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　　Itwouldbewellifobservationsweresodirectedastoascertain，atleastuptotenortwenty，theincrease[ofinterval]requiredbyeachadditionalclickinaseriesforthesenseofdiscontinuitytoremainconstantthroughout。\"[14]

　　[p。615]Wherethefirstimpressionfallsononesense，andthesecondonanother，theperceptionoftheinterveningtimetendstobelesscertainanddelicate，anditmakesadifferencewhichimpressioncomesfirst。Thus，Exnerfound[15]thesmallestperceptibleintervaltobe，inseconds:Fromsighttotouch……0。071

　　Fromtouchtosight……0。053

　　Fromsighttohearing……0。16

　　Fromhearingtosight……0。06

　　Fromoneeartoanother……0。064Tobeconsciousofatimeintervalatallisonething；totellwhetheritbeshorterorlongerthananotherintervalisadifferentthing。

　　Anumberofexperimentaldataareonhandwhichgiveusameasureofthedelicacyofthislatterperception。Theproblemisthatofthesmallestdifferencebetweentwotimeswhichwecanperceive。

　　Thedifferenceisatitsminimumwhenthetimesthemselvesareveryshort。Exner，[16]reactingasrapidlyaspossiblewithhisfoot，uponasignalseenbytheeyespark，notedallthereactionswhichseemedtohimeithersloworfastinthemaking。Hethoughtthusthatdeviationsofabout1/100ofasecondeitherwayfromtheaveragewere[p。616]correctlynoticedbyhimatthetime。Theaveragewashere0。1840\"。HallandJastrowlistenedtotheintervalsbetweentheclicksoftheirapparatus。Betweentwosuchequalintervalsof4。27\"each，amiddleintervalwasincluded，whichmightbemadeeithershorterorlongerthantheextremes。\"Aftertheserieshadbeenheardtwooreventhreetimes，noimpressionoftherelativelengthofthemiddleintervalwouldoftenexist，andonlyafterhearingthefourthandlast[repetitionoftheseries]wouldthejudgmentinclinetotheplusorminusside。Insertingthevariablebetweentwoinvariableandlikeintervalsgreatlyfacilitatedjudgment，whichbetweentwounliketermsisfarlessaccurate。\"[17]Threeobserversintheseexperimentsmadenoerrorwhenthemiddleintervalvaried1/60

　　fromtheextremes。Whenitvaried1/120，errorsoccurred，butwerefew，Thiswouldmaketheminimumabsolutedifferenceperceivedaslargeas0。355。\"

　　Thisminimumabsolutedifference，ofcourse，increasesasthetimescomparedgrowlong。Attemptshavebeenmadetoascertainwhatratioitbearstothetimesthemselves。AccordingtoFechner’s’PsychophysicLaw’itoughtalwaystobearthesameratio。Variousobservers，however，havefoundthisnottobethecase。[18]Onthecontrary，veryinterestingoscillationsintheaccuracyofjudgmentandinthedirectionoftheerror——oscillationsdependentupontheabsoluteamountofthetimescompared——havebeennoticedbyallwhohaveexperimentedwiththequestion。

　　Oftheseabriefaccountmaybegiven。

　　Inthefirstplace，ineverylistofintervalsexperimentedwiththerewillbefoundwhatVierordtcallsan’INDIFFERENCE-POINT；’thatistosay，anintervalwhichwejudgewithmaximumaccuracy，atimewhichwetendtoestimateasneitherlongerorshorterthanitreallyis，andawayfromwhich，[p。617]inbothdirections，errorsincreasetheirsize。[19]

　　Thistimevariesfromoneobservertoanother，butitsaverageisremarkablyconstant，asthefollowingtableshows。[20]

　　Thetimes，notedbytheear，andtheaverageindifference-pointsgiveninsecondswere，for——Wundt[21]……0。72

　　Kollert[22]……0。75

　　Estelprobably……0。75

　　Mehner……0。71

　　Stevens[23]……0。71

　　Mach[24]……0。35

　　Buccolaabout[25]……0。40Theoddthingaboutthesefiguresistherecurrencetheyshowinsomanymenofaboutthreefourthsofasecond，[p。618]astheintervaloftimemosteasytocatchandreproduce。Odderstill，bothEstelandMehnerfoundthatmultiplesofthistimeweremoreaccuratelyreproducedthanthetime-intervalsofintermediarylength；[26]andGlassfoundacertainperiodicity，withtheconstantincrementof1。25sec。，inhisobservations。

　　Therewouldseemthustoexistsomethinglikeaperiodicorrhythmicsharpeningofourtime-sense，ofwhichtheperioddifferssomewhatfromoneobservertothenext。

　　Oursenseoftime，likeothersenses，seemssubjecttothelawofcontrast。ItappearedprettyplainlyinEstel’sobservationsthatanintervalsoundedshorterifalongonehadimmediatelyprecededit，andlongerwhentheoppositewasthecase。

　　Likeothersenses，too，oursenseoftimeissharpenedbypractice。

　　Mehnerascribesalmostallthediscrepanciesbetweenotherobserversandhimselftothiscausealone。[27]

　　Tracksoftimefilledwithclicksofsoundseemlongerthanvacantonesofthesameduration，whenthelatterdoesnotexceedasecondortwo。[28]This，whichremindsoneofwhathappenswithspacesseenbytheeye，becomesreversedwhenlongertimesaretaken。Itis，perhaps，inaccordancewiththislawthataloudsound，limitingashortintervaloftime，makesitappearlonger，aslightsoundshorter。

　　Incomparingintervalsmarkedoutbysounds，wemusttakecaretokeepthesoundsuniform。[29]

　　Thereisacertainemotionalfeelingaccompanyingtheintervalsoftime，asiswellknowninmusic。Thesenseofhastegoeswithonemeasureofrapidity，thatofdelaywithanother；andthesetwofeelingsharmonizewithdifferentmentalmoods。Vierordtlistenedtoseriesofstrokesperformedbyametronomeatratesvaryingfrom40to200a[p。

　　619]minute，andfoundthattheyverynaturallyfellintosevencategories，from’veryslow’to’veryfast。’[30]Eachcategoryoffeelingincludedtheintervalsfollowingeachotherwithinacertainrangeofspeed，andnoothers。Thisisaqualitative，notaquantitativejudgment——an&aelig；stheticjudgment，infact。Themiddlecategory，ofspeedthatwasneutral，or，ashecallsit，’adequate，’containedintervalsthatweregroupedabout0。62second，andVierordtsaysthatthismadewhatonemightalmostcallanagreeabletime。[31]

　　Thefeelingoftimeandaccentinmusic，ofrhythm，isquiteindependentofthatofmelody。Tuneswithmarkedrhythmcanbereadilyrecognizedwhensimplydrummedonthetablewiththefinger-tips。WEHAVENOSENSEFOREMPTYTIME。

　　Althoughsubdividingthetimebybeatsofsensationaidsouraccurateknowledgeoftheamountofitthatelapses，suchsubdivisiondoesnotseematthefirstglanceessentialtoourperceptionofitsflow。Letonesitwithclosedeyesand，abstractingentirelyfromtheouterworld，attendexclusivelytothepassageoftime，likeonewhowakes，asthepoetsays，\"toheartimeflowinginthemiddleofthenight，andallthingsmovingtoadayofdoom。\"Thereseemsundersuchcircumstancesasthesenovarietyinthematerialcontentofourthought，andwhatwenoticeappears，ifanything，tobethepureseriesofdurationsbudding，asitwere，andgrowingbeneathourindrawngaze。Isthisreallysoornot？Thequestionisimportant，for，iftheexperiencebewhatitroughlyseems，wehaveasortofspecialsenseforpuretime——asensetowhichemptydurationisanadequatestimulus；

　　whileifitbeanillusion，itmustbethatourperceptionoftime’sflight，intheexperiencesquoted，isduetothefillingofthetime，andtoourmemoryofacontentwhichithadamomentprevious，andwhichwefeeltoagreeordisagreewithitscontentnow。

　　Ittakesbutasmallexertionofintrospectiontoshow[p。620]thatthelatteralternativeisthetrueone，andthatwecannomoreintuitadurationthanwecanintuitanextension，devoidofallsensiblecontent。Justaswithclosedeyesweperceiveadarkvisualfieldinwhichacurdlingplayofobscurestluminosityisalwaysgoingon；so，beweneversoabstractedfromdistinctoutwardimpressions，wearealwaysinwardlyimmersedinwhatWundthassomewherecalledthetwilightofourgeneralconsciousness。Ourheart-beats，ourbreathing，thepulsesofourattention，fragmentsofwordsorsentencesthatpassthroughourimagination，arewhatpeoplethisdimhabitat。Now，alltheseprocessesarerhythmical，andareapprehendedbyus，astheyoccur，intheirtotality；thebreathingandpulsesofattention，ascoherentsuccessions，eachwithitsriseandfall；theheart-beatssimilarly，onlyrelativelyfarmorebrief；thewordsnotseparately，butinconnectedgroups。Inshort，emptyourmindsaswemay，someformofchangingprocessremainsforustofeel，andcannotbeexpelled。Andalongwiththesenseoftheprocessanditsrhythmgoesthesenseofthelengthoftimeitlasts。Awarenessofchangeisthustheconditiononwhichourperceptionoftime’sflowdepends；butthereexistsnoreasontosupposethatemptytime’sownchangesaresufficientfortheawarenessofchangetobearoused。Thechangemustbeofsomeconcretesort——anoutwardorinwardsensibleseries，oraprocessofattentionorvolition。[32]

