Thegreatmistakecommittedinmostoftheattemptswhichhavebeenmadetointroduceaspiritofindustry，wherehabitsofidlenesshaveprevailed，hasbeenthetoofrequentandimproperuseofcoercivemeasures，bywhichthepersonstobereclaimedhavecommonlybeenoffendedandthoroughlydisgustedattheveryout-set——Forcewillnotdoit——Address，notforce，mustbeusedonthoseoccasions。
ThechildreninthehouseofindustryatMunich，who，beingplaceduponelevatedseatsroundthehallswhereotherchildrenworked，weremadetobeidlespectatorsofthatamusingscene，criedmostbitterlywhentheirrequesttobepermittedtodescendfromtheirplaces，andmixinthatbusycrowd，wasrefused；——buttheywould，mostprobably，havecriedstillmore，hadtheybeentakenabruptlyfromtheirplayandFORCEDtowork。
“Menarebutchildrenofalargergrowth；“——andthosewhoundertaketodirectthem，oughtevertobearinmindthatimportanttruth。
Thatimpatienceofcontrol，andjealousyandobstinateperseveranceinmaintainingtherightsofpersonallibertyandindependence，whichsostronglymarkthehumancharacterinallthestagesoflife，mustbemanagedwithgreatcautionandaddress，bythosewhoaredesirousofdoinggood；——or，indeed，ofdoinganythingeffectuallywithmankind。
Ithasoftenbeensaid，thatthePoorareviciousandprofligate，andthatTHEREFOREnothingbutforcewillanswertomakethemobedient，andkeeptheminorder；——but，Ishouldsay，thatBECAUSEthePoorareviciousandprofligate，itissomuchthemorenecessarytoavoidtheappearanceofforceinthemanagementofthem，topreventtheirbecomingrebelliousandincorrigible。
ThosewhoareemployedtotakeupandtamethewildhorsesbelongingtotheElectorPalatine，whicharebredintheforestnearDusseldorf，neveruseforceinreclaimingthatnobleanimal，andmakinghimdocileandobedient。Theybeginwithmakingagreatcircuit，inordertoapproachhim；andratherdecoythanforcehimintothesituationinwhichtheywishtobringhim，andeverafterwardstreathimwiththegreatestkindness；ithavingbeenfoundbyexperience，thatill-usageseldomfailstomakehim“aman-hater。”untameable，andincorrigiblyvicious——Itmay，perhaps，bethoughtfancifulandtrifling，butthefactreallyis，thatanattentiontothemeansusedbythesepeopletogaintheconfidenceofthoseanimals，andteachthemtoliketheirkeepers，theirstables，andtheirmangers，suggestedtomemanyideaswhichIafterwardsputinexecutionwithgreatsuccess，inreclaimingthoseabandonedandferociousanimalsinhumanshape，whichIundertooktotameandrendergentleanddocile。
Itishowevernecessaryineveryattempttointroduceaspiritoforderandindustryamongtheidleandprofligate，notmerelytoavoidallharshandoffensivetreatment，which，ashasalreadybeenobserved，couldonlyservetoirritatethemandrenderthemstillmoreviciousandobstinate，butitisalsoindispensablynecessarytodoeverythingthatcanbedevisedtoencourageandrewardeverysymptomofreformation。
Itwilllikewisebenecessarysometimestopunishtheobstinate；
butrecourseshouldneverbehadtopunishmentstillGOODUSAGE
hasfirstbeenfairlytriedandfoundtobeineffectual。
Thedelinquentmustbemadetoseethathehasdeservedthepunishment，andwhenitisinflicted，careshouldbetakentomakehimfeelit。Butinorderthatthepunishmentmayhavetheeffectsintended，andnotservetoirritatethepersonpunished，andexcitepersonalhatredandrevenge，insteadofdisposingthemindtoseriousreflection，itmustbeadministeredinthemostsolemnandmostDISPASSIONATEmanner；anditmustbecontinuednolongerthantilltheFIRSTDAWNofreformationappears。
Howmuchprudenceandcautionarenecessaryindispensingrewardsandpunishments；——andyet——howlittleattentionisingeneralpaidtothoseimportanttransactions！
REWARDSandPUNISHMENTSaretheonlymeansbywhichmankindcanbecontrolledanddirected；andyet，howoftendoweseethemdispensedinthemostcareless——mostimprudent——andmostimpropermanner！——howoftenaretheyconfounded！——howoftenmisapplied！——
andhowoftendoweseethemmadetheinstrumentsofgratifyingthemostsordidprivatepassions！
Totheimproperuseofthemmaybeattributedallthedisordersofcivilsociety——Totheimproperorcarelessuseofthemmay，mostunquestionably，beattributedtheprevalenceofpoverty，misery，andmendicityinmostcountries，andparticularlyinGreatBritain，wherethehealthfulnessandmildnessoftheclimate——thefertilityofthesoil——theabundanceoffuel——thenumerousandflourishingmanufactures——theextensivecommerce——
andthemillionsofacresofwastelandswhichstillremaintobecultivated，furnishthemeansofgivingusefulemploymenttoallitsinhabitants，andeventoamuchmorenumerouspopulation。
Butifinsteadofencouragingthelaudableexertionsofusefulindustry，andassistingandrelievingtheunfortunateandtheinfirm——theonlyrealobjectsofcharity，——themeansdesignedforthosepurposesaresomisappliedastooperateasrewardstoidlenessandimmorality，thegreaterthesumsarewhichareleviedontherichforthereliefofthepoor，themorenumerouswillthatclassbecome，andthegreaterwillbetheirprofligacy，theirinsolence，andtheirshamelessandclamorousimportunity。
Thereis，itcannotbedenied，inman，anaturalpropensitytoslothandindolence；andthoughhabitsofindustry，——likeallhabits，——mayrenderthoseexertionseasyandpleasantwhichatfirstarepainfulandirksome，yetnoperson，inanysituation，everchoselabourmerelyforitsownsake。Itisalwaystheapprehensionofsomegreaterevil，——orthehopeofsomeenjoyment，bywhichmankindarecompelledorallured，whentheytaketoindustriouspursuits。
Intherudestateofsavagenaturethewantsofmenarefew，andthesemayallbeeasilysuppliedwithoutthecommissionofanycrime；consequentlyindustry，undersuchcircumstances，isnotnecessary，norcanindolencebejustlyconsideredasavice；
butinastateofcivilsociety，wherepopulationisgreat，andthemeansofsubsistencenottobehadwithoutlabour，orwithoutdefraudingothersofthefruitsoftheirindustry，idlenessbecomesacrimeofthemostfataltendency，andconsequentlyofthemostheinousnature；andeverymeansshouldbeusedtodiscountenance，punish，andpreventit。
AndweseethatProvidence，everattentivetoprovideremediesforthedisorderswhichtheprogressofsocietyoccasionsintheworld，hasprovidedforidleness——assoonastheconditionofsocietyrendersitavice，butnotbefore——apunishmenteverywaysuitedtoitsnature，andcalculatedtopreventitsprevalencyandperniciousconsequences：——ThisisWANT，——andamostefficaciousremedyitisfortheevil，——whentheWISDOMOFMAN
doesnotinterferetocounteractit，andpreventitssalutaryeffects。
Butreservingthefatherinvestigationofthispartofmysubject——thatrespectingthemeanstobeusedforencouragingindustry——
tosomefutureopportunity，Ishallnowendeavourtoshow，inafewwords，how，underthemostunfavourablecircumstances，anarrangementforputtinganendtomendicity，andintroducingaspiritofindustryamongthePoor，mightbeintroducedandcarriedintoexecution。
IfIamobligedtotakeagreatcircuit，inordertoarriveatmyobject，itmustberemembered，thatwhereavastweightistoberaisedbyhumanmeans，avarietyofmachinerymustnecessarilybeprovided；andthatitisonlybybringingallthedifferentpowersemployedtoacttogethertothesameend，thatthepurposeinviewcanbeattained。Itwilllikewiseberemembered，thatasnomechanicalpowercanbemadetoactwithoutaforcebeappliedtoitsufficienttoovercometheresistance，notonlyofthevisinertia，butalsooffriction，sonomoralagentcanbebroughttoacttoanygivenendwithoutsufficientmotives；thatistosay，withoutsuchmotivesasTHEPERSONWHOISTOACTmaydeemsufficient，notonlytodecidehisopinion，butalsotoOVERCOME
HISINDOLENCE。
