。
Iamawareofthedifficultieswhichalwaysattendtheintroductionofmeasurescalculatedtoproduceandremarkablechangeinthecustomsandhabitsofmankind；andthereisperhapsnochangemoredifficulttoeffect，thanthatwhichwouldbenecessaryinordertomakeanyconsiderablesavingintheconsumptionofthosearticlescommonlyusedasFood；butstill，Iamofopinion，thatsuchachangemight，withpropermanagement，bebroughtabout。
Therewasatime，nodoubt，whenanaversiontopotatoeswasasgeneral，andasstrong，inGreatBritain，andeveninIreland，asitisnowinsomepartsofBavaria；butthisprejudicehasbeengotover；andIampersuaded，thatanynationalprejudice，howeverdeeplyrooted，maybeovercome，providedpropermeansbeusedforthatpurpose，andtimeallowedfortheiroperation。
Butnotwithstandingthedifficultyofintroducingageneraluseofsoupsthroughoutthecountry，orofanyotherkindofFood，howeverpalatable，cheap，andnourishing，towhichpeoplehavenotbeenaccustomed，yettheseimprovementsmightcertainlybemade，withgreatfacility，inallpublichospitalsandwork-houses，wherethePoorarefedatthepublicexpense；andthesavingofprovisions，nottomentionthediminutionofexpence，whichmightbederivedfromthisimprovement，wouldbeveryimportantatalltimes，andmoreespeciallyintimesofgeneralscarcity。
Anothermeasure，stillmoreimportant，andwhichmight，Iampersuaded，beeasilycarriedintoexecution，istheestablishmentofpublickitchensinalltowns，andlargevillages，throughoutthekingdom，whence，notonlythePoormightbefedgratis，butalsoalltheindustriousinhabitantsoftheneighbourhoodmightbefurnishedwithFoodatsocheaparate，astobeaverygreatrelieftothematalltimes；andintimesofgeneralscarcity，thisarrangementwouldalonebesufficienttopreventthosepublicandprivatecalamities，whichneverfailtoaccompanythatmostdreadfulofallvisitations，afamine。
ThesavingofFoodthatwouldresultfromfeedingalargeproportionoftheinhabitantsofanycountryfrompublickitchens，wouldbeimmense，andthatsavingwouldtend，immediately，andmostpowerfully，torenderprovisionsmoreplentifulandcheap，——diminishthegeneralalarmonaccountofthedangerofascarcity，andpreventthehoardingupofprovisionsbyindividuals，whichisoftenalonesufficient，withoutanythingelse，tobringonafamine，evenwherethereisnorealscarcity：foritisnotmerelytheFEARSofindividualswhichoperateinthesecases，andinducethemtolayinalargerstoreofprovisionsthantheyotherwisewoulddo；andwhichnaturallyincreasesthescarcityofprovisionsinthemarket，andraisestheirprices；buttherearepersonswhoaresolosttoallthefeelingsofhumanity，asoftentospeculateuponthedistressofthePublic，andallTHEIRoperationseffectuallytendtoincreasethescarcityinthemarkets，andaugmentthegeneralalarm。
Butwithoutenlargingfartherinthisplaceuponthesepublickitchens，andthenumerousandimportantadvantageswhichmayinallcountriesbederivedfromthem，IshallreturntotheinterestingsubjectswhichIhaveundertakentoinvestigate；——
thescienceofnutrition，andtheartofprovidingwholesomeandpalatableFoodatasmallexpence。
CHAPTER。II。
OfthePleasureofEating，andoftheMeansthatmaybeemployedforincreasingit。
Whathasalreadybeensaiduponthissubjectwill，Iflattermyself，bethoughtsufficienttoshowthat，FORALLTHEPURPOSES
OFNOURISHMENT，amuchsmallerquantityofsolidFoodwillsufficethanhashithertobeenthoughtnecessary；butthereisanothercircumstancetobetakenintotheaccount，andthatis，thePLEASUREOFEATING；——anenjoymentofwhichnopersonwillconsenttobedeprived。
ThepleasureenjoyedineatingdependsfirstupontheagreeablenessofthetasteoftheFood；andsecondly，uponitspowertoaffectthepalate。Nowtherearemanysubstancesextremelycheap，bywhichveryagreeabletastesmaybegiventoFood；particularlywhenthebasisornutritivesubstanceoftheFoodistasteless；andtheeffectofanykindofpalatablesolidFood，ofmeat，forinstance，upontheorgansoftaste，maybeincreased，almostindefinitely，byreducingthesizeoftheparticlesofsuchFood，andcausingittoactuponthepalatebyalargersurface。Andifmeansbeusedtopreventitsbeingswallowedtoosoon，whichmaybeeasilydonebymixingwithitsomehardandtastelesssubstance，suchascrumbsofbreadrenderedhardbytoasting，oranythingelseofthatkind，bywhichalongmastricationisrenderednecessary，theenjoymentofeatingmaybegreatlyincreasedandprolonged。
