THEDAHLIA
TheDahliahasbeenreferredtobyalmosteveryauthorwhohaswrittenonthevariationofplants，becauseitisbelievedthatallthevarietiesaredescendedfromasinglespecies，andbecauseallhavearisensince1802inFrance，andsince1804inEngland。（10/188。Salisburyin’Transact。Hort。
Soc。’volume11812pages84，92。Asemi—doublevarietywasproducedinMadridin1790。）Mr。Sabineremarksthat\"itseemsasifsomeperiodofcultivationhadbeenrequiredbeforethefixedqualitiesofthenativeplantgavewayandbegantosportintothosechangeswhichnowsodelightus。\"（10/189。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume31820page225。）Theflowershavebeengreatlymodifiedinshapefromaflattoaglobularform。Anemoneandranunculus—likeraces（10/190。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume61830
page77。）whichdifferintheformandarrangementoftheflorets，havearisen;alsodwarfedraces，oneofwhichisonlyeighteeninchesinheight。
Theseedsvarymuchinsize。Thepetalsareuniformlycolouredortippedorstriped，andpresentanalmostinfinitediversityoftints。Seedlingsoffourteendifferentcolours（10/191。Loudon’s’Encyclop。ofGardening’page1035。）havebeenraisedfromthesameplant;yet，asMr。Sabinehasremarked，\"manyoftheseedlingsfollowtheirparentsincolour。\"Theperiodoffloweringhasbeenconsiderablyhastened，andthishasprobablybeeneffectedbycontinuedselection。Salisbury，writing1808，saysthattheythenfloweredfromSeptembertoNovember;in1828somenewdwarfvarietiesbeganfloweringinJune（10/192。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume1
page91;andLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume31828page179。）;andMr。
GrieveinformsmethatthedwarfpurpleZelindainhisgardenisinfullbloombythemiddleofJuneandsometimesevenearlier。Slightconstitutionaldifferenceshavebeenobservedbetweencertainvarieties:
thus，somekindssucceedmuchbetterinonepartofEnglandthaninanother（10/193。Mr。Wildmanin’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page87。’CottageGardener’April8，1856page33。）andithasbeennoticedthatsomevarietiesrequiremuchmoremoisturethanothers。（10/194。M。FaivrehasgivenaninterestingaccountofthesuccessivevariationsoftheChineseprimrose，sinceitsintroductionintoEuropeabouttheyear1820:’RevuedesCoursScientifiques’June1869page428。）
SuchflowersastheCARNATION，COMMONTULIP，andHYACINTH，whicharebelievedtobedescended，eachfromasinglewildform，presentinnumerablevarieties，differingalmostexclusivelyinthesize，form，andcolouroftheflowers。Theseandsomeotherancientlycultivatedplantswhichhavebeenlongpropagatedbyoffsets，pipings，bulbs，etc。，becomesoexcessivelyvariable，thatalmosteachnewplantraisedfromseedformsanewvariety，\"allofwhichtodescribeparticularly，\"asoldGerardewrotein1597，\"weretorollSisyphus’sstone，ortonumberthesands。\"
HYACINTH（Hyacinthusorientalis）。
Itmay，however，beworthwhiletogiveashortaccountofthisplant，whichwasintroducedintoEnglandin1596fromtheLevant。（10/195。ThebestandfullestaccountofthisplantwhichIhavemetwithisbyafamoushorticulturist，Mr。Paul，ofWaltham，inthe’Gardener’sChronicle’1864
page342。）Thepetalsoftheoriginalflower，saysMr。Paul，werenarrow，wrinkled，pointed，andofaflimsytexture;nowtheyarebroad，smooth，solid，androunded。Theerectness，breadth，andlengthofthewholespike，andthesizeoftheflowers，haveallincreased。Thecolourshavebeenintensifiedanddiversified。Gerarde，in1597，enumeratesfour，andParkinson，in1629，eightvarieties。Nowthevarietiesareverynumerous，andtheywerestillmorenumerousacenturyago。Mr。Paulremarksthat\"itisinterestingtocomparetheHyacinthsof1629withthoseof1864，andtomarktheimprovement。Twohundredandthirty—fiveyearshaveelapsedsincethen，andthissimpleflowerserveswelltoillustratethegreatfactthattheoriginalformsofnaturedonotremainfixedandstationary，atleastwhenbroughtundercultivation。Whilelookingattheextremes，wemustnot，however，forgetthatthereareintermediatestageswhichareforthemostpartlosttous。Naturewillsometimesindulgeherselfwithaleap，butasarulehermarchisslowandgradual。\"Headdsthatthecultivatorshouldhave\"inhismindanidealofbeauty，fortherealisationofwhichheworkswithheadandhand。\"WethusseehowclearlyMr。Paul，aneminentlysuccessfulcultivatorofthisflower，appreciatestheactionofmethodicalselection。
Inacuriousandapparentlytrustworthytreatise，publishedatAmsterdam（10/196。’DesJacinthes，deleurAnatomie，Reproduction，etCulture’
Amsterdam1768。）in1768，itisstatedthatnearly2，000sortswerethenknown;butin1864Mr。Paulfoundonly700inthelargestgardenatHaarlem。Inthistreatiseitissaidthatnotaninstanceisknownofanyonevarietyreproducingitselftrulybyseed:thewhitekinds，however，now（10/197。Alph。deCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page1082。）almostalwaysyieldwhitehyacinths，andtheyellowkindscomenearlytrue。Thehyacinthisremarkablefromhavinggivenrisetovarietieswithbrightblue，pink，anddistinctlyyellowflowers。Thesethreeprimarycoloursdonotoccurinthevarietiesofanyotherspecies;nordotheyoftenalloccureveninthedistinctspeciesofthesamegenus。Althoughtheseveralkindsofhyacinthsdifferbutslightlyfromeachotherexceptincolour，yeteachkindhasitsownindividualcharacter，whichcanberecognisedbyahighlyeducatedeye;
