Prof。H。Lecoq，whohasmadeagreatnumberofcrossingsbetweenthedifferentlycolouredvarietiesofMirabilisjalapa（11/122。’Geograph。Bot。
del’Europe’tome31854page405;and’DelaFecondation’1862page302。）
findsthatintheseedlingsthecoloursrarelycombine，butformdistinctstripes;orhalftheflowerisofonecolourandhalfofadifferentcolour。Somevarietiesregularlybearflowersstripedwithyellow，white，andred;butplantsofsuchvarietiesoccasionallyproduceonthesamerootbrancheswithuniformlycolouredflowersofallthreetints，andotherbrancheswithhalf—and—halfcolouredflowers，andotherswithmarbledflowers。Gallesio（11/123。’TraiteduCitrus’1811page45。）crossedreciprocallywhiteandredcarnations，andtheseedlingswerestriped;butsomeofthestripedplantsalsoboreentirelywhiteandentirelyredflowers。Someoftheseplantsproducedoneyearredflowersalone，andinthefollowingyearstripedflowers;orconversely，someplants，afterhavingbornefortwoorthreeyearsstripedflowers，wouldrevertandbearexclusivelyredflowers。ItmaybeworthmentioningthatIfertilisedthePURPLESWEET—PEA（Lathyrusodoratus）withpollenfromthelight—colouredPAINTEDLADY:seedlingsraisedfromthesamepodwerenotintermediateincharacter，butperfectlyresembledeitherparent。Laterinthesummer，theplantswhichhadatfirstborneflowersidenticalwiththoseofthePAINTED
LADY，producedflowersstreakedandblotchedwithpurple;showinginthesedarkermarksatendencytoreversiontothemother—variety。AndrewKnight（11/124。’Transact。Linn。Soc。’volume9page268。）fertilisedtwowhitegrapeswithpollenoftheAleppogrape，whichisdarklyvariegatedbothinitsleavesandfruit。Theresultwasthattheyoungseedlingswerenotatfirstvariegated，butallbecamevariegatedduringthesucceedingsummer;
besidesthis，manyproducedonthesameplantbunchesofgrapeswhichwereallblack，orallwhite，orlead—colouredstripedwithwhite，orwhitedottedwithminuteblackstripes;andgrapesofalltheseshadescouldfrequentlybefoundonthesamefoot—stalk。
Iwillappendaverycuriouscase，notofbud—variation，butoftwocoheringembryos，differentincharacterandcontainedwithinthesameseed。Adistinguishedbotanist，Mr。G。H。Thwaites（11/125。’AnnalsandMag。
ofNat。Hist。’March1848。）statesthataseedfromFuchsiacoccineafertilisedbyF。fulgens，containedtwoembryos，andwas\"atruevegetabletwin。\"Thetwoplantsproducedfromthetwoembryoswere\"extremelydifferentinappearanceandcharacter，\"thoughbothresembledotherhybridsofthesameparentageproducedatthesametime。Thesetwinplants\"werecloselycoherent，belowthetwopairsofcotyledon—leaves，intoasinglecylindricalstem，sothattheyhadsubsequentlytheappearanceofbeingbranchesononetrunk。\"Hadthetwounitedstemsgrownuptotheirfullheight，insteadofdying，acuriouslymixedhybridwouldhavebeenproduced。AmongrelmelondescribedbySageret（11/126。’PomologiePhysiolog。’1830page126。）mayperhapshavethusoriginated;forthetwomainbranches，whicharosefromtwocotyledon—buds，producedverydifferentfruit，——ontheonebranchlikethatofthepaternalvariety，andontheotherbranchliketoacertainextentthatofthematernalvariety，themelonofChina。]
Inmostofthesecasesofcrossedvarieties，andinsomeofthecasesofcrossedspecies，thecolourspropertobothparentsappearedintheseedlings，assoonastheyfirstflowered，intheformofstripesorlargersegments，oraswholeflowersorfruitofdifferentkindsborneonthesameplant;andinthiscasetheappearanceofthetwocolourscannotstrictlybesaidtobeduetoreversion，buttosomeincapacityoffusion。When，however，thelaterflowersorfruitproducedduringthesameseason，orduringasucceedingyearorgeneration，becomestripedorhalf—and—half，etc。，thesegregationofthetwocoloursisstrictlyacaseofreversionbybud—variation。Whetherallthemanyrecordedcasesofstripedflowersandfruitareduetoprevioushybridisationandreversionisbynomeansclear，forinstancewithpeachesandnectarines，moss—roses，etc。InafuturechapterIshallshowthat，withanimalsofcrossedparentage，thesameindividualhasbeenknowntochangeitscharacterduringgrowth，andtoreverttooneofitsparentswhichitdidnotatfirstresemble。Finally，fromthevariousfactsnowgiven，therecanbenodoubtthatthesameindividualplant，whetherahybridoramongrel，sometimesreturnsinitsleaves，flowers，andfruit，eitherwhollyorbysegments，tobothparent—
forms。
ONTHEDIRECTORIMMEDIATEACTIONOFTHEMALEELEMENTONTHEMOTHERFORM。
Anotherremarkableclassoffactsmustbehereconsidered，firstly，becausetheyhaveahighphysiologicalimportance，andsecondly，becausetheyhavebeensupposedtoaccountforsomecasesofbud—variation。Irefertothedirectactionofthemaleelement，notintheordinarywayontheovules，butoncertainpartsofthefemaleplant，orincaseofanimalsonthesubsequentprogenyofthefemalebyasecondmale。Imaypremisethatwithplantstheovariumandthecoatsoftheovulesareobviouslypartsofthefemale，anditcouldnothavebeenanticipatedthattheywouldhavebeenaffectedbythepollenofaforeignvarietyorspecies，althoughthedevelopmentoftheembryo，insidetheembryonicsack，insidetheovuleandovarium，ofcourse，dependsonthemaleelement。
