Raphanusraphanistrumandsativushaveoftenbeenrankedasdistinctspecies，andowingtodifferencesintheirfruitevenasdistinctgenera;
butProfessorHoffman（’Bot。Zeitung’1872page482）hasnowshownthatthesedifferences，remarkableastheyare，graduateaway，thefruitofR。
caudatusbeingintermediate。BycultivatingR。raphanistrumduringseveralgenerations（ibid1873page9），ProfessorHoffmanalsoobtainedplantsbearingfruitslikethoseofR。sativus。
PEA（Pisumsativum）。
Mostbotanistslookatthegarden—peaasspecificallydistinctfromthefield—pea（P。arvense）。ThelatterexistsinawildstateinSouthernEurope;buttheaboriginalparentofthegarden—peahasbeenfoundbyonecollectoralone，ashestates，intheCrimea。（9/81。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’960。Mr。Bentham’Hort。Journal’volume91855page141
believesthatgardenandfieldpeasbelongtothesamespecies，andinthisrespecthediffersfromDr。Targioni。）AndrewKnightcrossed，asIaminformedbytheRev。A。Fitch，thefield—peawithawell—knowngardenvariety，thePrussianpea，andthecrossseemstohavebeenperfectlyfertile。Dr。Alefieldhasrecentlystudied（9/82。’BotanischeZeitung’1860
s。204。）thegenuswithcare，and，afterhavingcultivatedaboutfiftyvarieties，concludesthatcertainlytheyallbelongtothesamespecies。Itisaninterestingfactalreadyalludedto，that，accordingtoO。Heer（9/83。’DiePflanzenderPfahlbauten’1866s。23。）thepeasfoundinthelake—habitationsofSwitzerlandoftheStoneandBronzeages，belongtoanextinctvariety，withexceedinglysmallseeds，alliedtoP。arvenseorthefield—pea。Thevarietiesofthecommongarden—peaarenumerous，anddifferconsiderablyfromoneanother。ForcomparisonIplantedatthesametimeforty—one，EnglishandFrenchvarieties。Theydifferedgreatlyinheight，——
namelyfrombetween6and12inchesto8feet（9/84。AvarietycalledtheRouncivaattainsthisheight，asisstatedbyMr。Gordonin’Transact。
Hort。Soc。’2ndseriesvolume11835page374fromwhichpaperIhavetakensomefacts。），——inmannerofgrowth，andinperiodofmaturity。Somedifferingeneralaspectevenwhileonlytwoorthreeinchesinheight。ThestemsofthePrussianpeaaremuchbranched。Thetallkindshavelargerleavesthanthedwarfkinds，butnotinstrictproportiontotheirheight:——HAIR’S
DWARFMONMOUTHhasverylargeleaves，andthePOISNAINHATIF，andthemoderatelytallBLUEPRUSSIAN，haveleavesabouttwo—thirdsofthesizeofthetallestkind。IntheDANECROFTtheleafletsarerathersmallandalittlepointed;intheQUEENOFDWARFSratherrounded;andintheQUEENOF
ENGLANDbroadandlarge。Inthesethreepeastheslightdifferencesintheshapeoftheleavesareaccompaniedbyslightdifferencesincolour，inthePOISGEANTSANSPARCHEMIN，whichbearspurpleflowers，theleafletsintheyoungplantareedgedwithred;andinallthepeaswithpurpleflowersthestipulesaremarkedwithred。
Inthedifferentvarieties，one，two，orseveralflowersinasmallcluster，areborneonthesamepeduncle;andthisisadifferencewhichisconsideredofspecificvalueinsomeoftheLeguminosae。Inallthevarietiestheflowerscloselyresembleeachotherexceptincolourandsize。Theyaregenerallywhite，sometimespurple，butthecolourisinconstanteveninthesamevariety。InWARNER’SEMPEROR，whichisatallkind，theflowersarenearlydoublethesizeofthePOISNAINHATIF;butHAIR’SDWARFMONMOUTH，whichhaslargeleaves，likewisehaslargeflowers。
ThecalyxintheVICTORIAMARROWislarge，andinBISHOP’SLONGPODthesepalsarerathernarrow。Innootherkindisthereanydifferenceintheflower。
Thepodsandseeds，whichwithnaturalspeciesaffordsuchconstantcharacters，differgreatlyinthecultivatedvarietiesofthepea;andthesearethevaluable，andconsequentlytheselectedparts。SUGARPEAS，orPOISSANSPARCHEMIN，areremarkablefromtheirthinpods，which，whilstyoung，arecookedandeatenwhole;andinthisgroup，which，accordingtoMr。Gordonincludeselevensub—varieties，itisthepodwhichdiffersmost;
thusLEWIS’SNEGRO—PODDEDPEAhasastraight，broad，smooth，anddark—
