Iam，yourstruly，JOHNH。NEWMAN。’
Suchwordswerenotthewordsofwisdom。ItiseasytoimaginethefeelingsofMonsignorTalbot。’Newman’sworknoneherecanunderstand，’heburstouttohisfriend。’Poorman，bylivingalmosteversincehehasbeenaCatholic，surroundedbyasetofinferiormenwhoidolisehim，IdonotthinkhehaseveracquiredtheCatholicinstincts。’AsforhisviewsontheTemporalPower——
’well，peoplesaidthathehadactuallysentasubscriptiontoGaribaldi。Yes，themanwasincomprehensible，heretical，dangerous；hewas“uncatholicandunchristian。”’MonsignorTalboteventrembledforthepositionofManninginEngland。’IamafraidthattheoldschoolofCatholicswillrallyroundNewmaninoppositiontoyouandRome。Standfirm，donotyieldabitinthelineyouhavetaken。AsIhavepromised，Ishallstandbyyou。YouwillhavebattlestofightbecauseeveryEnglishmanisnaturallyanti-Roman。TobeRomanisandefforttoanEnglishman。
Dr。NewmanismoreEnglishthantheEnglish。Hisspiritmustbecrushed。’
Hisspiritmustbecrushed！Certainlytherecouldbenodoubtofthat。’WhatyouwriteaboutDrNewman，’Manningreplied，’istrue。Whetherheknowsitornot，hehasbecomethecentreofthosewhoholdlowviewsabouttheHolySee，areanti-Roman，coldandsilent，tosaynomore，abouttheTemporalPower；national，English，criticalofCatholicdevotions，andalwaysonthelowerside……Youwilltakecare，’heconcluded，’thatthingsarecorrectlyknownandunderstoodwhereyouare。’
Theconfederatesmaturedtheirplans。WhileNewmanwasmakinghisarrangementsfortheOxfordOratory，CardinalReisachvisitedLondon。’CardinalReisachhasjustleft，’wroteManningtoMonsignorTalbot：’hehasseenandunderstandsallthatisgoingoninEngland。’ButNewmanhadnosuspicions。Itwastruethatpersistentrumoursofhisunorthodoxyandhisanti-Romanleaningshadbeguntofloatabout，andtheserumourshadbeentracedtoRome。Butwhatwererumours？Then，too，NewmanfoundoutthatCardinalReisachhadbeentoOxfordwithouthisknowledge，andhadinspectedthelandfortheOratory。Thatseemedodd；butalldoubtsweresetatrestbythearrivalfromPropagandaofanofficialratificationofhisscheme。Therewouldbenothingbutplainsailingnow。Newmanwasalmosthappy；radiantvisionscameintohismindofawonderfulfutureinOxford，thegradualgrowthofCatholicprinciples，thedecayofliberalism，theinaugurationofasecondOxfordMovement，theconversion——whoknows？——ofMarkPattison，thetriumphoftheChurch……’Earlierfailuresdonotmatternow，’heexclaimedtoafriend。’IseethatIhavebeenreservedbyGodforthis。’
Justthenalongblueenvelopewasbroughtintotheroom。Newmanopenedit。’Allisover，’hesaid，’Iamnotallowedtogo。’TheenvelopecontainedaletterfromtheBishopannouncingthat，togetherwiththeformalpermissionforanOratoryatOxford，PropagandahadissuedasecretinstructiontotheeffectthatNewmanhimselfwasbynomeanstoresidethere。Ifheshowedsignsofdoingso，hewasblandlyandsuavely’blandesuaviterque’werethewordsoftheLatininstrumenttobeprevented。Andnowthesecretinstructionhadcomeintooperation——blandesuaviterque：Dr。Newman’sspirithadbeencrushed。
Hisfriendsmadesomegallanteffortstoretrievethesituation；
but，itwasinvain。FatherSt。JohnhurriedtoRomeandtheindignantlaityofEngland，headedbyLordEdwardHoward，theguardianoftheyoungDukeofNorfolk，seizedtheopportunityofaparticularlyvirulentanonymousattackuponNewman，tosendhimanaddressinwhichtheyexpressedtheirfeelingthat’everyblowthattouchesyouinflictsawoundupontheCatholicChurchinthiscountry’。TheonlyresultwasanoutburstofredoubledfuryuponthepartofMonsignorTalbot。Theaddress，hedeclared，wasaninsulttotheHolySee。’Whatistheprovinceofthelaity？’heinterjected。’Tohunt，toshoot，toentertain。Thesematterstheyunderstand，buttomeddlewithecclesiasticalmatterstheyhavenorightatall。’OncemorehewarnedManningtobecareful。’Dr。NewmanisthemostdangerousmaninEngland，andyouwillseethathewillmakeuseofthelaityagainstyourGrace。Youmustnotbeafraidofhim。Itwillrequiremuchprudence，butyoumustbefirm。TheHolyFatherstillplaceshisconfidenceinyou；butifyouyieldanddonotfightthebattleoftheHolySeeagainstthedetestablespiritgrowingupinEngland，hewillbegintoregretCardinalWiseman，whoknewhowtokeepthelaityinorder。’Manninghadnothoughtof’yielding’；but，hepointedouttohisagitatedfriendthatanopenconflictbetweenhimselfandNewmanwouldbe’asgreatascandaltotheChurchinEngland，andasgreatavictorytotheAnglicans，ascouldbe’。Hewouldactquietly，andtherewouldbenomoredifficulty。TheBishopswereunited，andtheChurchwassound。
Onthis，MonsignorTalbothurriedtoFatherSt。John’slodgingsinRometoexpresshisregretatthemisunderstandingthathadarisen，towonderhowitcouldpossiblyhaveoccurred，andtohopethatDr。NewmanmightconsenttobemadeaProtonotaryApostolic。ThatwasallthesatisfactionthatFatherSt。JohnwastoobtainfromhisvisittoRome。Afewweekslater，theschemeoftheOxfordOratorywasfinallyquashed。
Whenallwasover，Manningthoughtthatthetimehadcomeforareconciliation。Hemadeadvancesthroughacommonfriend；whathadhedone，heasked，tooffendDr。Newman？Letterspassed，and，naturallyenough，theyonlywidenedthebreach。Newmanwasnotthemantobepolite。’Icanonlyrepeat，’hewroteatlast，’whatIsaidwhenyoulastheardfromme。IdonotknowwhetherI
amonmyheadormyheelswhenIhaveactiverelationswithyou。
Inspiteofmyfriendlyfeelings，thisisthejudgmentofmyintellect。’’Meanwhile，’heconcluded，’Iproposetosaysevenmassesforyourintentionamidthedifficultiesandanxietiesofyourecclesiasticalduties。’AndManningcouldonlyreturnthecompliment。
Ataboutthistime，theCurateofLittlemorehadasingularexperience。AshewaspassingbytheChurchhenoticedanoldman，verypoorlydressedinanoldgreycoatwiththecollarturnedup，leaningoverthelychgate，infloodsoftears。Hewasapparentlyingreattrouble，andhishatwaspulleddownoverhiseyesasifhewishedtohidehisfeatures。Foramoment，however，heturnedtowardstheCurate，whowassuddenlystruckbysomethingfamiliarintheface。Coulditbe——？AphotographhungovertheCurate’smantelpieceofthemanwhohadmadeLittlemorefamousbyhissojourntheremorethantwentyyearsago——hehadneverseentheoriginal；butnow，wasitpossible——？Helookedagain，andhecoulddoubtnolonger。ItwasDr。Newman。Hesprangforward，withproffersofassistance。Couldhebeofanyuse？’Ohno，no！’wasthereply。’Ohno，no！’ButtheCuratefeltthathecouldnotrunawayandleavesoeminentacharacterinsuchdistress。’WasitnotDr。Newmanhehadthehonourofaddressing？’
heasked，withalltherespectandsympathyathiscommand。’Wastherenothingthatcouldbedone？’Buttheoldmanhardlyseemedtounderstandwhatwasbeingsaidtohim。’Ohno，no！’herepeated，withthetearsstreamingdownhisface，’Ohno，no！’
VII
MEANWHILE，aremarkableproblemwasabsorbingtheattentionoftheCatholicChurch。Oncemore，foramoment，theeyesofallChristendomwerefixeduponRome。ThetemporalPowerofthePopehadnowalmostvanished；but，ashisworldlydominionssteadilydiminished，thespiritualpretensionsoftheHolyFathernolesssteadilyincreased。ForsevencenturiestheimmaculateconceptionoftheVirginhadbeenhighlyproblematical；PioNonospoke，andthedoctrinebecameanarticleoffaith。Afewyearslater，theCourtofRometookanotherstep：aSyllabusErrorumwasissued，inwhichallthefavouritebeliefsofthemodernworld——therightsofdemocracies，theclaimsofscience，thesanctityoffreespeech，theprinciplesoftoleration——werecategoricallydenounced，andtheirsupportersabandonedtotheDivinewrath。
Yetitwasobservedthatthemodernworldproceededasbefore。
Somethingmoredrasticappearedtobenecessary——someboldandstrikingmeasurewhichshouldconcentratetheforcesofthefaithful，andconfoundtheirenemies。ThetremendousdoctrineofPapalInfallibility，belovedofallgoodCatholics，seemedtoofferjusttheopeningthatwasrequired。Letthatdoctrinebeproclaimed，withtheassentofthewholeChurch，anarticleoffaith，and，inthefaceofsuchanaffirmation，letthemodernworlddoitsworst！Accordingly，aGeneralCouncil——thefirsttobeheldsincetheCouncilofTrentmorethan300yearsbefore——