[Evenaslongagoas1729itwasobserved（11/127。’PhilosophicalTransact。’volume431744—45page525。）thatwhiteandbluevarietiesofthePea，whenplantedneareachother，mutuallycrossed，nodoubtthroughtheagencyofbees，andintheautumnblueandwhitepeaswerefoundwithinthesamepods。Wiegmannmadeanexactlysimilarobservationinthepresentcentury。Thesameresulthasfollowedseveraltimeswhenavarietywithpeasofonecolourhasbeenartificiallycrossedbyadifferently—colouredvariety。（11/128。Mr。Goss’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume5page234:andGartner’Bastarderzeugung’1849ss。81and499。）ThesestatementsledGartner，whowashighlyscepticalonthesubject，carefullytotryalongseriesofexperiments:heselectedthemostconstantvarieties，andtheresultconclusivelyshowedthatthecolouroftheskinofthepeaismodifiedwhenpollenofadifferentlycolouredvarietyisused。ThisconclusionhassincebeenconfirmedbyexperimentsmadebytheRev。J。M。
Berkeley。（11/129。’Gardener’sChronicle’1854page404。）
Mr。LaxtonofStamford，whilstmakingexperimentsonpeasfortheexpresspurposeofascertainingtheinfluenceofforeignpollenonthemother—
plant，hasrecently（11/130。Ibid1866page900。）observedanimportantadditionalfact。HefertilisedtheTallSugar—pea，whichbearsverythingreenpods，becomingbrownish—whitewhendry，withpollenofthePurple—
poddedpea，which，asitsnameexpresses，hasdark—purplepodswithverythickskin，becomingpalereddishpurplewhendry。Mr。Laxtonhascultivatedthetallsugar—peaduringtwentyyears，andhasneverseenorheardofitproducingapurplepod:nevertheless，aflowerfertilisedbypollenfromthepurple—podyieldedapodcloudedwithpurplish—redwhichMr。Laxtonkindlygavetome。Aspaceofabouttwoinchesinlengthtowardstheextremityofthepod，andasmallerspacenearthestalk，werethuscoloured。Oncomparingthecolourwiththatofthepurplepod，bothpodshavingbeenfirstdriedandthensoakedinwater，itwasfoundtobeidenticallythesame;andinboththecolourwasconfinedtothecellslyingimmediatelybeneaththeouterskinofthepod。Thevalvesofthecrossedpodwerealsodecidedlythickerandstrongerthanthoseofthepodsofthemother—plant，butthismaypossiblyhavebeenanaccidentalcircumstance，forIknownothowfartheirthicknessisavariablecharacterintheTallSugar—pea。
ThepeasoftheTallSugar—pea，whendry，arepalegreenish—brown，thicklycoveredwithdotsofdarkpurplesominuteastobevisibleonlythroughalens，andMr。Laxtonhasneverseenorheardofthisvarietyproducingapurplepea;butinthecrossedpodoneofthepeaswasofauniformbeautifulviolet—purpletint，andasecondwasirregularlycloudedwithpalepurple。Thecolourliesintheouterofthetwocoatswhichsurroundthepea。Asthepeasofthepurple—poddedvarietywhendryareofapalegreenish—buff，itwouldatfirstappearthatthisremarkablechangeofcolourinthepeasinthecrossedpodcouldnothavebeencausedbythedirectactionofthepollenofthepurple—pod:butwhenwebearinmindthatthislattervarietyhaspurpleflowers，purplemarksonitsstipules，andpurplepods;andthattheTallSugar—pealikewisehaspurpleflowersandstipules，andmicroscopicallyminutepurpledotsonthepeas，wecanhardlydoubtthatthetendencytotheproductionofpurpleinbothparentshasincombinationmodifiedthecolourofthepeasinthecrossedpod。
Afterhavingexaminedthesespecimens，Icrossedthesametwovarieties，andthepeasinonepodbutnotthepodsthemselves，werecloudedandtintedwithpurplish—redinamuchmoreconspicuousmannerthanthepeasintheuncrossedpodsproducedatthesametimebythesameplants。ImaynoticeasacautionthatMr。Laxtonsentmevariousothercrossedpeasslightly，orevengreatly，modifiedincolour;butthechangeinthesecaseswasdue，ashadbeensuspectedbyMr。Laxton，tothealteredcolourofthecotyledons，seenthroughthetransparentcoatsofthepeas;andasthecotyledonsarepartsoftheembryo，thesecasesarenotinanywayremarkable。
TurningnowtothegenusMatthiola。Thepollenofonekindofstocksometimesaffectsthecolouroftheseedsofanotherkind，usedasthemother—plant。Igivethefollowingcasethemorereadily，asGartnerdoubtedsimilarstatementspreviouslymadewithrespecttothestockbyotherobservers。Awell—knownhorticulturist，MajorTrevorClarke，informsme（11/131。SeealsoapaperbythisobserverreadbeforetheInternationalHort。andBot。CongressofLondon1866。）thattheseedsofthelargered—
floweredBIENNIALstock，Matthiolaannua（CocardeauoftheFrench），arelightbrown，andthoseofthepurplebranchingQueenstock（M。incana）areviolet—black;andhefoundthat，whenflowersoftheredstockwerefertilisedbypollenfromthepurplestock，theyyieldedaboutfiftypercentofBLACKseeds。Hesentmefourpodsfromaredfloweredplant，twoofwhichhadbeenfertilisedbytheirownpollen，andtheyincludedpalebrownseed;andtwowhichhadbeencrossedbypollenfromthepurplekind，andtheyincludedseedsalldeeplytingedwithblack。Theselatterseedsyieldedpurple—floweredplantsliketheirfather;whilstthepalebrownseedsyieldednormalred—floweredplants;andMajorClarke，bysowingsimilarseeds，hasobservedonagreaterscalethesameresult。Theevidenceinthiscaseofthedirectactionofthepollenofonespeciesonthecolouroftheseedsofanotherspeciesappearstomeconclusive。
Gallesio（11/132。’TraiteduCitrus’page40。）fertilisedtheflowersofanorangewithpollenfromthelemon;andonefruitthusproducedborealongitudinalstripeofpeelhavingthecolour，flavour，andothercharactersofthelemon。Mr。Anderson（11/133。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’
volume3page318。Seealsovolume5page65。）fertilisedagreen—fleshedmelonwithpollenfromascarlet—fleshedkind;intwoofthefruits\"asensiblechangewasperceptible:andfourotherfruitsweresomewhatalteredbothinternallyandexternally。\"Theseedsofthetwofirst—