Theobjectproposed，——thereliefofthePoor，andtheprovidingfortheirfuturecomfortandhappiness，byintroducingamongthemaspiritoforderandindustry，issuchascannotfailtomeetwiththeapprobationofeverywell-disposedperson——ButIwillsuppose，thatabareconvictionoftheUTILITYofthemeasureisnotsufficientalonetoovercometheindolenceofthePublic，andinducethemtoengageACTIVELYintheundertaking；——yetaspeopleareatalltimes，andinallsituations，readyenoughtodowhattheyFEELtobetheirinterest，if，inbringingforwardaschemeofpublicutility，thepropermeansbeusedtorenderitsointerestingastoawakentheCURIOSITY，andfixtheattentionofthePublic，nodoubtscanbeentertainedofthepossibilityofcarryingitintoeffect。
Inarrangingsuchaplan，andlayingitbeforethePublic，nosmalldegreeofknowledgeofmankind，andparticularlyofthevariousmeansofactingonthem，whicharepeculiarlyadaptedtothedifferentstagesofcivilization，orratherofthepoliticalrefinementandcorruptionofsociety，would，inmostcases，beindispensablynecessary；butwiththatknowledge，andagoodshareofzeal，address，prudence，andperseverance，therearefewschemes，inwhichanhonestmanwouldwishtobeconcerned，thatmightnotbecarriedintoexecutioninanycountry。
InsuchacityasLondon，wherethereisgreatwealth；——publicspirit；——enterprize；——andzealforimprovement；littlemore，Iflattermyself，wouldbenecessarytoengageallrankstouniteincarryingintoeffectsuchascheme，thantoshowitspublicutility；and，aboveall，toprovethatthereISNOJOBatthebottomofit。
Itwould，however，beadvisable，insubmittingtothePublic，ProposalsforformingsuchanEstablishment，toshowthatthosewhoareinvitedtoassistincarryingitintoexecution，wouldnotonlyderivefromitmuchpleasureandsatisfaction，butalsomanyrealadvantages；fortoomuchpainscanneverbetakentointerestthePublicindividually，anddirectly，inthesuccessofmeasurestendingtopromotethegeneralgoodofsociety。
ThefollowingProposals，whichIwillsupposetobemadebysomepersonofknownandrespectablecharacter，whohascourageenoughtoengageinsoarduousanundertaking，willshowmyideasuponthissubjectintheclearestmanner——Whethertheyarewellfounded，mustbelefttothereadertodetermine——Astomyself，Iamsomuchpersuadedthattheschemehereproposed，bywayofexample，andmerelyforillustration，mightbeexecuted，that，hadItimefortheundertaking，whichIhavenot，Ishouldnothesitatetoengageinit。
PROPOSALSforformingbyprivatesubscription，anESTABLISHMENT
forfeedingthePoor，andgivingthemusefulEmployment；
AndalsoforfurnishingFoodatacheapRatetootherswhomaystandinneedofsuchAssistance。ConnectedwithanINSTITUTION
forintroducing，andbringingforwardintogeneralUse，newInventionsandImprovements，particularlysuchasrelatetotheManagementofHeatandthesavingofFuel；andtovariousothermechanicalContrivancesbywhichDOMESTICCOMFORTandECONOMYmaybepromoted。
SubmittedtothePublic，ByA。B。
TheAuthoroftheseProposalsdeclaressolemnly，inthefaceofthewholeworld，thathehasnointerestedviewwhateverinmakingtheseProposals；butisactuatedmerelyandsimplybyadesiretodogood，andpromotethehappinessandprosperityofsociety，andthehonourandreputationofhiscountry——Thatheneverwilldemand，accept，orreceiveanypayorotherrecompenceorrewardofanykindwhateverfromanypersonorpersons，forhisservicesortrouble，incarryingintoexecutiontheproposedscheme，oranypartthereof，orforanythinghemaydoorperforminfuturerelatingtoit，ortoanyofitsdetailsorconcerns。
And，moreover，thatheneverwillavailhimselfofanyopportunitiesthatmayofferintheexecutionoftheplanproposed，forderivingprofit，emolument，oradvantageofanykind，eitherforhimself，hisfriends，orconnections；——butthat，onthecontrary，hewilltakeuponhimselftobepersonallyresponsibletothePublic，andmoreimmediatelytotheSubscriberstothisUndertaking，thatNOPERSONshallFINDMEANS
tomakeajoboftheproposedEstablishment，orofanyofthedetailsofitsexecution，orofitsmanagement，aslongastheAuthoroftheseProposalsremainschargedwithitsdirection。
WithrespecttotheparticularobjectsandextentoftheproposedEstablishment，thesemaybeseenbytheaccountwhichisgivenofthemattheheadoftheseProposals；andastotheirutility，therecanbenodoubts。Theycertainlymusttendverypowerfullytopromotethecomfort，happiness，andprosperityofsociety，andwilldohonourtothenation，aswellastothoseindividualswhomaycontributetocarrythemintoexecution。
Withtheregardtothepossibilityofcarryingintoeffecttheproposedscheme；——thefacilitywithwhichthismaybedone，willbeevidentwhenthemethodofdoingit，whichwillnowbepointedout，isdulyconsidered。
Assoonasasumshallbesubscribedsufficientforthepurposesintended，theAuthoroftheseProposalswill，byletters，requestameetingoftheTWENTY-FIVEpersonswhoshallstandhighestonthelistofsubscribers，forthepurposeofexaminingthesubscription-lists，andofappointing，byballot，acommittee，composedoffivepersons，skilledinthedetailsofbuilding，andinaccounts，tocollectthesubscriptions，andtosuperintendtheexecutionoftheplan——Thiscommittee，whichwillbechosenfromamongthesubscribersatlarge，willbeauthorisedanddirected，toexaminealltheworksthatwillbenecessaryinformingtheEstablishment，andseethattheyareproperlyperformed，andatreasonableprices；——toexamineandapproveofallcontractsforwork，orformaterials；——toexamineandcheckallaccountsofexpendituresofeverykind，intheexecutionoftheplan；——andtogiveordersforallpayments。
ThegeneralarrangementoftheEstablishment，andofallitsdetails，willbelefttotheAuthoroftheseProposals；whowillberesponsiblefortheirsuccess——Heengages，however，intheprosecutionofthisbusiness，toadherefaithfullytotheplanhereproposed，andnevertodepartfromitonanypretencewhatever。
WithregardtothechoiceofaspotforerectingthisEstablishment，aplacewillbechosenwithinthelimitsofthetown，andinaconvenientandcentralasituationaspossible，wheregroundenoughforthepurposeistobehadatareasonableprice[5]——
Theagreementforthepurchase，orhireofthisground，andofthebuildings，iftherebeanyonit，will，likeallotherbargainsandcontracts，besubmittedtothecommitteefortheirapprobationandratification。
Theorderinwhichitisproposedtocarryintoexecutionthedifferentpartsoftheschemeisasfollows：——First，toestablishapublickitchenforfurnishingFoodtosuchpoorpersonsasshallberecommendedbythesubscribersforsuchassistance。
ThisFoodwillbeoffourdifferentsorts，namely，No。I。Anourishingsoupcomposedofbarley——pease——potatoes，andbread；seasonedwithsalt，pepper，andfineherbs——Theportionofthissoup，onepintandaquarter，weighingabouttwentyounces，willcostONEPENNY。
No。II。Arichpease-soup，wellseasoned；——withfriedbread；——
theportiontwentyouncesatTWOPENCE。
No。III。Arichandnourishingsoup，orbarley，pease，andpotatoes，properlyseasoned；——withfriedbread；andtwoouncesofboiledbacon，cutfineandputintoit——Theportion20ounces
atFOURPENCE。
No。IV。Agoodsoup；withboiledmeatandpotatoesorcabbages，orothervegetables；with1/4lb。ofgoodryebread，theportionatSIXPENCE。
Adjoiningtothekitchen，fourspaciouseating-roomswillbefittedup，ineachofwhichoneonlyofthefourdifferentkindsofFoodpreparedinthekitchenwillbeserved。
Neartheeating-rooms，otherroomswillbeneatlyfittedup，andkeptconstantlyclean，andwellwarmed；andwelllightedintheevening；inwhichthePoorwhofrequenttheEstablishmentwillbepermittedtoremainduringtheday，andtillacertainhouratnight——TheywillbeallowedandevenENCOURAGEDtobringtheirworkwiththemtotheserooms；andbydegreestheywillbefurnishedwithutensils，andrawmaterialsforworkingfortheirownemolument，bytheEstablishment。Praisesandrewardswillbebestowedonthosewhomostdistinguishthemselvesbytheirindustry，andbytheirpeaceableandorderlybehaviour。