　　[p。621]Andhereagainwehaveananalogywithspace。Theearliestformofdistinctspace-perceptionisundoubtedlythatofamovementoversomeoneofoursensitivesurfaces，andthismovementisoriginallygivenasasimplewholeoffeeling，andisonlydecomposedintoitselements——successivepositionssuccessivelyoccupiedbythemovingbody——whenoureducationindiscriminationismuchadvanced。[p。622]Butamovementisachange，aprocess；soweseethatinthetime-worldandthespace-worldalikethefirstknownthingsarenotelements，butcombinations，notseparateunits，butwholesalreadyformed。Theconditionofbeingofthewholesmaybetheelements；buttheconditionofourknowingtheelementsisourhavingalreadyfeltthewholesaswholes。

　　Intheexperienceofwatchingemptytimeflow——’empty’tobetakenhereafterintherelativesensejustsetforth——wetellitoffinpulses。

　　Wesay’now！now！now！’orwecount’more！more！more！’aswefeelitbud。

　　Thiscompositionoutofunitsofdurationiscalledthelawoftime’sdiscreteflow。Thediscretenessis，however，merelyduetothefactthatoursuccessiveactsofrecognitionorapperceptionofwhatitisarediscrete。Thesensationisascontinuousasanysensationcanbe。Allcontinuoussensationsarenamedinbeats。Wenoticethatacertainfinite’more’ofthemispassingoralreadypast。ToadoptHodgson’simage，thesensationisthemeasuring-tape，theperceptionthedividing-enginewhichstampsitslength。Aswelistentoasteadysound，wetakeitinindiscretepulsesofrecognition，callingitsuccessively’thesame！thesame！thesame！’Thecasestandsnootherwisewithtime。

　　Afterasmallnumberofbeatsourimpressionoftheamountwehavetoldoffbecomesquitevague。Ouronlywayofknowingitaccuratelyisbycounting，ornoticingtheclock，orthroughsomeothersymbolicconception。[33]Whenthetimesexceedhoursordays，theconceptionisabsolutelysymbolic。

　　Wethinkoftheamountwemeaneithersolelyasaname，orbyrunningoverafewsalientdatestherein，withnopretenceofimaginingthefulldurationsthatliebetweenthem。Noonehasanythinglikeaperceptionofthegreaterlengthofthetimebetweennowandthefirstcenturythanofthatbetweennowandthetenth。Toanhistorian，[p。623]itistrue，thelongerintervalwillsuggestahostofadditionaldatesandevents，andsoappearamoremultitudinousthing。Andforthesamereasonmostpeoplewillthinktheydirectlyperceivethelengthofthepastfortnighttoexceedthatofthepastweek。Butthereisproperlynocomparativetimeintuitioninthesecasesatall。Itisbutdatesandevents，representingtime；theirabundancesymbolizingitslength。Iamsurethatthisisso，evenwherethetimescomparedarenomorethananhourorsoinlength。ItisthesamewithSpacesofmanymiles，whichwealwayscomparewitheachotherbythenumberswhichmeasurethem。[34]

　　[p。624]Fromthiswepassnaturallytospeakofcertainfamiliarvariationsinourestimationoflengthsoftime。Ingeneral，atimefilledwithvariedandinterestingexperiencesseemsshortinpassing，butlongaswelookback。Ontheotherhand，atractoftimeemptyofexperiencesseemslonginpassing，butinretrospectshort。Aweekoftravelandsight-seeingmaysubtendananglemorelikethreeweeksinthememory；

　　andamonthofsicknesshardlyyieldsmorememoriesthanaday。Thelengthinretrospectdependsobviouslyonthemultitudinousnessofthememorieswhichthetimeaffords。Manyobjects，events，changes，manysubdivisions，immediatelywidentheviewaswelookback。Emptiness，monotony，familiarity，makeitshrivelup。InVonHoltei’s’Vagabonds’oneAntonisdescribedasrevisitinghisnativevillage。

　　\"Sevenyears，\"heexclaims，\"sevenyearssinceIranaway！Morelikeseventyitseems，somuchhashappened。Icannotthinkofitallwithoutbecomingdizzy——atanyratenotnow。Andyetagain，whenIlookatthevillage，atthechurch-tower，itseemsasifIcouldhardlyhavebeensevendaysaway。\"

　　Prof。Lazarus[35]fromwhomIborrowthisquotation，thusexplainsbothofthesecontrastedillusionsbyourprincipleoftheawakenedmemoriesbeingmultitudinousorfew:

　　\"Thecircleofexperiences，widelyextended，richinvariety，whichhehadinviewonthedayofhisleavingthevillagerisesnowinhismindasitsimageliesbeforehim。Andwithit——inrapidsuccessionandviolentmotion，notinchronologicorder，orfromchronologicmotives，butsuggestingeachotherbyallsortsofconnections——arisemassiveimagesofallhisrichvagabondageandrovinglife。Theyrollandwaveconfusedlytogether，firstperhapsonefromthefirstyear，thenfromthesixth，soonfromthesecond，againfromthefifth，the[p。625]first，etc。，untilitseemsasifseventyyearsmusthavebeenthere，andhereelswiththefulnessofhisvision……Thentheinnereyeturnsawayfromallthispast。

　　Theouteroneturnstothevillage，especiallytothechurch-tower。Thesightofitcallsbacktheoldsightofit，sothattheconsciousnessisfilledwiththatalone，oralmostalone。Theonevisioncomparesitselfwiththeother，andlookssonear，sounchanged，thatitseemsasifonlyaweekoftimecouldhavecomebetween。\"

　　Thesamespaceoftimeseemsshorteraswegrowolder——thatis，thedays，themonths，andtheyearsdoso；whetherthehoursdosoisdoubtful，andtheminutesandsecondstoallappearanceremainaboutthesame。

　　\"Whoevercountsmanylustrainhismemoryneedonlyquestionhimselftofindthatthelastofthese，thepastfiveyears，havespedmuchmorequicklythantheprecedingperiodsofequalamount。Letanyonerememberhislasteightortenschoolyears:itisthespaceofacentury。Comparewiththemthelasteightortenyearsoflife:itisthespaceofanhour。\"

　　SowritesProf。PaulJanet，[36]andgivesasolutionwhichcanhardlybesaidtodiminishthemystery。Thereisalaw，hesays，bywhichtheapparentlengthofanintervalatagivenepochofaman’slifeisproportionaltothetotallengthofthelifeitself。Achildof10feelsayearas1/10

　　ofhiswholelife——amanof50as1/50，thewholelifemeanwhileapparentlypreservingaconstantlength。Thisformularoughlyexpressesthephenomena，itistrue，butcannotpossiblybeanelementarypsychiclaw；anditiscertainthat，ingreatpartatleast，theforeshorteningoftheyearsaswegrowolderisduetothemonotonyofmemory’scontent，andtheconsequentsimplificationofthebackward-glancingview。Inyouthwemayhaveanabsolutelynewexperience，subjectiveorobjective，everyhouroftheday。Apprehensionisvivid，retentivenessstrong，andourrecollectionsofthattime，likethoseofatimespentinrapidandinterestingtravel，areofsomethingintricate，multitudinous，andlong-drawn-out。Butaseachpassingyearconvertssomeofthisexperienceintoautomaticroutinewhichwehardlynoteatall，thedaysandtheweekssmooththemselvesoutinrecollectiontocontentlessunits，andtheyearsgrowhollowandcollapse。

　　[p。626]Somuchfortheapparentshorteningoftractsoftimeinretrospect。

　　Theyshorteninpassingwheneverwearesofullyoccupiedwiththeircontentasnottonotetheactualtimeitself。Adayfullofexcitement，withnopause，issaidtopass’ereweknowit。’Onthecontrary，adayfullofwaiting，ofunsatisfieddesireforchange，willseemasmalleternity。T&aelig；dium，ennui，Langweile，boredom，arewordsforwhich，probably，everylanguageknowntomanhasitsequivalent。

　　Itcomesaboutwhenever，fromtherelativeemptinessofcontentofatractoftime，wegrowattentivetothepassageofthetimeitself。Expecting，andbeingreadyfor，anewimpressiontosucceed；whenitfailstocome，wegetanemptytimeinsteadofit；andsuchexperiences，ceaselesslyrenewed，makeusmostformidablyawareoftheextentofthemeretimeitself。[37]

　　Closeyoureyesandsimplywaittohearsomebodytellyouthataminutehaselapsed。Thefulllengthofyourleisurewithitseemsincredible。

　　Youengulfyourselfintoitsbowelsasintothoseofthatinterminablefirstweekofanoceanvoyage，andfindyourselfwonderingthathistorycanhaveovercomemanysuchperiodsinitscourse。Allbecauseyouattendsocloselytothemerefeelingofthetimeperse，andbecauseyourattentiontothatissusceptibleofsuchfine-grainedsuccessivesubdivision。

　　Theodiousnessofthewholeexperiencecomesfromitsinsipidity；

　　forstimulationistheindispensablerequisiteforpleasureinanexperience，andthefeelingofbaretimeistheleaststimulatingexperiencewecanhave。[38]Thesensationoft&aelig；diumisaprotest，saysVolkmann，againsttheentirepresent。