Theideaofoccupyingapersonagreatwhile，andaffordinghimmuchpleasureatthesametime，ineatingasmallquantityofFood，may，perhaps，appearridiculoustosome；butthosewhoconsiderthematterattentively，willperceivethatitisveryimportant。Itis，perhaps，asmuchsoasanythingthatcanemploytheattentionofthephilosopher。
Theenjoymentswhichfalltothelotofthebulkofmankindarenotsonumerousastorenderanattempttoincreasethemsuperfluous。
Andeveninregardtothosewhohaveitintheirpowertogratifytheirappetitestotheutmostextentoftheirwishes，itissurelyrenderingthemaveryimportanceservicetoshowthemhowtheymayincreasetheirpleasureswithoutdestroyingtheirhealth。
Ifagluttoncanbemadetogormandizetwohoursupontwoouncesofmeat，itiscertainlymuchbetterforhim，thantogivehimselfanindigestionbyeatingtwopoundsinthesametime。
Iwasledtomeditateuponthissubjectbymereaccident。IhadlongbeenatalosstounderstandhowtheBavariansoldiers，whoareuncommonlystout，strong，andhealthymen，andwho，incommonwithallotherGermans，areremarkablyfondofeating，couldcontrivetoliveupontheverysmallsumstheyexpendedforFood；butamorecarefulexaminationoftheeconomyoftheirtablesclearedupthepoint，andletmeintoasecretwhichawakenedallmycuriosity。Thesesoldiers，insteadofbeingstarvedupontheirscantyallowance，asmighthavebeensuspected，Ifoundactuallylivinginamostcomfortableandevenluxuriousmanner。IfoundthattheyhadcontrivednotonlytorendertheirFoodsavouryandnourishing，but，whatappearedtomestillmoreextraordinary，hadfoundthemeansofincreasingitsactionupontheorgansoftastesoasactuallytoaugment，andevenprolongtoamostsurprisingdegree，theenjoymentofeating。
Thisaccidentaldiscoverymadeadeepimpressionuponmymind，andgaveanewturntoallmyideasonthesubjectofFood——
Itopenedtomeanewandveryinterestingfieldforinvestigationandexperimentinginquiry，ofwhichIhadneverbeforehadadistinctview；andthenceforwardmydiligenceinmakingexperiments，andincollectinginformationrelativetothemannerinwhichFoodispreparedindifferentcountries，wasredoubled。
InthefollowingChaptermaybeseenthegeneralresultsofallmyexperimentsandinquiriesrelativetothissubject——Adesiretorenderthisaccountasconciseandshortaspossiblehasinducedmetoomitmuchinterestingspeculationwhichthesubjectnaturallysuggested；buttheingenuityofthereaderwillsupplythisdefect，andenablehimtodiscovertheobjectsparticularlyaimedatintheexperiments，evenwheretheyarenotmentioned，andtocomparetheresultsofpracticewiththeassumedtheory。
CHAPTER。III。
OfthedifferentkindsoffoodfurnishedtothepoorinthehouseofindustryatMunich，withanaccountofthecostofthem。
OftheExpenseofprovidingthesamekindsoffoodinGreatBritain，aswellatthepresenthighpricesofprovisions，asattheordinarypricesofthem。
Ofthevariousimprovementsofwhichthesedifferentkindsofcheapfoodarecapable。
BeforetheintroductionofpotatoesasFoodintheHouseofIndustryatMunich，whichwasnotdonetilllastAugust，
thePoorwerefedwithasoupcomposedinthefollowingmanner：
SOUPNoI。
WeightCostinIngredientsAvoirdupoissterlingmoney。
lb。oz。L。s。d。
4viertls[4]ofpearlbarley，equaltoabout201/3gallons……141201171/2
4viertlsofpeas……13140731/4
Cuttingsoffinewheatenbread……691001021/4
Salt……19130121/2
24maass，veryweakbeer——vinegar，orrathersmallbeerturnedsour，about24quarts……46130151/2
Water，about560quarts……10770——
148510111813/22
Broughtover111813/22
Fuel，88lb。ofdrypinewood，theBavarianclafter，weighing3961lb。avoirdupois，
at8s。21/4d。sterling[5]……0021/4
Wagesofthreecook-maids，attwentyflorins37s。71/2d。ayear，makesdaily……0032/3
Dailyexpenceforfeedingthethreecook-maids，attencreutzers32/3pencesterlingeach，accordingtoanagreementmadewiththem……0011
Dailywagesoftwomenservants，employedingoingtomarket——collectingdonationsofbread，etc。helpinginthekitchen，andassistinginservingoutthesouptothePoor……0171/4
Repairsofthekitchen，andofthekitchenfurniture，about90florins8L。3s。7d。sterling
ayear，makesdaily……0051/2——
Totaldailyexpense，whendinnerisprovidedfor1200persons……11521/4
Thissum1L。15s。21/4d。dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoupfurnished，givesforeachportionameretriflemorethanONETHIRDOFAPENNY，orexactly422/1200ofapenny；
theweightofeachportionbeingabout20ounces。