mentionedfruitsproducedplantspartakingofthegoodpropertiesofbothparents。IntheUnitedStates，whereCucurbitaceaearelargelycultivated，itisthepopularbelief（11/134。Prof。AsaGray’Proc。Acad。Sc。’Bostonvolume41860page21。IhavereceivedstatementstothesameeffectfromotherpersonsintheUnitedStates。）thatthefruitisthusdirectlyaffectedhyforeignpollen;andIhavereceivedasimilarstatementwithrespecttothecucumberinEngland。Itisbelievedthatgrapeshavebeenthusaffectedincolour，size，andshape:inFranceapale—colouredgrapehaditsjuicetintedbythepollenofthedark—colouredTeinturier;inGermanyavarietyboreberrieswhichwereaffectedbythepollenoftwoadjoiningkinds;someoftheberriesbeingonlypartiallyaffectedormottled。（11/135。FortheFrenchcasesee’Journ。Hort。Soc。’volume1newseries1866page50。ForGermanyseeM。JackquotedinHenfrey’s’BotanicalGazette’volume1page277。AcaseinEnglandhasrecentlybeenalludedtobytheRev。J。M。BerkeleybeforetheHort。Soc。ofLondon。）
Aslongagoas1751（11/136。’PhilosophicalTransactions’volume471751—52
page206。）itwasobservedthat，whendifferently—colouredvarietiesofmaizegrewneareachother，theymutuallyaffectedeachother’sseeds，andthisisnowapopularbeliefintheUnitedStates。Dr。Savi（11/137。
Gallesio’TeoriadellaRiproduzione’1816page95。）triedtheexperimentwithcare:hesowedyellowandblack—seededmaizetogether，andonthesameearsomeoftheseedswereyellow，someblack，andsomemottled，thedifferentlycolouredseedsbeingarrangedirregularlyorinrows。Prof。
Hildebrandhasrepeatedtheexperiment（11/138。’Bot。Zeitung’May1868
page326。）withtheprecautionofascertainingthatthemother—plantwastrue。Akindbearingyellowgrainswasfertilisedwithpollenofakindhavingbrowngrains，andtwoearsproducedyellowgrainsmingledwithothersofadirtyviolettint。Athirdearhadonlyyellowgrains，butonesideofthespindlewastintedofareddish—brown;sothatherewehavetheimportantfactoftheinfluenceoftheforeignpollenextendingtotheaxis。Mr。Arnold，inCanada，variedtheexperimentinaninterestingmanner:\"afemaleflowerwassubjectedfirsttotheactionofpollenfromayellowvariety，andthentothatfromawhitevariety;theresultwasanear，eachgrainofwhichwasyellowbelowandwhiteabove。\"（11/139。SeeDr。J。Stockton—Hough’AmericanNaturalist’January1874page29。）Withotherplantsithasoccasionallybeenobservedthatthecrossedoffspringshowedtheinfluenceoftwokindsofpollen，butinthiscasethetwokindsaffectedthemother—plant。
Mr。Sabinestates（11/140。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume5page69。）thathehasseentheformofthenearlyglobularseed—capsuleofAmaryllisvittataalteredbytheapplicationofthepollenofanotherspecies，ofwhichthecapsulehasgibbousangles。Withanalliedgenus，awell—knownbotanist，Maximowicz，hasdescribedindetailthestrikingresultsofreciprocallyfertilisingLiliumbulbiferumanddavuricumwitheachother’spollen。Eachspeciesproducedfruitnotlikeitsown，butalmostidenticalwiththatofthepollen—bearingspecies;butfromanaccidentonlythefruitofthelatterspecieswascarefullyexamined;theseedswereintermediateinthedevelopmentoftheirwings。（11/141。’Bull。del’Acad。
Imp。deSt。Petersburg’tome17page275，1872。TheauthorgivesreferencestothosecasesintheSo1anaceaeoffruitaffectedbyforeignpollen，butasitdoesnotappearthatthemother—plantwasartificiallyfertilised，I
havenotenteredintodetails。）
FritzMullerfertilisedCattleyaleopoldiwithpollenofEpidendroncinnabarinum;andthecapsulescontainedveryfewseeds;butthesepresentedamostwonderfulappearance，which，fromthedescriptiongiven，twobotanists，HildebrandandMaximowicz，attributetothedirectactionofthepollenoftheEpidendron。（11/142。’Bot。Zeitung’September1868page631。ForMaximowicz’sjudgmentseethepaperlastreferredto。）
Mr。J。AndersonHenry（11/143。’JournalofHorticulture’January20，1863
page46。）crossedRhododendrondalhousiaewiththepollenofR。nuttallii，whichisoneofthelargest—floweredandnoblestspeciesofthegenus。Thelargestpodproducedbytheformerspecies，whenfertilisedwithitsownpollen，measured12/8inchinlengthand11/2ingirth;whilstthreeofthepodswhichhadbeenfertilisedbypollenofR。nuttalliimeasured15/8
inchinlengthandnolessthan2inchesingirth。Heretheeffectoftheforeignpollenwasapparentlyconfinedtoincreasingthesizeoftheovarium;butwemustbecautiousinassuming，asthefollowingcaseshows，thatsizehadbeentransferredfromthemaleparenttothecapsuleofthefemaleplant。Mr。HenryfertilisedArabisblepharophyllawithpollenofA。
soyeri，andthepodsthusproduced，ofwhichhewassokindastosendmedetailedmeasurementsandsketches，weremuchlargerinalltheirdimensionsthanthosenaturallyproducedbyeitherthemaleorfemaleparent—species。Inafuturechapterweshallseethattheorgansofvegetationinhybridplants，independentlyofthecharacterofeitherparent，aresometimesdevelopedtoamonstroussize;andtheincreasedsizeofthepodsintheforegoingcasesmaybeananalogousfact。Ontheotherhand，M。deSaportainformsmethatanisolatedfemaleplantofPistaciaveraisveryapttobefertilisedbythepollenofneighbouringplantsofP。terebinthus，andinthiscasethefruitsareonlyhalftheirpropersize，whichheattributestotheinfluenceofthepollenofP。terebinthus。
Nocaseofthedirectactionofthepollenofonevarietyonanotherisbetterauthenticatedormoreremarkablethanthatofthecommonapple。Thefruithereconsistsofthelowerpartofthecalyxandoftheupperpartoftheflower—peduncle（11/144。SeeonthisheadthehighauthorityofProf。
Decaisneinapapertranslatedin’Journ。Hort。Soc。’volume1newseries1866page48。）inametamorphosedcondition，sothattheeffectoftheforeignpollenhasextendedevenbeyondthelimitsoftheovarium。CasesofapplesthusaffectedwererecordedbyBradleyintheearlypartofthelastcentury;andothercasesaregiveninoldvolumesofthe’PhilosophicalTransactions’（11/145。Volume431744—45page525volume451747—48page602。）;inoneoftheseaRussetingappleandanadjoiningkindmutuallyaffectedeachother’sfruit;andinanothercaseasmoothappleaffectedarough—coatedkind。Anotherinstancehasbeengiven（11/146。’Transact。