wassummonedtotheVatican，forthepurpose，soitwasannounced，ofproviding’anadequateremedytothedisorders，intellectualandmoral，ofChristendom’。Theprogrammemightseemalargeone，evenforaGeneralCouncil；buteveryoneknewwhatitmeant。
Everyone，however，wasnotquiteofonemind。Therewerethosetowhomeventhemysteriesofinfallibilitycausedsomesearchingsofheart。Itwastrue，nodoubt，thatOurLord，bysayingtoPeter，’ThouartCephas，whichisbyinterpretationastone’，therebyendowedthatApostlewiththesupremeandfullprimacyandprincipalityovertheUniversalCatholicChurch；itwasequallycertainthatPeterafterwardsbecametheBishopofRome；norcoulditbedoubtedthattheRomanPontiffwashissuccessor。ThusitfolloweddirectlythattheRomanPontiffwasthehead，heart，mind，andtongueoftheCatholicChurch；andmoreover，itwasplainthatwhenOurLordprayedforPeterthathisfaithshouldnotfail，thatprayerimpliedthedoctrineofPapalInfallibility。Allthesethingswereobvious，andyet——andyet——mightnottheformaldeclarationofsuchtruthsintheyearofhisgrace1870be，tosaytheleastofit，inopportune？Mightitnotcomeasanoffence，asascandaleven，tothoseunacquaintedwiththenicetiesofCatholicdogma？SuchweretheuneasyreflectionsofgraveandlearnedecclesiasticsandtheologiansinEngland，France，andGermany。Newmanwasmorethanusuallyupset；
MonseigneurDupanloupwasdisgusted；andDr。Dollingerpreparedhimselfforresistance。ItwasclearthattherewouldbeadisaffectedminorityattheCouncil。
CatholicapologistshaveoftenarguedthatthePope’sclaimtoinfallibilityimpliesnomorethanthenecessaryclaimofeveryruler，ofeverygovernment，totherightofsupremecommand。InEngland，forinstance，theEstatesoftheRealmexerciseanabsoluteauthorityinsecularmatters；noonequestionsthisauthority，noonesuggeststhatitisabsurdorexorbitant；inotherwords，bygeneralconsenttheEstatesoftheRealmare，withintheirsphere，infallible。Why，therefore，shouldthePope，withinhissphere——thesphereoftheCatholicChurch——bedeniedasimilarinfallibility？IfthereisnothingmonstrousinanActofParliamentlayingdownwhatallmenshalldo，whyshouldtherebeanythingmonstrousinaPapalEncyclicallayingdownwhatallmenshallbelieve？Theargumentissimple；infact，itistoosimple；
forittakesforgrantedtheveryquestionwhichisindispute。
Isthereindeednoradicalandessentialdistinctionbetweensupremacyandinfallibility？BetweentherightofaBoroughCounciltoregulatethetrafficandtherightoftheVicarofChristtodecideuponthequalificationsforEverlastingBliss？
Thereisonedistinction，atanyrate，whichispalpable：thedecisionsofasupremeauthoritycanbealtered；thoseofaninfallibleauthoritycannot。ABoroughCouncilmaychangeitstrafficregulationsatthenextmeeting；buttheVicarofChrist，whenincertaincircumstancesandwithcertainprecautions，hehasoncespoken，hasexpressed，foralltheages，apartoftheimmutable，absolute，andeternalTruth。Itisthisthatmakesthepapalpretensionssoextraordinaryandsoenormous。Itisalsothisthatgivesthemtheircharm。Catholicapologists，whentheytrytotonedownthosepretensionsandtoexplainthemaway，forgetthatitisintheirveryexorbitancethattheirfascinationlies。IfthePopewereindeednothingmorethanamagnifiedBoroughCouncillor，weshouldhardlyhaveheardsomuchofhim。Itisnotbecausehesatisfiesthereason，butbecauseheastoundsit，thatmenabasethemselvesbeforetheVicarofChrist。
AndcertainlythedoctrineofPapalInfallibilitypresentstothereasonasufficiencyofstumbling-blocks。Inthefourteenthcentury，forinstance，thefollowingcasearose。JohnXXII
assertedinhisbull’Cuminternonnullos’thatthedoctrineofthepovertyofChristwasheretical。Now，accordingtothelightofreason，oneoftwothingsmustfollowfromthis——eitherJohnXXIIwashimselfaheretic，orhewasnoPope。Forhispredecessor，NicholasIII，hadassertedinhisbull’Exiitquiseminat’thatthedoctrineofthepovertyofChristwasthetruedoctrine，thedenialofwhichwasheresy。ThusifJohnXXIIwasright，NicholasIIIwasaheretic，andinthatcaseNicholas’snominationsofCardinalswerevoid，andtheconclavewhichelectedJohnwasillegal——sothatJohnwasnoPope，hisnominationsofCardinalswerevoid，andthewholePapalsuccessionvitiated。Ontheotherhand，ifJohnwaswrong——well，hewasaheretic；andthesameinconvenientresultsfollowed。
And，ineithercase，whatbecomesofPapalInfallibility？
ButsuchcrudeandfundamentalquestionsasthesewerenotlikelytotroubletheCouncil。Thediscordantminoritytookanotherline。Infallibilitytheyadmittedreadilyenough，theinfallibility，thatistosay，oftheChurch；whattheyshrankfromwasthepronouncementthatthisinfallibilitywasconcentratedintheBishopofRome。Theywouldnotactuallydenythat，asamatteroffact，itwassoconcentrated；buttodeclarethatitwas，tomakethebeliefthatitwasanarticleoffaith——
whatcouldbemore——itwastheirfavouriteexpression——moreinopportune？Intruth，theGallicanspiritstilllingeredamongthem。Atheart，theyhatedtheautocracyofRome——thedominationofthecentralisedItalianorganisationoverthewholevastbodyoftheChurch。Theysecretlyhankered，evenatthislatehour，aftersomeformofconstitutionalgovernment，andtheyknewthatthelastfaintvestigeofsuchadreamwouldvanishutterlywiththedeclarationoftheinfallibilityofthePope。Itdidnotoccurtothem，apparently，thataconstitutionalCatholicismmightbeacontradictioninterms，andthattheCatholicChurch，withouttheabsolutedominionofthePope，mightresembletheplayofHamletwithoutthePrinceofDenmark。
PiusIXhimselfwastroubledbydoubts。’BeforeIwasPope，’
heobserved，’IbelievedinPapalInfallibility，nowIfeelit。’
AsforManning，hiscertaintywasnolesscompletethanhismaster’s。ApartfromtheHolyGhost，hisappointmenttotheSeeofWestminsterhadbeenduetoPioNono’sshrewdappreciationofthefactthathewastheonemaninEnglanduponwhosefidelitytheRomanGovernmentcouldabsolutelyrely。Thevoicewhichkeptrepeating’Metteteloli，metteteloli’inhisHoliness’sear，whetherornotitwasinspiredbyGod，wascertainlyinspiredbypoliticalsagacity。FornowManningwastoshowthathewasnotunworthyofthetrustwhichhadbeenreposedinhim。HeflewtoRomeinawhirlwindofPapalenthusiasm。Ontheway，inParis，hestoppedforamomenttointerviewthosetwogreatpropsofFrenchrespectability，M。GuizotandM。Thiers。Bothwerecarefulnottocommitthemselves，butbothwereexceedinglypolite。’IamawaitingyourCouncil，’saidM。Guizot，’withgreatanxiety。ItisthelastgreatmoralpowerandmayrestorethepeaceofEurope。’M。ThiersdeliveredabriefharangueinfavouroftheprinciplesoftheRevolution，which，hedeclared，weretheverymarrowofallFrenchmen；yet，headded，hehadalwayssupportedtheTemporalPowerofthePope。’Mais，M。Thiers，’saidManning，’vouseteseffectivementcroyant。’’EnDieu，’repliedM。Thiers。
TheRomewhichManningreachedtowardsthecloseof1869wasstilltheRomewhich，forsomanycenturies，hadbeentheproudandvisibleapex，thepalpitatingheart，thesacredsanctuary，ofthemostextraordinaryminglingofspiritualandearthlypowersthattheworldhaseverknown。ThePopenow，itistrue，ruledoverlittlemorethantheCityitself——thePatrimonyofSt。
Peter——andheruledtherelessbytheGraceofGodthanbythegoodwillofNapoleonIII；yethewasstillasovereignPrince，andRomewasstillthecapitalofthePapalState；shewasnotyetthecapitalofItaly。Thelasthourofthisstrangedominionhadalmoststruck。Asifsheknewthatherdoomwasuponher，theEternalCityarrayedherselftomeetitinallherglory。
Thewholeworldseemedtobegatheredtogetherwithinherwalls。HerstreetswerefilledwithcrownedheadsandPrincesoftheChurch，greatladiesandgreattheologians，artistsandfriars，diplomatsandnewspaperreporters。SevenhundredbishopsweretherefromallthecornersofChristendom，andinallthevarietiesofecclesiasticalmagnificenceinfallinglaceandsweepingpurpleandflowingvioletveils。