thusthewriteroftheAmsterdamtreatiseasserts（page43）thatsomeexperiencedflorists，suchasthefamousG。Voorhelm，seldomfailedinacollectionofabovetwelvehundredsortstorecogniseeachvarietybythebulbalone！Thissamewritermentionssomefewsingularvariations:forinstance，thehyacinthcommonlyproducessixleaves，butthereisonekind（page35）whichscarcelyeverhasmorethanthreeleaves;anothernevermorethanfive;whilstothersregularlyproduceeithersevenoreightleaves。Avariety，calledlaCoryphee，invariablyproduces（page116）twoflower—stems，unitedtogetherandcoveredbyoneskin。Theflower—steminanotherkind（page128）comesoutofthegroundinacolouredsheath，beforetheappearanceoftheleaves，andisconsequentlyliabletosufferfromfrost。Anothervarietyalwayspushesasecondflower—stemafterthefirsthasbeguntodevelopitself。Lastly，whitehyacinthswithred，purple，orvioletcentres（page129）arethemostliabletorot。Thus，thehyacinth，likesomanypreviousplants，whenlongcultivatedandcloselywatched，isfoundtooffermanysingularvariations。]
InthetwolastchaptersIhavegiveninsomedetailtherangeofvariation，andthehistory，asfarasknown，ofaconsiderablenumberofplants，whichhavebeencultivatedforvariouspurposes。Butsomeofthemostvariableplants，suchasKidney—beans，Capsicum，Millets，Sorghum，etc。，havebeenpassedover;forbotanistsarenotatallagreedwhichkindsoughttorankasspeciesandwhichasvarieties;andthewildparent—
speciesareunknown。（10/198。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page983。）
Manyplantslongcultivatedintropicalcountries，suchastheBanana，haveproducednumerousvarieties;butasthesehaveneverbeendescribedwithevenmoderatecare，theyareherealsopassedover。Nevertheless，asufficient，andperhapsmorethansufficient，numberofcaseshavebeengiven，sothatthereadermaybeenabledtojudgeforhimselfonthenatureandgreatamountofvariationwhichcultivatedplantshaveundergone。
CHAPTER1。XI。
ONBUD—VARIATION，ANDONCERTAINANOMALOUSMODESOFREPRODUCTIONAND
VARIATION。
BUD—VARIATIONINTHEPEACH，PLUM，CHERRY，VINE，GOOSEBERRY，CURRANT，AND
BANANA，ASSHOWNBYTHEMODIFIEDFRUIT。
INFLOWERS:CAMELLIAS，AZALEAS，CHRYSANTHEMUMS，ROSES，ETC。
ONTHERUNNINGOFTHECOLOURINCARNATIONS。
BUD—VARIATIONSINLEAVES。
VARIATIONSBYSUCKERS，TUBERS，ANDBULBS。
ONTHEBREAKINGOFTULIPS。
BUD—VARIATIONSGRADUATEINTOCHANGESCONSEQUENTONCHANGEDCONDITIONSOF
LIFE。
GRAFT—HYBRIDS。
ONTHESEGREGATIONOFTHEPARENTALCHARACTERSINSEMINALHYBRIDSBYBUD—
VARIATION。
ONTHEDIRECTORIMMEDIATEACTIONOFFOREIGNPOLLENONTHEMOTHER—PLANT。
ONTHEEFFECTSINFEMALEANIMALSOFAPREVIOUSIMPREGNATIONONTHE
SUBSEQUENTOFFSPRING。
CONCLUSIONANDSUMMARY。
Thischapterwillbechieflydevotedtoasubjectinmanyrespectsimportant，namely，bud—variation。BythistermIincludeallthosesuddenchangesinstructureorappearancewhichoccasionallyoccurinfull—grownplantsintheirflower—budsorleaf—buds。Gardenerscallsuchchanges\"Sports;\"butthis，aspreviouslyremarked，isanill—definedexpression，asithasoftenbeenappliedtostronglymarkedvariationsinseedlingplants。Thedifferencebetweenseminalandbudreproductionisnotsogreatasitatfirstappears;foreachbudisinonesenseanewanddistinctindividual;butsuchindividualsareproducedthroughtheformationofvariouskindsofbudswithouttheaidofanyspecialapparatus，whilstfertileseedsareproducedbytheconcourseofthetwosexualelements。Themodificationswhicharisethroughbud—variationcangenerallybepropagatedtoanyextentbygrafting，budding，cuttings，bulbs，etc。，andoccasionallyevenbyseed。Somefewofourmostbeautifulandusefulproductionshavearisenbybud—variation。
Bud—variationshaveasyetbeenobservedonlyinthevegetablekingdom;butitisprobablethatifcompoundanimals，suchascorals，etc。，hadbeensubjectedtoalongcourseofdomestication，theywouldhavevariedbybuds;fortheyresembleplantsinmanyrespects。Forinstance，anyneworpeculiarcharacterpresentedbyacompoundanimalispropagatedbybudding，asoccurswithdifferentlycolouredHydras，andasMr。Gossehasshowntobethecasewithasingularvarietyofatruecoral。VarietiesoftheHydrahavealsobeengraftedonothervarieties，andhaveretainedtheircharacter。
IwillinthefirstplacegiveallthecasesofbudvariationswhichIhavebeenabletocollect，andafterwardsshowtheirimportance。（11/1。Sincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthiswork，IhavefoundthatM。
Carriere，ChefdesPepinieresauMus。d’Hist。Nat。inhisexcellentEssay’ProductionetFixationdesVarietes’1865hasgivenalistofbud—