　　[p。627]Exactlyparallelvariationsoccurinourconsciousnessofspace。

　　Aroadwewalkbackover，hopingtofindateachstepanobjectwehavedropped，seemstouslongerthanwhenwewalkedoverittheotherway。

　　Aspacewemeasurebypacingappearslongerthanonewetraversewithnothoughtofitslength。Andingeneralanamountofspaceattendedtoinitselfleaveswithusmoreimpressionofspaciousnessthanoneofwhichweonlynotethecontent。[39]

　　Idonotsaythateverythinginthesefluctuationsofestimatecanbeaccountedforbythetime’scontentbeingcrowdedandinteresting，orsimpleandtame。Bothintheshorteningoftimebyoldageandinitslengtheningbyennuisomedeepercausemaybeatwork。Thiscausecanonlybeascertained，ifitexist，byfindingoutwhyweperceivetimeatall。Tothisinquiryletus，thoughwithoutmuchhope，proceed。THEFEELINGOFPASTTIMEISAPRESENTFEELING。

　　Ifaskedwhyweperceivethelightofthesun，orthesoundofanexplosion，wereply，\"Becausecertainouterforces，ether-wavesorair-waves，smiteuponthebrain，awakeningthereinchanges，towhichtheconsciousperceptions，lightandsound，respond。\"Butwehastentoaddthatneitherlightnorsoundcopyormirrortheether-orair-waves；theyrepresentthemonlysymbolically。Theonlycase，saysHelmholtz，inwhichsuchcopyingoccurs，andinwhich[p。628]

　　\"ourperceptionscantrulycorrespondwithouterreality，isthatofthetime-successionofphenomena。Simultaneity，succession，andtheregularreturnofsimultaneityorsuccession，canobtainaswellinsensationsasinouterevents。Events，likeourperceptionsofthem，takeplaceintime，sothatthetime-relationsofthelattercanfurnishatruecopyofthoseoftheformer。Thesensationofthethunderfollowsthesensationofthelightningjustasthesonorousconvulsingoftheairbytheelectricdischargereachestheobserver’splacelaterthanthatoftheluminiferousether。\"[40]

　　Oneexperiencesanalmostinstinctiveimpulse，inpursuingsuchreflectionsasthese，tofollowthemtoasortofcrudespeculativeconclusion，andtothinkthathehasatlastgotthemysteryofcognitionwhere，touseavulgarphrase，’thewoolisshort。’Whatmorenatural，wesay，thanthatthesequencesanddurationsofthingsshouldbecomeknown？Thesuccessionoftheouterforcesstampsitselfasalikesuccessionuponthebrain。

　　Thebrain’ssuccessivechangesarecopiedexactlybycorrespondinglysuccessivepulsesofthementalstream。Thementalstream，feelingitself，mustfeelthetime-relationsofitsownstates。Butasthesearecopiesoftheoutwardtime-relations，somustitknowthemtoo。Thatistosay，theselattertime-relationsarousetheirowncognition；or，inotherwords，themereexistenceoftimeinthosechangesoutofthemindwhichaffectthemindisasufficientcausewhytimeisperceivedbythemind。

　　Thisphilosophyisunfortunatelytoocrude。Eventhoughweweretoconceivetheoutersuccessionsasforcesstampingtheirimageonthebrain，andthebrain’ssuccessionsasforcesstampingtheirimageonthemind，[41]still，betweenthemind’sownchangesbeingsuccessive，andknowingtheirownsuccession，liesasbroadachasmasbetweentheobjectandsubjectofanycaseofcognitionintheworld。Asuccessionoffeelings，inandofitself，isnotafeelingofsuccession。Andsince，tooursuccessivefeelings，afeelingoftheirownsuccessionisadded，thatmustbetreatedasan[p。629]additionalfactrequiringitsownspecialelucidation，whichthistalkaboutoutertime-relationsstampingcopiesofthemselveswithin，leavesalluntouched。

　　Ihaveshown，attheoutsetofthearticle，thatwhatispast，tobeknownaspast，mustbeknownwithwhatispresent，andduringthe’present’spotoftime。Astheclearunderstandingofthispointhassomeimportance，letme，attheriskofrepetition，recurtoitagain。

　　Volkmannhasexpressedthematteradmirably，asfollows:

　　\"Onemightbetemptedtoanswerthequestionoftheoriginofthetime-ideabysimplypointingtothetrainofideas，whosevariousmembers，startingfromthefirst，successivelyattaintofullclearness。Butagainstthisitmustbeobjectedthatthesuccessiveideasarenotyettheideaofsuccession，becausesuccessioninthoughtisnotthethoughtofsuccession。

　　IfideaAfollowsideaB，consciousnesssimplyexchangesoneforanother。

　　ThatBcomesafterAisforourconsciousnessanon-existentfact；

　　forthisafterisgivenneitherinBnorinA；andnothirdideahasbeensupposed。ThethinkingofthesequenceofBuponAisanotherkindofthinkingfromthatwhichbroughtforthAandthenbroughtforthB；andthisfirstkindofthinkingisabsentsolongasmerelythethinkingofAandthethinkingofBarethere。Inshort，whenwelookatthemattersharply，wecometothisantithesis，thatifAandBaretoberepresentedasoccurringinsuccessiontheymustbesimultaneouslyrepresented；

　　ifwearetothinkofthemasoneaftertheother，wemustthinkthembothatonce。\"[42]

　　Ifwerepresenttheactualtime-streamofourthinkingbyanhorizontalline，thethoughtofthestreamorofanysegmentofitslength，past，present，ortocome，mightbefiguredinaperpendicularraiseduponthehorizontalatacertainpoint。Thelengthofthisperpendicularstandsforacertainobjectorcontent，whichinthiscaseisthetimethoughtof，andallofwhichisthoughtoftogetherattheactualmomentofthestreamuponwhichtheperpendicularisraised。Mr。JamesWardputsthematterverywellinhismasterlyarticle’Psychology’inthenintheditionoftheEncyclop&aelig；diaBritannica，page64。Hesays:

　　\"Wemay，ifwerepresentsuccessionasaline，representsimultaneityasasecondlineatrightanglestothefirst；emptytime——ortime-lengthwithouttime-breadth，wemaysay——isamereabstraction。Now，itiswiththeformerlinethatwehavetodointreatingoftime[p。630]asitis，andwiththelatterintreatingofourintuitionoftime，where，justasinaperspectiverepresentationofdistance，weareconfinedtolinesinaplaneatrightanglestotheactuallineofdepth。Inasuccessionofevents，sayofsense-impressions，ABCDE……，thepresenceofBmeanstheabsenceofAandC，butthepresentationofthissuccessioninvolvesthesimultaneouspresenceinsomemodeorotheroftwoormoreofthepresentationsABCD。Inreality，past，present，andfuturearedifferencesintime，butinpresentationallthatcorrespondstothesedifferencesisinconsciousnesssimultaneously。\"

　　Thereisthusasortofperspectiveprojectionofpastobjectsuponpresentconsciousness，similartothatofwidelandscapesuponacamera-screen。

　　Andsincewesawawhileagothatourmaximumdistinctintuitionofdurationhardlycoversmorethanadozensecondswhileourmaximumvagueintuitionisprobablynotmorethanthatofaminuteorso，wemustsupposethatthisamountofdurationispicturedfairlysteadilyineachpassinginstantofconsciousnessbyvirtueofsomefairlyconstantfeatureinthebrain-processtowhichtheconsciousnessistied。Thisfeatureofthebrain-process，whateveritbe，mustbethecauseofourperceivingthefactoftimeatall。[43]Thedurationthussteadilyperceivedishardlymorethanthe’speciouspresent，’asitwascalledafewpagesback。Itscontentisinaconstantflux，eventsdawningintoitsforwardendasfastastheyfadeoutofitsrearwardone，andeachofthemchangingitstime-coefficientfrom’notyet，’or’notquiteyet，’to’justgone’or’gone，’asitpassesby。Meanwhile，thespeciouspresent，theintuitedduration，standspermanent，liketherainbowonthewaterfall，withitsownqualityunchangedbytheeventsthatstreamthroughit。Eachofthese，asitslipsout，retainsthepowerofbeingreproduced；

　　andwhenreproduced，isreproducedwiththedurationandneighborswhichitoriginallyhad。Pleaseobserve，however，thatthereproductionofanevent，afterithasoncecompletelydroppedoutoftherearwardendofthespeciouspresent，isanentirelydifferentpsychicfactfromitsdirectperceptioninthespeciouspresentasathingimmediatelypast。

　　Acreaturemightbeentirelydevoidofreproductivememory，andyethavethetime-sense；butthe[p。631]latterwouldbelimited，inhiscase，tothefewsecondsimmediatelypassingby。Timeolderthanthathewouldneverrecall。Iassumereproductioninthetext，becauseIamspeakingofhumanbeingswhonotoriouslypossessit。Thusmemorygetsstrewnwithdatedthings——datedinthesenseofbeingbeforeoraftereachother。[44]Thedateofathingisamererelationofbeforeorafterthepresentthingorsomepastorfuturething。Somethingswedatesimplybymentallytossingthemintothepastorfuturedirection。