ZouavesstoodinthecolonnadeofStPeter’s，andPapaltroopswereontheQuirinal。Cardinalspassed，hattedandrobed，intheirenormouscarriageofstate，likemysteriouspaintedidols。Thentherewasasuddenhush：thecrowdgrewthickerandexpectationfilled，theair。Yes！itwashe！Hewascoming！TheHolyFather！Butfirstthereappeared，mountedonawhitemuleandclothedinamagentamantle，agravedignitarybearingaloftasilvercross。Thegoldencoachfollowed，drawnbysixhorsesgorgeouslycaparisoned，andwithin，thesmilingwhite-
hairedPioNono，scatteringhisbenedictions，whilethemultitudefelluponitskneesasoneman。Suchwerethedailyspectaclesofcolouredpompandofantiquesolemnity，whichsolongasthesunwasshining，atanyrate——dazzledtheonlookerintoahappyforgetfulnessofthereversesideofthePapaldispensation——thenauseatingfilthofthehighways，thecattlestabledinthepalacesofthegreat，andthefeverflittingthroughtheghastlytenementsofthepoor。
InSt。Peter’s，theNorthTransepthadbeenscreenedoff；rowsofwoodenseatshadbeenerectedcoveredwithBrusselscarpet；andupontheseseatssateachcrownedwithawhitemitre，the700
BishopsinCouncil。Herealldaylongrolledforth，insonorousLatin，theinterminableperiodsofepiscopaloratory；butitwasnotherethattheissueoftheCouncilwasdetermined。TheassembledFathersmighttalktillthemarblesofSt。Peter’sthemselvesgrewwearyofthereverberations；thefateoftheChurchwasdecidedinaverydifferentmanner——bylittleknotsofinfluentialpersonsmeetingquietlyofamorninginthebackroomofsomeinconspicuouslodging-house，byasunsetrendezvousintheBorgheseGardensbetweenaCardinalandaDiplomatistbyawhisperedconferenceinanalcoveataPrincess’seveningparty，withthegayworldchatteringallabout。And，ofcourse，onsuchmomentousoccasionsasthese，Manningwasinhiselement。Noneknewthosedifficultropesbetterthanhe；noneusedthemwithamoreserviceableandyetdiscreetalacrity。Ineveryjuncturehehadtherightword，ortherightsilence；hisinfluenceramifiedinalldirections，fromthePope’saudiencechambertotheEnglishCabinet。’IlDiavolodelConcilio’hisenemiescalledhim；andhegloriedinthename。
Therealcruxofthepositionwaslessecclesiasticalthandiplomatic。ThePapalCourt，withitshugemajorityofItalianBishops，couldmakesureenough，whenitcametothepoint，ofcarryingitswishesthroughtheCouncil；whatwasfarmoredubiouswastheattitudeoftheforeignGovernments——
especiallythoseofFranceandEngland。TheFrenchGovernmentdreadedaschismamongitsCatholicsubjects；itdislikedtheprospectofanextensionoftheinfluenceofthePopeoverthemassofthepopulationofFrance；and，sincetheveryexistenceofthelastremnantofthePope’sTemporalPowerdependedupontheFrencharmy，itwasabletoapplyconsiderablepressureupontheVatican。TheinterestsofEnglandwerelessdirectlyinvolved，butithappenedthatatthismomentMr。GladstonewasPrimeMinister，andMr。GladstoneentertainedstrongviewsupontheInfallibilityofthePope。HisopinionsuponthesubjectwereinparttheoutcomeofhisfriendshipwithLordActon，ahistoriantowhomlearningandjudgmenthadnotbeengrantedinequalproportions，andwho，afteryearsofincredibleandindeedwell-nighmythicalresearch，hadcometotheconclusionthatthePopecoulderr。InthisMr。Gladstoneentirelyconcurred，thoughhedidnotsharetherestofhisfriend’stheologicalopinions；
forLordActon，whilestrainingatthegnatofInfallibility，hadswallowedthecameloftheRomanCatholicFaith。’Quediableallait-ilfairedanscettegalere？’onecannothelpasking，asonewatchedthatlaboriousandscrupulousscholar，thatlifelongenthusiastforliberty，thatalmosthystericalrevilerofpriesthoodandpersecution，trailinghislearningsodiscrepantlyalongthedustyRomanway。But，therearesomewhoknowhowtoweartheirRomewithadifference；andLordActonwasoneofthese。
HewasnowengagedinflutteringlikeamothroundtheCouncilandinwritinglongletterstoMr。Gladstone，impressinguponhimthegravityofthesituation，andurginghimtobringhisinfluencetobear。Ifthe，Dogmawerecarried——hedeclared，nomanwhoaccepteditcouldremainaloyalsubjectandCatholicswouldeverywherebecome’irredeemableenemiesofcivilandreligiousliberty’。Inthesecircumstances，wasitnotplainlyincumbentupontheEnglishGovernment，involvedasitwaswiththepowerfulRomanCatholicforcesinIreland，tointervene？Mr。
Gladstoneallowedhimselftobecomeconvinced，andLordActonbegantohopethathiseffortswouldbesuccessful。But，hehadforgottenoneelementinthesituation；hehadreckonedwithouttheArchbishopofWestminster。ThesharpnoseofManningsniffedoutthewholeintrigue。ThoughhedespisedLordActonalmostasmuchashedislikedhim——’suchmen，’hesaid，’areallvanity：
theyhavetheinflationofGermanprofessors，andtheruthlesstalkofundergraduates’——yetherealisedclearlyenoughthedangerofhiscorrespondencewiththePrimeMinister，andimmediatelytookstepstocounteractit。Therewasasemi-
officialagentoftheEnglishGovernmentinRome，Mr。OdoRussell，andaroundhimManningsettoworktospinhisspider’swebofdelicateandclingingdiplomacy。PreliminarypolitenesseswerefollowedbylongwalksuponthePincio，andthegradualinterchangeofmoreandmoreimportantandconfidentialcommunications。SoonpoorMr。Russellwaslittlebetterthanaflybuzzingingossamer。AndManningwascarefultoseethathebuzzedontherightnote。InhisdispatchestotheForeignSecretary，LordClarendon，Mr。RussellexplainedindetailthetruenatureoftheCouncil，thatitwasmerelyameetingofafewRomanCatholicprelatestodiscusssomeinternalmattersofChurchdiscipline，thatithadnopoliticalsignificancewhatever，thatthequestionofInfallibility，aboutwhichtherehadbeensomuchrandomtalk，wasapurelytheologicalquestion，andthat，whateverdecisionmightbecometoonthesubject，thepositionofRomanCatholicsthroughouttheworldwouldremainunchanged。
WhethertheeffectoftheseaffirmationsuponLordClarendonwasasgreatasManningsupposedissomewhatdoubtful；butitisatanyratecertainthatMr。GladstonefailedtocarrytheCabinetwithhim；and，whenatlastaproposalwasdefinitelymadethattheEnglishGovernmentshouldinvitethePowersofEuropetointerveneattheVatican，itwasrejected。ManningalwaysbelievedthatthiswasthedirectresultofMr。Russell’sdispatches，whichhadactedasanantidotetothepoisonofLordActon’sletters，andthuscarriedtheday。Ifthatwasso，thediscretionofbiographershasnotyetentirelyliftedtheveilfromtheseproceedingsManninghadassuredlyperformednosmallserviceforhiscause。Yethismodestywouldnotallowhimtoassumeforhimselfacreditwhich，afterall，wasdueelsewhere；
andwhenhetoldthestoryofthosedays，hewouldadd，withmorethanwontedseriousness，’ItwasbytheDivineWillthatthedesignsofHisenemieswerefrustrated’。
Meanwhile，intheNorthTranseptofSt。Peter’sacertainamountofpreliminarybusinesshadbeencarriedthrough。VariousmiscellaneouspointsinChristiandoctrinehadbeensatisfactorilydetermined。Amongothers，thefollowingCanonswerelaiddownbytheFathers：’IfanyonedoesnotacceptforsacredandcanonicalthewholeandeverypartoftheBooksofHolyScripture，ordenythattheyaredivinelyinspired，lethimbeanathema。’’Ifanyonesaysthatmiraclescannotbe，andtherefore，theaccountsofthem，eventhoseinHolyScripturesmustbeassignedaplaceamongfablesandmyths，orthatthedivineoriginoftheChristianreligioncannotrightlybeprovedfromthem，lethimbeanathema。’’IfanyonesaysthatthedoctrinesoftheChurchcaneverreceiveasenseinaccordancewiththeprogressofscience，otherthanthatsensewhichtheChurchhasunderstoodandstillunderstands，lethimbeanathema。’
’Ifanyonesaysthatitisnotpossible，bythenaturallightofhumanreason，toacquireacertainknowledgeoftheOneandTrueGod，lethimbeanathema。’Inotherwords，itbecameanarticleofFaiththatFaithwasnotnecessaryforatrueknowledgeofGod。Havingdisposedoftheseminormatters，theFathersfoundthemselvesatlastapproachingthegreatquestionofInfallibility。