variationsfarmoreextensivethanmine;butastheserelatechieflytocasesoccurringinFranceIhaveleftmylistasitstood，addingafewfactsfromM。Carriereandothers。AnyonewhowishestostudythesubjectfullyshouldrefertoM。Carriere’sEssay。）Thesecasesprovethatthoseauthorswho，likePallas，attributeallvariabilitytothecrossingeitherofdistinctraces，orofdistinctindividualsbelongingtothesameracebutsomewhatdifferentfromeachother，areinerror;asarethoseauthorswhoattributeallvariabilitytothemereactofsexualunion。Norcanweaccountinallcasesfortheappearancethroughbud—variationofnewcharactersbytheprincipleofreversiontolong—lostcharacters。Hewhowishestojudgehowfartheconditionsoflifedirectlycauseeachparticularvariationoughttoreflectwellonthecasesimmediatelytobegiven。Iwillcommencewithbud—variations，asexhibitedinthefruit，andthenpassontoflowers，andfinallytoleaves。
[PEACH（Amygdaluspersica）。
InthelastchapterIgavetwocasesofapeach—almondandadouble—
floweredalmondwhichsuddenlyproducedfruitcloselyresemblingtruepeaches。Ihavealsogivenmanycasesofpeach—treesproducingbuds，which，whendevelopedintobranches，haveyieldednectarines。Wehaveseenthatnolessthansixnamedandseveralunnamedvarietiesofthepeachhavethusproducedseveralvarietiesofnectarine。Ihaveshownthatitishighlyimprobablethatallthesepeach—trees，someofwhichareoldvarieties，andhavebeenpropagatedbythemillion，arehybridsfromthepeachandnectarine，andthatitisopposedtoallanalogytoattributetheoccasionalproductionofnectarinesonpeach—treestothedirectactionofpollenfromsomeneighbouringnectarine—tree。Severalofthecasesarehighlyremarkable，because，firstly，thefruitthusproducedhassometimesbeeninpartanectarineandinpartapeach;secondly，becausenectarinesthussuddenlyproducedhavereproducedthemselvesbyseed;andthirdly，becausenectarinesareproducedfrompeach—treesfromseedaswellasfrombuds。Theseedofthenectarine，ontheotherhand，occasionallyproducespeaches;andwehaveseeninoneinstancethatanectarine—treeyieldedpeachesbybud—variation。Asthepeachiscertainlytheoldestorprimaryvariety，theproductionofpeachesfromnectarines，eitherbyseedsorbuds，mayperhapsbeconsideredasacaseofreversion。Certaintreeshavealsobeendescribedasindifferentlybearingpeachesornectarines，andthismaybeconsideredasbud—variationcarriedtoanextremedegree。
ThegrossemignonnepeachatMontreuilproduced\"fromasportingbranch\"
thegrossemignonnetardive，\"amostexcellentvariety，\"whichripensitsfruitafortnightlaterthantheparenttree，andisequallygood。（11/2。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1854page821。）Thissamepeachhaslikewiseproducedbybud—variationtheearlygrossemignonne。Hunt’slargetawnynectarine\"originatedfromHunt’ssmalltawnynectarine，butnotthroughseminalreproduction。\"（11/3。Lindley’GuidetoOrchard’asquotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page821。FortheEarlymignonnepeachsee’Gardener’sChronicle’1864page1251。）
PLUMS。
Mr。Knightstatesthatatreeoftheyellowmagnumbonumplum，fortyyearsold，whichhadalwaysborneordinaryfruit，producedabranchwhichyieldedredmagnumbonums。（11/4。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume2page160。）Mr。
Rivers，ofSawbridgeworth，informsme（January1863）thatasingletreeoutof400or500treesoftheEarlyProlificplum，whichisapurplekind，descendedfromanoldFrenchvarietybearingpurplefruit，producedwhenabouttenyearsoldbrightyellowplums;thesedifferedinnorespectexceptcolourfromthoseontheothertrees，butwereunlikeanyotherknownkindofyellowplum。（11/5。Seealso’Gardener’sChronicle’1863page27。）
CHERRY（Prunuscerasus）。
Mr。Knighthasrecorded（ibid）thecaseofabranchofaMay—Dukecherry，which，thoughcertainlynevergrafted，alwaysproducedfruit，ripeninglater，andmoreoblongthanthefruitontheotherbranches。AnotheraccounthasbeengivenoftwoMay—Dukecherry—treesinScotland，withbranchesbearingoblongandveryfinefruit，whichinvariablyripened，asinKnight’scase，afortnightlaterthantheothercherries。（11/6。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page821。）M。Carrieregives（page37）numerousanalogouscases，andoneofthesametreebearingthreekindsoffruit。
GRAPES（Vitisvinifera）。
TheblackorpurpleFrontignaninonecaseproducedduringtwosuccessiveyears（andnodoubtpermanently），spurswhichborewhiteFrontignangrapes。
Inanothercase，onthesamefootstalk，thelowerberries\"werewell—
colouredblackFrontignans;thosenextthestalkwerewhite，withtheexceptionofoneblackandonestreakedberry;\"andaltogethertherewerefifteenblackandtwelvewhiteberriesonthesamestalk。Inanotherkindofgrape，blackandamber—colouredberrieswereproducedinthesamecluster。（11/7。’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page629;1856page648;1864
page986。OthercasesaregivenbyBraun’Rejuvenescence’in’RaySoc。Bot。
Mem。’1853page314。）CountOdartdescribesavarietywhichoftenbearsonthesamestalksmallroundandlargeoblongberries;thoughtheshapeoftheberryisgenerallyafixedcharacter。（11/8。’Ampelographie’etc。1849
page71。）HereisanotherstrikingcasegivenontheexcellentauthorityofM。Carriere（11/9。’Gardener’sChronicle’1866page970。）:\"ablackHamburggrape（Frankenthal）wascutdown，andproducedthreesuckers;oneofthesewaslayered，andafteratimeproducedmuchsmallerberries，whichalwaysripenedatleastafortnightearlierthantheothers。Oftheremainingtwosuckers，oneproducedeveryyearfinegrapes，whilsttheother，althoughitsetanabundanceoffruit，maturedonlyafew，andtheseofinferiorquality。\"