But，moderateastheseexpensesare，whichhaveattendedthefeedingofthePoorofMunich，theyhavelatelybeenreducedstillfartherbyintroducingtheuseofpotatoes——ThesemostvaluablevegetableswerehardlyknowninBavariatillverylately；andsostrongwastheaversionofthepublic，andparticularlyofthePoor，againstthem，atthetimewhenwebegantomakeuseoftheminthepublickitchenoftheHouseofIndustryinMunich，thatwewereabsolutelyobliged，atfirst，tointroducethembystealth——Aprivateroominaretiredcornerwasfittedupasakitchenforcookingthem；anditwasnecessarytodisguisethem，byboilingthemdownentirely，anddestroyingtheirformandtexture，topreventtheirbeingdetected：——butthePoorsoonfoundthattheirsoupwasimprovedinitsqualities；
andtheytestifiedtheirapprobationofthechangethathadbeenmadeinitsogenerallyandloudly，thatitwasatlastthoughttobenolongernecessarytoconcealfromthemthesecretofitscomposition，andtheyarenowgrownsofondofpotatoesthattheywouldnoteasilybesatisfiedwithoutthem。
Theemployingofpotatoesasaningredientinthesouphasenabledustomakeaconsiderablesavingintheothermorecostlymaterials，asmaybeseenbycomparingthefollowingreceiptwiththatalreadygiven。
SOUP，NoII。
Ingredients。WeightCostinAvoirdupois。sterlingmoney。
lb。oz。L。s。d。
2viertlsofpearlbarley……70905913/22
2viertlsofpeas……65100375/8
8viertlsofpotatoes……23040199/11
Cuttingsofbread……691001024/11
Salt……19130121/2
Vinegar……46130151/2
Water……98215——
Totalweight148510
Expensesforfuel，servants，repairs，etc。asbefore……0355/12——
Totaldailyexpence，whendinnerisprovidedfor1200persons……1762/3
Thissum1L。7s。62/3。dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoup，givesforeachportionONEFARTHINGverynearly；oraccurately，11/40farthing。
Thequantityofeachoftheingredientscontainedinoneportionofsoupisasfollows：
Inavoirdupoisweight。
Ingredients。Soup，NoI。Soup，NoII。
Ofpearlbarley11058/120001129/1200
Ofpeas……1960/120001050/1200
Ofpotatoes——384/1200
Ofbread……01114/120001114/1200——
Totalsolids4772/12005977/1200
Ofsalt……0316/12000316/1200
Ofweakvinegar0748/12000748/1200
Ofwater……14432/120013127/1200——
Total19968/120019968/1200
Theexpenceofpreparingthesesoupswillvarywiththepricesofthearticlesofwhichtheyarecomposed；butasthequantitiesoftheingredients，determinedbyweight，areheregiven，itwillbeeasytoascertainexactlywhattheywillcostinanycasewhatever。
Suppose，forinstance，itwererequiredtodeterminehowmuch1200portionsoftheSoup，No。I。wouldcostinLondonatthispresentmoment，the12thofNovember1795，whenallkindsofprovisionsareuncommonlydear。IseebyaprintedreportoftheBoardofAgriculture，ofthedaybeforeyesterdayNovember10，thatthepricesofthearticlesnecessaryforpreparingthesesoupswereasfollows：
Barley，perbushelweighing46lb。at5s。6d。whichgivesforeachpoundabout11/2d；butpreparedaspearlbarley，itwillcostatleasttwopenceperpound[6]。
Boilingpeasperbushel，weighing611/4lb。at10s。whichgivesforeachpoundnearly11/2d。
Potatoes，perbushel，weighing581/2lb。at2s。6d。whichgivesnearlyonehalfpennyforeachpound。
AndIfindthataquarternloafofwheatenbread，weighing4lb。
5oz。costsnowinLondon1s。01/4d。；——thisbreadmustthereforebereckonedat1125/69farthingsperpound。
Saltcosts11/2。perpound；andvinegarwhichisprobablysixtimesasstrongasthatstuffcalledvinegarwhichisusedinthekitchenoftheHouseofIndustryatMunichcosts1s。8d。pergallon。
Thisbeingpremised，thecomputationsmaybemadeasfollows：
ExpenceofpreparinginLondon，inthemonthofNovember1795，1200portionsoftheSoup，NoI。
lbozsdL。s。d。
1412pearlbarley，at02perlb。1126
1314peas，at011/2——0164
6910wheatenbread，at01125/99——0166
1913salt，at011/2——0251/2
Vinegar，onegallon，at18——018
Expencesforfuel，servants，kitchenfurniture，etc。reckoningthreetimesasmuchasthosearticlesofexpenceamounttodailyatMunich……01041/4——
Total3991/4
Whichsum3L。9s。91/4d。dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoup，gives2951/1200farthings，ornearly23/4
farthingsforeachportion。
FortheSoup，NoII。itwillbe，lb。oz。s。d。L。s。d。
709pearlbarley，at02——0119
6510peas，at011/2——082
2304potatoes，at001/2——0139
6910bread，at01125/65——0166
1913salt，at011/2——0251/2
Vinegar，onegallon——018
Expensesforfuel，servants，etc——01041/4——
Total3473/4
Thissum3L。4s。73/4d。dividedby1200，thenumberofportions，givesforeach21/2farthingsverynearly。
ThissoupcomesmuchhigherhereinLondon，thanitwoulddoinmostotherpartsofGreatBritain，onaccountoftheveryhighpriceofpotatoesinthiscity；butinmostpartsofthekingdom，andcertainlyineverypartofIreland，itmaybefurnished，evenatthispresentmoment，notwithstandingtheuncommonlyhighpricesofprovisions，atlessthanONEHALFPENNYtheportionof20ounces。