Twomainissues，itsoonappeared，werebeforethem：the。Pope’sinfallibilitywasadmitted，ostensiblyatleast，byall；whatremainedtobedeterminedwas：1whetherthedefinitionofthePope’sInfallibilitywasopportune，and2whatthedefinitionofthePope’sInfallibilitywas。
1ItsoonbecameclearthatthesenseoftheCouncilwasoverwhelminglyinfavourofadefinition。TheInopportunistswereasmallminority；
theywereoutvoted，andtheywereobligedtogiveway。Itonlyremained，therefore，tocometoadecisionuponthesecondquestion——whatthedefinitionshouldactuallybe。
2ItnowbecametheobjectoftheInopportuniststolimitthescopeofthedefinitionasmuchaspossible，whiletheInfallibilistswerenolesseagertoextendit。Noweveryone，ornearlyeveryone，wasreadytolimitthePapalInfallibilitytopronouncementsexcathedra——thatistosay，tothosemadebythePopeinhiscapacityofUniversalDoctor；
butthisonlyservedtoraisetheulterior，theportentous，andindeedthereallycrucialquestion——toWHICHofthePapalpronouncementsexcathedradidInfallibilityadhere？
Thediscussionswhichfollowedwere，naturallyenough，numerous，complicated，andembittered，andinallofthemManningplayedaconspicuouspart。FortwomonthstheFathersdeliberated；throughfiftysessionstheysoughttheguidanceoftheHolyGhost。Thewoodenseats，coveredthoughtheywerewithBrusselscarpet，grewharderandharder；andstillthemitredCouncillorssaton。ThePopehimselfbegantogrowimpatient；foronething，hedeclared，hewasbeingruinedbythemereexpenseoflodgingandkeepingthemultitudeofhisadherents。’Questiinfallibilistimifarannofallire’，saidhisHoliness。AtlengthitappearedthattheInopportunistsweredraggingouttheproceedingsinthehopeofobtaininganindefinitepostponement。Thentheauthoritiesbegantoact；abishopwasshouteddown，andtheclosurewasbroughtintooperation。AtthispointtheFrenchGovernment，afterlonghesitation，finallydecidedtointervene，andCardinalAntonelliwasinformedthatiftheDefinitionwasproceededwith，theFrenchtroopswouldbewithdrawnfromRome。ButtheastuteCardinaljudgedthathecouldsafelyignorethethreat。HesawthatNapoleonIIIwastotteringtohisfallandwouldneverriskanopenrupturewiththeVatican。Accordingly，itwasdeterminedtobringtheproceedingstoaclosebyafinalvote。AlreadytheInopportunists，seeingthatthegamewasup，hadshakenthedustofRomefromtheirfeet。OnJuly18th，1870，theCouncilmetforthelasttime。AsthefirstoftheFatherssteppedforwardtodeclarehisvote，astormofthunderandlightningsuddenlyburstoverSt。Peter’s。Allthroughthemorningthevotingcontinued，andeveryvotewasaccompaniedbyaflashandaroarfromheaven。
Bothsides，withequaljustice，claimedtheportentasamanifestationoftheDivineOpinion。Whenthevoteswereexamined，itwasfoundthat533wereinfavouroftheproposeddefinitionandtwoagainstit。Nextday，warwasdeclaredbetweenFranceandGermany，andafewweekslatertheFrenchtroopswerewithdrawnfromRome。Almostinthesamemoment，thesuccessorofSt。PeterhadlosthisTemporalPower，andgainedInfallibility。
WhattheCouncilhaddonewasmerelytoassenttoadefinitionofthedogmaoftheInfallibilityoftheRomanPontiffwhichPiusIX
hadissued，propriomotu，afewdaysbefore。Thedefinitionitselfwasperhapssomewhatlessextremethanmighthavebeenexpected。ThePope，itdeclared，ispossessed，whenhespeaksexcathedra，of’thatinfallibilitywithwhichtheRedeemerwilledthatHisChurchshouldbeendowedfordefiningdoctrineregardingfaithormorals’。ThusitbecameadogmaoffaiththataPapaldefinitionregardingfaithormoralsisinfallible；butbeyondthat，boththeHolyFatherandtheCouncilmaintainedajudiciousreserve。OverwhatOTHERmattersbesidesfaithandmoralsthePapalinfallibilitymightormightnotextendstillremainedindoubt。Andtherewerefurtherquestions，nolessserious，towhichnodecisiveanswerwasthen，oreverhasbeensince，provided。
Howwasittobedetermined，forinstance，whichparticularPapaldecisionsdidinfactcomewithinthescopeofthedefinition？
Whowastodecidewhatwasorwasnotamatteroffaithormorals？OrpreciselyWHENtheRomanPontiffwasspeakingexcathedra？WasthefamousSyllabusErrorum，forexample，issuedexcathedraornot？
Gravetheologianshaveneverbeenabletomakeuptheirminds。Yettoadmitdoubtsinsuchmattersastheseissurelydangerous。’Indutytooursupremepastoraloffice，’proclaimedtheSovereignPontiff，’bythebowelsofChristweearnestlyentreatallChrist’sfaithfulpeople，andwealsocommandthembytheauthorityofGodandourSaviour，thattheystudyandlabourtoexpelandeliminateerrorsanddisplaythelightofthepurestfaith。’Wellmightthefaithfulstudyandlabourtosuchends！For，whiletheoffenceremainedambiguous，therewasnoambiguityaboutthepenalty。Onehair’s-breadthfromtheunknownpathoftruth，oneshadowofimpurityinthemysteriouslightoffaith，andthereshallbeanathema！anathema！
anathema！WhentheframersofsuchedictscalleduponthebowelsofChristtojustifythem，mighttheynothavedonewelltohavepausedalittle，andtohavecalledtomindthecounselofanothersovereignruler，thoughaheretic——OliverCromwell？
’Bethinkye，bethinkye，inthebowelsofChrist，thatyemaybemistaken！’
OneofthesecondaryresultsoftheCouncilwastheexcommunicationofDr。Dollinger，andafewmoreofthemostuncompromisingoftheInopportunists。Amongthese，however，LordActonwasnotincluded。Nobodyeverdiscoveredwhy。WasitbecausehewastooimportantfortheHolySeetocaretointerferewithhim？Orwasitbecausehewasnotimportantenough？
AnotherulteriorconsequencewastheappearanceofapamphletbyMr。Gladstone，entitled’Vaticanism’，inwhichtheawfulimplicationsinvolvedinthedeclarationofInfallibilitywerelaidbeforetheBritishPublic。Howwasitpossible，Mr。
Gladstoneasked，withallthefulminatingaccompanimentsofhismostagitatedrhetoric，todependhenceforwarduponthecivilallegianceofRomanCatholics？TothisquestionthewordsofCardinalAntonellitotheAustrianAmbassadormighthaveseemedasufficientreply。’Thereisagreatdifference，’saidhisEminence，betweentheoryandpractice。NoonewilleverpreventtheChurchfromproclaimingthegreatprinciplesuponwhichitsDivinefabricisbased；but，asregardstheapplicationofthosesacredlaws，theChurch，imitatingtheexampleofitsDivineFounder，isinclinedtotakeintoconsiderationthenaturalweaknessesofmankind。’And，inanycase，itwashardtoseehowthesystemofFaith，whichhadenabledPopeGregoryXIIItoeffect，bythehandsofEnglishCatholics，awholeseriesofattemptstomurderQueenElizabeth，canhavebeenrenderedamuchmoredangerousengineofdisloyaltybytheDefinitionof1870。
ButsuchconsiderationsfailedtoreassureMr。Gladstone；theBritishPublicwasofalikemind；and145，000copiesofthepamphletweresoldwithintwomonths。Variousrepliesappeared，andManningwasnotbehindhand。Hisshareinthecontroversyledtoacuriouspersonalencounter。
HisconversionhadcomeasagreatshocktoMr。Gladstone。
Manninghadbreathednowordofitsapproachtohisoldandintimatefriend，andwhenthenewsreachedhim，itseemedalmostanactofpersonalinjury。’Ifelt，’Mr。Gladstonesaid，’asifManninghadmurderedmymotherbymistake。’Fortwelveyearsthetwomendidnotmeet，afterwhichtheyoccasionallysaweachotherandrenewedtheircorrespondence。ThiswastheconditionofaffairswhenMr。Gladstonepublishedhispamphlet。Assoonasitappeared，ManningwrotealettertotheNewYorkHerald，contradictingitsconclusionsanddeclaringthatitspublicationwas’thefirsteventthathasovercastafriendshipofforty-fiveyears’。Mr。
Gladstonerepliedtothisletterinasecondpamphlet。Atthecloseofhistheologicalarguments，headdedthefollowingpassage：’Ifeelitnecessary，inconcludingthisanswer，tostatethatArchbishopManninghasfallenintomostseriousinaccuracyinhisletterofNovember10th，whereinhedescribes’myExpostulationasthefirsteventwhichhasovercastafriendshipofforty-fiveyears。Ialludetothesubjectwithregret；andwithoutenteringintodetails。’
Manningrepliedinaprivateletter：