Inthefittingupofthekitchen，carewillbetakentointroduceeveryusefulinventionandimprovement，bywhichfuelmaybesaved，andthevariousprocessesofcookeryfacilitated，andrenderedlessexpensive；andthewholemechanicalarrangementwillbemadeascompleteandperfectaspossible，inorderthatitmayserveasamodelforimitation；andcarewillbelikewisebetakeninfittingupthedining-halls，andotherroomsbelongingtotheEstablishment，tointroducethemostapprovedfire-places，——stoves，——flews，andothermechanicalcontrivancesforheatingroomsandpassages；——asalsoinlightingupthehousetomakeuseofavarietyofthebest，mosteconomical，andmostbeautifullamps；andinshort，tocollecttogethersuchanassemblageofusefulandelegantinventions，ineverypartoftheEstablishment，astorenderitnotonlyanobjectofpubliccuriosity，butalsoofthemostessentialandextensiveutility。
AndalthoughitwillnotbepossibletomaketheEstablishmentsufficientlyextensivetoaccommodateallthePoorofsolargeacity，yetitmayeasilybemadelargeenoughtoaffordacomfortableasylumtoagreatnumberofdistressedobjects；andtheinterestingandaffectingsceneitwillaffordtospectators，canhardlyfailtoattractthecuriosityofthePublic；andthereisgreatreasontohopethatthesuccessoftheexperiment，andtheevidenttendencyofthemeasuresadoptedtopromotethecomfort，happiness，andprosperityofsociety，willinducemanytoexertthemselvesinformingsimilarEstablishmentsinotherplaces——Itisevenprobablethatthesuccesswhichwillattendthisfirstessay，forsuccessfulitmust，andwillbe，ascarewillbetakentolimititsextenttothemeansfurnishedforcarryingitintoexecution，willencourageothers，whodonotputdowntheirnamesuponthelistsofthesubscribersatfirst，tofollowwithsubscriptionforthepurposeofaugmentingtheEstablishment，andrenderingitmoreextensivelyuseful。
Shouldthisbethecase，itispossiblethatinashorttimesubordinatepublickitchens，withroomsadjoiningthemfortheaccommodationoftheindustriousPoor，maybeestablishedinalltheparishes；——andwhenthisisdone，onlyoneshortstepmorewillbenecessaryinordertocompleteinthemanagementofthePoor。Poorratesmaythenbeentirelyabolished，andVOLUNTARYSUBSCRIPTIONS，whichcertainlyneedneveramounttoonehalfwhatthePoorratesnoware，maybesubstitutedintheroomofthem，andonegeneralestablishmentmaybeformedforthereliefandsupportofthePoorinthiscapital。
ItwillhoweverberememberedthatitisbynomeanstheintentionoftheAuthoroftheseProposalsthatthosewhocontributetotheobjectimmediatelyinview，theformingAMODEL
foranEstablishmentforfeedingandgivingemploymenttothePoor，shouldbetroubledwithanyfuturesolicitationsonthatscore；
veryfarfromit，measureswillbesotaken，bylimitingtheextentoftheundertakingtotheamountofthesumssubscribed，andbyarrangingmatterssothattheEstablishment。onceformed，shallbeabletosupportitself，thatnofartherassistancefromthesubscriberswillbenecessary——Ifanyofthemshould，oftheiraccord，followuptheirsubscriptionbyotherdonations，theseadditionalsumswillbethankfullyreceived，andfaithfullyapplied，tothegeneralorparticularpurposesforwhichtheymaybedesigned；butthesubscribersmaydependuponneverbeingtroubledwithanyfutureSOLICITATIONSonanypretencewhatever，onaccountofthepresentundertaking。
AsecondaryobjectinformingthisEstablishment，andwhichwillbeattendedtoassoonasthemeasuresforfeedingthePoor，andgivingthememployment，arecarriedintoexecution，istheformingofagrandrepositoryofallkindsofUSEFULMECHANICAL
INVENTIONS，andparticularlyofsuchasrelatetothefurnishingofhouses，andarecalculatedtopromotedomesticcomfortandeconomy。
Sucharepositorywillnotonlybehighlyinteresting，consideredasanobjectofpubliccuriosity，butitwillbereallyuseful，andwilldoubtlesscontributeverypowerfullytotheintroductionofmanyessentialimprovements。
TorenderthispartoftheEstablishmentstillmorecomplete，roomswillbesetapartforreceiving，andexposingtopublicview，allsuchnewandusefulinventionsasshall，fromtimetotime，bemade，inthis，orinanyothercountry，andsenttotheinstitution；andawrittenaccount，containingthenameoftheinventor，——theplacewherethearticlemaybebought，——andthepriceofit，willbeattachedtoeacharticle，fortheinformationofthosewhomaybedesirousofknowinganyoftheseparticulars。
Iftheamountofthesubscriptionsshouldbesufficienttodefraytheadditionalexpencewhichsuchanarrangementwouldrequire，modelswillbeprepared，uponareducedscale，forshowingtheimprovementswhichmaybemadeintheconstructionofthecoppers，orboilers，usedbybrewers，anddistillers，asalsooftheirfire-places；withaviewbothtotheeconomyofthefuel，andtoconvenience。
Completekitchenswilllikewisebeconstructed，ofthefullsize，withalltheirutensils，asmodelsforprivatefamilies——
Andthatthesekitchensmaynotbeuseless，eatingroomsmaybefittedupadjoiningtothem，andcooksengagedtofurnishtogentlemen，subscribers，orothers，towhomsubscribersmaydelegatethatright，gooddinners，attheprimecostofthevictuals，andtheexpenseofcooking，whichtogethercertainlywouldnotexceedONESHILLINGAHEAD。
ThepublickitchenfromwhencethePoorwillbefedwillbesoconstructedastoserveasamodelforhospitals，andforothergreatEstablishmentsofsimilarnature。
TheexpenseoffeedingthePoorwillbeprovidedforbysellingtheportionsofFooddeliveredfromthepublickitchenatsuchaprice，thatthoseexpensesshallbejustcovered，andnomore：——
sothattheEstablishment，whenoncecompleted，willbemadetosupportitself。
TicketsforFoodwhichmaybeconsideredasdraftsuponthepublickitchen，payableatsightwillbefurnishedtoallpersonswhoapplyforthem，inasfarasitshallbepossibletosupplythedemands；butcarewillbetakentoprovide，first，forthePoorwhofrequentregularlytheworkingroomsbelongingtotheEstablishment；andsecondly，topayattentiontotherecommendationsofsubscribers，byfurnishingFoodimmediately，orwiththeleastpossibledelay，tothosewhocomewithsubscribers’tickets。
AssoonastheEstablishmentshallbecompleted，everysubscriberwillbefurnishedgratiswithticketsforFood，totheamountoftenpercent。ofhissubscription；thevalueoftheticketsbeingreckonedatwhattheportionsofFoodreallycost，whichwillbedeliveredtothosewhoproducetheticketsatthepublickitchen——Attheendofsixmonths，ticketstotheamountoftenpercent。more，andsoon，attheendofeverysixsucceedingmonths，ticketstotheamountoftenpercent。ofthesumsubscribedwillbedeliveredtoeachsubscribertillheshallactuallyhavereceivedinticketsforFood，ordraftsuponthepublickitchen，tothefullamountofONEHALFofhisoriginalsubscription——AndasthepriceatwhichthisFoodwillbecharged，willbeatthemostmoderatecomputation，atleastFIFTY
PERCENT。cheaperthanitwouldcostanywhereelse，thesubscriberswillinfactreceiveintheseticketsthefullvalueofthesumstheywillhavesubscribed；sothatintheend，thewholeadvancewillberepaid，andamostinteresting，andmostusefulpublicinstitutionwillbecompletelyestablishedWITHOUT
ANYEXPENSETOANYBODY——AndtheAuthoroftheseProposalswillthinkhimselfmostamplyrepaidforanytroublehemayhaveintheexecutionofthisscheme，bytheheartfeltsatisfactionhewillenjoyinthereflectionofhavingbeeninstrumentalindoingessentialservicetomankind。
Itishardlynecessarytoadd，thatalthoughthesubscriberswillreceiveinreturnfortheirsubscriptionsthefullvalueofthem，intickets，orordersuponthepublickitchen，forFood，yetthepropertyoftheWholeEstablishment，withallitsappurtenances，willneverthelessremainvestedsolelyandentirelyinthesubscribers，andtheirlawfulheirs；andthattheywillhavepowertodisposeofitinanywaytheymaythinkproper，asalsotogiveordersanddirectionsforitsfuturemanagement。