Thoughtheobjectmostattendedtoincomposingthesesoupswastorenderthemwholesomeandnourishing，yettheyareveryfarfrombeingunpalatable——Thebasisofthesoups，whichiswaterpreparedandthickenedbybarley，iswellcalculatedtoreceive，andtoconveytothepalateinanagreeablemanner，everythingthatissavouryintheotheringredients；andthedrybreadrenderingmasticationnecessary，prolongstheactionoftheFoodupontheorgansoftaste，andbythatmeansincreasesandPROLONGStheenjoymentofeating。
Butthoughthesesoupsareverygoodandnourishing，yettheycertainlyarecapableofavarietyofimprovements——Themostobviousmeansofimprovingthemistomixwiththemasmallquantityofsaltedmeat，boiled，andcutintoverysmallpieces，thesmallerthebetter，andtofrythebreadthatisputintotheminbutter，orinthefatofsaltedporkorbacon。
Thebread，bybeingfried，isnotonlyrenderedmuchharder，butbeingimpregnatedwithafatoroilysubstanceitremainshardafteritisputintothesoup，thewaternotbeingabletopenetrateitandsoftenit。
Allgoodcooksputfriedbread，cutintosmallsquarepieces，inpeas-soup；butImuchdoubtwhethertheyareawareoftheverygreatimportanceofthatpractice，orthattheyhaveanyjustideaoftheMANNERinwhichthebreadimprovesthesoup。
Thebestkindofmeatformixingwiththesesoupsissaltedpork，orbacon，orsmokedbeef。
Whatevermeatisused，itoughttobeboiledeitherinclearwaterorinthesoup；andafteritisboiled，itoughttobecutintoverysmallpieces，assmallperhaps，asbarley-corns——Thebreadmaybecutinpiecesofthesizeoflargepeas，orinthinslices；
andafteritisfried，itmaybemixedwiththemeatandputintothesoup-dishes，andthesouppouredonthemwhenitisservedout。
Anothermethodofimprovingthissoupistomixitwithsmalldumplins，ormeat-balls，madeofbread，flour，andsmokedbeef，ham，oranyotherkindofsaltedmeat，oroflivercutintosmallpieces，orratherMINCED，asitiscalled——Thesedumplinsmaybeboiledeitherinthesouporinclearwater，andputintothesoupwhenitisservedout。
Asthemeatinthesecompositionsisdesignedrathertopleasethepalatethanforanythingelse，thesoupbeingsufficientlynourishingwithoutit，itisormuchimportancethatitbereducedtoverysmallpieces，inorderthatitbebroughtintocontractwiththeorgansoftastebyalargesurface；andthatitbemixedwithsomehardsubstance，friedbread，forinstance，crumbs，orharddumplins，whichwillnecessarilyprolongthetimeemployedinmastication。
Whenthisisdone，andwherethemeatemployedhasmuchflavour，averysmallquantityofitwillbefoundsufficienttoanswerthepurposerequired。
ONEOUNCEofbacon，orofsmokedbeef，andONEOUNCEoffriedbread，addedtoEIGHTEENOUNCESoftheSoupNo。I。wouldaffordanexcellentmeal，inwhichthetasteofanimalfoodwoulddecidedlypredominate。
Driedsaltfish，orsmokedfish，boiledandthenminced，andmadeintodumplinswithmashedpotatoes，bread，andflour，andboiledagain，wouldbeverygood，eatenwitheitheroftheSoupNo。I。
orNo。II。
Thesesoupsmaylikewisebeimproved，bymixingwiththemvariouskindsofcheaprootsandgreenvegetables，asturnips，carrots，parsnips，celery，cabbages，sour-crout，etc。asalsobyseasoningthemwithfineherbsandblackpepper——Onionsandleeksmaylikewisebeusedwithgreatadvantage，astheynotonlyservetorendertheFoodinwhichtheyenterasingredientspeculiarlysavoury，butarereallyverywholesome。
Withregardtothebarleymadeuseofinpreparingthesesoups，thoughIalwayshaveusedpearlbarley，orrolledbarleyasitiscalledinGermany，yetIhavenodoubtbutcommonbarley-mealwouldanswernearlyaswell；particularlyifcareweretakentoboilitgentlyforasufficientlengthoftimeoveraslowfirebeforethepeasareadded[7]。
Tillthelastyear，weusedtocookthebarley-soupandthepeas-soupseparate，andnottomixthemtillthemomentwhentheywerepouredintothetubsuponthecutbread，inordertobecarriedintothedining-hall；butIdonotknowthatanyadvantageswerederivedfromthatpractice；thesoupbeing，toallappearances，quiteasgoodsincethebarleyandthepeashavebeencookedtogetherasbefore。
Assoonasthesoupisdone，andtheboilersareemptied，theyareimmediatelyrefilledwithwater，andthebarleyforthesoupforthenextdayisputintoit，andlefttosteepovernight；
andatsixo’clockthenextmorningthefiresarelightedundertheboilers[8]。
Thepeas，however，areneversufferedtoremaininthewaterover-night，aswehavefound，byrepeatedtrials，thattheyneverboilsoftifthewaterinwhichtheyareboiledisnotboilinghotwhentheyareputintoit——WhetherthisispeculiartothepeaswhichgrowinBavaria，Iknownot。