purplepod，withthehusknotsothinasintheotherkinds;thepodofanothervarietyisextremelybowed;thatofthePOISGEANTismuchpointedattheextremity;andinthevariety\"AGRANDSCOSSES\"thepeasareseenthroughthehuskinsoconspicuousamannerthatthepod，especiallywhendry，canhardlyatfirstberecognisedasthatofapea。
Intheordinaryvarietiesthepodsalsodiffermuchinsize;——incolour，thatofWOODFORD’SGREENMARROWbeingbright—greenwhendry，insteadofpalebrown，andthatofthepurple—poddedpeabeingexpressedbyitsname;—
—insmoothness，thatofDANECROFTbeingremarkablyglossy，whereasthatoftheNEPLUSULTRAisrugged;inbeingeithernearlycylindrical，orbroadandflat;——inbeingpointedattheend，asinTHURSTON’SRELIANCE，ormuchtruncated，asintheAMERICANDWARF。IntheAUVERGNEPEAthewholeendofthepodisbowedupwards。IntheQUEENOFTHEDWARFSandinSCIMITARPEAS
thepodisalmostellipticinshape。Iheregivedrawingsofthefourmostdistinctpodsproducedbytheplantscultivatedbyme。
（FIGURE41。PODSANDPEAS。I。QueenofDwarfs。II。AmericanDwarf。III。
Thurston’sReliance。IV。PoisGeantsansparchemin。a。DanO’RourkePea。b。
QueenofDwarfsPea。c。Knight’sTallWhiteMarrow。a。Lewis’sNegroPea。）
Inthepeaitselfwehaveeverytintbetweenalmostpurewhite，brown，yellow，andintensegreen;inthevarietiesoftheSUGARPEASwehavethesesametints，togetherwithredpassingthroughfinepurpleintoadarkchocolatetint。Thesecoloursareeitheruniformordistributedindots，striae，ormoss—likemarks;theydependinsomecasesonthecolourofthecotyledonsseenthroughtheskin，andinothercasesontheoutercoatsofthepeaitself。Inthedifferentvarieties，thepodscontain，accordingtoMr。Gordon，fromelevenortwelvetoonlyfourorfivepeas。Thelargestpeasarenearlytwiceasmuchindiameterasthesmallest;andthelatterarenotalwaysbornebythemostdwarfedkinds。Peasdiffermuchinshape，beingsmoothandspherical，smoothandoblong，nearlyovalintheQUEENOF
THEDWARFS，andnearlycubicalandcrumpledinmanyofthelargerkinds。
Withrespecttothevalueofthedifferencesbetweenthechiefvarieties，itcannotbedoubtedthat，ifoneofthetallSUGAR—PEAS，withpurpleflowers，thin—skinnedpodsofanextraordinaryshape，includinglarge，dark—purplepeas，grewwildbythesideofthelowlyQUEENOFTHEDWARFS，withwhiteflowers，greyish—green，roundedleaves，scimitar—likepods，containingoblong，smooth，pale—colouredpeas，whichbecamematureatadifferentseason:orbythesideofoneofthegiganticsorts，liketheCHAMPIONOFENGLAND，withleavesofgreatsize，pointedpods，andlarge，green，crumpled，almostcubicalpeas，——allthreekindswouldberankedasdistinctspecies。
AndrewKnight（9/85。’Phil。Tract。’1799page196。）hasobservedthatthevarietiesofpeaskeepverytrue，becausetheyarenotcrossedbyinsects。
Asfarasthefactofkeepingtrueisconcerned，IhearfromMr。MastersofCanterbury，wellknownastheoriginatorofseveralnewkinds，thatcertainvarietieshaveremainedconstantforaconsiderabletime，——forinstance，KNIGHT’SBLUEDWARF，whichcameoutabouttheyear1820。（9/86。’Gardener’sMagazine’volume11826page153。）Butthegreaternumberofvarietieshaveasingularlyshortexistence:thusLoudonremarks（9/87。’EncyclopaediaofGardening’page823。）that\"sortswhichwerehighlyapprovedin1821，arenow，in1833，nowheretobefound;\"andoncomparingthelistsof1833withthoseof1855，Ifindthatnearlyallthevarietieshavechanged。Mr。
Mastersinformsmethatthenatureofthesoilcausessomevarietiestolosetheircharacter。Aswithotherplants，certainvarietiescanbepropagatedtruly，whilstothersshowadeterminedtendencytovary;thustwopeasdifferinginshape，oneroundandtheotherwrinkled，werefoundbyMr。Masterswithinthesamepod，buttheplantsraisedfromthewrinkledkindalwaysevincedastrongtendencytoproduceroundpeas。Mr。Mastersalsoraisedfromaplantofanothervarietyfourdistinctsub—varieties，whichboreblueandround，whiteandround，blueandwrinkled，andwhiteandwrinkledpeas;andalthoughhesowedthesefourvarietiesseparatelyduringseveralsuccessiveyears，eachkindalwaysreproducedallfourkindsmixedtogether！