GOOSEBERRY（Ribesgrossularia）。
AremarkablecasehasbeendescribedbyDr。Lindley（11/10。’Gardener’sChronicle’1855pages597，612。）ofabushwhichboreatthesametimenolessthanfourkindsofberries，namely，hairyandred，——smooth，smallandred，——green，——andyellowtingedwithbuff;thetwolatterkindshadadifferentflavourfromtheredberries，andtheirseedswerecolouredred。
Threetwigsonthisbushgrewclosetogether;thefirstborethreeyellowberriesandonered;thesecondtwigborefouryellowandonered;andthethirdfourredandoneyellow。Mr。LaxtonalsoinformsmethathehasseenaRedWarringtongooseberrybearingbothredandyellowfruitonthesamebranch。
CURRANT（Ribesrubrum）。
AbushpurchasedastheChampagne，whichisavarietythatbearsblush—
colouredfruitintermediatebetweenredandwhite，producedduringfourteenyearsonseparatebranchesandmingledonthesamebranch，berriesofthered，white，andchampagnekinds。（11/11。’Gardener’sChronicle’1842page873;1855page646。Inthe’Chronicle’page876Mr。P。Mackenziestatesthatthebushstillcontinuestobearthethreekindsoffruit，\"althoughtheyhavenotbeeneveryyearalike。）Thesuspicionnaturallyarisesthatthisvarietymayhaveoriginatedfromacrossbetweenaredandwhitevariety，andthattheabovetransformationmaybeaccountedforbyreversiontobothparent—forms;butfromtheforegoingcomplexcaseofthegooseberrythisviewisdoubtful。InFrance，abranchofared—currantbush，abouttenyearsold，producednearthesummitfivewhiteberries）andlowerdown，amongsttheredberries，oneberryhalfredandhalfwhite。
（11/12。’RevueHorticole’quotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1844page87。）
AlexanderBraun（11/13。’RejuvenescenceinNature’’Bot。MemoirsRaySoc。’
1853page314。）alsohasoftenseenbranchesonwhitecurrant—treesbearingredberries。
PEAR（Pyruscommunis）。
DureaudelaMallestatesthattheflowersonsometreesofanancientvariety，thedoyennegaleux，weredestroyedbyfrost:otherflowersappearedinJuly，whichproducedsixpears;theseexactlyresembledintheirskinandtastethefruitofadistinctvariety，thegrosdoyenneblanc，butinshapewerelikethebon—chretien:itwasnotascertainedwhetherthisnewvarietycouldbepropagatedbybuddingorgrafting。Thesameauthorgraftedabon—chretienonaquince，anditproduced，besidesitsproperfruit，anapparentlynewvariety，ofapeculiarformwiththickandroughskin。（11/14。’ComptesRendus’tome411855page804。ThesecondcaseisgivenontheauthorityofGaudichaudibidtome341852page748。）
APPLE（Pyrusmalus）。
InCanada，atreeofthevarietycalledPoundSweet，produced（11/15。Thiscaseisgiveninthe’Gardener’sChronicle’1867page403。），betweentwoofitsproperfruit，anapplewhichwaswellrusseted，smallinsize，differentinshape，andwithashortpeduncle。Asnorussetapplegrewanywherenear，thiscaseapparentlycannotbeaccountedforbythedirectactionofforeignpollen。M。Carriere（page38）mentionsananalogousinstance。Ishallhereaftergivecasesofapple—treeswhichregularlyproducefruitoftwokinds，orhalf—and—halffruit;thesetreesaregenerallysupposed，andprobablywithtruth，tobeofcrossedparentage，andthatthefruitrevertstobothparent—forms。
BANANA（Musasapientium）。
SirR。SchomburgkstatesthathesawinSt。DomingoaracemeontheFigBananawhichboretowardsthebase125fruitsoftheproperkind;andtheseweresucceeded，asisusual，higheruptheraceme，bybarrenflowers，andtheseby420fruits，havingawidelydifferentappearance，andripeningearlierthantheproperfruit。Theabnormalfruitcloselyresembled，exceptinbeingsmaller，thatoftheMusachinensisorcavendishii，whichhasgenerallybeenrankedasadistinctspecies。（11/16。’JournalofProc。
Linn。Soc。’volume2Botanypage131。）
FLOWERS。
Manycaseshavebeenrecordedofawholeplant，orsinglebranch，orbud，suddenlyproducingflowersdifferentfromthepropertypeincolour，form，size，doubleness，orothercharacter。Halftheflower，orasmallersegment，sometimeschangescolour。
CAMELLIA。
Themyrtle—leavedspecies（C。myrtifolia），andtwoorthreevarietiesofthecommonspecies，havebeenknowntoproducehexagonalandimperfectlyquadrangularflowers;andthebranchesproducingsuchflowershavebeenpropagatedbygrafting。（11/17。’Gardener’sChronicle’1847page207。）ThePomponvarietyoftenbears\"fourdistinguishablekindsofflowers，——thepurewhiteandthered—eyed，whichappearpromiscuously;thebrindledpinkandtherose—coloured，whichmaybekeptseparatewithtolerablecertaintybygraftingfromthebranchesthatbearthem。\"Abranch，also，onanoldtreeoftherose—colouredvarietyhasbeenseento\"reverttothepurewhitecolour，anoccurrencelesscommonthanthedeparturefromit。\"
（11/18。Herbert’Amaryllidaceae’1838page369。）
Crataegusoxyacantha。
Adarkpinkhawthornhasbeenknowntothrowoutasingletuftofpurewhiteblossoms（11/19。’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page391。）;andMr。A。
Clapham，nurseryman，ofBedford，informsmethathisfatherhadadeepcrimsonthorngraftedonawhitethorn，whichduringseveralyears，alwaysbore，highabovethegraft，bunchesofwhite，pinkanddeepcrimsonflowers。
Azaleaindica。