Signed
“A。B。”
London，1stJanuary1796。
TheseProposals，whichshouldbeprinted，anddistributedgratis，ingreatabundance，shouldbeaccompaniedwithsubscription-listswhichshouldbeprintedonfinewriting-paper；andtosavetroubletothesubscribers，mightbeofapeculiarform——Uponthetopofahalf-sheetoffoliowriting-papermightbeprinted，thefollowingHeadofTitle，andtheremainderofthatsideofthehalf-sheet，belowthisHead，mightbeformedintodifferentcolumns，thus：
SUBSCRIPTIONS，ForcarryingintoexecutiontheschemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoorfromaPublicKITCHEN，andgivingthemusefulemployment，etc。proposedbyA。B。
andparticularlydescribedintheprintedpaper，datedLondon，1stJanuary1796，whichaccompaniesthisSubscriptionList。
N。B。Nopartofthemoneysubscribedwillbecalledfor，unlessitbefoundthattheamountofthesubscriptionswillbequitesufficienttocarrytheschemeproposedintocompleteexecutionwithouttroublingthesubscribersasecondtimeforfurtherassistance——
SubscribersNames。IPlaceofAbode。ISumssubscribed——
IIpound。s。d。
II
II
II
II
II
II
thatthislistisauthentic，andthatthepersonsmentionedinithaveagreedtosubscribethesumsplacedagainsttheirnames，isattestedby[]。Thepersonwhoissogoodastotakechargeofthislist，isrequestedtoauthenticateitbysigningtheabovecertificate，andthentosealitupandsenditaccordingtotheprintedaddressonthebackofit。
Theaddressuponthebackofthesubscriptionlists，whichmaybethatoftheauthoroftheProposal，orofanyotherpersonhemayappointtoreceivetheselists，shouldbeprintedinsuchamannerthat，whenthelistisfoldedupintheformofaletter，theaddressmaybeinitsproperplace。Thiswillsavetroubletothosewhotakechargeoftheselists；andtoomuchpainscannotbetakentogiveaslittletroubleaspossibletopersonswhoaresolicitedtocontributeINMONEYtowardscarryingintoexecutionschemesofpublicutility。
AsapublicEstablishmentlikethathereproposedwouldbehighlyinteresting，evenwereittobeconsideredinnootherlightthanmerelyasanobjectofcuriosity，thereisnodoubtbutitwouldbemuchfrequented；anditispossiblethatthisconcourseofpeoplemightbesogreatastorenderitnecessarytomakesomeregulationsinregardtoadmittance：but，whatevermeasuresmightbeadoptedwithrespecttoothers，SUBSCRIBERSoughtcertainlytohavefreeadmittanceatalltimestoeverypartoftheEstablishment，——Theyshouldevenhavearightindividuallytoexamineallthedetailsofitsadministration，andtorequirefromthoseemployedasoverseers，ormanagers，anyinformationorexplanationtheymightwant——Theyoughtlikewisetobeatlibertytotakedrawings，ortohavethemtakenbyothers，attheirexpense，forthemselvesorfortheirfriends，ofthekitchen，stoves，grates，furniture，etc。andingeneralofeverypartofthemachinerybelongingtotheEstablishment。
InformingtheEstablishment，andprovidingthevariousmachinery，careshouldbetakentoemploythemostingeniousandmostrespectabletradesmen；andifthenameofthemaker，andtheplaceofhisabodeweretobeengravedorwrittenoneacharticle，this，nodoubt，wouldtendtoexciteemulationamongtheartizans，andinducethemtofurnishgoodsofthebestquality，andataslowapriceaspossible——Itisevenpossible，thatinagreatandopulentcitylikeLondon，andwherepublicspiritandzealforimprovementpervadeallranksofsociety，manyrespectabletradesmenineasycircumstancesmightbefound，whowouldhaverealpleasureinfurnishinggratissuchofthearticleswantedasareintheirlineofbusiness：andtheadvantageswhichmight，withpropermanagement，bederivedfromthissource，wouldmostprobablybeveryconsiderable。
WithregardtothemanagementofthePoorwhomightbecollectedtogetherforthepurposeofbeingfedandfurnishedwithemployment，inaPublicEstablishmentlikethathererecommended，IcannotdobetterthanrefermyreadertotheaccountalreadypublishedinmyFirstEssayofthemannerinwhichthePooratMunichweretreatedinthehouseofindustryestablishedinthatcity，andthemeansthatwereusedtorenderthemcomfortable，HAPPY，andindustrious。
Assoonastheschemehererecommendediscarriedintoexecution，andmeasuresareeffectuallytakenforfeedingthePooratacheaprate，andgivingthemusefulemployment，nofartherdifficultieswillthenremain，atleastnonecertainlythatareinsurmountable，topreventtheintroductionofageneralplanforprovidingforallthePoor，foundedupontheprinciplesexplainedandrecommendedintheprecedingChaptersofthisEssay。
CHAPTER。V。
OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedbyIndividualsinaffluentCircumstancesfortheReliefofthePoorintheirNeighbourhood。
AsnothingtendsmorepowerfullytoencourageidlenessandimmoralityamongthePoor，andconsequentlytoperpetuatealltheevilstosocietywhicharisefromtheprevalenceofpovertyandmendicity，thaninjudiciousdistributionsofalms；individualsmustbeverycautiousinbestowingtheirprivatecharities，andinformingschemesforgivingassistancetothedistressed；
otherwisetheywillmostcertainlydomoreharmthangood——
Theeviltendencyofgivingalmsindiscriminatelytobeggarsisuniversallyacknowledged；butitisnot，Ibelieve，sogenerallyknownhowmuchharmisdonebywhatarecalledthePRIVATECHARITIES
ofindividuals——Farbeitfrommetowishtodiscourageprivatecharities；Iamonlyanxiousthattheyshouldbebetterapplied。
WithouttakinguptimeinanalyzingthedifferentmotivesbywhichpersonsofvariouscharacterareinducedtogivealmstothePoor，orofshowingtheconsequencesoftheirinjudiciousorcarelessdonations；whichwouldbeanunprofitableaswellasadisagreeableinvestigation；IshallbrieflypointoutwhatappeartometobethemosteffectualmeanswhichindividualsinaffluentcircumstancescanemployfortheassistanceofthePoorintheirneighbourhood。
ThemostcertainandefficaciousreliefthatcanbegiventothePooristhatwhichwouldbeaffordedthembyformingageneralEstablishmentforgivingthemusefulemployment，andfurnishingthemwiththenecessariesoflifeatacheaprate；inshort，formingaPublicEstablishmentsimilarinallrespectstothatalreadyrecommended，andmakingitasextensiveascircumstanceswillpermit。
Anexperimentmightfirstbemadeinasinglevillage，orinasingleparish；asmallhouse，ortwoorthreeroomsonly，mightbefittedupforthereceptionofthePoor，andparticularlyofthechildrenofthePoor；andtopreventthebadimpressionswhicharesometimesmadebynameswhichhavebeenbecomeodious，insteadofcallingitaWork-house，itmightbecalled“ASchoolofIndustry。”or，perhaps，Asylumwouldbeabetternameforit——OneoftheseroomsshouldbefittedupasakitchenforcookingforthePoor；andamiddle-agedwomenofrespectablecharacter，andaboveallofagentleandhumanedisposition，shouldbeplacedattheheadofthisEstablishment，andlodgedinthehouse——Assheshouldserveatthesametimeaschiefcook，andasstewardoftheinstitution，itwouldbenecessarythatsheshouldbeabletowriteandkeepaccounts；andincaseswherethebusinessofsuperintendingthevariousdetailsoftheEstablishmentwouldbetooextensivetobeperformedbyoneperson，oneormoreassistantsmaybegivenher。
InlargeEstablishmentsitmight，perhaps，bebesttoplaceamarriedcouple，ratheradvancedinlife，andwithoutchildren，attheheadoftheinstitution；but，whoeverareemployedinthatsituation，careshouldbetakenthattheyshouldbepersonsofirreproachablecharacter，andsuchasthePoorcanhavenoreasontosuspectofpartiality。