　　SoinspacewethinkofEnglandassimplytotheeastward，ofCharlestonaslyingsouth。But，again，wemaydateaneventexactly，byfittingitbetweentwotermsofapastorfutureseriesexplicitlyconceived，justaswemayaccuratelythinkofEnglandorCharlestonbeingjustsomanymilesaway。[45]

　　Thethingsandeventsthusvaguelyorexactlydatedbecomethenceforwardthosesignsandsymbolsoflongertime-spaces，ofwhichwepreviouslyspoke。

　　Accordingaswethinkofamultitudeofthem，oroffew，soweimaginethetimetheyrepresenttobelongorshort。Buttheoriginalparagonandprototypeofallconceivedtimesisthespeciouspresent，theshortdurationofwhichweareimmediatelyandincessantlysensible。[p。632]TOWHATCEREBRALPROCESSISTHESENSEOFTIMEDUE？

　　Now，towhatelementinthebrain-processmaythissensibilitybedue？Itcannot，aswehaveseen，beduetothemeredurationitselfoftheprocess；itmustbeduetoanelementpresentateverymomentoftheprocess，andthiselementmustbearthesameinscrutablesortofrelationtoitscorrelativefeelingwhichallotherelementsofneuralactivitybeartotheirpsychicproducts，bethelatterwhattheymay。Severalsuggestionshavebeenmadeastowhattheelementisinthecaseoftime。

　　Treatingoftheminanote，[46]Iwilltrytoexpressbrieflytheonlyconclusionwhich[p。633]seemstoemergefromastudyofthemandofthefacts——unripethoughthatconclusionbe。

　　[p。634]Thephenomenaof’summationofstimuli’inthenervoussystemprovethateachstimulusleavessomelatentactivity[p。635]behinditwhichonlygraduallypassesaway。Seeabove，pp。82-85。Psychologicalproofofthesamefactisaffordedbythose’after-images’whichweperceivewhenasensorialstimulusisgone。Wemayreadoffpeculiaritiesinanafter-image，leftbyanobjectontheeye，whichwefailedtonoteintheoriginal。Wemay’harkback’andtakeinthemeaningofasoundseveralsecondsafterithasceased。Delayforaminute，however，andtheechoitselfoftheclockorthequestionismute；presentsensationshavebanisheditbeyondrecall。Withthefeelingofthepresentthingtheremustatalltimesminglethefadingechoofallthoseotherthingswhichthepreviousfewsecondshavesupplied。Or，tostateitinneuralterms，thereisateverymomentacumulationofbrain-processesoverlappingeachother，ofwhichthefainteronesarethedyingphasesofprocesseswhichbutshortlypreviouswereactiveinamaximaldegree。TheAMOUNTOFTHEOVERLAPPINGdeterminesthefeelingoftheDURATIONOCCUPIED。WHATEVENTSshallappeartooccupythedurationdependsonjustWHATPROCESSEStheoverlappingprocessesare。Weknowsolittleoftheintimatenatureofthebrain’sactivitythatevenwhereasensationmonotonouslyendures，wecannotsaythattheearliermomentsofitdo[p。636]notleavefadingprocessesbehindwhichcoexistwiththoseofthepresentmoment。Durationandeventstogetherformourintuitionofthespeciouspresentwithitscontent。[47]Whysuchanintuitionshouldresultfromsuchacombinationofbrain-processesIdonotpretendtosay。AllIaimatistostatethemostelementalformofthepsycho-physicalconjunction。

　　Ihaveassumedthatthebrain-processesaresensationalones。ProcessesofactiveattentionseeMr。Ward’saccountinthelongfoot-notewillleavesimilarfadingbrain-processesbehind。Ifthementalprocessesareconceptual，acomplicationisintroducedofwhichIwillinamomentspeak。

　　Meanwhile，stillspeakingofsensationalprocesses，aremarkofWundt’swillthrowadditionallightontheaccountIgive。Asisknown，Wundtandothershaveprovedthateveryactofperceptionofasensorialstimulustakesanappreciabletime。Whentwodifferentstimuli——e。g。asightandasound——aregivenatonceornearlyatonce，wehavedifficultyinattendingtoboth，andmaywronglyjudgetheirinterval，oreveninverttheirorder。

　　Now，astheresultofhisexperimentsonsuchstimuli，Wundtlaysdownthislaw:[48]thatofthethreepossibledeterminationswemaymakeoftheirorder——

　　\"namely，simultaneity，continuoustransition，anddiscontinuoustransition——onlythefirstandlastarerealized，neverthesecond。Invariably，whenwefailtoperceivetheimpressionsassimultaneous，wenoticeashorterorlongeremptytimebetweenthem，whichseemstocorrespondtothesinkingofoneoftheideasandtotheriseoftheother……Forourattentionmayshareitselfequallybetweenthetwoimpressions，whichwillthencomposeonetotalpercept[andbesimultaneouslyfelt]；oritmaybesoadaptedtooneeventastocause[p。637]ittobeperceivedimmediately，andthenthesecondeventcanbeperceivedonlyafteracertaintimeoflatency，duringwhichtheattentionreachesitseffectivemaximumforitanddiminishesforthefirstevent。Inthiscasetheeventsareperceivedastwo，andinsuccessiveorder——thatis，asseparatedbyatime-intervalinwhichattentionisnotsufficientlyaccommodatedtoeithertobringadistinctperceptionabout……Whilewearehurryingfromonetotheother，everythingbetweenthemvanishesinthetwilightofgeneralconsciousness。\"[49]

　　Onemightcallthisthelawofdiscontinuoussuccessionintime，ofperceptstowhichwecannoteasilyattendatonce。Eachperceptthenrequiresaseparatebrain-process；andwhenonebrain-processisatitsmaximum，theotherwouldappearperforcetobeineitherawaningorawaxingphase。Ifourtheoryofthetime-feelingbetrue，emptytimemustthensubjectivelyappeartoseparatethetwopercepts，nomatterhowclosetogethertheymayobjectivelybe；for，accordingtothattheory，thefeelingofatime-durationistheimmediateeffectofsuchanoverlappingofbrain-pro-

　　[p。638]cessesofdifferentphase——whereverandfromwhatevercauseitmayoccur。

　　Topass，now，toconceptualprocesses:SupposeIthinkoftheCreation，thenoftheChristianera，thenofthebattleofWaterloo，allwithinafewseconds。Thesemattershavetheirdatesfaroutsidethespeciouspresent。

　　TheprocessesbywhichIthinkthem，however，alloverlap。Whatevents，then，doesthespeciouspresentseemtocontain？Simplymysuccessiveactsofthinkingtheselong-pastthings，notthelong-pastthingsthemselves。Astheinstantly-presentthoughtmaybeofalong-pastthing，sothejust-pastthoughtmaybeofanotherlong-pastthing。Whenalong-pasteventisreproducedinmemoryandconceivedwithitsdate，thereproductionandconceivingtraversethespeciouspresent。Theimmediatecontentofthelatteristhusallmydirectexperiences，whethersubjectiveorobjective。Someofthesemeanwhilemayberepresentativeofotherexperiencesindefinitelyremote。

　　Thenumberofthesedirectexperienceswhichthespeciouspresentandimmediately-intuitedpastmayembracemeasurestheextentofour’primary，’

　　asExnercallsit，or，asRichetcallsit，ofour’elementary’memory。[50]

　　Thesensationresultantfromtheoverlappingisthatofthedurationwhichtheexperiencesseemtofill。Asisthenumberofanylargersetofeventstothatoftheseexperiences，sowesupposeisthelengthofthatdurationtothisduration。Butofthelongerdurationwehavenodirect’realizingsense。’Thevariationsinourappreciationofthesameamountofrealtimemaypossiblybeexplainedbyalterationsintherateoffadingintheimages，producingchangesinthecomplicationofsuperposedprocesses，towhichchangeschangedstatesofconsciousnessmaycorrespond。Buthoweverlongwemayconceiveaspaceoftimetobe，theobjectiveamountofitwhichisdirectlyperceivedatanyonemomentbyuscanneverexceedthescopeofour’primarymemory’atthemomentinquestion。[51]

　　[p。639]Wehaveeveryreasontothinkthatcreaturesmaypossiblydifferenormouslyintheamountsofdurationwhichtheyintuitivelyfeel，andinthefinenessoftheeventsthatmayfillit。VonB&aelig；rhasindulged[52]

　　insomeinterestingcomputationsoftheeffectofsuchdifferencesinchangingtheaspectofNature。Supposewewereable，withinthelengthofasecond，tonote10，000eventsdistinctly，insteadofbarely10，asnow；ifourlifewerethendestinedtoholdthesamenumberofimpressions，itmightbe1000timesasshort。Weshouldlivelessthanamonth，andpersonallyknownothingofthechangeofseasons。Ifborninwinter，weshouldbelieveinsummeraswenowbelieveintheheatsoftheCarboniferousera。Themotionsoforganicbeingswouldbesoslowtooursensesastobeinferred，notseen。Thesunwouldstandstillinthesky，themoonbealmostfreefromchange，andsoon。Butnowreversethehypothesisandsupposeabeingtogetonlyone1000thpartofthesensationsthatwegetinagiventime，andconsequentlytolive1000timesaslong。Wintersandsummerswillbetohimlikequartersofanhour。Mushroomsandtheswifter-growingplantswillshootintobeingsorapidlyastoappearinstantaneouscreations；

　　annualshrubswillriseandfallfromtheearthlikerestlesslyboiling-watersprings；themotionsofanimalswillbeasinvisibleasaretousthemovementsofbulletsandcannon-balls；thesunwillscourthroughtheskylikeameteor，leavingafierytrailbehindhim，etc。Thatsuchimaginarycasesbarringthesuperhumanlongevitymayberealizedsomewhereintheanimalkingdom，itwouldberashtodeny。