Hort。Soc。’volume5pages65and68。SeealsoProf。Hildebrandwithacolouredfigurein’Bot。Zeitung’May15，1868page327。Puvisalsohascollected’DeLaDegeneration’1837page36）severalotherinstances;butitisnotinallcasespossibletodistinguishbetweenthedirectactionofforeignpollenandbud—variations。）oftwoverydifferentapple—treesgrowingclosetoeachother，whichborefruitresemblingeachother，butonlyontheadjoiningbranches。Itis，however，almostsuperfluoustoadducetheseorothercases，afterthatoftheSt。Valeryapple，theflowerswhich，fromtheabortionofthestamens，donotproducepollen，butarefertilisedbythegirlsoftheneighbourhoodwithpollenofmanykinds;
andtheybearfruit，\"differingfromoneanotherinsize，flavour，andcolour，butresemblingincharacterthehermaphroditekindsbywhichtheyhavebeenfertilised。\"（11/147。T。deClermont—Tonnerrein’Mem。delaSoc。
Linn。deParis’tome31825page164。）]
Ihavenowshown，ontheauthorityofseveralexcellentobservers，inthecaseofplantsbelongingtowidelydifferentorders，thatthepollenofonespeciesorvariety，whenappliedtothefemaleofadistinctform，occasionallycausesthecoatsoftheseeds，theovariumorfruit，includingeventhecalyxandupperpartofthepeduncleoftheapple，andtheaxisoftheearinmaize，tobemodified。Sometimesthewholeovariumoralltheseedsarethusaffected;sometimesonlyacertainnumberoftheseeds，asinthecaseofthepea，oronlyapartoftheovarium，aswiththestripedorange，mottledgrapes，andmaize，isthusaffected。Itmustnotbesupposedthatanydirectorimmediateeffectinvariablyfollowstheuseofforeignpollen:thisisfarfrombeingthecase;norisitknownonwhatconditionstheresultdepends。Mr。Knight（11/148。’Transact。ofHort。
Soc。’volume5page68。）expresslystatesthathehasneverseenthefruitthusaffected，thoughhecrossedthousandsofappleandotherfruit—trees。
Thereisnottheleastreasontobelievethatabranchwhichhasborneseedorfruitdirectlymodifiedbyforeignpollenisitselfaffected，soasafterwardstoproducemodifiedbuds;suchanoccurrence，fromthetemporaryconnectionoftheflowerwiththestem，wouldbehardlypossible。Hence，butveryfew，ifany，ofthecasesofbud—variationinthefruitoftrees，givenintheearlypartofthischaptercanbeaccountedforbytheactionofforeignpollen;forsuchfruitshavecommonlybeenpropagatedbybuddingorgrafting。Itisalsoobviousthatchangesofcolourinflowers，whichnecessarilysupervenelongbeforetheyarereadyforfertilisation，andchangesintheshapeorcolourofleaves，whenduetotheappearanceofmodifiedbuds，canhavenorelationtotheactionofforeignpollen。
Theproofsoftheactionofforeignpollenonthemother—planthavebeengiveninconsiderabledetail，becausethisaction，asweshallseeinafuturechapter，isofthehighesttheoreticalimportance，andbecauseitisinitselfaremarkableandapparentlyanomalouscircumstance。Thatitisremarkableunderaphysiologicalpointofviewisclear，forthemaleelementnotonlyaffects，inaccordancewithitsproperfunction，thegerm，butatthesametimevariouspartsofthemother—plant，inthesamemanner，asitaffectsthesamepartintheseminaloffspringfromthesametwoparents。Wethuslearnthatanovuleisnotindispensableforthereceptionoftheinfluenceofthemaleelement。Butthisdirectactionofthemaleelementisnotsoanomalousasitatfirstappears，foritcomesintoplayintheordinaryfertilisationofmanyflowers。GartnergraduallyincreasedthenumberofpollengrainsuntilhesucceededinfertilisingaMalva，andhas（11/149。BeitragezurKenntnissderBefruchtung’1844s。347—351。）
provedthatmanygrainsarefirstexpendedinthedevelopment，or，asheexpressesit，inthesatiation，ofthepistilandovarium。Again，whenoneplantisfertilisedbyawidelydistinctspecies，itoftenhappensthattheovariumisfullyandquicklydevelopedwithoutanyseedsbeingformed;orthecoatsoftheseedsareformedwithoutanyembryobeingdevelopedwithin。Prof。Hildebrand，also，haslatelyshown（11/150。’DieFruchtbildungderOrchideen，einBeweisfurdiedoppelteWirkungdesPollens’’BotanischeZeitung’No。44etseq。October30，1865;andAugust4，1865s。249。）that，inthenormalfertilisationofseveralOrchideae，theactionoftheplant’sownpollenisnecessaryforthedevelopmentoftheovarium;andthatthisdevelopmenttakesplacenotonlylongbeforethepollen—tubeshavereachedtheovules，butevenbeforetheplacentaeandovuleshavebeenformed;sothatwiththeseorchidsthepollenactsdirectlyontheovarium。Ontheotherhand，wemustnotoverratetheefficacyofpolleninthecaseofhybridisedplants，foranembryomaybeformedanditsinfluenceexcitethesurroundingtissuesofthemother—
plant，andthenperishataveryearlyageandbethusoverlooked。Again，itiswellknownthatwithmanyplantstheovariummaybefullydeveloped，thoughpollenbewhollyexcluded。Lastly，Mr。Smith，thelateCuratoratKew（asIhearthroughDr。Hooker），observedwithanorchid，theBonateaspeciosa，thesingularfactthatthedevelopmentoftheovariumcouldbeeffectedbythemechanicalirritationofthestigma。Nevertheless，fromthenumberofthepollen—grainsexpended\"inthesatiationoftheovariumandpistil，\"——fromthegeneralityoftheformationoftheovariumandseed—
coatsinhybridisedplantswhichproducenoseeds，——andfromDr。