AsnothingwouldtendmoreeffectuallytoruinanEstablishmentofthiskind，andpreventthegoodintendedtobeproducedbyit，thanthepersonaldislikesofthePoortothoseputoverthem，andmoreespeciallysuchdislikesasarefoundedontheirsuspicionsoftheirpartiality，thegreatestcautioninthechoiceofthesepersonswillalwaysbenecessary：andingeneralitwillbebestnottotakethemfromamongthePoor，oratleastnotfromamongthoseoftheneighbourhood，norsuchashaverelations，acquaintances，orotherconnexionsamongthem。
AnotherpointtobeattendedtointhechoiceofapersontobeplacedattheheadofsuchanEstablishment，anditisapointofmoreimportancethancanwellbeimaginedbythosewhohavenotconsideredthematterwithsomeattention——isthelooksorEXTERNALAPPEARANCEofthepersondestinedforthisemployment。
Allthosewhohavestudiedhumannature，orhavetakennoticeofwhatpassesinthemselveswhentheyapproachforthefirsttimeapersonwhohasanythingverystronglymarkedinhiscountenance，willfeelhowveryimportantitisthatapersonplacedattheheadofanasylumforthereceptionofthePoorandtheunfortunateshouldhaveanopen，pleasingcountenance，suchasinspiresconfidenceandconciliatesaffectionandesteem。
Thosewhoareindistress，areapttobefearfulandapprehensive，andnothingwouldbesolikelytointimidateanddiscouragethemastheforbiddingaspectofasternandausterecountenanceinthepersontheyweretaughttolookuptoforassistanceandprotection。
Theexternalappearanceofthosewhoaredestinedtocommandothersisalwaysamatterofrealimportance，butitispeculiarlysowhenthosetobecommandedanddirectedareobjectsofpityandcommiseration。
WherethereareseveralgentlemenwholiveintheneighbourhoodofthesametownorvillagewhereanEstablishment，orAsylum，asIwouldwishitmightbecalled，forthePooristobeformed，theyshouldallunitetoformONEESTABLISHMENT，insteadofeachformingaseparateone；anditwilllikewisebeveryusefulinallcasestoinviteallranksofpeopleresidentwithinthelimitsofthedistrictinwhichanEstablishmentisformed，exceptthosewhoareactuallyinneedofassistancethemselves，tocontributetocarryintoexecutionsuchapublicundertaking；
forthoughthesumsthemoreindigentandnecessitousoftheinhabitantsmaybeabletosparemaybetrifling，yettheirbeinginvitedtotakepartinsolaudableanundertakingwillbeflatteringtothem，andthesumstheycontribute，howeversmalltheymaybe，willgivethemasortofpropertyintheEstablishment，andwilleffectuallyengagetheirgoodwishesatleast，whichareofmoreimportanceinsuchcasesthanisgenerallyimagined，foritssuccess。
HowfarthereliefwhichthePoorwouldreceivefromtheexecutionofaschemelikethathereproposedoughttoprecludethemfromaparticipationofotherpubliccharities，inthedistributionofthesumsleviedupontheinhabitantsinPoor’staxes，forinstance，wheresuchexist，mustbedeterminedineachparticularcaseaccordingtotheexistingcircumstances。
Itwill，however，alwaysbeindispensablynecessarywherethesamepoorpersonreceivescharitableassistancefromtwoormoreseparateinstitutions，orfromtwoormoreprivateindividuals，atthesametime，foreachtoknowexactlytheamountofwhattheothersgive，otherwisetoomuchortoolittlemaybegiven，andbothtendtodiscourageINDUSTRY，theonlysourceofeffectualrelieftothedistressesandthemiseryofthePoor——AndhencemayagainbeseenthegreatimportanceofwhatIhavesoofteninsistedon，therenderingofmeasuresforthereliefofthePoorasgeneralaspossible。
Toillustrateintheclearestmanner，andinasfewwordsaspossible，theplanIwouldrecommendforforminganEstablishmentforthePooronasmallscale——suchasanyindividualevenofmoderateproperty，mighteasilyexecute；Iwillsupposethatagentleman，residentinthecountryuponhisownestate，hascometoaresolutiontoformsuchanEstablishmentinavillagenearhishouse，andwillendeavourbrieflytopointoutthevariousstepshewouldprobablyfinditnecessarytotakeintheexecutionofthisbenevolentandmostusefulundertaking。
Hewouldbeginbycallingtogetherathishousetheclergymanoftheparish，overseersofthePoor，andotherparishofficers，toacquaintthemwithhisintentions，andasktheirassistanceandfriendlyco-operationintheprosecutionoftheplan；thedetailsofwhichhewouldcommunicatetothemasfarasheshouldthinkitprudentandnecessaryatthefirstoutsettoentrustthemindiscriminatelywiththatinformation——Thecharactersofthepersons，andtheprivateinteresttheymighthavetopromoteoropposethemeasuresintendedtobepursued，woulddecideuponthedegreeofconfidencewhichoughttobegiventhem。
Atthismeeting，measuresshouldbetakenforformingthemostcompleteandmostaccuratelistsofallthePoorresidentwithinthelimitsproposedtobegiventotheEstablishment，withadetailedaccountofeverycircumstance，relativetotheirsituation，andtheirwants——Muchtimeandtroublewillbesavedinmakingouttheselists，byusingprintedformsorblankssimilartothosemadeuseofatMunich；andtheseprintedformswilllikewisecontributeveryessentiallytopreserveorderandtofacilitatebusiness，inthemanagementofaprivateaswellasofapubliccharity；——asalsotopreventtheeffectsofmisrepresentationandpartialityonthepartofthosewhomustnecessarilybeemployedinthesedetails。
ConvenientformsormodelsfortheseblankswillbegivenintheAppendixtothisvolume。
Atthismeeting，measuresmaybetakenfornumberingallthehousesinthevillageordistrict，andforsettingonfootprivatesubscriptionsamongtheinhabitantsforcarryingtheproposedschemeintoexecution。
Thosewhoareinvitedtosubscribedshouldbemadeacquainted，byaprintedaddressaccompanyingthesubscriptionlists，withthenature，extent，andtendencyofthemeasuresadopted；andshouldbeassuredthat，assoonastheundertakingshallbecompleted，thePoorwillnotonlyberelieved，andtheirsituationmademorecomfortable，butmendicitywillbeeffectuallyprevented，andatthesametimethePoor’srates，ortheexpensetothepublicforthesupportofthePoor，veryconsiderablylessened。
Theseassurances，whichwillbethestrongestinducementsthatcanbeusedtoprevailontheinhabitantsofalldescriptionstoenterwarmlyintothescheme，andassistwithalacrityincarryingitintoexecution，shouldbeexpressedinthestrongestterms；andallpersonsofeverydenomination，youngandold，andofbothsexes，paupersonlyexcepted，shouldbeinvitedtoputdowntheirnamesinthesubscriptionlists，andthiseven，HOWEVERSMALLTHESUMSMAYBEWHICHTHEYAREABLETOCONTRIBUTE——
Althoughthesumswhichday-labourers，servants，andotherinindigentcircumstancesmaybeabletocontribute，maybeverytrifling，yetthereisoneimportantreasonwhytheyoughtalwaystobeengagedtoputdowntheirnamesuponthelistsassubscribers，andthatisthegoodseffectswhichtheirtakinganactivepartintheundertakingwillprobablyproduceONTHEMSELVES——Nothingtendsmoretomendtheheart，andawakeninthemindaregardforcharacter，thanactsofcharityandbenevolence；andanypersonwhohasoncefeltthathonestprideandsatisfactionwhichresultfromaconsciousnessofhavingbeeninstrumentalindoinggoodbyrelievingthewantsofthePoor，willberendereddoublycarefultoavoidthehumiliationofbecominghimselfanobjectofpubliccharity。
Itwasaconsiderationofthesesalutaryeffects，whichmayalwaysbeexpectedtobeproduceduponthemindsofthosewhotakeanactiveandVOLUNTARYpartinthemeasuresadoptedforthereliefofthePoor，thatmademeprefervoluntarysubscriptions，totaxes，inraisingthesumsnecessaryforthesupportofthePoor，andalltheexperienceIhavehadinthesemattershastendedtoconfirmmeintheopinionIhavealwayshadoftheirsuperiorutility，——Notonlyday-labourersanddomesticservants，buttheiryoungchildren，andallthechildrenofthenobilityandotherinhabitantsofMunich，andeventhenon-commissionedofficersandprivatesoldiersoftheregimentsingarrisoninthatcity，wereinvitedtocontributetothesupportoftheinstitutionforthePoor；andthereareveryfewindeedofanyageorconditionpaupersonlyexceptedwhosenamesarenottobefoundonthelistsofsubscribers。