　　\"Agnat’swings，\"saysMrSpencer，[53]\"maketenorfifteenthousandstrokesasecond。Eachstrokeimpliesaseparatenervousaction。Eachsuchnervousactionorchangeinanervouscentreisprobablyasappreciablebythegnatasisaquickmovementofhisarmbyaman。Andifthis，oranythinglikethis，isthefact，thenthetimeoccupiedbyagivenexternalchange，measuredbymanymovementsintheonecase，mustseemmuchlongerthanintheothercase，whenmeasuredbyonemovement。\"

　　Inhashish-intoxicationthereisacuriousincreaseintheapparenttime-perspective。Weutterasentence，andere[p。640]theendisreachedthebeginningseemsalreadytodatefromindefinitelylongago。Weenterashortstreet，anditisasifweshouldnevergettotheendofit。ThisalterationmightconceivablyresultfromanapproachtotheconditionofVonB&aelig；r’sandSpencer’sshort-livedbeings。Ifourdiscriminationofsuccessionsbecamefiner-grained，sothatwenotedtenstagesinaprocesswherepreviouslyweonlynotedone；andifatthesametimetheprocessesfadedtentimesasfastasbefore；wemighthaveaspeciouspresentofthesamesubjectivelengthasnow，givingusthesametime-feelingandcontainingasmanydistinguishablesuccessiveevents，butoutfromtheearlierendofitwouldhavedroopedninetenthsoftherealeventsitnowcontains。Theywouldhavefallenintothegeneralreservoirofmerelydatedmemories，reproducibleatwill。Thebeginningofoursentenceswouldhavetobeexpresslyrecalled；eachwordwouldappeartopassthroughconsciousnessatatenthofitsusualspeed。Theconditionwould，inshort，beexactlyanalogoustotheenlargementofspacebyamicroscope；fewerrealthingsatonceintheimmediatefieldofview，buteachofthemtakingupmorethanitsnormalroom，andmakingtheexcludedonesseemunnaturallyfaraway。

　　Underotherconditions，processesseemtofaderapidlywithoutthecompensatingincreaseinthesubdivisibilityofsuccessions。Heretheapparentlengthofthespeciouspresentcontracts。Consciousnessdwindlestoapoint，andlosesallintuitivesenseofthewhenceandwhitherofitspath。Expressactsofmemoryreplacerapidbird’s-eyeviews。Inmyowncase，somethinglikethisoccursinextremefatigue。Longillnessesproduceit。Occasionally，itappearstoaccompanyaphasia。[54]Itwouldbevaintoseek[p。641]

　　toimaginetheexactbrain-changeinanyofthesecases。Butwemustadmitthepossibilitythattosomeextentthevariationsoftime-estimatebetweenyouthandage，andexcitementandennui，areduetosuchcauses，moreimmediatethantotheoneweassignedsometimeago。

　　Butwhetherourfeelingofthetimewhichimmediately-past[55]eventshavefilledbeofsomethinglongorofsomethingshort，itisnotwhatitisbecausethoseeventsarepast，butbecausetheyhaveleftbehindthemprocesseswhicharepresent。Tothoseprocesses，howevercaused，themindwouldstillrespondbyfeelingaspeciouspresent，withonepartofitjustvanishingorvanishedintothepast。AstheCreatorissupposedtohavemadeAdamwithanavel——signofabirthwhichneveroccurred——soHemightinstantaneouslymakeamanwithabraininwhichwereprocessesjustlikethe’fading’onesofanordinarybrain。

　　Thefirstrealstimulusaftercreationwouldsetupaprocessadditionaltothese。Theprocesseswouldoverlap；andthenew-createdmanwouldunquestionablyhavethefeeling，attheveryprimalinstantofhislife，ofhavingbeeninexistencealreadysomelittlespaceoftime。

　　[p。642]Letmesumup，now，bysayingthatweareconstantlyconsciousofacertainduration——thespeciouspresent——varyinginlengthfromafewsecondstoprobablynotmorethanaminute，andthatthisdurationwithitscontentperceivedashavingonepartearlierandtheotherpartlateristheoriginalintuitionoftime。Longertimesareconceivedbyadding，shorteronesbydividing，portionsofthisvaguelyboundedunit，andarehabituallythoughtbyussymbolically。Kant’snotionofanintuitionofobjectivetimeasaninfinitenecessarycontinuumhasnothingtosupportit。Thecauseoftheintuitionwhichwereallyhavecannotbethedurationofourbrain-processesorourmentalchanges。Thatdurationisrathertheobjectoftheintuitionwhich，beingrealizedateverymomentofsuchduration，mustbeduetoapermanentlypresentcause。Thiscause——probablythesimultaneouspresenceofbrain-processesofdifferentphase-fluctuates；andhenceacertainrangeofvariationintheamountoftheintuition，andinitssubdivisibility，accrues。

　　Footnotes[1]ThischapterisreprintedalmostverbatimfromtheJournalofSpeculativePhilosophy，vol。XX。p。374。

　　[2]JamesMill，Analysis，vol。I。p。319J。S。Mill’sEdition。

　　[3]\"WhatIfind，whenIlookatconsciousnessatall，is，thatwhatIcannotdivestmyselfof，ornothaveinconsciousness，ifIhaveconsciousnessatall，isasequenceofdifferentfeelings……Thesimultaneousperceptionofbothsub-feelings，whetheraspartsofacoexistenceorofasequence，isthetotalfeeling——theminimumofconsciousness——andthisminimumhasduration……Time-duration，however，isinseparablefromtheminimum，notwithstandingthat，inanisolatedmoment，wecouldnottellwhichpartofitcamefirst，whichlast……Wedonotrequiretoknowthatthesub-feelingscomeinsequence，firstone，thentheother；nortoknowwhatcominginsequencemeans。Butwehave，inanyartificiallyisolatedminimumofconsciousness，therudimentsoftheperceptionofformerandlatterintime，inthesub-feelingthatgrowsfainter，andthesub-feelingthatgrowsstronger，andthechangebetweenthem……

　　\"Inthenextplace，Iremarkthattherudimentsofmemoryareinvolvedintheminimumofconsciousness。Thefirstbeginningsofitappearinthatminimum，justasthefirstbeginningsofperceptiondo。Aseachmemberofthechangeordifferencewhichgoestocomposethatminimumistherudimentofasingleperception，sothepriorityofonemembertotheother，althoughbotharegiventoconsciousnessinoneempiricalpresentmoment，istherudimentofmemory。Thefactthattheminimumofconsciousnessisdifferenceorchangeinfeelings，istheultimateexplanationofmemoryaswellasofsingleperceptions。Aformerandalatterareincludedintheminimumofconsciousness；andthisiswhatismeantbysayingthatallconsciousnessisintheformoftime，orthattimeistheformoffeeling，theformofsensibility。Crudelyandpopularlywedividethecourseoftimeintopast，present，andfuture；but，strictlyspeaking，thereisnopresent；

　　itiscomposedofpastandfuturedividedbyanindivisiblepointorinstant。

　　Thatinstant，ortime-point，isthestrictpresent。Whatwecall，loosely，thepresent，isanempiricalportionofthecourseoftime，containingatleastaminimumofconsciousness，inwhichtheinstantofchangeisthepresenttime-point……Ifwetakethisasthepresenttime-point，itisclearthattheminimumoffeelingcontainstwoportions——asub-feelingthatgoesandasub-feelingthatcomes。Oneisremembered，theotherimagined。

　　Thelimitsofbothareindefiniteatbeginningandendoftheminimum，andreadytomeltintootherminima，proceedingfromotherstimuli。

　　\"Timeandconsciousnessdonotcometousreadymarkedoutintominima；

　　wehavetodothatbyreflection，askingourselves，Whatistheleastempiricalmomentofconsciousness？Thatleastempiricalmomentiswhatweusuallycallthepresentmoment；andeventhisistoominuteforordinaryuse；

　　thepresentmomentisoftenextendedpracticallytoafewseconds，orevenminutes，beyondwhichwespecifywhatlengthoftimewemean，asthepresenthour，orday，oryear，orcentury。

　　\"Butthispopularwayofthinkingimposesitselfongreatnumbersevenofphilosophically-mindedpeople，andtheytalkaboutthepresentasifitwasadatum——asiftimecametousmarkedintopresentperiodslikeameasuring-tape。\"S。H。Hodgson:PhilosophyofReflection，vol。I。pp。248-254。

　　\"Therepresentationoftimeagreeswiththatofspaceinthatacertainamountofitmustbepresentedtogether——includedbetweenitsinitialandterminallimit。Acontinuousideation，flowingfromonepointtoanother，wouldindeedoccupytime，butnotrepresentit，foritwouldexchangeoneelementofsuccessionforanotherinsteadofgraspingthewholesuccessionatonce。Bothpoints——thebeginningandtheend——areequallyessentialtotheconceptionoftime，andmustbepresentwithequalclearnesstogether。\"Herbart:Psychol。alsW。，&amp；sect；115。