Hildebrand’sobservationsonorchids，wemayadmitthatinmostcasestheswellingoftheovarium，andtheformationoftheseed—coatsareatleastaided，ifnotwhollycaused，bythedirectactionofthepollen，independentlyoftheinterventionofthefertilisedgerm。Therefore，inthepreviouslygivencaseswehaveonlytobelieveinthefurtherpowerofpollen，whenappliedtoadistinctspeciesorvariety，toinfluencetheshape，size，colour，texture，etc。，ofcertainpartsofthemother—plant。
Turningnowtotheanimalkingdom。Ifwecouldimaginethesameflowertoyieldseedsduringsuccessiveyears，thenitwouldnotbeverysurprisingthataflowerofwhichtheovariumhadbeenmodifiedbyforeignpollenshouldnextyearproduce，whenself—fertilised，offspringmodifiedbythepreviousmaleinfluence。Closelyanalogouscaseshaveactuallyoccurredwithanimals。InthecaseoftenquotedfromLordMorton（11/151。’Philos。
Transact。’1821page20。）anearlypurely—bredArabianchestnutmareboreahybridtoaquagga;shewassubsequentlysenttoSirGoreOuseley，andproducedtwocoltsbyablackArabianhorse。Thesecoltswerepartiallydun—coloured，andwerestripedonthelegsmoreplainlythantherealhybrid，oreventhanthequagga。Oneofthetwocoltshaditsneckandsomeotherpartsofitsbodyplainlymarkedwithstripes。Stripesonthebody，nottomentionthoseonthelegs，areextremelyrare，——Ispeakafterhavinglongattendedtothesubject，——withhorsesofallkindsinEurope，andarealmostunknowninthecaseofArabians。Butwhatmakesthecasestillmorestrikingisthatinthesecoltsthehairofthemaneresembledthatofthequagga，beingshort，stiff，andupright。HencetherecanbenodoubtthatthequaggaaffectedthecharacteroftheoffspringsubsequentlybegotbytheblackArabianhorse。Mr。JennerWeirinformsmeofastrictlyparallelcase:hisneighbourMr。Lethbridge，ofBlackheath，hasahorse，bredbyLordMostyn，whichhadpreviouslyborneafoalbyaquagga。Thishorseisdunwithadarkstripedowntheback，faintstripesontheforeheadbetweentheeyes，plainstripesontheinnersideofthefore—legsandrathermorefaintonesonthehind—legs，withnoshoulder—stripe。Themanegrowsmuchlowerontheforeheadthaninthehorse，butnotsolowasinthequaggaorzebra。Thehoofsareproportionallylongerthaninthehorse，——somuchsothatthefarrierwhofirstshodthisanimal，andknewnothingofitsorigin，said，\"HadInotseenIwasshoeingahorse，IshouldhavethoughtIwasshoeingadonkey。\"
Withrespecttothevarietiesofourdomesticatedanimals，manysimilarandwell—authenticatedfactshavebeenpublished（11/152。Dr。Alex。Harveyon’AremarkableEffectofCross—breeding’1851。Onthe’PhysiologyofBreeding’byMr。ReginaldOrton1855。’Intermarriage’byAlex。Walker1837。
’L’HerediteNaturelle’byDr。ProsperLucastome2page58。Mr。W。Sedgwickin’BritishandForeignMedico—ChirurgicalReview’1863Julypage183。
Bronninhis’GeschichtederNatur’1843b。2s。127hascollectedseveralcaseswithrespecttomares，sows，anddogs。Mr。W。C。L。Martin（’HistoryoftheDog’1845page104）sayshecanpersonallyvouchfortheinfluenceofthemaleparentonsubsequentlittersbyotherdogs。AFrenchpoet，JacquesSavary，whowrotein1665ondogs，wasawareofthissingularfact。Dr。
Bowerbankhasgivenusthefollowingstrikingcase:——Ablack，hairlessBarbarybitchwasfirstaccidentallyimpregnatedbyamongrelspanielwithlongbrownhair，andsheproducedfivepuppies，threeofwhichwerehairlessandtwocoveredwithSHORTbrownhair。Thenexttimeshewasputtoablack，hairlessBarbarydog;\"butthemischiefhadbeenimplantedinthemother，andagainabouthalfthelitterlookedlikepureBarbarys，andtheotherhalfliketheSHORT—hairedprogenyofthefirstfather。\"Ihavegiveninthetextonecasewithpigs;anequallystrikingonehasbeenrecentlypublishedinGermany，’Illust。Landwirth。Zeitung’1868November17page143。ItisworthnoticethatfarmersinS。Brazil（asIhearfromFritzMuller），andattheC。ofGoodHope（asIhaveheardfromtwotrustworthypersons）areconvincedthatmareswhichhaveoncebornemules，whensubsequentlyputtohorses，areextremelyliabletoproducecolts，stripedlikeamule。Dr。WilckensofPogarthgives（’JahrbuchLandwirthschaft’21869page325）astrikingandanalogouscase。Amerinoram，havingtwosmalllappetsorflapsofskinontheneck，wasinthewinterof1861—62puttoseveralMerinoewes，allofwhomborelambswithsimilarflapsontheirnecks。Theramwaskilledinthespringof1862andsubsequentlytohisdeaththeeweswereputtootherMerinorams，andin1863toSouthdownrams，noneofwhomeverhavenecklappets:nevertheless，evenaslongafterwardsas1867，severaloftheseewesproducedlambsbearingtheseappendages。），andothershavebeencommunicatedtome，plainlyshowingtheinfluenceofthefirstmaleontheprogenysubsequentlybornebythemothertoothermales。Itwillsufficetogiveasingleinstance，recordedinthe’PhilosophicalTransactions，’inapaperfollowingthatbyLordMorton:Mr。GilesputasowofLordWestern’sblackandwhiteEssexbreedtoawildboarofadeepchestnutcolour;andthe\"pigsproducedpartookinappearanceofbothboarandsow，butinsomethechestnutcolouroftheboarstronglyprevailed。\"Aftertheboarhadlongbeendead，thesowwasputtoaboarofherownblackandwhitebreed——akindwhichiswellknowntobreedverytrueandnevertoshowanychestnutcolour，——yetfromthisunionthesowproducedsomeyoungpigswhichwereplainlymarkedwiththesamechestnuttintasinthefirstlitter。Similarcaseshavesofrequentlyoccurred，thatcarefulbreedersavoidputtingachoicefemaleofanyanimaltoaninferiormale，onaccountoftheinjurytohersubsequentprogenywhichmaybeexpectedtofollow。