A。indicaiswellknownoftentoproducenewvarietiesbybuds。Ihavemyselfseenseveralcases。AplantofAzaleaindicavariegatahasbeenexhibitedbearingatrussofflowersofA。ind。gledstanesii\"astrueascouldpossiblybeproduced，thusevidencingtheoriginofthatfinevariety。\"OnanotherplantofA。ind。variegataaperfectflowerofA。ind。
lateritiawasproduced;sothatbothgledstanesiiandlateritianodoubtoriginallyappearedassportingbranchesofA。ind。variegata。（11/20。
ExhibitedatHort。Soc。London。Reportin’Gardener’sChronicle’1844page337。）
HIBISCUS（Paritiumtricuspis）。
Aseedlingofthisplant，whensomeyearsold，produced，atSaharunpore（11/21。Mr。W。Bell’Bot。Soc。ofEdinburgh’May1863。），somebranches\"whichboreleavesandflowerswidelydifferentfromthenormalform。\"\"Theabnormalleafismuchlessdivided，andnotacuminated。Thepetalsareconsiderablylarger，andquiteentire。Thereisalsointhefreshstateaconspicuous，large，oblonggland，fullofaviscidsecretion，onthebackofeachofthecalycinesegments。\"Dr。King，whosubsequentlyhadchargeoftheseGardens，informsmethatatreeofParitiumtricuspis（probablytheverysameplant）growingthere，hadabranchburiedintheground，apparentlybyaccident;andthisbranchchangeditscharacterwonderfully，growinglikeabush，andproducingflowersandleaves，resemblinginshapethoseofanotherspecies，viz。，P。tiliaceum。Asmallbranchspringingfromthisbushneartheground，revertedtotheparent—form。Bothformswereextensivelypropagatedduringseveralyearsbycuttingsandkeptperfectlytrue。
Althaearosea。
AdoubleyellowHollyhocksuddenlyturnedoneyearintoapurewhitesinglekind;subsequentlyabranchbearingtheoriginaldoubleyellowflowersreappearedinthemidstofthebranchesofthesinglewhitekind。（11/22。
’RevueHorticole’quotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1845page475。）
PELARGONIUM。
Thesehighlycultivatedplantsseememinentlyliabletobud—variation。I
willgiveonlyafewwell—markedcases。Gartnerhasseen（11/23。
’Bastarderzeugung’1849s。76。）aplantofP。zonalewithabranchhavingwhiteedges，whichremainedconstantforyears，andboreflowersofadeeperredthanusual。Generallyspeaking，suchbranchespresentlittleornodifferenceintheirflowers:thusawriter（11/24。’JournalofHorticulture’1861page336。）pinchedofftheleadingshootofaseedlingP。zonale，anditthrewoutthreebranches，whichdifferedinthesizeandcolouroftheirleavesandstems;butonallthreebranches\"theflowerswereidentical，\"exceptinbeinglargestinthegreen—stemmedvariety，andsmallestinthatwithvariegatedfoliage:thesethreevarietiesweresubsequentlypropagatedanddistributed。Manybranches，andsomewholeplants，ofavarietycalledcompactum，whichbearsorange—scarletflowers，havebeenseentoproducepinkflowers。（11/25。W。P。Ayres’Gardener’sChronicle’1842page791。）Hill’sHector，whichisapaleredvariety，producedabranchwithlilacflowers，andsometrusseswithbothredandlilacflowers。Thisapparentlyisacaseofreversion，forHill’sHectorwasaseedlingfromalilacvariety。（11/26。W。P。Ayresibid。）Hereisabettercaseofreversion:avarietyproducedfromacomplicatedcross，afterhavingbeenpropagatedforfivegenerationsbyseed，yieldedbybud—
variationthreeverydistinctvarietieswhichwereundistinguishablefromplants，\"knowntohavebeenatsometimeancestorsoftheplantinquestion。\"（11/27。Dr。MaxwellMasters’Pop。ScienceReview’July1872page250。）OfallPelargoniums，Rollisson’sUniqueseemstobethemostsportive;itsoriginisnotpositivelyknown，butisbelievedtobefromacross。Mr。Salter，ofHammersmith，states（11/28。’Gardener’sChronicle’
1861page968。）thathehashimselfknownthispurplevarietytoproducethelilac，therose—crimsonorconspicuum，andtheredorcoccineumvarieties;thelatterhasalsoproducedtherosed’amour;sothataltogetherfourvarietieshaveoriginatedbybudvariationfromRollisson’sUnique。Mr。Salterremarksthatthesefourvarieties\"maynowbeconsideredasfixed，althoughtheyoccasionallyproduceflowersoftheoriginalcolour。Thisyearcoccineumhaspushedflowersofthreedifferentcolours，red，rose，andlilac，uponthesametruss，anduponothertrussesareflowershalfredandhalflilac。\"Besidesthesefourvarieties，twootherscarletUniquesareknowntoexist，bothofwhichoccasionallyproducelilacflowersidenticalwithRollisson’sUnique（11/29。Ibid1861page945。）;butoneatleastofthesedidnotarisethroughbud—variation，butisbelievedtobeaseedlingfromRollisson’sUnique。（11/30。W。Paul’Gardener’sChronicle’1861page968。）Thereare，also，inthetrade（11/31。Ibidpage945。）twootherslightlydifferentvarieties，ofunknownorigin，ofRollisson’sUnique:sothataltogetherwehaveacuriouslycomplexcaseofvariationbothbybudsandseeds。（11/32。Forothercasesofbud—variationinthissamevarietysee’Gardener’sChronicle’1861pages578，600，925。Forotherdistinctcasesofbud—variationinthegenusPelargoniumsee’CottageGardener’1860page194。）Hereisastillmorecomplexcase:M。Rafarinstatesthatapalerose—colouredvarietyproducedabranchbearingdeepredflowers。\"Cuttingsweretakenfromthis’sport，’
fromwhich20plantswereraised，whichfloweredin1867，whenitwasfoundthatscarcelytwowerealike。\"Someresembledtheparent—form，someresembledthesport，someborebothkindsofflowers;andevensomeofthepetalsonthesameflowerwererose—colouredandothersred。（11/33。Dr。