　　\"Assumethat……similarpendulum-strokesfolloweachotheratregularintervalsinaconsciousnessotherwisevoid。Whenthefirstoneisover，animageofitremainsinthefancyuntilthesecondsucceeds。This，then，reproducesthefirstbyvirtueofthelawofassociationbysimilarity，butatthesametimemeetswiththeaforesaidpersistingimage……Thusdoesthesimplerepetitionofthesoundprovidealltheelementsoftime-perception。

　　Thefirstsound[asitisrecalledbyassociation]givesthebeginning，thesecondtheend，andthepersistentimageinthefancyrepresentsthelengthoftheinterval。Atthemomentofthesecondimpression，theentiretime-perceptionexistsatonce，forthenallitselementsarepresentedtogether，thesecondsoundandtheimageinthefancyimmediately，andthefirstimpressionbyreproduction。But，inthesameact，weareawareofastateinwhichonlythefirstsoundexisted，andofanotherinwhichonlyitsimageexistedinthefancy。Suchaconsciousnessasthisisthatoftime……Initnosuccessionofideastakesplace。\"Wundt:

　　Physiol。Psych。，1sted。pp。681-2。Noteheretheassumptionthatthepersistenceandthereproductionofanimpressionaretwoprocesseswhichmaygoonsimultaneously。AlsothatWundt’sdescriptionismerelyanattempttoanalyzethe’deliverance’ofatime-perception，andnoexplanationofthemannerinwhichitcomesabout。

　　[4]TheAlternative，p。167。

　　[5]Locke，inhisdimway，derivedthesenseofdurationfromreflectiononthesuccessionofourideasEssay，bookII。chap。XIV。

　　&amp；sect；3；chap。XV。&amp；sect；12。Reidjustlyremarksthatiftensuccessiveelementsaretomakeduration，\"thenonemustmakeduration，otherwisedurationmustbemadeupofpartsthathavenoduration，whichisimpossible……Iconclude，therefore，thattheremustbedurationineverysingleintervalorelementofwhichthewholedurationismadeup。Nothing，indeed，ismorecertainthanthateveryelementarypartofdurationmusthaveduration，aseveryelementarypartofextensionmusthaveextension。Now，itmustbeobservedthatintheseelementsofduration，orsingleintervalsofsuccessiveideas，thereisnosuccessionofideas，yetwemustconceivethemtohaveduration；whencewemayconcludewithcertaintythatthereisaconceptionofdurationwherethereisnosuccessionofideasinthemind。\"IntellectualPowers。essayIII。chap。V。’’Qu’onnecherchepoint，\"saysRoyerCollardintheFragmentsaddedtoJouffroy’sTranslationofReid，\"ladur&eacute；edanslasuccession；

　　onnel’ytrouverajamais；ladur&eacute；eapr&eacute；c&eacute；d&eacute；

　　lasuccession；innotiondeladur&eacute；eapr&eacute；c&eacute；d&eacute；

　　lanotiondelasuccession。Elleenestdonctout-&agrave；faitind&eacute；pendante，dira-t-on？Oui，elleenesttout-&agrave；-faitind&eacute；pendante。\"

　　[6]Physiol。Psych。，\"II。54，55。

　　[7]Ibid。II。213。

　　[8]PhilosophischeStudien，II。362。

　　[9]Countingwasofcoursenotpermitted。Itwouldhavegivenasymbolicconceptandnointuitiveorimmediateperceptionofthetotalityoftheseries。Withcountingwemayofcoursecomparetogetherseriesofanylength——serieswhosebeginningshavefadedfromourmind，andofwhosetotalityweretainnosensibleimpressionatall。Tocountaseriesofclicksisanaltogetherdifferentthingfrommerelyperceivingthemasdiscontinuous。Inthelattercaseweneedonlybeconsciousofthebitsofemptydurationbetweenthem；intheformerwemustperformrapidactsofassociationbetweenthemandasmanynamesofnumbers。

　　[10]EstelinWundt’sPhilosophischeStudien，II。

　　50。Mehner，ibid。II。571。InDietze’sexperimentsevennumbersofstrokeswerebettercaughtthanoddones，bytheear。Therapidityoftheirsequencehadagreatinfluenceontheresult。Atmorethan4secondsapartitwasimpossibletoperceiveseriesofthemasunitsinallcf。Wundt，Physiol。Psych。，II。214。Theyweresimplycountedassomanyindividualstrokes。Below0。21to0。11second，accordingtotheobserver，judgmentagainbecameconfused。Itwasfoundthattherateofsuccessionmostfavorableforgraspinglongserieswaswhenthestrokesweresoundedatintervalsoffrom0。3\"to0。18\"apart。Seriesof4，6，8，16weremoreeasilyidentifiedthanseriesof10，12，14，18。Thelattercouldhardlybeclearlygraspedatall。Amongoddnumbers，3，5，7weretheserieseasiestcaught；next，9，15；hardestofall，11and13；and17wasimpossibletoapprehend。

　　[11]Theexactintervalofthesparkswas0。00205\"。

　　Thedoublenessoftheirsnapwasusuallyreplacedbyasingle-seemingsoundwhenitfellto0。00198\"，thesoundbecominglouderwhenthesparksseemedsimultaneous。Thedifferencebetweenthesetwointervalsisonly7/100000ofasecond；and，asExnerremarks，ourearandbrainmustbewonderfullyefficientorganstogetdistinctfeelingsfromsoslightanobjectivedifferenceasthis。SeePfl&uuml；ger’sArchiv，Bd。XI。

　　[12]Ibid。p。407。Whenthesparksfellsoclosetogetherthattheirirradiation-circlesoverlapped，theyappearedlikeonesparkmovingfromthepositionofthefirsttothatofthesecond；andtheymightthenfolloweachotherascloseas0。015\"withoutthedirectionofthemovementceasingtobeclear。Whenonesparkfellonthecentre，theotheronthemargin，oftheretina，thetime-intervalforsuccessiveapprehensionhadtoberaisedto0。076\"。

　　[13]HallandJastrow:StudiesofRhythm。Mind，XI。

　　58。

　　[14]Nevertheless，multitudinousimpressionsmaybefeltasdiscontinuous，thoughseparatedbyexcessivelyminuteintervalsoftime。Gr&uuml；nhagensaysPfl&uuml；ger’sArchiv，VI。175that10，000

　　electricshocksasecondarefeltasinterrupted，bythetongue！。VonWittichibid。II。329，thatbetween1000and2000strokesasecondarefeltasdiscretebythefinger。W。Preyer，ontheotherhandDieGrenzendesEmpfindungsverm&ouml；gens，etc。，1868，p。15，makescontactsappearcontinuoustothefingerwhen36。8ofthemfollowinasecond。Similarly，MachWienerSitzgsb。，LI。2，142givesabout36。LalanneComptesRendus，LXXXII。p。1314foundsummationoffinger-contactsafter22repetitionsinasecond。Suchdiscrepantfiguresareofdoubtfulworth。Ontheretina20to30impressionsasecondattheveryutmostcanbefeltasdiscretewhentheyfallonthesamespot。Theear，whichbeginstofusestimulitogetherintoamusicaltonewhentheyfollowattherateofalittleover30asecond，canstillfeel132ofthemasecondasdiscontinuouswhentheytaketheshapeof’beats’Helmholtz，Tonempfindungen，3ded。p。270。

　　[15]Pfl&uuml；ger’sArchiv，XI。428。AlsoinHerrmann’sHdbh。d。Physiol。，2Bd。，I。Thl。pp。260-262。

　　[16]Pfl&uuml；ger’sArchiv，VII。639。TigerstedtBihangtillKongl。SvenskaVetenskaps-Akad。Handl。，Bd。8，H&auml；fte2，Stockholm，1884revisesExner’sfigures，andshowsthathisconclusionsareexaggerated。

　　AccordingtoTigerstedt，twoobserversalmostalwaysrightlyappreciated0。05\"or0。06\"ofreaction-timedifference。Halfthetimetheydiditrightlywhenthedifferencesankto0。03\"，thoughfrom0。03\"and0。06\"differenceswereoftennotnoticedatall。BuccolafoundLeLeggedelTemponeiFenomenidelPensiero，Milano，1883，p。371that，aftermuchpracticeinmakingrapidreactionsuponasignal，heestimateddirectly，infigures，hisownreaction-time，in10experiments，withanerroroffrom0。010\"to0。018\"；

　　in6，withoneof0。005\"to0。009\"；inone，withoneof0。002\"；andin3，withoneof0。003\"。

　　[17]\"Mind，XI。611886。

　　[18]Mach，WienerSitzungsb。，LI。2。1331865；Estel，loc。cit。p。65；Mehner，loc。cit。p。586；Buccola，op。cit。p378。Fechnerlaborstoprovethathislawisonlyoverlaidbyotherinterferinglawsinthefiguresrecordedbytheseexperimenters；

　　buthiscaseseemstometobeoneofdesperateinfatuationwithahobby。

　　SeeWundt’sPhilosophischeStudien，III。1。

　　[19]CuriousdiscrepanciesexistbetweentheGermanandtheAmericanobserverswithrespecttothedirectionoftheerrorbelowandabovethepointofindifference——differencesperhapsduetothefatigueinvolvedintheAmericanmethod。TheGermanslengthenedintervalsbelowitandshortenedthoseabove。WithsevenAmericansexperimentedonbyStevensthiswasexactlyreversed。TheGermanmethodwastopassivelylistentotheintervals，thenjudge；theAmericanwastoreproducethemactivelybymovementsofthehand。InMehner’sexperimentstherewasfoundasecondindifference-pointatabout5seconds，beyondwhichtimeswerejudgedagaintoolong。Glass，whoseworkonthesubjectisthelatestPhilos。Studien，IV。423，foundwhencorrectionswereallowedforthatalltimesexcept0。8sec。wereestimatedtooshort。Hefoundaseriesofpointsofgreatestrelativeaccuracyviz。，at1。5，2。5，3。75，5，6。25，etc。，secondsrespectively[]，and[sic]thoughtthathisobservationsroughlycorroboratedWeber’slaw。As’maximum’and’minimum’areprintedinterchangeablyinGlass’sarticleitishardtofollow。