’MydearGladstone，’hewrote，’yousaythatIaminerrorinstatingthatyourformerpamphletisthefirstactwhichhasovercastourfriendship。
’Ifyourefertomyactin1851insubmittingtotheCatholicChurchbywhichwewereseparatedforsometwelveyears，Icanunderstandit。
’IfyourefertoanyotheracteitheronyourpartormineIamnotconsciousofit，andwoulddesiretoknowwhatitmaybe。
’Myactin1851mayhaveovercastyourfriendshipforme。Itdidnotovercastmyfriendshipforyou，asIthinkthelastyearshaveshown。
’Youwillnot，Ihope，thinkmeover-sensitiveinaskingforthisexplanation。Believeme，yoursaffectionately，’H。E。M。’
’MydearArchbishopManning，’Mr。Gladstoneanswered，’itdid，I
confess，seemtomeanastonishingerrortostateinpublicthatafriendshiphadnotbeenovercastforforty-fiveyearsuntilnow，whichyourletterdeclareshasbeensuspendedastoallactionfortwelve……
’Iwonder，too，atyourforgettingthatduringtheforty-fiveyearsIhadbeenchargedbyyouwithdoingtheworkoftheAntichristinregardtotheTemporalPowerofthePope。
’Ourdifferences，mydearArchbishop，areindeedprofound。Wereferthem，Isuppose，inhumblesilencetoaHigherPower……
Youassuredmeonceofyourprayersatallandatthemostsolemntime。Ireceivedthatassurancewithgratitude，andstillcherishit。Asandwhentheymoveupwards，thereisameeting-pointforthosewhomachasmseparatesbelow。Iremainalways，affectionatelyyours，’W。E。GLADSTONE。’
Speakingofthiscorrespondenceinafteryears，CardinalManningsaid：’FromthewayinwhichMr。Gladstonealludedtotheovercastingofourfriendship，peoplemighthavethoughtthatI
hadpickedhispocket。’
VIII
IN1875，Manning’slaboursreceivedtheirfinalreward：hewasmadeaCardinal。Hislongandstrangecareer，withitshighhopes，itsbitterdisappointments，itsstruggles，itsrenunciations，hadcomeatlasttofruitioninaPrincedomoftheChurch。’Askinfaithandinperfectconfidence，’hehimselfoncewrote，andGodwillgiveuswhatweask。Youmaysay，“ButdoyoumeanthatHewillgiveustheverything？“That，Godhasnotsaid。GodhassaidthatHewillgiveyouwhatsoeveryouask；buttheforminwhichitwillcome，andthetimeinwhichHewillgiveit，HekeepsinHisownpower。Sometimesourprayersareansweredintheverythingswhichweputfromus；sometimesitmaybeachastisement，oraloss，oravisitationagainstwhichourheartsrise，andweseemtoseethatGodhasnotonlyforgottenus，buthasbeguntodealwithusinseverity。Thoseverythingsaretheanswerstoourprayers。Heknowswhatwedesire，andHegivesusthethingsforwhichweask；butintheformwhichHisownDivineWisdomseestobebest。’
TherewasonetowhomManning’selevationwouldnodoubthavegivenapeculiarsatisfaction——hisoldfriendMonsignorTalbot。
Butthiswasnottobe。ThatindustriousworkerinthecauseofRomehadbeenremovedsomeyearspreviouslytoasequesteredhomeatPassy，whosepaddedwallswereimpervioustotherumoursoftheouterworld。PiusIXhadbeenmuchafflictedbythisunfortunateevent；hehadnotbeenabletoresignhimselftothelossofhissecretary，andhehadgivenordersthatMonsignorTalbot’sapartmentintheVaticanshouldbepreservedpreciselyashehadleftit，incaseofhisreturn。ButMonsignorTalbotneverreturned。Manning’sfeelingsuponthesubjectappeartohavebeenlesstenderthanthePope’s。Inallhisletters，inallhispapers，inallhisbiographicalmemoranda，notawordofallusionistobefoundtothemisfortune，nortothedeath，ofthemostloyalofhisadherents。MonsignorTalbot’snamedisappearssuddenlyandforever——likeastonecastintothewaters。
Manningwasnowanoldman，andhisoutwardformhadassumedthatappearanceofaustereasceticismwhichis，perhaps，theonethingimmediatelysuggestedbyhisnametotheordinaryEnglishman。Thespareandstatelyform，thehead——massive，emaciated，terrible——
withthegreatnose，theglitteringeyes，andthemouthdrawnbackandcompressedintothegrimrigiditiesofage，self-
mortification，andauthority——suchisthevisionthatstilllingersinthepublicmind——thevisionwhich，actualandpalpablelikesomeembodiedmemoryoftheMiddleAges，usedtopassandrepass，lessthanagenerationsince，throughthestreetsofLondon。Fortheactivitiesofthisextraordinaryfigureweregreatandvaried。Heruledhisdiocesewiththedespoticzealofabornadministrator。Hethrewhimselfintosocialworkofeverykind；heorganisedcharities，helecturedontemperance；hedeliveredinnumerablesermons；heproducedanunendingseriesofdevotionalbooks。Andhebrookednobrothernearthethrone：
NewmanlanguishedinBirmingham；andeventheJesuitstrembledandobeyed。
Norwasitonlyamonghisowncommunitythathisenergyandhisexperiencefoundscope。Hegraduallycametoplayanimportantpartinpublicaffairs，uponquestionsoflabour，poverty，andeducation。HesatonRoyalCommissionsandcorrespondedwithCabinetMinisters。Atlast，nophilanthropicmeetingattheGuildhallwasconsideredcompletewithoutthepresenceofCardinalManning。Aspecialdegreeofprecedencewasaccordedtohim。ThoughtherankofaCardinal-ArchbishopisofficiallyunknowninEngland，hisnameappearedinpublicdocuments——asatoken，itmustbesupposed，ofpersonalconsideration——abovethenamesofpeersandbishops，andimmediatelybelowthatofthePrinceofWales。
Inhisprivatelifehewassecluded。Theambiguitiesofhissocialposition，andhisdesiretomaintainintactthepeculiareminenceofhisoffice，combinedtoholdhimalooffromtheordinarygatheringsofsociety，thoughontherareoccasionsofhisappearanceamongfashionableandexaltedpersons，hecarriedallbeforehim。HisfavouritehauntwastheAthenaeumClub，wherehesatscanningthenewspapers，orconversingwiththeoldfriendsofformerdays。Hewasamember，too，ofthatdistinguishedbody，theMetaphysicalSociety，whichmetonceamonthduringthepalmyyearsoftheseventiestodiscuss，instrictprivacy，thefundamentalproblemsofthedestinyofman。
AfteracomfortabledinnerattheGrosvenorHotel，theSociety，whichincludedProfessorHuxleyandProfessorTyndall，Mr。JohnMorleyandSirJamesStephen，theDukeofArgyll，LordTennyson，andDeanChurch，wouldgatheraroundtohearanddiscussapaperreadbyoneofthemembersuponsuchquestionsas：’Whatisdeath？’’IsGodunknowable？’or’ThenatureoftheMoralPrinciple’。Sometimes，however，thespeculationsoftheSocietyrangedinotherdirections。’Ithinkthepaperthatinterestedmemostofallthatwereeverreadatourmeetings，’saysSirMountstuartElphinstoneGrant-Duff，’wasoneon“Whereinconsiststhespecialbeautyofimperfectionanddecay？“inwhichwerepropoundedthequestions“Arenotruinsrecognisedandfelttobemorebeautifulthanperfectstructures？Whyaretheyso？Oughttheytobeso？’’Unfortunately，however，theanswersgiventothesequestionsbytheMetaphysicalSocietyhavenotbeenrecordedfortheinstructionofmankind。
Manningreadseveralpapers，andProfessorHuxleyandMr。JohnMorleylistenedwithattentionwhileheexpressedhisviewsupon’TheSoulbeforeandafterDeath’，orexplainedwhyitis’ThatlegitimateAuthorityisanEvidenceofTruth’。Yet，somehoworother，hisEminenceneverfeltquiteateaseintheseassemblies；
hewasmoreathomewithaudiencesofadifferentkind；andwemustlookinotherdirectionsforthefreeandfullmanifestationofhisspeculativegifts。
Inaseriesoflectures，forinstance，deliveredin1861——itwasthefirstyearoftheunificationofItaly——upon’ThePresentCrisisoftheHolySee，testedbyprophecy’，wecatchsomeglimpsesofthekindofproblemswhichweretrulycongenialtohismind。’Inthefollowingpages，’hesaid，’Ihaveendeavoured，butforsogreatasubjectmostinsufficiently，toshowthatwhatispassinginourtimesisthepreludeoftheantichristianperiodofthefinaldethronementofChristendom，andoftherestorationofsocietywithoutGodintheworld。’’Myintentionis，’hecontinued，’toexaminethepresentrelationoftheChurchtothecivilpowersoftheworldbythelightofaprophecyrecordedbyStPaul。’Thisprophecy2