MaxwellMasters’Pop。ScienceReview’July1872page254。）AnEnglishwildplant，theGeraniumpratense，whencultivatedinagarden，hasbeenseentoproduceonthesameplantbothblueandwhite，andstripedblueandwhiteflowers。（11/34。Rev。W。T。BreeinLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume81832
page93。）
CHRYSANTHEMUM。
Thisplantfrequentlysports，bothbyitslateralbranchesandoccasionallybysuckers。AseedlingraisedbyMr。Salterhasproducedbybud—variationsixdistinctsorts，fivedifferentincolourandoneinfoliage，allofwhicharenowfixed。（11/35。’TheChrysanthemum:itsHistoryandCulture’
byJ。Salter1865page41etc。）Avarietycalledcedonullibearssmallyellowflowers，buthabituallyproducesbrancheswithwhiteflowers;andaspecimenwasexhibited，whichProf。T。Dyersaw，beforetheHorticulturalSociety。ThevarietieswhichwerefirstintroducedfromChinaweresoexcessivelyvariable，\"thatitwasextremelydifficulttotellwhichwastheoriginalcolourofthevariety，andwhichwasthesport。\"Thesameplantwouldproduceoneyearonlybuff—coloured，andnextyearonlyrose—
colouredflowers;andthenwouldchangeagain，orproduceatthesametimeflowersofbothcolours。Thesefluctuatingvarietiesarenowalllost，and，whenabranchsportsintoanewvariety，itcangenerallybepropagatedandkepttrue;but，asMr。Salterremarks，\"everysportshouldbethoroughlytestedindifferentsoilsbeforeitcanbereallyconsideredasfixed，asmanyhavebeenknowntorunbackwhenplantedinrichcompost;butwhensufficientcareandtimeareexpendedinproving，therewillexistlittledangerofsubsequentdisappointment。\"Mr。Salterinformsmethatwithallthevarietiesthecommonestkindofbud—variationistheproductionofyellowflowers，and，asthisistheprimordialcolour，thesecasesmaybeattributedtoreversion。Mr。Salterhasgivenmealistofsevendifferentlycolouredchrysanthemums，whichhaveallproducedbrancheswithyellowflowers;butthreeofthemhavealsosportedintoothercolours。
Withanychangeofcolourintheflower，thefoliagegenerallychangesinacorrespondingmannerinlightnessordarkness。
AnotherCompositousplant，namely，Centauriacyanus，whencultivatedinagarden，notunfrequentlyproducesonthesamerootflowersoffourdifferentcolours，viz。，blue，white，dark—purple，andparti—coloured。
（11/36。BreeinLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume81832page93。）TheflowersofAnthemisalsovaryonthesameplant。（11/37。Bronn’GeschichtederNatur’b。2s。123。）
ROSES。
ManyvarietiesoftheRoseareknownorarebelievedtohaveoriginatedbybud—variation。（11/38。T。Rivers’RoseAmateur’sGuide’1837page4。）Thecommondoublemoss—rosewasimportedintoEnglandfromItalyabouttheyear1735。（11/39。Mr。Shailerquotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1848page759。）
Itsoriginisunknown，butfromanalogyitprobablyarosefromtheProvencerose（R。centifolia）bybud—variation;forthebranchesofthecommonmoss—
rosehaveseveraltimesbeenknowntoproduceProvenceroses，whollyorpartiallydestituteofmoss:Ihaveseenonesuchinstance，andseveralothershavebeenrecorded。（11/40。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume41822
page137;’Gardener’sChronicle’1842page422。）Mr。RiversalsoinformsmethatheraisedtwoorthreerosesoftheProvenceclassfromseedoftheoldsinglemoss—rose（11/41。SeealsoLoudon’s’Arboretum’volume2page780。）;andthislatterkindwasproducedin1807bybud—variationfromthecommonmoss—rose。Thewhitemoss—rosewasalsoproducedin1788byanoffsetfromthecommonredmoss—rose:itwasatfirstpaleblush—coloured，butbecamewhitebycontinuedbudding。Oncuttingdowntheshootswhichhadproducedthiswhitemoss—rose，twoweakshootswerethrownup，andbudsfromtheseyieldedthebeautifulstripedmoss—rose。Thecommonmoss—rosehasyieldedbybud—variation，besidestheoldsingleredmoss—rose，theoldscarletsemi—doublemoss—rose，andthesage—leafmoss—rose，which\"hasadelicateshell—likeform，andisofabeautifulblushcolour;itisnow（1852）nearlyextinct。\"（11/42。Allthesestatementsontheoriginoftheseveralvarietiesofthemoss—rosearegivenontheauthorityofMr。
Shailer，who，togetherwithhisfather，wasconcernedintheiroriginalpropagation。See’Gard。Chronicle’1852page759。）Awhitemoss—rosehasbeenseentobearaflowerhalfwhiteandhalfpink。（11/43。’Gardener’sChronicle’1845page564。）Althoughseveralmoss—roseshavethuscertainlyarisenbybud—variation，thegreaternumberprobablyowetheirorigintoseedofmoss—roses。ForMr。Riversinformsmethathisseedlingsfromtheoldsinglemoss—rosealmostalwaysproducedmoss—roses;andtheoldsinglemoss—rosewas，aswehaveseen，theproductbybud—variationofthedoublemoss—roseoriginallyimportedfromItaly。Thattheoriginalmoss—rosewastheproductofbud—variationisprobable，fromthefactsabovegivenandfromthedeMeauxmoss—rose（alsoavarietyofR。centifolia）（11/44。
’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume2page242。）havingappearedasasportingbranchonthecommonrosedeMeaux。Prof。Casparyhascarefullydescribed（11/45。’ShriftenderPhys。Oekon。Gesell。zuKonigsberg’February3，1865