WhenIbegantofeedthePoorofMunich，therewasalsoaquantityofmeatboiledintheirsoup；butasthequantitywassmall，andthequalityofitbutveryindifferent，Ineverthoughtitcontributedmuchtorenderingthevictualsmorenourishing：butassoonasmeanswerefoundforrenderingthesouppalatablewithoutmeat，thequantityofitusedwasgraduallydiminished，anditwasatlengthentirelyomitted。
IneverheardthatthePoorcomplainedofthewantofit；
andmuchdoubtwhethertheytooknoticeofit。
Themanagementofthefireincookingis，inallcases，amatterofgreatimportance；butinnocaseisitsonecessarytobeattendedtoasinpreparingthecheapandnutritivesoupshererecommended——Notonlythepalatableness，buteventhestrengthorrichnessofthesoup，seemstodependverymuchuponthemanagementoftheheatemployedincookingit。
Fromthebeginningoftheprocesstotheendofit，theboilingshouldbeasgentleaspossible；——andifitwerepossibletokeepthesoupalwaysJUSTBOILINGHOT，withoutactuallyboiling，itwouldbesomuchthebetter。
Causinganythingtoboilviolentlyinanyculinaryprocessisveryilljudged；foritnotonlydoesnotexpedite，eveninthesmallestdegree，theprocessofcooking，butitoccasionsamostenormouswasteoffuel；andbydrivingawaywiththesteammanyofthemorevolatileandmoresavouryparticlesoftheingredients，rendersthevictualslessgoodandlesspalatable——Tothosewhoareacquaintedwiththeexperimentalphilosophyofheat，andwhoknowthatwateroncebroughttobeBOILINGHOT，howevergentlyitmayboilinfact，CANNOTBEMADEANYHOTTER，howeverlargeandintensethefireunderitmaybemade，andwhoknowthatitisbytheHEAT——thatistosay，THEDEGREEorintensifyofit，andtheTIMEofitsbeingcontinued，andnotbythebubblinguporBOILING，asitiscalledofthewaterthatculinaryoperationsareperformed——thiswillbeevident，andthosewhoknowthatmorethanFIVETIMESasmuchheatisrequiredtoSENDOFFINSTEAManygivenquantityofwaterALREADYBOILINGHOTaswouldbenecessarytoheatthesamequantityofICE-COLDwaterTOTHEBOILINGPOINT——
willseetheenormouswasteofheat，andconsequentlyoffuel，which，inallcasesmustresultfromviolentboilinginculinaryprocesses。
Topreventthesoupfromburningtotheboiler，thebottomoftheboilershouldbemadeDOUBLE；thefalsebottom，whichmaybeverythinbeingfixedontheinsideoftheboiler，thetwosheetsofcopperbeingeverywhereincontactwitheachother；
buttheyoughtnottobeattachedtoeachotherwithsolder，exceptonlyattheedgeofthefalsebottomwhereitisjoinedtothesidesoftheboiler——Thefalsebottomshouldhavearimaboutaninchandahalfwide，projectingupwards，bywhichitshouldberivetedtothesidesoftheboiler；butonlyfewrivets，ornails，shouldbeusedforfixingthetwobottomstogetherbelow，andthoseusedshouldbeverysmall；otherwisewherelargenailsareemployedatthebottomoftheboiler，wherethefireismostintense，thesoupwillbeapttoBURNTO；atleastontheheadsofthoselargenails。
Thetwosheetsofmetalmaybemadetotoucheachothereverywhere，byhammeringthemtogetherafterthefalsebottomisfixedinitsplace；andtheymaybetackedtogetherbyafewsmallrivetsplacedhereandthere，atconsiderabledistancesfromeachother；andafterthisisdone，theboilermaybetinned。
Intinningtheboiler，ifpropercarebetaken，theedgeofthefalsebottommaybesolderedbythetintothesidesoftheboiler，andthiswillpreventthewater，orotherliquidsputintotheboiler，fromgettingbetweenthetwobottoms。
Inthismannerdoublebottomsmaybemadetosauce-pansandkettlesofallkindsusedincooking；andthiscontrivancewill，inallcases，mosteffectuallypreventwhatiscalledbythecooksburningto[9]。
Theheatissomuchobstructedinitspassagethroughthethinsheetofair，which，notwithstandingallthecarethatistakentobringthetwobottomsintoactualcontact，willstillremainbetweenthem，thesecondhastimetogiveitsheatasfastasitreceivesit，tothefluidintheboiler；andconsequentlyneveracquiresadegreeofheatsufficientforburninganythingthatmaybeuponit。
Perhapsitwouldbebesttodoublecoppersauce-pansandsmallkettlesthroughout；andasthismayandoughttobedonewithaverythinsheetofmetal，itcouldnotcostmuch，evenifthisliningweretobemadeofsilver。
ButImustnotenlargehereuponasubjectIshallhaveoccasiontotreatmorefullyinanotherplace——Toreturn，therefore，tothesubjectmoreimmediatelyunderconsideration，Food。
CHAPTER。IV。
OfthesmallexpenseatwhichtheBavariansoldiersarefed。
Detailsoftheirhousekeeping，foundedonactualexperiment。
Anaccountofthefuelexpendedbythemincooking。