Withrespecttothevarietiesnotnaturallyintercrossing，Ihaveascertainedthatthepea，whichinthisrespectdiffersfromsomeotherLeguminosae，isperfectlyfertilewithouttheaidofinsects。YetIhaveseenhumble—beeswhilstsuckingthenectardepressthekeel—petals，andbecomesothicklydustedwithpollen，thatitcouldhardlyfailtobeleftonthestigmaofthenextflowerwhichwasvisited。Nevertheless，distinctvarietiesgrowingcloselytogetherrarelycross;andIhavereasontobelievethatthisisduetotheirstigmasbeingprematurelyfertilisedinthiscountrybypollenfromthesameflower。Thehorticulturistswhoraiseseed—peasarethusenabledtoplantdistinctvarietiesclosetogetherwithoutanybadconsequences;anditiscertain，asIhavemyselffound，thattrueseedmaybesavedduringatleastseveralgenerationsunderthesecircumstances。（9/88。SeeDr。Andersontothesameeffectinthe’BathSoc。
AgriculturalPapers’volume4page87。）Mr。Fitchraised，asheinformsme，onevarietyfortwentyyears，anditalwayscametrue，thoughgrownclosetoothervarieties。Fromtheanalogyofkidney—beansIshouldhaveexpected（9/89。Ihavepublishedfulldetailsofexperimentsonthissubjectinthe’Gardener’sChronicle’1857October25。）thatvarietiesthuscircumstancedwouldhaveoccasionallycrossed;andIshallgiveintheeleventhchaptertwocasesofthishavingoccurred，asshown（inamannerhereaftertobeexplained）bythepollenoftheonevarietyhavingacteddirectlyontheseedsoftheother。Whethermanyofthenewvarietieswhichincessantlyappearareduetosuchoccasionalandaccidentalcrosses，Idonotknow。
NordoIknowwhethertheshortexistenceofalmostallthenumerousvarietiesistheresultofmerechangeoffashion，oroftheirhavingaweakconstitution，frombeingtheproductoflong—continuedself—
fertilisation。Itmay，however，benoticedthatseveralofAndrewKnight’svarieties，whichhaveenduredlongerthanmostkinds，wereraisedtowardsthecloseofthelastcenturybyartificialcrosses;someofthem，I
believe，werestillvigorousin1860;butnow，in1865，awriter，speaking（9/90。’Gardener’sChronicle’1865page387。）ofKnight’sfourkindsofmarrows，says，theyhaveacquiredafamoushistory，buttheirgloryhasdeparted。
WithrespecttoBeans（Fabavulgaris），Iwillsaybutlittle。Dr。Alefieldhasgiven（9/91。’Bonplandia’10，1862s。348。）shortdiagnosticcharactersoffortyvarieties。Everyonewhohasseenacollectionmusthavebeenstruckwiththegreatdifferenceinshape，thickness，proportionallengthandbreadth，colour，andsizewhichbeanspresent。WhatacontrastbetweenaWindsorandHorse—bean！Asinthecaseofthepea，ourexistingvarietieswereprecededduringtheBronzeageinSwitzerland（9/92。Heer’DiePflanzenderPfahlbauten’1866s。22。）byapeculiarandnowextinctvarietyproducingverysmallbeans。（9/93。Mr。BenthaminformsmethatinPoitouandtheadjoiningpartsofFrance，varietiesofPhaseolusvulgarisareextremelynumerous，andsodifferentthattheyweredescribedbySaviasdistinctspecies。Mr。Benthambelievesthatallaredescendedfromanunknowneasternspecies。Althoughthevarietiesdiffersogreatlyinstatureandintheirseeds，\"thereisaremarkablesamenessintheneglectedcharactersoffoliageandflowers，andespeciallyinthebracteoles，aninsignificantcharacterintheeyesevenofbotanists。\"）
POTATO（Solanumtuberosum）。
Thereislittledoubtabouttheparentageofthisplant;forthecultivatedvarietiesdifferextremelylittleingeneralappearancefromthewildspecies，whichcanberecognisedinitsnativelandatthefirstglance。
（9/94。Darwin’JournalofResearches’1845page285。Sabinein’Transact。