Somephysiologistshaveattemptedtoaccountfortheseremarkableresultsfromapreviousimpregnation，bytheimaginationofthemotherhavingbeenstronglyaffected;butitwillhereafterbeseenthatthereareveryslightgroundsforanysuchbelief。Otherphysiologistsattributetheresulttothecloseattachmentandfreelyintercommunicatingblood—vesselsbetweenthemodifiedembryoandmother。Buttheanalogyfromtheactionofforeignpollenontheovarium，seed—coats，andotherpartsofthemother—plant，stronglysupportsthebeliefthatwithanimalsthemaleelementactsdirectlyonthefemale，andnotthroughthecrossedembryo。Withbirdsthereisnocloseconnectionbetweentheembryoandmother;yetacarefulobserver，Dr。Chapuis，states（11/153。’LePigeonVoyageurBelge’1865page59。）thatwithpigeonstheinfluenceofafirstmalesometimesmakesitselfperceivedinthesucceedingbroods;butthisstatementrequiresconfirmation。
CONCLUSIONANDSUMMARYOFTHECHAPTER。
Thefactsgiveninthelatterhalfofthischapterarewellworthyofconsideration，astheyshowusinhowmanyextraordinarymodestheunionofoneformwithanothermayleadtothemodificationoftheseminaloffspringorofthebuds，afterwardsproduced。
Thereisnothingsurprisingintheoffspringofspeciesorvarietiescrossedintheordinarymannerbeingmodified;butthecaseoftwoplantswithinthesameseed，whichcohereanddifferfromeachother，iscurious。
Whenabudisformedafterthecellulartissueoftwospeciesortwovarietieshavebeenunited，anditpartakesofthecharactersofbothparents，thecaseiswonderful。ButIneednothererepeatwhathasbeensolatelysaidonthissubject。Wehavealsoseenthatinthecaseofplantsthemaleelementmayaffectinadirectmannerthetissuesofthemother，andwithanimalsmayleadtothemodificationofherfutureprogeny。Inthevegetablekingdomtheoffspringfromacrossbetweentwospeciesorvarieties，whethereffectedbyseminalgenerationorbygrafting，oftenrevert，toagreaterorlessdegree，inthefirstorinasucceedinggeneration，tothetwoparent—forms;andthisreversionmayaffectthewholeflower，fruit，orleaf—bud，oronlythehalforasmallersegmentofasingleorgan。Insomecases，however，suchsegregationofcharacterapparentlydependsonanincapacityforunionratherthanonreversion，fortheflowersorfruitwhicharefirstproduceddisplaybysegmentsthecharactersofbothparents。Thevariousfactsheregivenoughttobewellconsideredbyanyonewhowishestoembraceunderasinglepointofviewthemanymodesofreproductionbygemmation，division，andsexualunion，thereparationoflostparts，variation，inheritance，reversion，andothersuchphenomena。TowardsthecloseofthesecondvolumeIshallattempttoconnectthesefactstogetherbythehypothesisofpangenesis。
IntheearlyhalfofthepresentchapterIhavegivenalonglistofplantsinwhichthroughbud—variation，thatis，independentlyofreproductionbyseed，thefruithassuddenlybecomemodifiedinsize，colour，flavour，hairiness，shape，andtimeofmaturity;flowershavesimilarlychangedinshape，colour，inbeingdouble，andgreatlyinthecharacterofthecalyx;
youngbranchesorshootshavechangedincolour，inbearingspinesandinhabitofgrowth，asinclimbingorinweeping;leaveshavechangedinbecomingvariegated，inshape，periodofunfolding，andintheirarrangementontheaxis。Budsofallkinds，whetherproducedonordinarybranchesoronsubterraneanstems，whethersimpleormuchmodifiedandsuppliedwithastockofnutriment，asintubersandbulbs，areallliabletosuddenvariationsofthesamegeneralnature。
Inthelist，manyofthecasesarecertainlyduetoreversiontocharactersnotacquiredfromacross，butwhichwereformerlypresentandhavesincebeenlostforalongerorshortertime;——aswhenabudonavariegatedplantproducesplainleaves，orwhenthevariously—colouredflowersoftheChrysanthemumreverttotheaboriginalyellowtint。Manyothercasesincludedinthelistareprobablyduetotheplantsbeingofcrossedparentage，andtothebudsrevertingeithercompletelyorbysegmentstooneofthetwoparent—forms。（11/154。Itmaybeworthwhiletocallattentiontotheseveralmeansbywhichflowersandfruitbecomestripedormottled。Firstly，bythedirectactionofthepollenofanothervarietyorspecies，asinthecasesgivenoforangesandmaize。Secondly，incrossesofthefirstgeneration，whenthecoloursofthetwoparentsdonotreadilyunite，aswithMirabilisandDianthus。Thirdly，incrossedplantsofasubsequentgenerationbyreversion，througheitherbudorseminalgeneration。Fourthly，byreversiontoacharacternotoriginallygainedbyacross，butwhichhadlongbeenlost，aswithwhite—floweredvarieties，whichweshallhereafterseeoftenbecomestripedwithsomeothercolour。
Lastly，therearecases，aswhenpeachesareproducedwithahalforquarterofthefruitlikeanectarine，inwhichthechangeisapparentlyduetomerevariation，througheitherbudorseminalgeneration。）
WemaysuspectthatthestrongtendencyintheChrysanthemumtoproducebybud—variationdifferently—colouredflowers，resultsfromthevarietieshavingbeenatsometimeintentionallyoraccidentallycrossed;andthisiscertainlythecasewithsomekindsofPelargonium。Soitmaybetoalargeextentwiththebud—varietiesoftheDahlia，andwiththe\"brokencolours\"ofTulips。When，however，aplantrevertsbybud—variationtoitstwoparentforms，ortooneofthem，itsometimesdoesnotrevertperfectly，butassumesasomewhatnewcharacter，——ofwhichfact，instanceshavebeengiven，andCarrieregives（11/155。’ProductiondesVarietes’page37。）
anotherinthecherry。