Ithasoftenbeenmatterofsurprisetomany，andeventothosewhoaremostconversantinmilitaryaffairs，thatsoldierscanfindmeanstoliveupontheverysmallallowancesgrantedthemfortheirsubsistence；andIhaveoftenwonderedthatnobodyhasundertakentoinvestigatethatmatter，andtoexplainamysteryatthesametimecuriousandinteresting，inahighdegree。
Thepayofaprivatesoldierisinallcountriesverysmall，muchlessthanthewagesofaday-labourer；andinsomecountriesitissomereapittance，thatitisquiteastonishinghowitcanbemadetosupportlife。
Thepayofaprivatefoot-soldierintheserviceofHisMostSereneHighnesstheElectorPalatine，anditisthesameforaprivategrenadierintheregimentofguards，isFIVECREUTZERS
a-day，andnomore——Formerlythepayofaprivatefoot-soldierwasonlyfourcreutzersandahalfa-day，butlately，upontheintroductionofthenewmilitaryarrangementsinthecountry，hispayhasbeenraisedtofivecreutzers；——andwiththishereceivesonepoundthirteenouncesandahalf，Avoirdupoisweight，ofrye-bread，which，atthemediumpriceofgraininBavariaandthePalatinate，costssomethinglessthanthreecreutzers，orjustaboutONEPENNYsterling。
Thepaywhichthesoldierreceivesinmoney，——fivecreutzersa-day，equaltoonepennythreefarthingssterling，addedtohisdailyallowanceofbread，valuedatonepenny，makeTWOPENCE
THREEFARTHINGSa-day，forthesumtotalofhisallowance。
Thatitispossible，inanycountry，toprocureFoodsufficienttosupportlifewithsosmallasum，willdoubtlessappearextraordinarytoanEnglishreader；——butwhatwouldbehissurpriseuponseeingawholearmy，composedofthefinest，stoutest，andstrongestmenintheworld，whoarefeduponthatallowance，andwhosecountenancesshowthemostevidentmarksofruddyhealth，andperfectcontentment？
Ihavealreadyobserved，howmuchIwasstruckwiththedomesticeconomyoftheBavariansoldiers。Ithinkthesubjectmuchtoointeresting，nottobelaidbeforethePublic，eveninallitsdetails；andasIthinkitwillbemoresatisfactorytohearfromtheirownmouthsanaccountofthemannerinwhichthesesoldierslive，Ishalltranscribethereportsoftwosensiblenon-commissionedofficers，whomIemployedtogivemetheinformationIwanted。
Thesenon-commissionedofficers，whobelongtotwodifferentregimentsofgrenadiersingarrisonatMunich，wererecommendedtomebytheircolonelsasbeingverysteady，carefulmen，areeachattheheadofamessconsistingoftwelvesoldiers，themselvesreckonedinthenumber。Thefollowingaccounts，whichtheygavemeoftheirhousekeeping，andoftheexpensesoftheirtables，wereallthegenuineresultsofactualexperimentsmadeatmyparticulardesire，andatmycost。
Idonotbelievethatusefulinformationwaseverpurchasedcheaperthanuponthisoccasion；andIfancymyreaderwillbeofthesameopinionwhenhehasperusedthefollowingreports，whichareliterallytranslatedfromtheoriginalGerman。
“InobediencetotheordersofLieut。GeneralCountRumford，thefollowingexperimentsweremadebySerjeantWickenhof’smess，inthefirstcompanyofthefirstorElector’sownregimentofgrenadiers，atMunich，onthe10thand11thofJune1795。
June10th，1795。
BILLOFFARE
Boiledbeef，withsoupandbreaddumplins。
Detailsoftheexpence，etc。
Fortheboiledbeefandthesoup。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
20beef[10]……16
01sweetherbs……1
001/2pepper……01/2
06salt……01/2
1141/2ammunitionbread，cutfine27/8
920water……0——
Total1310Cost207/8
Allthesearticleswereputtogetherintoanearthenpot，andboiledtwohoursandaquarter。Themeatwasthentakenoutofthesoupandweighed，andfoundtoweigh1lb。30loths；which，dividedintotwelveequalportions，gaveFIVELOTHSfortheweightofeach。
Thesoup，withthebread，etc。weighed9lb。301/2loths；which，dividedintotwelveequalportions，gaveforeach267/12loths。
Thecostofthemeatandsouptogether，207/8creutzers，dividedbytwelve，gives13/4creutzers，verynearly，forthecostofeachportion。
Forthebreaddumplins。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
113offinesemelbread10
10offineflour……41/2
06salt……01/2
30ofwater……0——
Total519Cost15
Thismasswasmadeintodumplins，andthesedumplinswereboiledhalfanhourinclearwater。Upontakingthemoutofthewater，theywerefoundtoweigh5lb。24loths；anddividingthemintotwelveequalportions，eachportionweighed151/3loths；andthecostofthewhole15creutzers，dividedbytwelve，gives11/4
creutzersforthecostofeachportion。
Themeat，soup，anddumplinswereservedallatonceinthesamedish，andwerealleatentogether；andwiththismeal，whichwastheirdinner，andwaseatattwelveo’clock，eachpersonbelongingtothemesswasfurnishedwithapieceofrye-bread，weighingtenloths，andwhichcost5/16ofacreutzer——