Hort。Soc。’volume5page249。）ThevarietiescultivatedinBritainarenumerous;thusLawson（9/95。’SynopsisoftheVegetableProductsofScotland’quotedinWilson’s’BritishFarming’page317。）givesadescriptionof175kinds。Iplantedeighteenkindsinadjoiningrows;theirstemsandleavesdifferedbutlittle，andinseveralcasestherewasasgreatadifferencebetweentheindividualsofthesamevarietyasbetweenthedifferentvarieties。Theflowervariedinsize，andincolourbetweenwhiteandpurple，butinnootherrespect，exceptthatinonekindthesepalsweresomewhatelongated。Onestrangevarietyhasbeendescribedwhichalwaysproducestwosortsofflowers，thefirstdoubleandsterile，thesecondsingleandfertile。（9/96。SirG。Mackenzie，in’Gardener’sChronicle’1845page790。）Thefruitorberriesalsodiffer，butonlyinaslightdegree。（9/97。PutscheundVertuch’VersucheinerMonographiederKartoffeln’1819s。9，15。SeealsoDr。Anderson’RecreationsinAgriculture’volume4page325。）ThevarietiesareliableinverydifferentdegreetotheattackoftheColoradopotato—beetle。（9/98。Walsh’TheAmericanEntomologist’1869page160。AlsoS。Tenney’TheAmericanNaturalist’May1871page171。）
Thetubers，ontheotherhand，presentawonderfulamountofdiversity。
Thisfactaccordswiththeprinciplethatthevaluableandselectedpartsofallcultivatedproductionspresentthegreatestamountofmodification。
Theydiffermuchinsizeandshape，beingglobular，oval，flattened，kidney—like，orcylindrical。OnevarietyfromPeruisdescribed（9/99。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page1052。）asbeingquitestraight，andatleastsixinchesinlength，thoughnothickerthanaman’sfinger。Theeyesorbudsdifferinform，position，andcolour。Themannerinwhichthetubersarearrangedontheso—calledrootsorrhizomesisdifferent;thus，inthegurken—kartoffelntheyformapyramidwiththeapexdownwards，andinanothervarietytheyburythemselvesdeepintheground。Therootsthemselvesruneithernearthesurfaceordeepintheground。Thetubersalsodifferinsmoothnessandcolour，beingexternallywhite，red，purple，oralmostblack，andinternallywhite，yellow，oralmostblack。Theydifferinflavourandquality，beingeitherwaxyormealy;intheirperiodofmaturity，andintheircapacityforlongpreservation。
Aswithmanyotherplantswhichhavebeenlongpropagatedbybulbs，tubers，cuttings，etc。，bywhichmeansthesameindividualisexposedduringalengthoftimetodiversifiedconditions，seedlingpotatoesgenerallydisplayinnumerableslightdifferences。Severalvarieties，evenwhenpropagatedbytubers，arefarfromconstant，aswillbeseeninthechapteronBud—variation。Dr。Anderson（9/100。’BathSocietyAgricult。Papers’
volume5page127。And’RecreationsinAgriculture’volume5page86。）
procuredseedfromanIrishpurplepotato，whichgrewfarfromanyotherkind，sothatitcouldnotatleastinthisgenerationhavebeencrossed，yetthemanyseedlingsvariedinalmosteverypossiblerespect，sothat\"scarcelytwoplantswereexactlyalike。\"Someoftheplantswhichcloselyresembledeachotheraboveground，producedextremelydissimilartubers;
andsometuberswhichexternallycouldhardlybedistinguished，differedwidelyinqualitywhencooked。Eveninthiscaseofextremevariability，theparent—stockhadsomeinfluenceontheprogeny，forthegreaternumberoftheseedlingsresembledinsomedegreetheparentIrishpotato。Kidneypotatoesmustberankedamongstthemosthighlycultivatedandartificialraces;neverthelesstheirpeculiaritiescanoftenbestrictlypropagatedbyseed。Agreatauthority，Mr。Rivers（9/101。’Gardener’sChronicle’1863
page643。）statesthat\"seedlingsfromtheash—leavedkidneyalwaysbearastrongresemblancetotheirparent。Seedlingsfromthefluke—kidneyarestillmoreremarkablefortheiradherencetotheirparentstock，for，oncloselyobservingagreatnumberduringtwoseasons，Ihavenotbeenabletoobservetheleastdifference，eitherinearliness，productiveness，orinthesizeorshapeoftheirtubers。\"
CHAPTER1。X。
PLANTScontinued——FRUITS——ORNAMENTALTREES——FLOWERS。
FRUITS。
GRAPES。
VARYINODDANDTRIFLINGPARTICULARS。
MULBERRY。
THEORANGEGROUP。
SINGULARRESULTSFROMCROSSING。
PEACHANDNECTARINE。
BUD—VARIATION。