Manycasesofbud—variation，however，cannotbeattributedtoreversion，buttoso—calledspontaneousvariability，asissocommonwithcultivatedplantsraisedfromseed。AsasinglevarietyoftheChrysanthemumhasproducedbybudssixothervarieties，andasonevarietyofthegooseberryhasborneatthesametimefourdistinctkindsoffruit，itisscarcelypossibletobelievethatallthesevariationsareduetoreversion。Wecanhardlybelieve，asremarkedinapreviouschapter，thatallthemanypeacheswhichhaveyieldednectarine—budsareofcrossedparentage。Lastly，insuchcasesasthatofthemoss—rose，withitspeculiarcalyx，andoftherosewhichbearsoppositeleaves，inthatoftheImatophyllum，etc。，thereisnoknownnaturalspeciesorvarietyfromwhichthecharactersinquestioncouldhavebeenderivedbyacross。Wemustattributeallsuchcasestotheappearanceofabsolutelynewcharactersinthebuds。Thevarietieswhichhavethusarisencannotbedistinguishedbyanyexternalcharacterfromseedlings;thisisnotoriouslythecasewiththevarietiesoftheRose，Azalea，andmanyotherplants。Itdeservesnoticethatalltheplantswhichhaveyieldedbud—variationshavelikewisevariedgreatlybyseed。
Theplantswhichhavevariedbybudsbelongtosomanyordersthatwemayinferthatalmosteveryplantwouldbeliabletovariation，ifplacedundertheproperexcitingconditions。Theseconditions，asfaraswecanjudge，mainlydependonlong—continuedandhighcultivation;foralmostalltheplantsintheforegoinglistareperennials，andhavebeenlargelypropagatedinmanysoils，underdifferentclimates，bycuttings，offsets，bulbs，tubers，andespeciallybybuddingorgrafting。Theinstancesofannualsvaryingbybuds，orproducingonthesameplantdifferentlycolouredflowers，arecomparativelyrare:Hopkirk（11/156。’FloraAnomala’
page164。）hasseenthiswithConvolvulustricolor;anditisnotuncommonwiththeBalsamandannualDelphinium。AccordingtoSirR。Schomburgk，plantsfromthewarmertemperateregions，whencultivatedunderthehotclimateofSt。Domingo，areeminentlyliabletobud—variation。IaminformedbyMr。Sedgwickthatmoss—roseswhichhaveoftenbeentakentoCalcuttaalwaystherelosetheirmossiness;butchangeofclimateisbynomeansanecessarycontingent，asweseewiththegooseberry，currant，andinmanyothercases。Plantslivingundertheirnaturalconditionsareveryrarelysubjecttobud—variation。Variegatedleaveshave，however，beenobservedundersuchcircumstances;andIhavegivenaninstanceofvariationbybudsonanash—treeplantedinornamentalgrounds，butitisdoubtfulwhethersuchatreecanbeconsideredaslivingunderstrictlynaturalconditions。Gartnerhasseenwhiteanddark—redflowersproducedfromthesamerootofthewildAchilleamillefolium;andProf。CasparyhasseenacompletelywildViolaluteabearingflowersoftwodifferentcoloursandsizes。（11/157。’Schriftenderphysisch—okon。Gesell。zuKonigsberg’b。
6February3，1865s。4。）
Aswildplantsaresorarelyliabletobud—variation，whilsthighlycultivatedplantslongpropagatedbyartificialmeanshaveyieldedmanyvarietiesbythisformofreproduction，weareledthroughaseriessuchasthefollowing，——namely，alltheeyesinthesametuberofthepotatovaryinginthesamemanner，——allthefruitonapurpleplum—treesuddenlybecomingyellow，——allthefruitonadouble—floweredalmondsuddenlybecomingpeachlike，——allthebudsongraftedtreesbeinginaveryslightdegreeaffectedbythestockonwhichtheyhavebeenworked，——alltheflowersonatransplantedheartseasechangingforatimeincolour，size，andshape，——weareledbysuchaseriestolookateverycaseofbud—
variationasthedirectresultoftheconditionsoflifetowhichtheplanthasbeenexposed。Ontheotherhand，plantsofthesamevarietymaybecultivatedintwoadjoiningbeds，apparentlyunderexactlythesameconditions，andthoseintheonebed，asCarriereinsists（11/158。
’ProductiondesVarietes’pages58，70。）willproducemanybud—variations，andthoseintheothernotasingleone。Again，ifwelooktosuchcasesasthatofapeach—treewhich，afterhavingbeencultivatedbytensofthousandsduringmanyyearsinmanycountries，andafterhavingannuallyproducedmillionsofbuds，allofwhichhaveapparentlybeenexposedtopreciselythesameconditions，yetatlastsuddenlyproducesasinglebudwithitswholecharactergreatlytransformed，wearedriventotheconclusionthatthetransformationstandsinnoDIRECTrelationtotheconditionsoflife。
Wehaveseenthatvarietiesproducedfromseedsandfrombudsresembleeachothersocloselyingeneralappearancethattheycannotbedistinguished。
Justascertainspeciesandgroupsofspecies，whenpropagatedbyseed，aremorevariablethanotherspeciesorgenera，soitisinthecaseofcertainbud—varieties。Thus，theQueenofEnglandChrysanthemumhasproducedbythislatterprocessnolessthansix，andRollisson’sUniquePelargoniumfourdistinctvarieties;moss—roseshavealsoproducedseveralothermoss—
roses。TheRosaceaehavevariedbybudsmorethananyothergroupofplants;butthismaybeinlargepartduetosomanymembershavingbeenlongcultivated;butwithinthissamegroup，thepeachhasoftenvariedbybuds，whilsttheappleandpear，bothgraftedtreesextensivelycultivated，haveafforded，asfarasIcanascertain，extremelyfewinstancesofbud—
variation。
Thelawofanalogousvariationholdsgoodwithvarietiesproducedbybuds，aswiththoseproducedfromseed:morethanonekindofrosehassportedintoamoss—rose;morethanonekindofcamelliahasassumedanhexagonalform;andatleastsevenoreightvarietiesofthepeachhaveproducednectarines。
Thelawsofinheritanceseemtobenearlythesamewithseminalandbud—
varieties。Weknowhowcommonlyreversioncomesintoplaywithboth，anditmayaffectthewhole，oronlysegmentsofaleaf，flower，orfruit。Whenthetendencytoreversionaffectsmanybudsonthesametree，itbecomescoveredwithdifferentkindsofleaves，flowers，orfruit;butthereisreasontobelievethatsuchfluctuatingvarietieshavegenerallyarisenfromseed。Itiswellknownthat，outofanumberofseedlingvarieties，sometransmittheircharactermuchmoretrulybyseedthanothers;sowithbud—varieties，someretaintheircharacterbysuccessivebudsmoretrulythanothers;ofwhichinstanceshavebeengivenwithtwokindsofvariegatedEuonymusandwithcertainkindsoftulipsandpelargoniums。