Eachpersonwaslikewisefurnishedwithapieceofthisbread，weighingtenloths，forhisbreakfast；——anotherpiece，ofequalweight，intheafternoonatfouro’clock；andanotherintheevening。
AnalysisofthisDay’sFare。
EachpersonreceivedintheAmountofcostincourseofthedayBavarianmoney。
Insolids。Influids。
lb。loths。lb。loths。Creutzers。
Boiledbeef05……11/6
Inthesoup。
Rye-bread037/8]
Sweetherbs001/12]
Salt……001/24]……07/16
Pepper……001/24]
Water……0231/2]——
]
Total042/240231/2]
Indumplins。
Wheaten-bread033/4]
Dittoflour022/3]
Salt……001/24]……11/4
Water……071/12]——
]
Total0611/24077/12]
Drybread。
Forbreakfast010]
Atdinner010]
Intheafternoon010]……21/2
Atsupper010]——
]
Total18]——
Generaltotal22413/240311/2whichcost517/48
TheammunitionbreadisreckonedinthisestimateattwocreutzerstheBavarianpound，whichisaboutwhatitcostsatamedium；andasthedailyallowanceofthesoldiersis11/2
Bavarianpoundsofthebread，thisreckonedinmoneyamountstothreecreutzersa-day；andthisaddedtohispayatfivecreutzersa-day，makeseightcreutzersa-day，whichisthewholeofhisallowancefromthesovereignforhissubsistence。
Butitappearsfromtheforegoingaccount，thatheexpendsforFoodnomorethan517/48creutzersa-day，thereisthereforeasurplusamountingto231/48creutzersa-day，orverynearONE-THIRDOFHISWHOLEALLOWANCE，whichremains；andwhichhecandisposeofjustashethinksproper。
Thissurplusiscommonlyemployedinpurchasingbeer，brandy，tobacco，etc。BeerinBavariacoststwocreutzersapint，brandy，orrathermalt-spirits，fromfifteentoeighteencreutzers；andtobaccoisverycheap。
ToenabletheEnglishreadertoform，withoutthetroubleofcomputation，acompleteandsatisfactoryideaofthemannerinwhichtheseBavariansoldiersarefed，IhaveaddedthefollowingAnalysisoftheirfare；inwhichthequantityofeacharticleisexpressedinAvoirdupoisweight，anditscostinEnglishmoney。
Analysis。
Eachpersonbelongingtothemessreceivedinthecourseoftheday，CostinEnglishJune11th，1795。money。
lb。oz。s。d。
Dryammunitionbread1876/1000010/11
Ammunitionbreadcookedinthesoup……024/100023/264
Finewheatensemel
breadinthedumplins……023/100010/33——
Totalbread11346/100
Fineflourinthedumplins0165/1000018/33
Boiledbeef……031/100072/198
Inseasoning；fineherbs，saltandpepper……0013/100002/33——
Totalsolids2234/100
Waterpreparedbycooking。
Inthesoup……01452/209
Inthedumplins……0432/100——
Totalpreparedwater1284/100——
Totalsolidsandfluids3518/100
Totalexpenseforeachperson517/48creutzers，equaltoTWOPENCE
sterling，verynearly。
ButastheBavariansoldiershavenotthesamefareeveryday，theexpencesoftheirtablescannotbeascertainedfromonesingleexperiment。IshallthereforereturntoSerjeantWickenhof’sreport。
11thofJune1795。
BillofFare。
Bread，dumplins，andsoup。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。
Forthedumplins。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
213wheatenbread……14
016butter……9
10fineflour……41/2
011eggs……3
06salt……01/2
001/2pepper……01/2
316water——
7301/2Cost311/2creutzers。
Thismadeintodumplins；——thedumplins，afterbeingboiled，werefoundtoweigheightpoundseightloths，which，dividedamongtwelvepersons，gaveforeachtwenty-twoloths——Andthecostofthewhole311/2creutzers，dividedby12，gives215/24
creutzersforeachportion。
Forthesoup。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
1141/2ammunitionbread……27/8
06salt……01/2
01sweetherbs……1
120water——
13211/2Cost43/8creutzers。
Thissoup，whencooked，weighed11lb，26loths；which，dividedamongthetwelvepersonsbelongingtothemess，gaveforeach31
1/2loths；andthecost43/8creutzers，dividedbytwelve，givesnearlyTHREE-NINTHSofacreutzerforeachportion。
Forbread。
Fourpiecesofammunitionbread，weighingeachtenloths，foreachperson，——namely，onepieceforbreakfast——oneatdinner——oneintheafternoon，——andoneatsupper；inall，40loths，oronepoundandaquarter，coststwocreutzersandahalf。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。foreachperson。
lb。loths。CreutzersFor18drybread……21/2
For022breaddumplins……215/24
For0311/2breadsoup……03/8——
2301/2ofFoodCost51/2creutzers。
ThesamedetailsexpressedinAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney：
Foreachpersonlb。oz。Pence1876/100dryammunitionbread010/11
0136/10breaddumplins……0693/792
131/2breadsoup……036/264——
3986/100ofFoodCost2pence。
June20th，1795。
SerjeantKein’smess，secondregimentofgrenadiers。