ANALOGOUSVARIATION。
RELATIONTOTHEALMOND。
APRICOT。
PLUMS。
VARIATIONINTHEIRSTONES。
CHERRIES。
SINGULARVARIETIESOF。
APPLE。
PEAR。
STRAWBERRY。
INTERBLENDINGOFTHEORIGINALFORMS。
GOOSEBERRY。
STEADYINCREASEINSIZEOFTHEFRUIT。
VARIETIESOF。
WALNUT。
NUT。
CUCURBITACEOUSPLANTS。
WONDERFULVARIATIONOF。
ORNAMENTALTREES。
THEIRVARIATIONINDEGREEANDKIND。
ASH—TREE。
SCOTCH—FIR。
HAWTHORN。
FLOWERS。
MULTIPLEORIGINOFMANYKINDS。
VARIATIONINCONSTITUTIONALPECULIARITIES。
KINDOFVARIATION。
ROSES。
SEVERALSPECIESCULTIVATED。
PANSY。
DAHLIA。
HYACINTH。
HISTORYANDVARIATIONOF。
[THEVINE（Vitisvinifera）（Grapes）。
ThebestauthoritiesconsiderallourgrapesasthedescendantsofonespecieswhichnowgrowswildinwesternAsia，whichgrewwildduringtheBronzeageinItaly（10/1。Heer’PflanzenderPfahlbauten’1866s。28。），andwhichhasrecentlybeenfoundfossilinatufaceousdepositinthesouthofFrance。（10/2。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page872;Dr。A。
Targioni—Tozzettiin’Jour。Hort。Soc。’vol9page133。ForthefossilvinefoundbyDr。G。Planchonsee’Nat。Hist。Review’1865Aprilpage224。SeealsothevaluableworksofM。deSaportaonthe’TertiaryPlantsofFrance。’）Someauthors，however，entertainmuchdoubtaboutthesingleparentageofourcultivatedvarieties，owingtothenumberofsemi—wildformsfoundinSouthernEurope，especiallyasdescribedbyClemente（10/3。
Godron’Del’Espece’tome2page100。）inaforestinSpain;butasthegrapesowsitselffreelyinSouthernEurope，andasseveralofthechiefkindstransmittheircharactersbyseed（10/4。SeeanaccountofM。
Vibert’sexperimentsbyAlex。Jordanin’Mem。del’Acad。deLyon’tome2
1852page108。），whilstothersareextremelyvariable，theexistenceofmanydifferentescapedformscouldhardlyfailtooccurincountrieswherethisplanthasbeencultivatedfromtheremotestantiquity。Thatthevinevariesmuchwhenpropagatedbyseed，wemayinferfromthelargelyincreasednumberofvarietiessincetheearlierhistoricalrecords。Newhot—housevarietiesareproducedalmosteveryyear;forinstance（10/5。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1864page488。）agolden—colouredvarietyhasbeenrecentlyraisedinEnglandfromablackgrapewithouttheaidofacross。
VanMons（10/6。’ArbresFruitiers’1836tome2page290。）rearedamultitudeofvarietiesfromtheseedofonevine，whichwascompletelyseparatedfromallothers，sothattherecouldnot，atleastinthisgeneration，havebeenanycrossing，andtheseedlingspresented\"lesanaloguesdetouteslessortes，\"anddifferedinalmosteverypossiblecharacterbothinthefruitsandfoliage。
Thecultivatedvarietiesareextremelynumerous;CountOdartsaysthathewillnotdenythattheremayexistthroughouttheworld700or800，perhapseven1000varieties，butnotathirdofthesehaveanyvalue。InthecatalogueoffruitcultivatedintheHorticulturalGardensofLondon，publishedin1842，99varietiesareenumerated。Whereverthegrapeisgrownmanyvarietiesoccur:Pallasdescribes24intheCrimea，andBurnesmentions10inCabool。Theclassificationofthevarietieshasmuchperplexedwriters，andCountOdartisreducedtoageographicalsystem;butIwillnotenteronthissubject，noronthemanyandgreatdifferencesbetweenthevarieties。Iwillmerelyspecifyafewcuriousandtriflingpeculiarities，alltakenfromOdart’shighlyesteemedwork（10/7。Odart’AmpelographieUniverselle’1849。）forthesakeofshowingthediversifiedvariabilityofthisplant。Simonhasclassedgrapesintotwomaindivisions，thosewithdownyleaves，andthosewithsmoothleaves，butheadmitsthatinonevariety，namelytheRebazo，theleavesareeithersmooth，ordowny;andOdart（page70）statesthatsomevarietieshavethenervesalone，andothervarietiestheiryoungleaves，downy，whilsttheoldonesaresmooth。ThePedro—Ximenesgrape（Odartpage397）presentsapeculiaritybywhichitcanbeatoncerecognisedamongstahostofothervarieties，namely，thatwhenthefruitisnearlyripethenervesoftheleavesoreventhewholesurfacebecomesyellow。