　　[20]WithVierordtandhispupilstheindifferencepointlayashighasfrom1。5sec。to4。9sec。，accordingtotheobservercf。DerZeitsinn，1868，p。112。Inmostoftheseexperimentsthetimeheardwasactivelyreproduced，afterashortpause，bymovementsofthehand，whichwererecorded。WundtgivesgoodreasonsPhysiol。Psych。，II。

　　289，290forrejectingVierordt’sfiguresaserroneous。Vierordt’sbook，itshouldbesaid，isfullofimportantmatter，nevertheless。

　　[21]Physiol。Psych。，II。286，290。

　　[22]PhilosophischeStudien，I。86。

　　[23]Mind，XI。400。

　　[24]Loc。cit。p。144。

　　[25]Op。cit。p。376。Mach’sandBuccola’sfigures，itwillbeobserved，areaboutonehalfoftherest——

　　sub-multiples，therefore。Itoughttobeobserved，however，thatBuccola’sfigurehaslittlevalue，hisobservationsnotbeingwellfittedtoshowthisparticularpoint。

　　[26]Estel’sfiguresledhimtothinkthatallthemultiplesenjoyedthisprivilege；withMehner，ontheotherhand，onlytheoddmultiplesshoweddiminutionoftheaverageerror；thus，0。71，2。15，3。55，5，6。4，7。8，9。3，and10。65secondwererespectivelyregisteredwiththeleasterror。Cf。Phil。Studien，II。pp。57，562-565。

　　[27]Cf。especiallypp。558-561。

　　[28]Wundt:Physiol。Psych。，II。287。HallandJastrow:

　　Mind，XI。62。

　　[29]Mehner:loc。cit。p。553。

　　[30]\"Thenumberofdistinguishabledifferencesofspeedbetweentheselimitsis，ashetakescaretoremark，verymuchlargerthan7DerZeitsinn，p。137。

　　[31]P。19，&amp；sect；18，112。

　　[32]IleavethetextjustasitwasprintedintheJournalofSpeculativePhilosophyfor’Oct。1886’in1887。SincethenM&uuml；nsterberginhismasterlyBeitr&auml；gezurexperimentellenPsychologieHeft2，1889seemstohavemadeitclearwhatthesensiblechangesarebywhichwemeasurethelapseoftime。Whenthetimewhichseparatestwosensibleimpressionsislessthanonethirdofasecond，hethinksitisalmostentirelytheamounttowhichthememory-imageofthefirstimpressionhadfadedwhenthesecondoneovertakesit，whichmakesusfeelhowwidetheyareapartp。29。Whenthetimeislongerthanthis，werely，hethinks，exclusivelyuponthefeelingsofmusculartensionandrelaxation，whichweareconstantlyreceivingalthoughwegivetothemsolittleofourdirectattention。Thesefeelingsareprimarilyinthemusclesbywhichweadoptoursense-organsinattendingtothesignalsused，someofthemusclesbeingintheeyeandearthemselves，someoftheminthehead，neck，etc。Weherejudgetwotime-intervalstobeequalwhenbetweenthebeginningandendofeachwefeelexactlysimilarrelaxationsandsubsequentexpectanttensionsofthesemusclestohaveoccurred。Inreproducingintervalsourselveswetrytomakeourfeelingsofthissortjustwhattheywerewhenwepassivelyheardtheinterval。

　　Thesefeelingsbythemselves，however，canonlybeusedwhentheintervalsareveryshort，forthetensionanticipatoryoftheterminalstimulusnaturallyreachesitsmaximumverysoon。Withlongerintervalswetakethefeelingofourinspirationsandexpirationsintoaccount。Withourexpirationsalltheothermusculartensionsinourbodyundergoarhythmicaldecrease；

　　withourinspirationsthereversetakesplace。When，therefore，wenoteatime-intervalofseveralsecondswithintenttoreproduceit，whatweseekistomaketheearlierandlaterintervalagreeinthenumberandamountoftheserespiratorychangescombinedwithsense-organadjustmentswithwhichtheyarefilled。M&uuml；nsterberghasstudiedcarefullyinhisowncasethevariationsoftherespiratoryfactor。Theyaremany；buthesumsuphisexperiencebysayingthatwhetherhemeasuredbyinspirationsthatweredividedbymomentarypausesintosixparts，orbyinspirationsthatwerecontinuous；whetherwithsensorytensionduringinspirationandrelaxationduringexpiration，orbytensionduringbothinspirationandexpiration，separatedbyasuddeninterpolatedrelaxation；whetherwithspecialnoticetakenofthecephalictensions，orofthoseinthetrunkandshoulders，inallcasesalikeandwithoutexceptionheinvoluntarilyendeavored，wheneverhecomparedtwotimesortriedtomakeonethesameastheother，togetexactlythesamerespiratoryconditionsandconditionsoftension，allthesubjectiveconditions，inshort，exactlythesameduringthesecondintervalastheywereduringthefirst。M&uuml；nsterbergcorroboratedhissubjectiveobservationsbyexperiments。Theobserverofthetimehadtoreproduceasexactlyaspossibleanintervalbetweentwosharpsoundsgivenhimbyanassistant。Theonlyconditionimposeduponhimwasthatheshouldnotmodifyhisbreathingforthepurposesofmeasurement。

　　Itwasthenfoundthatwhentheassistantbrokeinatrandomwithhissignals，thejudgmentoftheobserverwasvastlylessaccuratethanwhentheassistantcarefullywatchedtheobserver’sbreathingandmadeboththebeginningofthetimegivenhimandthatofthetimewhichhewastogivecoincidewithidenticalphasesthereof——Finally，M&uuml；nsterbergwithgreatplausibilitytriestoexplainthediscrepanciesbetweentheresultsofVierordt，Estel，Mehner，Glass，etc。，asduetothefactthattheydidnotallusethesamemeasure。Somebreathealittlefaster，somealittleslower。Somebreaktheirinspirationsintotwoparts，somedonot，etc。Thecoincidenceoftheobjectivetimesmeasuredwithdefinitenaturalphasesofbreathingwouldveryeasilygiveperiodicalmaximaoffacilityinmeasuringaccurately。

　　[33]\"Anyonewishingyetfurtherexamplesofthismentalsubstitutionwillfindoneonobservinghowhabituallyhethinksofthespacesontheclock-faceinsteadoftheperiodstheystandfor；

　　how，ondiscoveringittobehalfanhourlaterthanhesupposed，hedoesnotrepresentthehalfhourinitsduration，butscarcelypassesbeyondthesignofitmarkedbythefinger。\"H。Spencer:Psychology，&amp；sect；

　　336。

　　[34]TheonlyobjectionstothiswhichIcanthinkofare:1Theaccuracywithwhichsomemenjudgeofthehourofdayornightwithoutlookingattheclock；2thefacultysomehaveofwakingatapreappointedhour；3theaccuracyoftime-perceptionreportedtoexistincertaintrance-subjects。Itmightseemthatinthesepersonssomesortofasub-consciousrecordwaskeptofthelapseoftimeperse。

　　Butthiscannotbeadmitteduntilitisprovedthattherearenophysiologicalprocesses，thefeelingofwhosecoursemayserveasasignofhowmuchtimehassped，andsoleadustoinferthehour。Thattherearesuchprocessesitishardlypossibletodoubt。Aningeniousfriendofminewaslongpuzzledtoknowwhyeachdayoftheweekhadsuchacharacteristicphysiognomytohim。ThatofSundaywassoonnoticedtobeduetothecessationofthecity’srumbling，andthesoundofpeople’sfeetshufflingonthesidewalk；ofMonday，tocomefromtheclothesdryingintheyardandcastingawhitereflectionontheceiling；ofTuesday，toacausewhichIforget；

　　andIthinkmyfrienddidnotgetbeyondWednesday。Probablyeachhourinthedayhasformostofussomeouterorinnersignassociatedwithitascloselyasthesesignswiththedaysoftheweek。Itmustbeadmitted，afterall，however，thatthegreatimprovementofthetime-perceptionduringsleepandtranceisamysterynotasyetclearedup。AllmylifeIhavebeenstruckbytheaccuracywithwhichIwillwakeatthesameexactminutenightafternightandmorningaftermorning，ifonlythehabitfortuitouslybegins。Theorganicregistrationinmeisindependentofsleep。