ThesubscriptionsatMunicharebyfamilies，ashaselsewherebeenobserved；andthismethodIwouldrecommendinthecaseunderconsideration，andinallothers——Theheadofthefamilytakesthetroubletocollectallthesumssubscribeduponhisfamilylist，andtopaythemintothehandsofthosewhoonthepartoftheinstitutionaresentroundonthefirstSundaymorningofeverymonthtoreceivethem；butthenamesofalltheindividualswhocomposethefamilyareenteredonthelistatfulllength，withthesumeachcontributes。
Twolistsofthesametenormustbemadeoutforeachfamily；
oneofwhichmustbekeptbytheheadofthefamilyforhisinformationanddirection，andtheothersentintothosewhohavethegeneraldirectionoftheEstablishment。
Thesesubscription-listsshouldbeprinted；andtheyshouldbecarriedroundandleftwiththeheadsoffamilies，eitherbythepersonhimselfwhoundertakestoformtheEstablishment，whichwillalwaysbebest，oratleastbyhissteward，orsomeotherpersonofsomeconsequencebelongingtohishousehold——
FormsormodelsfortheselistsmaybeseenintheAppendix。
Whentheselistsarereturned，thepersonwhohasundertakentoformtheEstablishmentwillseewhatpecuniaryassistanceheistoexpect；andhewilleitherarrangehisplan，ordeterminethesumhemaythinkpropertocontributehimself，accordingtothatamount——HewilllikewiseconsiderhowfaritwillbepossibleandADVISABLEtoconnecthisschemewithanyEstablishmentforthereliefofthePooralreadyexisting；ortoactinconcertwiththoseinwhosehandsthemanagementofthePoorisvestedbythelaws——Thesecircumstancesareallimportant；andthemannerofproceedingincarryingtheproposedschemeintoexecutionmust，inagreatmeasure，bedeterminedbythem。Nothing，however，canpreventtheundertakingfrombeingfinallysuccessful，providedthemeansusedformakingitsoareadoptedwithcaution，andpursuedwithperseverance。
Howeveradversethosemaybetotheschemewho，weretheywelldisposed，couldmosteffectuallycontributetoitssuccess——yetnooppositionwhichcanbegiventoitbyINTERESTEDPERSONS，——
suchasfindmeanstoderiveprofittothemselvesintheadministrationoftheaffairsofthePoor；——noopposition，Isay，fromsuchpersons，andnonesurelybutthesecaneverbedesirousofopposingit，canpreventthesuccessofameasuresoevidentlycalculatedtoincreasethecomfortsandenjoymentsofthePoor，andtopromotethegeneralgoodofsociety。
IftheoverseersofthePoor，andotherparishofficers，andalargemajorityoftheprincipalinhabitants，couldbemadetoenterwarmlyintothescheme，itmight，andcertainlywould，inmanycases，bepossible，evenwithoutanynewlawsoractsofparliamentbeingnecessarytoauthorizetheundertaking，tosubstitutethearrangementsproposedintheplaceoftheoldmethodofprovidingforthePoor；——abolishingentirely，orinsofarasitshouldbefoundnecessary，——theoldsystem，andcarryingtheschemeproposedintoexecutionasaGENERALMEASURE。
Inallcaseswherethiscanbeeffected，itoughtcertainlytobepreferredtoanyprivateorlessgeneralinstitution；andindividuals，who，bytheirexertions，areinstrumentalinbringingaboutsousefulachange，willrenderaveryessentialservicetosociety：——Butevenincaseswhereitwouldnotbepossibletocarrytheschemeproposedintoexecutioninitsfullestextent，muchgoodmaybedonebyindividualsinaffluentcircumstancestothePoor，byformingPRIVATEESTABLISHMENTSforfeedingthemandgivingthememployment。
Muchreliefmaylikewisebeaffordedthembylayinginalargestockoffuel，purchasedwhenitischeap，andretailingitouttotheminsmallquantities，intimesofscarcity，attheprimecost。
ItishardlytobebelievedhowmuchthePoorofMunichhavebeenbenefitedbytheEstablishmentoftheWood-magazine，fromwhencetheyarefurnishedinwinter，duringtheseverefrosts，withfire-woodatthepriceitcostswhenpurchasedinsummer，inlargequantities，andatthecheapestrate。Andthisarrangementmayeasilybeadoptedinallcountries，andbyprivateindividualsaswellasbycommunities。Storesmaylikewisebelaidinofpotatoes，peas，beans，andotherarticlesoffood，tobedistributedtothePoorinlikemanner，insmallquantities，andatlowprices；whichwillbeagreatrelieftothemintimesofscarcity。Itwillhardlybenecessaryformetoobserve，thatinadministeringthiskindofrelieftothePooritwilloftenbenecessarytotakeprecautionstopreventabuses。
AnotherwayinwhichprivateindividualsmaygreatlyassistthePoor，is，byshowingthemhowtheymaymakethemselvesmorecomfortableintheirdwellings。Nothingismoreperfectlymiserableandcomfortlessthanthedomesticarrangementofpoorfamiliesingeneral；theyseemtohavenoideawhateveroforderoreconomyinanything；andeverythingaboutthemisdreary，sad，andneglected，intheextreme。Alittleattentiontoorderandarrangementwouldcontributegreatlytotheircomfortandconveniences，andalsotoeconomy。Theyoughtinparticulartobeshownhowtokeeptheirhabitationswarminwinter，andtoeconomisefuel，aswellinheatingtheirrooms，asincooking，washing，etc。
Itisnottobebelievedwhatthewasteoffuelreallyis，inthevariousprocessesinwhichitisemployedintheeconomyofhumanlife；andinnocaseisthiswastegreaterthaninthedomesticmanagementofthePoor。Theirfire-placesareingeneralconstructeduponthemostwretchedprinciples；andthefueltheyconsumeinthem，insteadofheatingtheirrooms，notunfrequentlyrendersthemreallycolder，andmoreuncomfortable，bycausingstrongcurrentsofcoldairtoflowinfromallthedoorsandwindowstothechimney。Thisimperfectionoftheirfire-placesmaybeeffectuallyremedied；——thesecurrentsofcoldairprevented，——abovehalftheirfuelsaved，——andtheirdwellingsmadeinfinitelymorecomfortable，merelybydiminishingtheirfire-places，andthethroatsoftheirchimniesjustabovethemantle-piece；whichmaybedoneasaveryeverytriflingexpence，withafewbricks，orstones，andalittlemortar，bythemostordinarybricklayer。Andwithregardtotheexpenceoffuelforcooking，sosimpleacontrivanceasanearthenpot，broadattop，forreceivingastew-pan，orkettle，andnarrowatbottom，withholesthroughitssidesnearthebottom，forlettinginairunderasmallcircularirongrate，andothersmallholesnearthetopforlettingoutthesmoke，maybeintroducedwithgreatadvantage。
Bymakinguseofthislittleportablefurnace，whichisequallywelladaptedtoburnwood，orcoals。——oneeighthpartofthefuelwillbesufficientforcooking，whichwouldberequiredwerethekettletobeboiledoveranopenfire——Tostrengthenthisportablefurnace，itmaybehoopedwithironhoops，orboundroundwithstrongironwire：——butIforgetthatIamanticipatingthesubjectofafutureEssay。
MuchgoodmayalsobedonetothePoorbyteachingthemhowtopreparevariouskindsofcheapandwholesomefood，andtorenderthemsavouryandpalatable——Theartofcookery，notwithstandingitsinfiniteimportancetomankind，hashithertobeenlittlestudied；andamongthemoreindigentclassesofsociety，whereitismostnecessarytocultivateit，itseemstohavebeenmostneglected——Nopresentthatcouldbemadetoapoorfamilycouldbeofmoreessentialservicetothemthanathin，lightstew-pan，withitscover，madeofwrought，orcastiron，andfittedtoaportablefurnace，orclosefire-place，constructedtosavefuel；
withtwoorthreeapprovedreceiptsformakingnourishingandsavourysoupsandbrothsatasmallexpence。
Suchapresentmightalonebesufficienttorelieveapoorfamilyfromalltheirdistresses，andmakethempermanentlycomfortable；
fortheexpencesofapoorfamilyforfoodmight，Iampersuaded，inmostcasesbediminishedONEHALFbyaproperattentiontocookery，andtotheeconomyoffuel；andthechangeinthecircumstancesofsuchafamily，whichwouldbeproducedbyreducingtheirexpensesforfoodtoonehalfwhatitwasbefore，iseasiertobeconceivedthandescribed。