TheBarberad’Astiiswellmarkedbyseveralcharacters（page426），amongstothers，\"bysomeoftheleaves，anditisalwaysthelowestonthebranches，suddenlybecomingofadarkredcolour。\"Severalauthorsinclassifyinggrapeshavefoundedtheirmaindivisionsontheberriesbeingeitherroundoroblong;andOdartadmitsthevalueofthischaracter;yetthereisonevariety，theMaccabeo（page71），whichoftenproducessmallround，andlargeoblong，berriesinthesamebunch。CertaingrapescalledNebbiolo（page429）presentaconstantcharacter，sufficientfortheirrecognition，namely，\"theslightadherenceofthatpartofthepulpwhichsurroundstheseedstotherestoftheberry，whencutthroughtransversely。\"ARhenishvarietyismentioned（page228）whichlikesadrysoil;thefruitripenswell，butatthemomentofmaturity，ifmuchrainfalls，theberriesareapttorot;ontheotherhand，thefruitofaSwissvariety（page243）isvaluedforwellsustainingprolongedhumidity。Thislattervarietysproutslateinthespring，yetmaturesitsfruitearly;othervarieties（page362）havethefaultofbeingtoomuchexcitedbytheAprilsun，andinconsequencesufferfromfrost。A
Styrianvariety（page254）hasbrittlefoot—stalks，sothattheclustersoffruitareoftenblownoff;thisvarietyissaidtobeparticularlyattractivetowaspsandbees。Othervarietieshavetoughstalks，whichresistthewind。Manyothervariablecharacterscouldbegiven，buttheforegoingfactsaresufficienttoshowinhowmanysmallstructuralandconstitutionaldetailsthevinevaries。DuringthevinediseaseinFrancecertainoldgroupsofvarieties（10/8。M。Bouchardatin’ComptesRendus’
December1，1851quotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1852page435。SeealsoC。V。RileyonthemannerinwhichsomefewofthevarietiesoftheAmericanLabruscanVineescapetheattacksofthePhylloxera:’FourthAnnualReportontheInsectsofMissouri’1872page63and’FifthReport’1873page66。）
havesufferedfarmorefrommildewthanothers。Thus\"thegroupofChasselas，sorichinvarieties，didnotaffordasinglefortunateexception;\"certainothergroupssufferedmuchless;thetrueoldBurgundy，forinstance，wascomparativelyfreefromdisease，andtheCarminatlikewiseresistedtheattack。TheAmericanvines，whichbelongtoadistinctspecies，entirelyescapedthediseaseinFrance;andwethusseethatthoseEuropeanvarietieswhichbestresistthediseasemusthaveacquiredinaslightdegreethesameconstitutionalpeculiaritiesastheAmericanspecies。
WHITEMULBERRY（Morusalba）。
Imentionthisplantbecauseithasvariedincertaincharacters，namely，inthetextureandqualityoftheleaves，fittingthemtoserveasfoodforthedomesticatedsilkworm，inamannernotobservedwithotherplants;butthishasarisensimplyfromsuchvariationsinthemulberryhavingbeenattendedto，selected，andrenderedmoreorlessconstant。M。deQuatrefages（10/9。’EtudessurlesMaladiesactuellesduVeraSoie’1859
page321。）brieflydescribessixkindscultivatedinonevalleyinFrance:
ofthesetheAMOUROUSOproducesexcellentleaves，butisrapidlybeingabandonedbecauseitproducesmuchfruitmingledwiththeleaves:theANTOFINOyieldsdeeplycutleavesofthefinestquality，butnotingreatquantity:theCLAROismuchsoughtforbecausetheleavescanbeeasilycollected:lastly，theROSObearsstronghardyleaves，producedinlargequantity，butwiththeoneinconvenience，thattheyarebestadaptedforthewormsaftertheirfourthmoult。MM。Jacquemet—Bonnefont，ofLyon，however，remarkintheircatalogue（1862）thattwosub—varietieshavebeenconfoundedunderthenameoftheroso，onehavingleavestoothickforthecaterpillars，theotherbeingvaluablebecausetheleavescaneasilybegatheredfromthebrancheswithoutthebarkbeingtorn。
InIndiathemulberryhasalsogivenrisetomanyvarieties。TheIndianformisthoughtbymanybotaniststobeadistinctspecies;butasRoyleremarks（10/10。’ProductiveResourcesofIndia’page130。），\"somanyvarietieshavebeenproducedbycultivationthatitisdifficulttoascertainwhethertheyallbelongtoonespecies;\"theyare，asheadds，nearlyasnumerousasthoseofthesilkworm。