Notwithstandingthesuddenproductionofbud—varieties，thecharactersthusacquiredaresometimescapableoftransmissionbyseminalreproduction:Mr。
Rivershasfoundthatmoss—rosesgenerallyreproducethemselvesbyseed;
andthemossycharacterhasbeentransferredbycrossingfromonespeciesofrosetoanother。TheBostonnectarine，whichappearedasabud—
variation，producedbyseedacloselyalliednectarine。Ontheotherhand，seedlingsfromsomebud—variationshaveprovedvariabletoanextremedegree。（11/159。Carriere’ProductiondesVarietes’page39。）Wehavealsoheard，ontheauthorityofMr。Salter，thatseedstakenfromabranchwithleavesvariegatedthroughbud—variation，transmitthischaracterveryfeebly;whilstmanyplants，whichwerevariegatedasseedlings，transmitvariegationtoalargeproportionoftheirprogeny。
AlthoughIhavebeenabletocollectagoodmanycasesofbud—variation，asshowninthepreviouslists，andmightprobably，bysearchingforeignhorticulturalworks，havecollectedverymanymorecases，yettheirtotalnumberisasnothingincomparisonwiththatofseminalvarieties。Withseedlingsraisedfromthemorevariablecultivatedplants，thevariationsarealmostinfinitelynumerous，buttheirdifferencesaregenerallyslight:
onlyatlongintervalsoftimeastronglymarkedmodificationappears。Ontheotherhand，itisasingularandinexplicablefactthat，whenplantsvarybybuds，thevariations，thoughtheyoccurwithcomparativerarity，areoften，orevengenerally，stronglypronounced。Itstruckmethatthismightperhapsbeadelusion，andthatslightchangesoftenoccurredinbuds，butwereoverlookedornotrecordedfrombeingofnovalue。
Accordingly，Iappliedtotwogreatauthoritiesonthissubject，namely，toMr。Riverswithrespecttofruit—trees，andtoMr。Salterwithrespecttoflowers。Mr。Riversisdoubtful，butdoesnotrememberhavingnoticedveryslightvariationsinfruit—buds。Mr。Salterinformsmethatwithflowerssuchdooccur，but，ifpropagated，theygenerallylosetheirnewcharacterinthefollowingyear;yetheconcurswithmethatbud—variationsusuallyatonceassumeadecidedandpermanentcharacter。Wecanhardlydoubtthatthisistherule，whenwereflectonsuchcasesasthatofthepeach，whichhasbeensocarefullyobserved，andofwhichsuchtriflingseminalvarietieshavebeenpropagated，yetthistreehasrepeatedlyproducedbybud—variationnectarines，andonlytwice（asfarasIcanlearn）anyothervariety，namely，theEarlyandLateGrosseMignonnepeaches;andthesedifferfromtheparent—treeinhardlyanycharacterexcepttheperiodofmaturity。
Tomysurprise，IhearfromMr。Salterthathebringstheprincipleofselectiontobearonvariegatedplantspropagatedbybuds，andhasthusgreatlyimprovedandfixedseveralvarieties。Heinformsmethatatfirstabranchoftenproducesvariegatedleavesononesidealone，andthattheleavesaremarkedonlywithanirregularedgingorwithafewlinesofwhiteandyellow。Toimproveandfixsuchvarieties，hefindsitnecessarytoencouragethebudsatthebasesofthemostdistinctlymarkedleaves，andtopropagatefromthemalone。Byfollowingwithperseverancethisplanduringthreeorfoursuccessiveseasons，adistinctandfixedvarietycangenerallybesecured。
Finally，thefactsgiveninthischapterproveinhowcloseandremarkableamannerthegermofafertilisedseedandthesmallcellularmassformingabud，resembleeachotherinalltheirfunctions——intheirpowerofinheritancewithoccasionalreversion，——andintheircapacityforvariationofthesamegeneralnature，inobediencetothesamelaws。Thisresemblance，orratheridentityofcharacter，isshowninthemoststrikingmannerbythefactthatthecellulartissueofonespeciesorvariety，whenbuddedorgraftedonanother，maygiverisetoabudhavinganintermediatecharacter。Wehaveseenthatvariabilitydoesnotdependonsexualgeneration，thoughmuchmorefrequentlyitsconcomitantthanofbudreproduction。Wehaveseenthatbud—variabilityisnotsolelydependentonreversionoratavismtolong—lostcharacters，ortothoseformerlyacquiredfromacross，butappearsoftentobespontaneous。Butwhenweaskourselveswhatisthecauseofanyparticularbud—variation，wearelostindoubt，beingdriveninsomecasestolooktothedirectactionoftheexternalconditionsoflifeassufficient，andinothercasestofeelaprofoundconvictionthatthesehaveplayedaquitesubordinatepart，ofnotmoreimportancethanthenatureofthesparkwhichignitesamassofcombustiblematter。
CHAPTER1。XII。
INHERITANCE。
WONDERFULNATUREOFINHERITANCE。
PEDIGREESOFOURDOMESTICATEDANIMALS。
INHERITANCENOTDUETOCHANCE。
TRIFLINGCHARACTERSINHERITED。
DISEASESINHERITED。
PECULIARITIESINTHEEYEINHERITED。
DISEASESINTHEHORSE。
LONGEVITYANDVIGOUR。
ASYMMETRICALDEVIATIONSOFSTRUCTURE。
POLYDACTYLISMANDREGROWTHOFSUPERNUMERARYDIGITSAFTERAMPUTATION。
CASESOFSEVERALCHILDRENSIMILARLYAFFECTEDFROMNON—AFFECTEDPARENTS。
WEAKANDFLUCTUATINGINHERITANCE:INWEEPINGTREES，INDWARFNESS，COLOUROF
FRUITANDFLOWERS。
COLOUROFHORSES。
NON—INHERITANCEINCERTAINCASES。
INHERITANCEOFSTRUCTUREANDHABITSOVERBORNEBYHOSTILECONDITIONSOF
LIFE，BYINCESSANTLYRECURRINGVARIABILITY，ANDBYREVERSION。
CONCLUSION。
Thesubjectofinheritanceisanimmenseone，andhasbeentreatedbymanyauthors。Oneworkalone，’Del’HerediteNaturelle’byDr。ProsperLucas，runstothelengthof1562pages。Wemustconfineourselvestocertainpointswhichhaveanimportantbearingonthegeneralsubjectofvariation，bothwithdomesticandnaturalproductions。Itisobviousthatavariationwhichisnotinheritedthrowsnolightonthederivationofspecies，norisofanyservicetoman，exceptinthecaseofperennialplants，whichcanbepropagatedbybuds。