Thess。ii3to11isconcernedwiththecomingoftheAntichrist，andthegreaterpartofthelecturesisdevotedtoaminuteexaminationofthissubject。ThereisnopassageinScripture，Manningpointedout，relatingtothecomingofChristmoreexplicitandexpressthanthoseforetellingAntichrist；itthereforebehovedthefaithfultoconsiderthemattermorefullythantheyarewonttodo。Inthefirstplace，Antichristisaperson。’TodenythepersonalityofAntichrististodenytheplaintestimonyofHolyScripture。’Andwemustrememberthat’itisalawofHolyScripturethatwhenpersonsareprophesiedof，personsappear’。
Again，therewaseveryreasontobelievethatAntichrist，whenhedidappear，wouldturnouttobeaJew。’SuchwastheopinionofSt。
Irenaeus，St。Jerome，andoftheauthoroftheworkDeConsummationeMundi，ascribedtoSt。Hippolytus，andofawriterofaCommentaryontheEpistletotheThessalonians，ascribedtoSt。Ambrose，ofmanyothers，whosaidthathewillbeofthetribeofDan：as，forinstance，St。GregorytheGreat，Theodoret，AretasofCaesarea，andmanymore。SuchalsoistheopinionofBellarmine，whocallsitcertain。LessiusaffirmsthattheFathers，withunanimousconsent，teachasundoubtedthatAntichristwillbeaJew。Riberarepeatsthesameopinion，andaddsthatAretas，St。Bede，Haymo，St。Anselm，andRupertaffirmthatforthisreasonthetribeofDanisnotnumberedamongthosewhoaresealedintheApocalypse……Now，IthinknoonecanconsiderthedispersionandprovidentialpreservationoftheJewsamongallthenationsoftheworldandtheindestructiblevitalityoftheirracewithoutbelievingthattheyarereservedforsomefutureactionofHisjudgmentandGrace。AndthisisforetoldagainandagainintheNewTestament。’
’OurLord，’continuedManning，wideningthesweepofhisspeculations，’hassaidoftheselattertimes：“ThereshallarisefalseChristsandfalseprophets，insomuchastodeceiveeventheelect“；thatis，theyshallnotbedeceived；butthosewhohavelostfaithintheIncarnation，suchashumanitarians，rationalists，andpantheists，maywellbedeceivedbyanypersonofgreatpoliticalpowerandsuccess，whoshouldrestoretheJewstotheirownland，andpeopleJerusalemoncemorewiththesonsofthePatriarchs。And，thereisnothinginthepoliticalaspectoftheworldwhichrenderssuchacombinationimpossible；indeed，thestateofSyria，andthetideofEuropeandiplomacy，which’iscontinuallymovingeastward，rendersuchaneventwithinareasonableprobability。’ThenManningthrewoutaboldsuggestion。’Asuccessfulmedium，’hesaid，’mightwellpasshimselfoffbyhispreternaturalendowmentsasthepromisedMessiahs。’
Manningwentontodiscussthecourseofeventswhichwouldleadtothefinalcatastrophe。Butthissubject，heconfessed，’dealswithagenciessotranscendentandmysterious，thatallIshallventuretodowillbetosketchinoutlinewhatthebroadandluminousprophecies，especiallyoftheBookofDanielandtheApocalypse，setforthwithoutattemptingtoenterintominutedetails，whichcanonlybeinterpretedbytheevent’。Whileapplaudinghismodesty，weneedfollowManningnofurtherinhiscommentaryuponthosebroadandluminousworks；excepttoobservethat’theapostasyoftheCityofRomefromtheVicarofChristanditsdestructionbytheAntichrist’was，inhisopinion，certain。Norwashewithoutauthorityforthisbelief。Foritwasheldby’Malvenda，whowritesexpresslyonthesubject’，andwho，besides，’statesastheopinionofRibera，GasparMelus，Viegas，Suarez，Bellarmine，andBosiusthatRomeshallapostatisefromthefaith’。
IX
THEdeathofPiusIXbroughttoManningalastflatteringtestimonyoftheconfidencewithwhichhewasregardedattheCourtofRome。InoneoftheprivateconsultationsprecedingtheConclave，aCardinalsuggestedthatManningshouldsucceedtothePapacy。Herepliedthathewasunfitfortheposition，becauseitwasessentialfortheinterestsoftheHolySeethatthenextPopeshouldbeanItalian。Thesuggestionwaspressed，butManningheldfirm。ThusithappenedthattheTripleTiaraseemedtocome，foramoment，withinthegraspofthelateArchdeaconofChichester；andthecautioushandrefrained。LeoXIIIwaselected，andtherewasagreatchangeinthepolicyoftheVatican。Liberalismbecametheorderoftheday。Andnowatlasttheopportunityseemedripeforanactwhich，intheopinionofthemajorityofEnglishCatholics，hadlongbeendue——thebestowalofsomemarkofrecognitionfromtheHolySeeuponthelaboursandthesanctityofFatherNewman。ItwasfeltthataCardinal’shatwastheonefittingrewardforsuchalife，andaccordinglytheDukeofNorfolk，representingtheCatholiclaityofEngland，visitedManning，andsuggestedthatheshouldforwardtheproposaltotheVatican。Manningagreed，andthentherefollowedacuriousseriesofincidents——thelastencounterinthejarringlivesofthosetwomen。AletterwasdrawnupbyManningfortheeyeofthePope，embodyingtheDukeofNorfolk’sproposal；buttherewasanunaccountabledelayinthetransmissionofthisletter；monthspassed，andithadnotreachedtheHolyFather。Thewholematterwould，perhaps，havedroppedoutofsightandbeenforgotten，inawaywhichhadbecomecustomarywhenhonoursforNewmanwereconcerned，hadnottheDukeofNorfolkhimself，whenhewasnextinRome，venturedtorecommendtoLeoXIIIthatDr。NewmanshouldbemadeaCardinal。HisHolinesswelcomedtheproposal；but，hesaid，hecoulddonothinguntilheknewtheviewsofCardinalManning。
Thereupon，theDukeofNorfolkwrotetoManning，explainingwhathadoccurred；shortlyafterwards，Manning’sletterofrecommendation，afteradelayofsixmonths，reachedthePope，andtheofferofaCardinalatewasimmediatelydispatchedtoNewman。
Buttheaffairwasnotyetover。Theofferhadbeenmade；woulditbeaccepted？Therewasonedifficultyintheway。Newmanwasnowaninfirmoldmanofseventy-eight；anditisarulethatallCardinalswhoarenotalsodiocesanBishopsorArchbishopsreside，asamatterofcourse，atRome。Thechangewouldhavebeenimpossibleforoneofhisyears——forone，too，whosewholelifewasnowboundupwiththeOratoryatBirmingham。But，ofcourse，therewasnothingtopreventHisHolinessfrommakinganexceptioninNewman’scase，andallowinghimtoendhisdaysinEngland。YethowwasNewmanhimselftosuggestthis？TheofferoftheHathadcometohimasanalmostmiraculoustokenofrenewedconfidence，ofultimatereconciliation。Theold，long，bitterestrangementwasendedatlast。’Thecloudisliftedfrommeforever！’heexclaimedwhenthenewsreachedhim。Itwouldbemelancholyindeedifthecupwerenowtobeoncemoredashedfromhislipsandhewasobligedtorefusethesignalhonour。InhisperplexityhewenttotheBishopofBirminghamandexplainedthewholesituation。TheBishopassuredhimthatallwouldbewell；
thathehimselfwouldcommunicatewiththeauthorities，andputthefactsofthecasebeforethem。Accordingly，whileNewmanwroteformallyrefusingtheHat，onthegroundofhisunwillingnesstoleavetheOratory，theBishopwrotetwoletterstoManning，oneofficialandoneprivate，inwhichthefollowingpassagesoccurred：
’Dr。NewmanhasfartoohumbleanddelicateamindtodreamofthinkingorsayinganythingwhichwouldlooklikehintingatanykindoftermswiththeSovereignPontiff……Ithink，however，thatIoughttoexpressmyownsenseofwhatDr。Newman’sdispositionsare，andthatitwillbeexpectedofme……Iamthoroughlyconfidentthatnothingstandsinthewayofhismostgratefulacceptance，exceptwhathetellsmegreatlydistresseshim——namely，thehavingtoleavetheOratoryatacriticalperiodofitsexistence，andtheimpossibilityofhisbeginninganewlifeathisadvancedage。’
AndinhisprivatelettertheBishopsaid：’Dr。Newmanisverymuchaged，andsoftenedwithageandthetrialshehashad，especiallythelossofhistwobrethren，St。JohnandCaswall；hecanneverrefertotheselosseswithoutweepingandbecomingspeechlessforatime。HeisverymuchaffectedbythePope’skindnessandwould，Iknow，liketoreceivethegreathonourofferedhim，butfeelsthewholedifficultyathisageofchanginghislifeorhavingtoleavetheOratory——whichIamsurehecouldnotdo。IftheHolyFatherthinkswelltoconferonhimthedignity，leavinghimwhereheis，Iknowhowimmenselyhewouldbegratified，andyouwillknowhowgenerallytheconferringonhimtheCardinalatewillbeapplauded。’
Thesetwoletters，togetherwithNewman’srefusal，reachedManningashewasonthepointofstartingforRome。AfterhehadleftEngland，thefollowingstatementappearedin“TheTimes“：