s。4。SeealsoDr。Caspary’spaperin’TransactionsoftheHort。CongressofAmsterdam’1865。）thecaseofasix—year—oldwhitemoss—rose，whichsentupseveralsuckers，oneofwhichwasthorny，andproducedredflowers，destituteofmoss，exactlylikethoseoftheProvencerose（R。centifolia）:
anothershootborebothkindsofflowers，andinadditionlongitudinallystripedflowers。Asthiswhitemoss—rosehadbeengraftedontheProvencerose，Prof。Casparyattributestheabovechangestotheinfluenceofthestock;butfromthefactsalreadygiven，andfromotherstobegiven，bud—
variation，withreversion，isprobablyasufficientexplanation。
Manyotherinstancescouldbeaddedofrosesvaryingbybuds。ThewhiteProvenceroseapparentlyoriginatedinthisway。（11/46。’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page759。）M。Carrierestates（page36）thathehimselfknowsoffivevarietiesthusproducedbytheBaronnePrevost。Thedoubleandhighly—colouredBelladonnarosehasproducedbysuckersbothsemi—
doubleandalmostsinglewhiteroses（11/47。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume2page242。）;whilstsuckersfromoneofthesesemi—doublewhiterosesrevertedtoperfectlycharacterisedBelladonnas。InSt。Domingo，varietiesoftheChinarosepropagatedbycuttingsoftenrevertafterayearortwointotheoldChinarose。（11/48。SirR。Schomburgk’Proc。Linn。Soc。Bot。’
volume2page132。）Manycaseshavebeenrecordedofrosessuddenlybecomingstripedorchangingtheircharacterbysegments:someplantsoftheComtessedeChabrillant，whichisproperlyrose—coloured，wereexhibitedin1862（11/49。’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page619。），withcrimsonflakesonaroseground。IhaveseentheBeautyofBilliardwithaquarterandwithhalfthefloweralmostwhite。’TheAustrianbramble（R。
lutea）notrarely（11/50。Hopkirk’FloraAnomala’167。）producesbrancheswithpureyellowflowers;andProf。Henslowhasseenexactlyhalftheflowerofapureyellow，andIhaveseennarrowyellowstreaksonasinglepetal，ofwhichtherestwasoftheusualcoppercolour。
Thefollowingcasesarehighlyremarkable。Mr。Rivers，asIaminformedbyhim，possessedanewFrenchrosewithdelicatesmoothshoots，paleglaucous—greenleaves，andsemi—doublepaleflesh—colouredflowersstripedwithdarkred;andonbranchesthuscharacterisedtheresuddenlyappearedinmorethanoneinstance，thefamousoldrosecalledtheBaronnePrevost，withitsstoutthornyshoots，andimmense，uniformlyandrichlycoloureddoubleflowers;sothatinthiscasetheshoots，leaves，andflowers，allatoncechangedtheircharacterbybud—variation。AccordingtoM。Verlot（11/51。’SurLaProductionetlaFixationdesVarietes’1865page4。），avarietycalledRosacannabifolia，whichhaspeculiarlyshapedleaflets，anddiffersfromeverymemberofthefamilyintheleavesbeingoppositeinsteadofalternate，suddenlyappearedonaplantofR。albainthegardensoftheLuxembourg。Lastly，\"arunningshoot\"wasobservedbyMr。H。
Curtis（11/52。’JournalofHorticulture’March1865page233。）ontheoldAimeeVibertNoisette，andhebuddeditonCeline;thusaclimbingAimeeVibertwasfirstproducedandafterwardspropagated。
DIANTHUS。
ItisquitecommonwiththeSweetWilliam（D。barbatus）toseedifferentlycolouredflowersonthesameroot;andIhaveobservedonthesametrussfourdifferentlycolouredandshadedflowers。Carnationsandpinks（D。
caryophyllus，etc。）occasionallyvarybylayers;andsomekindsaresolittlecertainincharacterthattheyarecalledbyfloriculturists\"catch—
flowers。\"（11/53。’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page135。）Mr。Dicksonhasablydiscussedthe\"running\"ofparticolouredorstripedcarnations，andsaysitcannotbeaccountedforbythecompostinwhichtheyaregrown:
\"layersfromthesamecleanflowerwouldcomepartofthemcleanandpartfoul，evenwhensubjectedtopreciselythesametreatment;andfrequentlyonefloweraloneappearsinfluencedbythetaint，theremaindercomingperfectlyclean。\"（11/54。Ibid1842page55。）Thisrunningoftheparti—
colouredflowersapparentlyisacaseofreversionbybudstotheoriginaluniformtintofthespecies。
Iwillbrieflymentionsomeothercasesofbud—variationtoshowhowmanyplantsbelongingtomanyordershavevariedintheirflowers;andmanyothersmightbeadded。Ihaveseenonasnap—dragon（Antirrhinummajus）
white，pink，andstripedflowersonthesameplant，andbrancheswithstripedflowersonared—colouredvariety。Onadoublestock（Matthiolaincana）Ihaveseenabranchbearingsingleflowers;andonadingy—purpledoublevarietyofthewall—flower（Cheiranthuscheiri），abranchwhichhadrevertedtotheordinarycoppercolour。Onotherbranchesofthesameplant，someflowerswereexactlydividedacrossthemiddle，onehalfbeingpurpleandtheothercoppery;butsomeofthesmallerpetalstowardsthecentreofthesesameflowerswerepurplelongitudinallystreakedwithcopperycolour，orcopperystreakedwithpurple。ACyclamen（11/55。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1867page235。）hasbeenobservedtobearwhiteandpinkflowersoftwoforms，theoneresemblingthePersicumstrain，andtheothertheCoumstrain。Oenotherabiennishasbeenseen（11/56。Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。305。）bearingflowersofthreedifferentcolours。ThehybridGladioluscolviliioccasionallybearsuniformlycolouredflowers，andonecaseisrecorded（11/57。Mr。D。Beatonin’CottageGardener’1860