Itwouldhardlyfailtore-animatethecourageofthemostdesponding；——tocheertheirdroopingspirits，andstimulatethemtofreshexertionsinthepursuitsofusefulindustry。
AstheonlyeffectualmeansofputtinganendtothesufferingsofthePooristheintroductionofaspiritofindustryamongthem，individualsshouldneverlosesightofthatgreatandimportantobject，inallthemeasurestheymayadopttorelievethem——ButinendeavouringtomakethePoorindustrious，theutmostcautionwillbenecessarytopreventtheirbeingdisgusted——Theirmindsarecommonlyinastateofgreatirritation，thenaturalconsequencesoftheirsufferings，andoftheirhopelesssituation；andtheirsuspicionsofeverybodyaboutthem，andparticularlyofthosewhoaresetoverthem，aresodeeplyrootedthatitissometimesextremelydifficulttosoothandcalmtheagitationoftheirminds，andgaintheirconfidence——Thiscanbesoonestandmosteffectuallydonebykindandgentleusage；andIamclearlyofopinionthatnoothermeansshouldeverbeused，exceptitbewithsuchhardenedandincorrigiblewretchesasarenottobereclaimedbyanymeans；
butofthese，Ibelieve，thereareveryfewindeed——Ihaveneveryetfoundone，inallthecourseofmyexperienceintakingcareofthePoor。
Wehavesometimesbeenobligedtothreatenthemostidleandprofligatewiththehouseofcorrection；butthesethreats，addedtothefearofbeingbanishedfromtheHouseofIndustry，whichhasalwaysbeenheldupandconsideredasthegreatestpunishment，havecommonlybeensufficientforkeepingtheunrulyinorder。
Iftheforceofexampleisirresistibleindebauchingmen’sminds，andleadingthemintoprofligateandviciouscourses，itisnotlesssoinreclaimingthem，andrenderingthemorderly，docile，andindustrious；andhencetheinfiniteimportanceofcollectingthePoortogetherinPublicEstablishments，whereeverythingaboutthemisanimatedbyunaffectedcheerfulness，andbythatpleasinggaiety，andairofcontentandsatisfaction，whichalwaysenliventhebusyscenesofusefulindustry。
IdonotbelieveitwouldbepossibleforanypersontobeidleintheHouseofIndustryatMunich。Ineversawanyoneidle；
oftenasIhavepassedthroughtheworking-rooms；nordidIeverseeanyonetowhomtheemploymentsofindustryseemedtobepainfulorirksome。
ThosewhoarecollectedtogetherinthepublicroomsdestinedforthereceptionandaccommodationofthePoorintheday-time，willnotneedtobeforced，norevenurgedtowork；——ifthereareintheroomseveralpersonswhoarebusilyemployedinthecheerfuloccupationsofindustry，andifimplementsandmaterialsforworkingareathand，alltheotherspresentwillnotfailtobesoondrawnintothevortex，andjoiningwithalacrityintheactivescene，theirdisliketolabourwillbeforgotten，andtheywillbecomebyhabittrulyandpermanentlyindustrious。
Suchistheirresistiblepowerofexample！——Thosewhoknowhowtomanagethismightyengineandhaveopportunitiesofemployingitwitheffect，mayproducethemostmiraculouschanges，inthemanners，disposition，andcharacter，evenofwholenations。
InfurnishingrawmaterialstothePoortowork，itwillbenecessarytousemanyprecautionstopreventfraudsandabuses，notonlyonthepartofthePoor，whoareoftenbuttoomuchdisposedtocheatanddeceivewhenevertheyfindopportunities，butalsoonthepartofthoseemployedinthedetailsofthisbusiness：——butthefullestinformationhavingalreadybeengiveninmyFirstEssay，ofallthevariousprecautionsithadbeenfoundnecessarytotakeforthepurposesinquestionintheHouseofIndustryatMunich，itisnotnecessaryformetoenlargeuponthesubjectinthisplace，ortorepeatwhathasalreadybeensaiduponitelsewhere。
WithregardtothemannerinwhichgoodandwholesomefoodforfeedingthePoormaybepreparedinapublickitchen，atacheaprate，ImustrefermyreadertomyEssayonFood；wherehewillfindalltheinformationonthatsubjectwhichhecanrequire——
InmyEssayonClothing，hewillseehowgoodandcomfortableclothingmaybefurnishedtothePoorataverymoderateexpence；andinthatontheManagementofHeat，hewillfindparticulardirectionsforthePoorforsavingfuel。
IcannotfinishthisEssay，withouttakingnoticeofadifficultywhichfrequentlyoccuringivingemploymenttothePoor，thatofdisposingtoadvantageoftheproduceoftheirlabour：——Thisisinallcasesaveryimportantobject；andtoomuchattentioncannotbepaidtoit——Aspiritofindustrycannotbekeptupbymakingitadvantageoustoindividualstobeindustrious；butwherethewageswhichthelabourerhasarighttoexpectarerefused，itwillnotbepossibletopreventhisbeingdiscouragedanddisgusted——Hemayperhapsbeforcedforacertaintimetoworkforsmallwages，topreventstarving，ifhehasnottheresourceofthrowinghimselfupontheparish，whichhemostprobablywouldpreferdoing，shoulditbeinhisoption；buthewillinfalliblyconceivesuchathoroughdisliketolabour，thathewillbecomeidleandvicious，andapermanentandheavyburdenonthepublic。
If“alabourerisworthyofhishire。”heispeculiarlyso，wherethatlabourerisapoorperson，who，withallhisexertions，canbarelyprocurethefirstnecessariesoflife；
andwhosehardlotrendershimanobjectofpityandcompassion。
Thedeplorablesituationofapoorfamily，strugglingwithpovertyandwant，——deprivedofallthecomfortsandconveniencesoflife——deprivedevenofhope；andsufferingatthesametimefromhunger，disease，andmortifyingandcrueldisappointment，isseldomconsideredwiththatattentionwhichitdeserves，bythosewhohaveneverfeltthesedistresses，andwhoarenotindangerofbeingexposedtothem。Myreadermustpardonme，ifI
frequentlyrecallhisattentiontothesescenesofmiseryandwretchedness。HemustbemadeacquaintedwiththerealsituationofthePoor——withtheextentandmagnitudeoftheirmisfortunesandsufferings，beforeitcanbeexpectedthatheshouldenterwarmlyintomeasurescalculatedfortheirrelief。
InformingEstablishments，publicorprivate，forgivingemploymenttothePoor，itwillalwaysbeindispensablynecessarytomakesucharrangementsaswillsecuretothemafairpriceforallthelabourtheyperform。TheyshouldnotbeOVER-PAID，forthatwouldbeopeningadoorforabuse；——buttheyoughttobegenerouslypaidfortheirwork；and，aboveall，theyoughtnevertobeallowedtobeidleforthewantofemployment。Thekindofemploymentitmaybepropertogivethemwilldependmuchonlocalcircumstances。ItwilldependonthehabitsofthePoor；——
thekindsofworktheyareacquaintedwith；——andthefacilitywithwhichthearticlestheycanmanufacturemaybedisposedofatagoodprice。
InveryextensiveEstablishments，therewillbelittledifficultyinfindingusefulemploymentforthePoor；forwherethenumberofpersonstobeemployedisverygreat，agreatvarietyofdifferentmanufacturesmaybecarriedonwithadvantage，andallthearticlesmanufactured，orpreparedtobeemployedinthemanufactures，maybeturnedtoagoodaccount。
InasmallEstablishment，circumscribedandconfinedtothelimitsofasinglevillageorparish，itmightperhapsbedifficulttofindagoodmarketfortheyarnspunbythePoor；
butinageneralEstablishment，extendingoverawholecountry，orlargecity，asthequantityofyarnspunbyallthePoorwithintheextensivelimitsoftheinstitutionwillbesufficienttoemployconstantlyanumberofweaversofdifferentkindsofclothandstuff，themarketforallthevariouskindsofyarnthePoormayspinwillalwaysbecertain。Thesamereasoningwillholdwithregardtovariousotherarticlesusedingreatmanufactories，uponwhichthePoormightbeveryusefullyemployed；andhencethegreatadvantageofmakingEstablishmentsforgivingemploymenttothePoorasextensiveaspossible。
ItiswhatIhaveofteninsistedon，andwhatIcannottoostronglyrecommendtoallthosewhoengageinformingsuchEstablishments。
AlthoughIcertainlyshouldnotproposetoBRINGTOGETHER，underoneroof，allthePoorofawholekingdom，as，bytheinscriptionovertheentranceintoavasthospitalbegan，butnotfinished，atNaples，itwouldappearwasoncetheintentionofthegovernmentinthatcountry；yetIamclearlyofopinionthataninstitutionforGIVINGEMPLOYMENTTOTHEPOORcanhardlybetooextensive。