’PopeLeoXIIIhasintimatedhisdesiretoraiseDr。NewmantotherankofCardinal，butwithexpressionsofdeeprespectfortheHolySee，Dr。NewmanhasexcusedhimselffromacceptingthePurple。’
WhenNewman’seyesfellupontheannouncement，herealisedatoncethatasecretandpowerfulforcewasworkingagainsthim。Hetrembled，ashehadsooftentrembledbefore；andcertainlythedangerwasnotimaginary。Intheordinarycourseofthings，howcouldsuchaparagraphhavebeeninsertedwithouthisauthority？
Andconsequently，diditnotconveytotheworld，notonlyanabsoluterefusalwhichhehadneverintended，butawishonhisparttoemphasisepubliclyhisrejectionoftheprofferedhonour？
Diditnotimplythathehadlightlydeclinedaproposalforwhichinrealityhewasdeeplythankful？AndwhenthefatalparagraphwasreadinRome，mightitnotactuallyleadtotheofferoftheCardinalatebeingfinallywithheld？
Ingreatagitation，NewmanappealedtotheDukeofNorfolk。’Astothestatement，’hewrote，’ofmyrefusingaCardinal’sHat，whichisinthepapers，youmustnotbelieveit，forthisreason：
’Ofcourse，itimpliesthatanofferhasbeenmademe，andIhavesentananswertoit。NowIhaveeverunderstoodthatitisapointofproprietyandhonourtoconsidersuchcommunicationssacred。Thisstatement，therefore，cannotcomefromme。NorcoulditcomefromRome，foritwasmadepublicbeforemyanswergottoRome。
’Itcouldonlycome，then，fromsomeonewhonotonlyreadmyletter，but，insteadofleavingtothePopetointerpretit，tookuponhimselftoputaninterpretationuponit，andpublishedthatinterpretationtotheworld。
’Aprivateletter，addressedtoRomanAuthorities，isinterpretedonitswayandpublishedintheEnglishpapers。Howisitpossiblethatanyonecanhavedonethis？’
ThecrushingindictmentpointedstraightatManning。Anditwastrue。Manninghaddonetheimpossibledeed。Knowingwhathedid，withtheBishopofBirmingham’stwolettersinhispocket，hehadputitaboutthatNewmanhadrefusedtheHat。ButachangehadcomeoverthespiritoftheHolySee。Thingswerenotastheyhadoncebeen：MonsignorTalbotwasatPassy，andPioNonowas——
where？TheDukeofNorfolkintervenedonceagain；ManningwasprofuseinhisapologiesforhavingmisunderstoodNewman’sintentions，andhurriedtothePopetorectifytheerror。Withouthesitation，theSovereignPontiffrelaxedtheruleofRomanresidence，andNewmanbecameaCardinal。
Helivedtoenjoyhisgloryformorethantenyears。SinceherarelylefttheOratory，andsinceManningnevervisitedBirmingham，thetwoCardinalsmetonlyonceortwice。Afteroneoftheseoccasions，onreturningtotheOratory，CardinalNewmansaid，’WhatdoyouthinkCardinalManningdidtome？Hekissedme！’
OnNewman’sdeath，Manningdeliveredafuneraloration，whichopenedthus：
’WehavelostourgreatestwitnessfortheFaith，andweareallpoorerandlowerbytheloss。
’Whenthesetidingscametome，myfirstthoughtwasthis，inwhatwaycanI，oncemore，showmyloveandvenerationformybrotherandfriendofmorethansixtyyears？’
Inprivate，however，thesurvivingCardinal’stonewasapttobemore……direct。’PoorNewman！’heonceexclaimedinamomentofgenialexpansion。’PoorNewman！Hewasagreathater！’
X
INthatgauntandgloomybuilding——morelikeabarracksthananEpiscopalpalace——Archbishop’sHouse，Westminster，Manning’sexistencestretcheditselfoutintoanextremeoldage。Ashisyearsincreased，hisactivities，ifthatwerepossible，increasedtoo。Meetings，missions，lectures，sermons，articles，interviews，letters——suchthingscameuponhiminredoubledmultitudes，andweredispatchedwithanunrelentingzeal。Butthiswasnotall；
withage，heseemedtoacquirewhatwasalmostanewfervour，anunaccustomed，unexpected，freeingofthespirit，fillinghimwithpreoccupationswhichhehadhardlyfeltbefore。’TheysayIamambitious，’henotedinhisDiary，’butdoIrestinmyambition？’
No，assuredlyhedidnotrest；butheworkednowwithnoarrierepenseeforthegreatergloryofGod。Akindoffrenzyfelluponhim。
Poverty，drunkenness，vice，allthehorrorsandterrorsofourcivilisationseizeduponhismind，andurgedhimforwardtonewfieldsofactionandnewfieldsofthought。Thetemperofhissoulassumedalmostarevolutionarycast。’IamaMosaicRadical，’heexclaimed；and，indeed，intheexaltationofhisenergies，theincoherenceofhisconceptions，thedemocraticurgencyofhisdesires，combinedwithhisawe-inspiringaspectandhisvenerableage，itwaseasyenoughtotracethemingledqualitiesofthepatriarch，theprophet，andthedemagogue。As，inhissoiledandshabbygarments，theoldmanharanguedthecrowdsofBermondseyorPeckhamuponthevirtuesofTemperance，assuringthem，withallthepassionofconviction，asafinalargument，thatthemajorityoftheApostlesweretotalabstainers，thisPrinceoftheChurchmighthavepassedasaleaderoftheSalvationArmy。Hispopularitywasimmense，reachingitsheightduringthegreatDockStrikesof1889，when，afterthevictoryofthemenwasassured，Manningwasable，byhispersuasiveeloquenceandtheweightofhischaracter，topreventitsbeingcarriedtoexcess。Afterotherconciliators——
amongwhomwastheBishopofLondon——hadgivenupthetaskindisgust，theoctogenarianCardinalworkedonwithindefatigableresolution。Atlast，lateatnight，intheschoolsinKirbyStreet，Bermondsey，herosetoaddressthestrikers。Anenthusiasticeye-witnesshasdescribedthescene：’Unaccustomedtearsglistenedintheeyesofhisroughandwork-stainedhearersastheCardinalraisedhishandandsolemnlyurgedthemnottoprolongonemomentmorethantheycouldhelptheperilousuncertaintyandthesufferingsoftheirwivesandchildren。JustabovehisupliftedhandwasafigureoftheMadonnaandChild；
andsomeamongthementellhowasuddenlightseemedtoswimarounditasthespeakerpleadedforthewomenandchildren。Whenhesatdownallintheroomknewthathehadwontheday，andthat，sofarastheStrikeCommitteewasconcerned，thematterwasatanend。’
Inthosedays，therewerestrangevisitorsattheArchbishop’sHouse。
CarefulpriestsandconscientioussecretarieswonderedwhattheworldwascomingtowhentheysawlabourleaderslikeM。rJohnBurnsandMr。BenTillett，andland-reformerslikeMr。HenryGeorge，beingusheredintothepresenceofhisEminence。EventhenotoriousMr。Steadappeared，andhisscandalouspaperwithitsunspeakablerevelationslayupontheCardinal’stable。Thisprovedtoomuchforoneofthefaithfultonsureddependentsoftheplace，andheventuredtoexpostulatewithhismaster。Butheneverdidsoagain。
Whentheguestsweregone，andthegreatroomwasempty，theoldmanwoulddrawhimselfnearertotheenormousfire，andreviewoncemore，forthethousandthtime，thelongadventureofhislife。Hewouldbringouthisdiariesandhismemoranda，hewouldrearrangehisnotes，hewouldturnoveragaintheyellowleavesoffadedcorrespondences；seizinghispen，hewouldpourouthiscommentsandreflections，andfill，withanextraordinarysolicitude，pageafterpagewithelucidations，explanations，justifications，ofthevanishedincidentsofaremotepast。Hewouldsnipwithscissorsthepagesofancientjournals，andwithdelicateecclesiasticalfingers，dropunknownmysteriesintotheflames。
Sometimeshewouldturntothefourredfolioscrapbookswiththeircollectionofnewspapercuttings，concerninghimself，overaperiodofthirtyyears。Thenthepalecheekswouldflushandtheclose-drawnlipswouldgrowevenmoremenacingthanbefore。
’Stupid，mulishmalice，’hewouldnote。’Purelying——conscious，deliberateanddesigned。’’Suggestivelying。Personalanimosityisatthebottomofthis。’
Andthenhewouldsuddenlybegintodoubt。Afterall，wherewashe？Whathadheaccomplished？Hadanyofitbeenworthwhile？Hadhenotbeenoutoftheworldallhislife！Outoftheworld！
’Croker’s“LifeandLetters“，andHayward’s“Letters“，’henotes，’aresofullofpolitics，literature，action，events，collisionofmindwithmind，andthatwithsuchamultitudeofmenineverystateoflife，thatwhenIlookback，itseemsasifIhadbeensimplyuseless。’Andagain，’ThecompleteisolationandexclusionfromtheofficiallifeofEnglandinwhichIhavelived，makesmefeelasifIhaddonenothing’。Hestruggledtoconsolehimselfwiththereflexionthatallthiswasonly’thenaturalorder’。