page250。）ofalltheflowersonaplantthuschangingcolour。AFuchsiahasbeenseen（11/58。’Gardener’sChronicle’1850page536。）bearingtwokindsofflowers。Mirabilisjalapaiseminentlysportive，sometimesbearingonthesamerootpurered，yellow，andwhiteflowers，andothersstripedwithvariouscombinationsofthesethreecolours。（11/59。Braun’RaySoc。
Bot。Mem。’1853page315;Hopkirk’FloraAnomala’page164;Lecoq’Geograph。Bot。del’Europe’tome31854page405;and’DelaFecondation’
1862page303。）TheplantsoftheMirabilis，whichbearsuchextraordinarilyvariableflowersinmost，probablyinall，cases，owetheirorigin，asshownbyProf。Lecoq，tocrossesbetweendifferentlycolouredvarieties。
LEAVESANDSHOOTS。
Changes，throughbud—variation，infruitsandflowershavehithertobeentreatedof;incidentallysomeremarkablemodificationsintheleavesandshootsoftheroseandParitium，andinalesserdegreeinthefoliageofthePelargoniumandChrysanthemum，havebeennoticed。Iwillnowaddafewmorecasesofvariationinleaf—buds。Verlot（11/60。’DesVarietes’1865
page5。）statesthatonAraliatrifoliata，whichproperlyhasleaveswiththreeleaflets，branchesfrequentlyappearbearingsimpleleavesofvariousforms;thesecanbepropagatedbybudsorbygrafting，andhavegivenrise，ashestates，toseveralnominalspecies。
Withrespecttotrees，thehistoryofbutfewofthemanyvarietieswithcuriousorornamentalfoliageisknown;butseveralprobablyhaveoriginatedbybud—variation。Hereisonecase:——Anoldash—tree（Fraxinusexcelsior）inthegroundsofNecton，asMr。Masonstates，\"formanyyearshashadoneboughofatotallydifferentcharactertotherestofthetree，orofanyotherash—treewhichIhaveseen;beingshort—jointedanddenselycoveredwithfoliage。\"Itwasascertainedthatthisvarietycouldbepropagatedbygrafts。（11/61。W。Masonin’Gardener’sChronicle’1843page878。）Thevarietiesofsometreeswithcutleaves，astheoak—leavedlaburnum，theparsley—leavedvine，andespeciallythefern—leavedbeech，areapttorevertbybudstothecommonforms。（11/62。Alex。Braun’RaySoc。Bot。Mem。’1853page315;’Gardener’sChron。’1841page329。）Thefern—likeleavesofthebeechsometimesrevertonlypartially，andthebranchesdisplayhereandtheresproutsbearingcommonleaves，fern—like，andvariouslyshapedleaves。Suchcasesdifferbutlittlefromtheso—
calledheterophyllusvarieties，inwhichthetreehabituallybearsleavesofvariousforms;butitisprobablethatmostheterophylloustreeshaveoriginatedasseedlings。Thereisasub—varietyoftheweepingwillowwithleavesrolledupintoaspiralcoil;andMr。Mastersstatesthatatreeofthiskindkepttrueinhisgardenfortwenty—fiveyears，andthenthrewoutasingleuprightshootbearingflatleaves。（11/63。Dr。M。T。Masters’RoyalInstitutionLecture’March16，1860。）
Ihaveoftennoticedsingletwigsandbranchesonbeechandothertreeswiththeirleavesfullyexpandedbeforethoseontheotherbrancheshadopened;andastherewasnothingintheirexposureorcharactertoaccountforthisdifference，Ipresumethattheyhadappearedasbud—variations，liketheearlyandlatefruit—maturingvarietiesofthepeachandnectarine。
Cryptogamicplantsareliabletobud—variation，forfrondsonthesamefernoftendisplayremarkabledeviationsofstructure。Spores，whichareofthenatureofbuds，takenfromsuchabnormalfronds，reproduce，withremarkablefidelity，thesamevariety，afterpassingthroughthesexualstage。（11/64。
SeeMr。W。K。Bridgeman’scuriouspaperin’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’
December1861;alsoMr。J。Scott’Bot。Soc。Edinburgh’June12，1862。）
Withrespecttocolour，leavesoftenbecomebybud—variationzoned，blotched，orspottedwithwhite，yellow，andred;andthisoccasionallyoccursevenwithplantsinastateofnature。Variegation，however，appearsstillmorefrequentlyinplantsproducedfromseed;eventhecotyledonsorseed—leavesbeingthusaffected。（11/65。’JournalofHorticulture’1861
page336;Verlot’DesVarietes’page76。）Therehavebeenendlessdisputeswhethervariegationshouldbeconsideredasadisease。Inafuturechapterweshallseethatitismuchinfluenced，bothinthecaseofseedlingsandofmatureplants，bythenatureofthesoil。Plantswhichhavebecomevariegatedasseedlings，generallytransmittheircharacterbyseedtoalargeproportionoftheirprogeny;andMr。Salterhasgivenmealistofeightgenerainwhichthisoccurred。（11/66。SeealsoVerlot’DesVarietes’
page74。）SirF。Pollockhasgivenmemorepreciseinformation:hesowedseedfromavariegatedplantofBallotanigrawhichwasfoundgrowingwild，andthirtypercentoftheseedlingswerevariegated;seedfromtheselatterbeingsown，sixtypercentcameupvariegated。Whenbranchesbecomevariegatedbybud—variation，andthevarietyisattemptedtobepropagatedbyseed，theseedlingsarerarelyvariegated:Mr。Salterfoundthistobethecasewithplantsbelongingtoelevengenera，inwhichthegreaternumberoftheseedlingsprovedtobegreen—leaved;yetafewwereslightlyvariegated，orwerequitewhite，butnonewereworthkeeping。Variegatedplants，whetheroriginallyproducedfromseedsorbuds，cangenerallybepropagatedbybudding，grafting，etc。;butallareapttorevertbybud—