BillofFare。
Boiledbeef——breadsoup——andliverdumplins。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。
Fortheboiledbeefandsoup。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
20beef……15
061/2salt……01/2
001/2pepper……01/2
02sweetherbs……01/2
224ammunitionbread31/4
170water——
221Cost191/2creutzers。
Theseingredientswereallboiledtogethertwohoursandfiveminutes；afterwhichthebeefwastakenoutofthesoupandweighed，andwasfoundtoweigh1lb。22loths；thesoupweighed15lb。；andthesedividedequallyamongthetwelvepersonsbelongingtothemess，gaveforeachportion，41/2lothsofbeef，and1lb。8lothsofsoup；andthecostofthewhole19
3/4creutzers，dividedby18，gives131/48creutzersforthecostofeachportion。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。fortheliverdumplins。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
228offinesemelbread15
10ofbeefliver……5
018offineflour……21/2
06ofsalt……01/2
224ofwater——
Total712Cost23creutzers。
Theseingredientsbeingmadeintodumplins，thedumplinsafterbeingproperlyboiledwerefoundtoweigh8lb——Thisgaveforeachportion211/3loths；andtheamountofthecost23creutzers，dividedby12，thenumberoftheportions，givesforeach111/12creutzers。
Thequantityofdryammunitionbreadfurnishedtoeachpersonwas1lb。8loths；andthis，attwocreutzersapound，amountsto21/2creutzers。
Recapitulation。
Foreachpersonlb。loths。Creutzers。
041/2ofboiledbeef，and]……131/48
18ofbreadsoup]
0211/4ofliverdumplins……111/12
18ofdrybread……21/2——
395/6ofFoodCost63/48creutzers。
InAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，——foreachperson：
lb。oz。
02。78ofboiledbeef，and]……0948/1584
18。91ofbreadsoup]
013。19ofliverdumplins……0276/306
18。76ofdrybread……010/11——
41。54ofFoodCost21/5pence。
June21st，1795。
BillofFare。
Boiledbeef，andbreadsoup，withbreaddumplins。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。fortheboiledbeefandbreadsoup。
Thesameasyesterday，Forthedumplins。
lb。loths。Creutzers。
230semelbread……151/2
018fineflour……3
06salt……01/2
30water——
622Cost19creutzers。
Thesedumplinsbeingboiled，werefoundtoweigh7lb。whichgaveforeachperson182/3loths；andeachportioncost17/12
creutzers。
Dryammunitionbreadfurnishedtoeachperson1lb。8loths，whichcost21/2creutzers。
Recapitulation。
Eachpersonbelongingtothemessreceivedthisday：
lb。loths。Creutzers。
041/2ofboiledbeef，and]……131/48
18ofbreadsoup]
0182/3ofbreaddumplins……17/12
18ofdrybread……21/2——
371/6ofFoodCost535/42creutzersInAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，lb。oz。
02。78ofboiledbeef，and]……0948/1584
18。76ofbreadsoup]
011。54ofbreaddumplins……0228/396
18。76ofdrybread……010/11——
40ofFoodCost21/12pence。
June22d，1795。
BillofFare。
Breadsoupandmeatdumplins。
Detailsofexpenses，etc。
lb。loths。
20ofbeef……15
230ofsemelbread……151/2
018offineflour……3
01ofpepper……1
012ofsalt……1
02ofsweetherbs……01/2
224ofammunitionbread31/4
216ofwatertothedumplins——
Cost391/4creutzers。
Themeatbeingcutfine，orminced，wasmixedwiththesemelorwheatenbread；andthesewiththeflour，andadueproportionofsalt，weremadeintodumplins，andboiledinthesoup——Thesedumplinswhenboiled，weighed10lb。which，dividedinto12equalportions，gave202/3lothsforeach。
Thesoupweighed15lb。whichgave1lb。8lothsforeachportion——
Ofdryammunitionbread，eachpersonreceived1lb。8loths，whichcost21/2creutzers。
Recapitulation。
Eachpersonreceivedthisdaylb。loths。Creutzers0202/3ofmeatdumplins，and]……313/48
18ofbreadsoup]
18ofammunitionbread21/2——
342/3ofFoodCost537/48creutzers。
InAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，lb。oz。Pence。
012。77ofmeatdumplins，and]……1300/1584
18。76ofbreadsoup]
18。76ofammunitionbread……010/11——
314。29ofFoodCost21/10pence。
Theresultsofalltheseexperiments，andofmanymorewhichI
couldadd，showthattheBavariansoldiercanlive，——andthefactisthatheactuallydoeslive，——uponalittlemorethanTWOTHIRDSofhisallowance——Ofthefivecreutzersa-daywhichhereceivesinmoney，heseldomputsmorethantwocreutzersandahalf，andnevermorethanthreecreutzersintothemess；
sothatatleastTWO-FIFTHSofhispayremains，afterhehasdefrayedalltheexpensesofhissubsistence；andasheisfurnishedwitheveryarticleofhisclothingbythesovereign，andnostoppageiseverpermittedtobemadeofanypartofhispay，onanypretencewhatever，THEREISNOSOLDIERINEUROPE
WHOSESITUATIONISMORECOMFORTABLE。