ButtoreturntothesubjecttowhichthisChapterwasmoreparticularlyappropriated，thereliefthatmaybeaffordedbyprivateindividualstothePoorintheirneighbourhood；incaseitshouldnotbepossibletogetoverallthedifficultiesthatmaybeinthewaytopreventtheformingofageneralEstablishmentforthebenefitofthePoor，individualsmustcontentthemselveswithmakingsuchprivatearrangementsforthatpurposeastheymaybeable，WITHSUCHASSISTANCEASTHEYCANCOMMAND，tocarryintoexecution。
Themostsimple，andleastexpensivemeasurethatcanbeadoptedfortheassistanceofthePoorwillbethatoffurnishingthemwithrawmaterialsforworking。Flax，hemp，orwool，forinstance，forspinning；andpayingtheminmoney，atthemarketprice，fortheyarnspun。Thisyarnmayafterwardsbesenttoweaverstobemanufacturedintocloth，ormaybesenttosomegoodmarketandsold。Thedetailsofthesemercantiletransactionswillbeneithercomplicatednortroublesome，andmighteasilybemanagedbyastewardofhouse-keeper；particularlyiftheprintedtickets，andtables，Ihavesooftenhadoccasiontorecommend，areused。
Theflax，hemp，orwool，assoonasitispurchased，shouldbeweighedoutintobundlesofoneortwopoundseach，andlodgedinastore-room；andwhenoneofthesebundlesisdeliveredouttoapoorpersontobespun，itshouldbeaccompaniedwithaprintedspin-ticket，andenteredinatabletobekeptforthatpurpose；
andwhenitisreturnedspun，anabstractofthespin-ticketitself，shouldbeboundupwiththebundleofyarn，inorderthatanyfraudscommittedbythespinner，inreeling，orinanyotherway，whichmaybediscovereduponwindingofftheyarn，maybebroughthometothepersonwhocommittedthem。Whenitisknownthatsucheffectualprecautionstodetectfraudsareused，nofartherattemptswillbemadetodefraud；andamostimportantpointindeedwillbegained，andonewhichwillmostpowerfullytendtomendthemoralsofthePoor，andrestorepeacetotheirminds。When，byrenderingitevidentlyimpossibleforthemtoescapedetection，theyarebroughttogiveupallthoughtsofcheatinganddeceiving；theywillthenbecapableofapplication，andofenjoyingrealhappiness，and，withopenandplacidcountenances，willlookeveryonefullinthefacewhoaccoststhem：butaslongastheyareundertheinfluenceoftemptation——aslongastheirmindsaredegradedbyconsciousguilt，andcontinuallyagitatedbyschemesofprosecutingtheirfraudulentpractices，theyareasincapableofenjoyingpeaceorcontentment，astheyareofbeingusefulmembersofsociety。
Hencetheextremecrueltyofanill-judgedappearanceofconfidence，orcarelessneglectofprecautions，inregardtothoseemployedinplacesoftrust，whomaybeexposedtotemptationstodefraud。
Thatprayer，whichcannotbeenoughadmired，ortoooftenrepeated，“LEADUSNOTINTOTEMPTATION。”wascertainlydictatedbyinfinitewisdomandgoodness；anditshouldeverbeborneinmindbythosewhoareplacedinstationsofpowerandauthority，andwhosemeasuresmustnecessarilyhavemuchinfluenceonthehappinessormiseryofgreatnumbersofpeople。
Honestmenmaybefoundinallcountries；butIamsorrytosay，thattheresultofallmyexperienceandobservationhastendedinvariablytoprove，whathasoftenbeenremarked，thatitisextremelydifficulttoKEEPTHOSEHONESTwhoareexposedtocontinualandgreattemptations。
Thereis，however，onemosteffectualway，notonlyofkeepingthosehonestwhoaresoalready，butalsoofmakingthosehonestwhoarenotso；andthatis，bytakingsuchprecautionsaswillrenderitEVIDENTLYimpossibleforthosewhocommitfraudstoescapedetectionandpunishment：andtheseprecautionsareneverimpossible，andseldomdifficult；andwithalittleaddress，theymayalwaysbesotakenastobeinnowiseoffensivetothosewhoaretheobjectsofthem。
ItisevidentthatthemaximsandmeasureshererecommendedarenotapplicablemerelytothePoor，butalso，andmoreespecially，tothosewhomaybeemployedinthedetailsofrelievingthem。
Buttoreturnoncemoretothesubjectmoreimmediatelyunderconsideration——IfindividualsshouldextendtheirliberalitysofarastoestablishpublickitchensforfeedingthePoor，whichisameasureIcannottoooften，ortooforciblyrecommend，
itwouldbeagreatpitynottogooneeasystepfurther，andfitupafewroomsadjoiningtothekitchen，wherethePoormaybepermittedtoassembletoworkfortheirownemoluments，andwhereschoolsforinstructingthechildrenofthePoorinworking，andinreadingandwriting，maybeestablished。Neitherthefittingup，orwarmingandlightingoftheserooms，willbeattendedwithanyconsiderableexpense；whiletheadvantageswhichwillbederivedfromsuchanEstablishmentforencouragingindustry，andcontributingtothecomfortofthePoor，willbemostimportant；
andfromtheirpeculiarnature，andtendency，willbemosthighlyinterestingtoeverybenevolentmind。
ENDOFESSAYTWO。
FootnotesforEssayII。
[1]
ThisEnglishReaderisdesiredtobearinmind，thattheAuthorofthisEssay，thoughanEnglishman，isresidentinGermany；
andthathisconnectionswiththatcountryrenderitnecessaryforhimtopayparticularattentiontoitscircumstances，intreatingasubjectwhichheisdesirousofrenderinggenerallyuseful。
Theseisstillanotherreason，whichrendersitnecessaryforhimtohavecontinuallyinview，intheTreatise，thesituationofthePoorupontheContinent，andthatitisanengagementwhichhehaslaidhimselfundertowriteuponthatsubject。
[2]
Theonlystepwhich，inmyopinion，itwouldbeeither，necessary，orprudent，forthelegislaturetotakeinanycountrywhereanEstablishmentforthePooristobeformed，istoRECOMMENDtothePublicagoodplanforsuchanEstablishment，andrepeal，oralterallsuchoftheexistinglawsasmightrendertheintroductionofitdifficultorimpossible。
[3]
Thisisanobjectoftheutmostimportance，andthesuccessoftheundertakingwilldependinagreatmeasureontheattentionthatispaidtoit。
[4]
ThismeasurehasbeenfollowedbythemostsalutaryeffectsatMunich。Thecommissariesofdistrictsflatteredbythisdistinctionhaveexertedthemselveswithuncommonzealandassiduityinthedischargeoftheimportantdutiesoftheiroffice。AndveryimportantindeedistheofficeofacommissaryofadistrictintheEstablishmentforthePooratMunich。
[5]
Itwillbebest，ifitbepossible，tomentionanddescribetheplace，intheProposals。
CONTENTSofESSAYIII。
ofFOODandparticularlyofFEEDINGthePOOR
Introduction。
CHAPTER。I。
Greatimportanceofthesubjectunderconsideration。
Probabilitythatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartinnutritionthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined。
Surprisinglysmallquantityofsolidfoodnecessary，whenproperlyprepared，forallthepurposesofnutrition。
Greatimportanceoftheartofcookery。
Barleyremarkablynutritivewhenproperlyprepared。
TheimportanceofculinaryprocessesforpreparingfoodshownfromtheknownutilityofapracticecommoninsomepartsofGermanyofcookingforcattle。
Difficultyofintroducingachargeofcookeryintocommonuse。
Meansthatmaybeemployedforthatpurpose。
CHAPTER。II。
Ofthepleasureofeating，andofthemeansthatmaybeemployedforincreasingit。
CHAPTER。III。
OfthedifferentkindsoffoodfurnishedtothepoorinthehouseofindustryatMunich，withanaccountofthecostofthem。
OftheExpenseofprovidingthesamekindsoffoodinGreatBritain，aswellatthepresenthighpricesofprovisions，asattheordinarypricesofthem。
Ofthevariousimprovementsofwhichthesedifferentkindsofcheapfoodarecapable。
CHAPTER。IV。
OfthesmallexpenseatwhichtheBavariansoldiersarefed。
Detailsoftheirhousekeeping，foundedonactualexperiment。
Anaccountofthefuelexpendedbythemincooking。
CHAPTER。V。
Ofthegreatimportanceofmakingsoldierseattogetherinregularmesses。