THEORANGEGROUP。
Weheremeetwithgreatconfusioninthespecificdistinctionandparentageoftheseveralkinds。Gallesio（10/11。’TraiteduCitrus’1811。’TeoriadellaRiproduzioneVegetale’1816。Iquotechieflyfromthissecondwork。
In1839Gallesiopublishedinfolio’GliAgrumideiGiard。Bot。diFirenze’
inwhichhegivesacuriousdiagramofthesupposedrelationshipofalltheforms。），whoalmostdevotedhislife—timetothesubject，considersthattherearefourspecies，namely，sweetandbitteroranges，lemons，andcitrons，eachofwhichhasgivenrisetowholegroupsofvarieties，monsters，andsupposedhybrids。Onehighauthority（10/12。Mr。Bentham’ReviewofDr。A。Targioni—Tozzetti，JournalofHort。Soc。’volume9page133。）believesthatthesefourreputedspeciesareallvarietiesofthewildCitrusmedica，butthattheshaddock（Citrusdecumana），whichisnotknowninawildstate，isadistinctspecies;thoughitsdistinctnessisdoubtedbyanotherwriter\"ofgreatauthorityonsuchmatters，\"namely，Dr。
BuchananHamilton。Alph。DeCandolle（10/13。’Geograph。Bot。’page863。），ontheotherhand——andtherecannotbeamorecapablejudge——advanceswhatheconsiderssufficientevidenceoftheorange（hedoubtswhetherthebitterandsweetkindsarespecificallydistinct），thelemon，andcitron，havingbeenfoundwild，andconsequentlythattheyaredistinct。HementionstwootherformscultivatedinJapanandJava，whichheranksundoubtedspecies;hespeaksrathermoredoubtfullyabouttheshaddock，whichvariesmuch，andhasnotbeenfoundwild;andfinallyheconsiderssomeforms，suchasAdam’sappleandthebergamotte，asprobablyhybrids。
Ihavebrieflyabstractedtheseopinionsforthesakeofshowingthosewhohaveneverattendedtosuchsubjects，howperplexingtheyare。Itwould，therefore，beuselessformypurposetogiveasketchoftheconspicuousdifferencesbetweentheseveralforms。Besidestheever—recurrentdifficultyofdeterminingwhetherformsfoundwildaretrulyaboriginalorareescapedseedlings，manyoftheforms，whichmustberankedasvarieties，transmittheircharactersalmostperfectlybyseed。Sweetandbitterorangesdifferinnoimportantrespectexceptintheflavouroftheirfruit，butGallesio（10/14。’TeoriadellaRiproduzione’pages52—57。）
ismostemphaticthatbothkindscanbepropagatedbyseedwithabsolutecertainty。Consequently，inaccordancewithhissimplerule，heclassesthemasdistinctspecies;ashedoessweetandbitteralmonds，thepeachandnectarine，etc。Headmits，however，thatthesoft—shelledpine—treeproducesnotonlysoft—shelledbutsomehard—shelledseedlings，sothatalittlegreaterforceinthepowerofinheritancewould，accordingtothisrule，raiseasoft—shelledpine—treeintothedignityofanaboriginallycreatedspecies。ThepositiveassertionmadebyMacfayden（10/15。Hooker’Bot。Misc。’volume1page302;volume2page111。）thatthepipsofsweetorangesproducedinJamaica，accordingtothenatureofthesoilinwhichtheyaresown，eithersweetorbitteroranges，isprobablyanerror;forM。
Alph。DeCandolleinformsmethatsincethepublicationofhisgreatworkhehasreceivedaccountsfromGuiana，theAntilles，andMauritius，thatinthesecountriessweetorangesfaithfullytransmittheircharacter。Gallesiofoundthatthewillow—leafedandtheLittleChinaorangesreproducedtheirproperleavesandfruit;buttheseedlingswerenotquiteequalinmerittotheirparents。Thered—fleshedorange，ontheotherhand，failstoreproduceitself。Gallesioalsoobservedthattheseedsofseveralothersingularvarietiesallreproducedtreeshavingapeculiarphysiognomy，partlyresemblingtheirparent—forms。Icanadduceanothercase:themyrtleleavedorangeisrankedbyallauthorsasavariety，butisverydistinctingeneralaspect:inmyfather’sgreenhouse，duringmanyyears，itrarelyyieldedanyfruit，butatlastproducedone;andatreethusraisedwasidenticalwiththeparent—form。