’Ifthenaturalorderismovedbythesupernaturalorder，thenI
maynothavedonenothing。FiftyyearsofwitnessforGodandHisTruth，Ihope，hasnotbeeninvain。’Butthesamethoughtsrecurred。’InreadingMacaulay’slifeIhadahauntingfeelingthathishadbeenalifeofpublicutilityandmineavitaumbratilis，alifeintheshade。’Ah！itwasGod’swill。’MinehasbeenalifeoffiftyyearsoutoftheworldasGladstone’shasbeeninit。Theworkofhislifeinthisworldismanifest。I
hopeminemaybeinthenext。IsupposeourLordcalledmeoutoftheworldbecauseHesawthatIshouldlosemysoulinit。’
Clearly，thatwastheexplanation。
Andyetheremainedsufficientlyintheworldtodischargewithabsoluteefficiencythecomplexgovernmentofhisdiocesealmostuptothelastmomentofhisexistence。Thoughhisbodilystrengthgraduallyebbed，thevigourofhismindwasundismayed。
Atlast，supportedbycushions，hecontinued，bymeansofadictatedcorrespondence，toexerthisaccustomedrule。Onlyoccasionallywouldhelayasidehisworktoplungeintotheyetmorenecessarydutiesofdevotion。Neveragainwouldhepreach；
neveragainwouldheputintopracticethosethreesalutaryrulesofhisinchoosingasubjectforasermon：’1askingGodtoguidethechoice；2applyingthemattertomyself；3makingthesignofthecrossonmyheadandheartandlipsinhonouroftheSacredMouth；’buthecouldstillpray；hecouldturnespeciallytotheHolyGhost。’Averysimplebutdevoutperson，’
hewroteinoneofhislatestmemoranda，’askedmewhyinmyfirstvolumeofsermonsIsaidsolittleabouttheHolyGhost。I
wasnotawareofit；butIfoundittobetrue。IatonceresolvedthatIwouldmakeareparationeverydayofmylifetotheHolyGhost。ThisIhaveneverfailedtodotothisday。TothisIowethelightandfaithwhichbroughtmeintothetruefold。IboughtallthebooksIcouldabouttheHolyGhost。I
workedoutthetruthsaboutHispersonality，Hispresence，andHisoffice。ThismademeunderstandthelastparagraphintheApostles’Creed，andmademeaCatholicChristian。’
So，thoughDeathcameslowly，strugglingstepbystepwiththatboldandtenaciousspirit，whenhedidcomeatlasttheCardinalwasready。Robedinhisarchiepiscopalvestments，hisrochet，hisgirdle，andhismozzetta，withthescarletbirettaonhishead，andthepectoralcrossuponhisbreast，hemadehissolemnProfessionofFaithintheHolyRomanChurch。Acrowdoflesserdignitaries，eachinthegarmentsofhisoffice，attendedtheceremonial。TheBishopofSalfordheldupthePontificaleandtheBishopofAmyclaborethewaxtaper。TheprovostofWestminster，onhisknees，readaloudtheProfessionofFaith，surroundedbytheCanonsoftheDiocese。Towardsthosewhogatheredabouthim，thedyingmanwasstillabletoshowsomesignsofrecognition，andeven，perhaps，ofaffection；yetitseemedthathischiefpreoccupation，uptotheveryend，waswithhisobediencetotherulesprescribedbytheDivineAuthority。’Iamgladtohavebeenabletodoeverythingindueorder’，wereamonghislastwords。’Sifortqu’onsoit，’saysoneoftheprofoundestoftheobserversofthehumanheart，’onpeuteprouverlebesoindes’inclinerdevantquelqu’unouquelquechose。
S’inclinerdevantDieu，c’esttoujourslemoinshumiliant。’
ManningdiedonJanuary14th，1892，intheeighty-fifthyearofhisage。AfewdayslaterMr。Gladstonetookoccasion，inalettertoafriend，torefertohisrelationswiththelateCardinal。
Manning’sconversionwas，hesaid，’altogethertheseverestblowthateverbefellme。InalatelettertheCardinaltermeditaquarrel，butinmyreplyItoldhimitwasnotaquarrel，butadeath；andthatwasthetruth。Sincethentherehavebeenvicissitudes。ButIamquitecertainthattothelasthispersonalfeelingsneverchanged；andIbelievealsothathekeptapromisemadein1851，toremembermebeforeGodatthemostsolemnmoments；apromisewhichIgreatlyvalued。Thewholesubjectistomeatonceofextremeinterestandofconsiderablerestraint。’’Hisreluctancetodie，’concludedMr。Gladstone，’maybeexplainedbyanintenseanxietytocompleteunfulfilledservice。’
ThefuneralwastheoccasionofapopulardemonstrationsuchashasrarelybeenwitnessedinthestreetsofLondon。Therouteoftheprocessionwaslinedbyvastcrowdsofworkingpeople，whoseimaginations，insomeinstinctivemanner，hadbeentouched。ManywhohadhardlyseenhimdeclaredthatinCardinalManningtheyhadlosttheirbestfriend。Wasitthemagneticvigourofthedeadman’sspiritthatmovedthem？Orwasithisvaliantdisregardofcommoncustomandthoseconventionalreservesandpoorpunctilioswhicharewonttohemaboutthegreat？Orwasitsomethinguntameableinhisglancesandinhisgestures？Orwasit，perhaps，themysteriousglamourlingeringabouthim，oftheantiqueorganisationofRome？Forwhatevercause，themindofthepeoplehadbeenimpressed；andyet，afterall，theimpressionwasmoreacutethanlasting。TheCardinal’smemoryisadimthingtoday。
AndhewhodescendsintothecryptofthatCathedralwhichManningneverlivedtosee，willobserve，inthequietnichewiththesepulchralmonument，thatthedustliesthickonthestrange，theincongruous，thealmostimpossibleobjectwhich，withitselaborationsofdependenttassels，hangsdownfromthedimvaultlikesomeforlornandforgottentrophy——theHat。
BIBLIOGRAPHY
E。S。Purcell。LifeofCardinalManning。
A。W。Hutton。CardinalManning。
J。E。C。Bodley。CardinalManningandOtherEssays。
F。W。Cornish。TheEnglishChurchintheNineteenthCentury。
DeanChurch。TheOxfordMovement。
SirJ。T。Coleridge。MemoiroftheRev。JohnKeble。
HurrellFroude。Remains。
CardinalNewman。LettersandCorrespondenceintheEnglishChurch。
ApologiaproVitaSua。
WilfridWard。LifeofCardinalNewman。W。G。WardandtheOxfordMovement。W。G。WardandtheCatholicRevival。LifeofCardinalWiseman。
H。P。Liddon。LifeofE。B。Pusey。
TractsfortheTimes，byMembersoftheUniversityofOxford。
LordMorley。LifeofGladstone。
LivesoftheSaints，editedbyJ。H。Newman。
HerbertPaul。LifeofJ。A。Froude。
MarkPattison。Autobiography。
T。Mozley。LettersfromRomeontheOccasionoftheOecumenicalCouncil。
LordActon。Letters。
H。L。SmithandV。Nash。TheStoryoftheDockers’Strike。
FlorenceNightingaleEVERYoneknowsthepopularconceptionofFlorenceNightingale。
Thesaintly，self-sacrificingwoman，thedelicatemaidenofhighdegreewhothrewasidethepleasuresofalifeofeasetosuccourtheafflicted；theLadywiththeLamp，glidingthroughthehorrorsofthehospitalatScutari，andconsecratingwiththeradianceofhergoodnessthedyingsoldier’scouch。Thevisionisfamiliartoall——butthetruthwasdifferent。TheMissNightingaleoffactwasnotasfacileasfancypaintedher。Sheworkedinanotherfashionandtowardsanotherend；shemovedunderthestressofanimpetuswhichfindsnoplaceinthepopularimagination。ADemonpossessedher。Nowdemons，whateverelsetheymaybe，arefullofinterest。AndsoithappensthatintherealMissNightingaletherewasmorethatwasinterestingthaninthelegendaryone；therewasalsolessthatwasagreeable。
Herfamilywasextremelywell-to-do，andconnectedbymarriagewithaspreadingcircleofotherwell-to-dofamilies。TherewasalargecountryhouseinDerbyshire；therewasanotherintheNewForest；therewereMayfairroomsfortheLondonseasonandallitsfinestparties；thereweretoursontheContinentwithevenmorethantheusualnumberofItalianoperasandofglimpsesatthecelebritiesofParis。Broughtupamongsuchadvantages，itwasonlynaturaltosupposethatFlorencewouldshowaproperappreciationofthembydoingherdutyinthatstateoflifeuntowhichithadpleasedGodtocallher——inotherwords，bymarrying，afterafittingnumberofdancesanddinner-parties，aneligiblegentleman，andlivinghappilyeverafterwards。Hersister，hercousins，alltheyoungladiesofheracquaintance，wereeithergettingreadytodothisorhadalreadydoneit。
ItwasinconceivablethatFlorenceshoulddreamofanythingelse；
yetdreamshedid。Ah！TodoherdutyinthatstateoflifeuntowhichithadpleasedGodtocallher！Assuredly，shewouldnotbebehindhandindoingherduty；butuntowhatstateoflifeHADitpleasedGodtocallher？Thatwasthequestion。God’scallsaremany，andtheyarestrange。UntowhatstateoflifehaditpleasedHimtocallCharlotteCorday，orElizabethofHungary？