　　AfterlyinginbedalongtimeawakeIsuddenlyrisewithoutknowingthetime，andfordaysandweekstogetherwilldosoatanidenticalminutebytheclock，asifsomeinwardphysiologicalprocesscausedtheactbypunctuallyrunningdown——Idiotsaresaidsometimestopossessthetime-measuringfacultyinamarkeddegree。Ihaveaninterestingmanuscriptaccountofanidiotgirlwhichsays:\"Shewaspunctualalmosttoaminuteinherdemandforfoodandotherregularattentions。Herdinnerwasgenerallyfurnishedherat12。30P。M。，andatthathourshewouldbegintoscreamifitwerenotforthcoming。IfonFast-dayorThanksgivingitweredelayed，inaccordancewiththeNewEnglandcustom，shescreamedfromherusualdinner-houruntilthefoodwascarriedtoher。Onthenextday，however，sheagainmadeknownherwantspromptlyat12。30。Anyslightattentionshownherononedaywasdemandedonthenextatthecorrespondinghour。Ifanorangeweregivenherat4P。M。onWednesday，atthesamehouronThursdayshemadeknownherexpectation，andifthefruitwerenotgivenhershecontinuedtocallforitatintervalsfortwoorthreehours。AtfouronFridaytheprocesswouldberepeatedbutwouldlastlesslong；andsoonfortwoorthreedays。Ifoneofhersistersvisitedheraccidentallyatacertainhour，thesharppiercingscreamwassuretosummonheratthesamehourthenextday，\"etc。，etc——FortheseobscuremattersconsultC。DuPrel:ThePhilosophyofMysticism，chap。III。&amp；sect；1。

　　[35]IdealeFragen1878。p。219Essay，’ZeitundWeile’。

　　[36]RevuePhilosophique，vol。III。p。496。

　　[37]\"Emptytimeismoststronglyperceivedwhenitcomesasapauseinmusicorinspeech。Supposeapreacherinthepulpit，aprofessorathisdesk，tostickstillinthemidstofhisdiscourse；

　　orletacomposerasissometimespurposelydonemakeallhisinstrumentsstopatonce；weawaiteveryinstanttheresumptionoftheperformance，and，inthisawaiting，perceive，morethaninanyotherpossibleway，theemptytime。Tochangetheexample，let，inapieceofpolyphonicmusic——afigure，forinstance，inwhichatangleofmelodiesareunderway——suddenlyasinglevoicebeheard，whichsustainsalongnote，whileallelseishushed……Thisonenotewillappearveryprotracted——

　　why？Becauseweexpecttohearaccompanyingitthenotesoftheotherinstruments，buttheyfailtocome。\"Herbart:Psychol。alsW。，&sect；115。——

　　ComparealsoM&uuml；nsterberg，Beitr&auml；ge，Heft2，p。41。

　　[38]Anightofpainwillseemterriblylong；wekeeplookingforwardtoamomentwhichnevercomes——themomentwhenitshallcease。ButtheodiousnessofthisexperienceisnotnamedennuiorLangweile，liketheodiousnessoftimethatseemslongfromitsemptiness。Themorepositiveodiousnessofthepain，rather，iswhattingesourmemoryofthenight。Whatwefeel，asProf。Lazarussaysopcit。

　　p。202，isthelongtimeofthesuffering，notthesufferingofthelongtimeperse。

　　[39]Onthesevariationsoftime-estimate，cf。Romanes，ConsciousnessofTime。inMind，vol。III。p。297；J。Sully，Illusions，pp。245-261，302-305；W。Wundt，Physiol。Psych。，II。287，288；besidestheessaysquotedfromLazarusandJanet。InGerman，thesuccessorsofHerbarthavetreatedofthissubject:compareVolkmann’sLehrbuchd。Psych。，&amp；sect；89，andforreferencestootherauthorshisnote3tothissection。

　　LindnerLbh。d。empir。Psych。，asaparalleleffect，instancesAlexandertheGreat’slifethirty-threeyears，whichseemstousasifitmustbelong，becauseitwassoeventful。SimilarlytheEnglishCommonwealth，etc。

　　[40]PhysiolOptik，p。445。

　　[41]Succession，timeperse，isnoforce。Ourtalkaboutitsdevouringtooth，etc。，isallelliptical。Itscontentsarewhatdevour。Thelawofinnertiaisincompatiblewithtime’sbeingassumedasanefficientcauseofanything。

　　[42]Lehrbuchd。Psych。，&amp；sect；87。ComparealsoH。Lotze，Metaphysik，&amp；sect；154。

　　[43]Thecauseoftheperceiving，nottheobjectperceived！

　　[44]\"’Nomore’and’notyet’arethepropertime-feelings，andweareawareoftimeinnootherwaythanthroughthesefeelings，\"

　　saysVolkmannPsychol。，&amp；sect；87。This，whichisnotstrictlytrueofourfeelingoftimeperse，asanelementarybitofduration，istrueofourfeelingofdateinitsevents。

　　[45]Weconstructthemilesjustasweconstructtheyears。Travellinginthecarsmakesasuccessionofdifferentfieldsofviewpassbeforeoureyes。Whenthosethathavepassedfrompresentsightreviveinmemory，theymaintaintheirmutualorderbecausetheircontentsoverlap。Wethinkthemashavingbeenbeforeorbehindeachother；and，fromthemultitudeoftheviewswecanrecallbehindtheonenowpresented，wecomputethetotalspacewehavepassedthrough。

　　Itisoftensaidthattheperceptionoftimedevelopslaterthanthatofspace，becausechildrenhavesovagueanideaofalldatesbeforeyesterdayandafterto-morrow。Butnovaguerthantheyhaveofextensionsthatexceedasgreatlytheirunitofspace-intuition。RecentlyIheardmychildoffourtellavisitorthathehadbeen’asmuchasoneweek’inthecountry。

　　Ashehadbeentherethreemonths，thevisitorexpressedsurprise；whereuponthechildcorrectedhimselfbysayinghehadbeenthere’twelveyears。’

　　ButthechildmadeexactlythesamekindofmistakewhenheaskedifBostonwasnotonehundredmilesfromCambridge，thedistancebeingthreemiles。

　　[46]Mostoftheseexplanationssimplygivethesignswhich，adheringtoimpressions，leadustodatethemwithinaduration，or，inotherwords，toassigntothemtheirorder。Whyitshouldbeatime-order，however，isnotexplained。Herbart’swould-beexplanationisasimpledescriptionoftime-perception。Hesaysitcomeswhen，withthelastmemberofaseriespresenttoourconsciousness，wealsothinkofthefirst；andthenthewholeseriesrevivesinourthoughtatonce，butwithstrengthdiminishinginthebackwarddirectionPsychol。alsWiss。，&amp；sect；115；Lehrb。

　　zurPsychol。，&amp；sect；&amp；sect；171，172，175。SimilarlyDrobisch，whoaddsthattheseriesmustappearasonealreadyelapseddurchlaufene，awordwhichshowsevenmoreclearlythequestion-beggingnatureofthissortofaccountEmpirischePsychol。，&amp；sect；59。Th。Waitzisguiltyofsimilarquestion-beggingwhenheexplainsourtime-consciousnesstobeengenderedbyasetofunsuccessfulattemptstomakeourperceptsagreewithourexpectationsLehrb。d。Psychol。，&amp；sect；52。Volkmann’smythologicalaccountofpastrepresentationsstrivingtodrivepresentonesoutoftheseatofconsciousness，beingdrivenbackbythem，etc。，suffersfromthesamefallacyPsychol。，&amp；sect；87。Butallsuchaccountsagreeinimplyingonefact——viz。，thatthebrain-processesofvariouseventsmustbeactivesimultaneously，andinvaryingstrength，foratime-perceptiontobepossible。Laterauthorshavemadethisideamoreprecise。Thus，Lipps:

　　\"Sensationsarise，occupyconsciousness，fadeintoimages，andvanish。

　　Accordingastwoofthem，aandb，gothroughthisprocesssimultaneously，orasoneprecedesorfollowstheother，thephasesoftheirfadingwillagreeordiffer；andthedifferencewillbeproportionaltothetime-differencebetweentheirseveralmomentsofbeginning。Thustherearedifferencesofqualityintheimages，whichthemindmaytranslateintocorrespondingdifferencesoftheirtemporalorder。

　　Thereisnootherpossiblemiddletermbetweentheobjectivetime-relationsandthoseinthemindthanthesedifferencesofphase。\"GrundtatsachendesSeelenlebens，p。588。Lippsaccordinglycallsthem’temporalsigns，’

　　andhastensexplicitlytoaddthatthesoul’stranslationoftheirorderofstrengthintoatime-orderisentirelyinexplicablep。591。M。Guyau’saccountRevuePhilosophique，XIX。353hardlydiffersfromthatofhispredecessors，exceptinpicturesquenessofstyle。Everychangeleavesaseriesoftrain&eacute；eslumineusesinthemindlikethepassageofshootingstars。Eachimageisinamorefadingphase，accordingasitsoriginalwasmoreremote。Thisgroupofimagesgivesduration，themeretime-form，the’bed’oftime。Thedistinctionofpast，present，andfuturewithinthebedcomesfromouractivenature。ThefutureaswithWaitz

　　iswhatIwant，buthavenotyetgot，andmustwaitfor。Allthisisdoubtlesstrue，butisnoexplanation。

　　Mr。Wardgives，inhisEncyclop&aelig；diaBritannicaarticlePsychology。

　　p。65，col。1，astillmorerefinedattempttospecifythe’temporalsign。’