Anotherandmoreseriousdifficultyindeterminingtherankoftheseveralformsisthat，accordingtoGallesio（10/16。’TeoriadellaRiproduzione’
page53。）theylargelyintercrosswithoutartificialaid;thushepositivelystatesthatseedstakenfromlemon—trees（C。lemonum）growingmingledwiththecitron（C。medica），whichisgenerallyconsideredasadistinctspecies，producedagraduatedseriesofvarietiesbetweenthesetwoforms。Again，anAdam’sapplewasproducedfromtheseedofasweetorange，whichgrewclosetolemonsandcitrons。Butsuchfactshardlyaidusindeterminingwhethertoranktheseformsasspeciesorvarieties;foritisnowknownthatundoubtedspeciesofVerbascum，Cistus，Primula，Salix，etc。，frequentlycrossinastateofnature。Ifindeeditwereprovedthatplantsoftheorangetriberaisedfromthesecrosseswereevenpartiallysterile，itwouldbeastrongargumentinfavouroftheirrankasspecies。Gallesioassertsthatthisisthecase;buthedoesnotdistinguishbetweensterilityfromhybridismandfromtheeffectsofculture;andhealmostdestroystheforceofthisstatementbyanother（10/17。Gallesio’TeoriadellaRiproduzione’page69。）namely，thatwhenheimpregnatedtheflowersofthecommonorangewiththepollentakenfromundoubtedVARIETIESoftheorange，monstrousfruitswereproduced，whichincluded\"littlepulp，andhadnoseeds，orimperfectseeds。\"
Inthistribeofplantswemeetwithinstancesoftwohighlyremarkablefactsinvegetablephysiology:Gallesio（10/18。Ibidpage67。）impregnatedanorangewithpollenfromalemon，andthefruitborneonthemothertreehadaraisedstripeofpeellikethatofalemonbothincolourandtaste，butthepulpwaslikethatofanorangeandincludedonlyimperfectseeds。
Thepossibilityofpollenfromonevarietyorspeciesdirectlyaffectingthefruitproducedbyanothervarietyofspecies，isasubjectwhichI
shallfullydiscussinthefollowingchapter。
Thesecondremarkablefactis，thattwosupposedhybrids（10/19。Gallesio’TeoriadellaRiproduzione’pages75，76。）（fortheirhybridnaturewasnotascertained），betweenanorangeandeitheralemonorcitron，producedonthesametreeleaves，flowers，andfruitofbothpureparent—forms，aswellasofamixedorcrossednature。Abudtakenfromanyoneofthebranchesandgraftedonanothertreeproduceseitheroneofthepurekindsoracapricioustreereproducingthethreekinds。Whetherthesweetlemon，whichincludeswithinthesamefruitsegmentsofdifferentlyflavouredpulp（10/20。’Gardener’sChronicle’1841page613。），isananalogouscase，I
knownot。ButtothissubjectIshallhavetorecur。
IwillconcludebygivingfromA。Risso（10/21。’AnnalesduMuseum’tome20
page188。）ashortaccountofaverysingularvarietyofthecommonorange。
Itisthe\"citrusaurantiumfructuvariabili，\"whichontheyoungshootsproducesrounded—ovalleavesspottedwithyellow，borneonpetioleswithheart—shapedwings;whentheseleavesfalloff，theyaresucceededbylongerandnarrowerleaves，withundulatedmargins，ofapale—greencolourembroideredwithyellow，borneonfootstalkswithoutwings。Thefruitwhilstyoungispear—shaped，yellow，longitudinallystriated，andsweet;
butasitripens，itbecomesspherical，ofareddish—yellow，andbitter。
PEACHANDNECTARINE（Amygdaluspersica）。
Thebestauthoritiesarenearlyunanimousthatthepeachhasneverbeenfoundwild。ItwasintroducedfromPersiaintoEuropealittlebeforetheChristianera，andatthisperiodfewvarietiesexisted。Alph。DeCandolle（10/22。’Geograph。Bot。’page882。），fromthefactofthepeachnothavingspreadfromPersiaatanearlierperiod，andfromitsnothavingpureSanscritorHebrewnames，believesthatitisnotanaboriginalofWesternAsia，butcamefromtheterraincognitaofChina。Thesupposition，however，thatthepeachisamodifiedalmondwhichacquireditspresentcharacteratacomparativelylateperiod，would，Ipresume，accountforthesefacts;onthesameprinciplethatthenectarine，theoffspringofthepeach，hasfewnativenames，andbecameknowninEuropeatastilllaterperiod。
（FIGURE42。—PEACHANDALMONDSTONES，ofnaturalsize，viewededgeways。1。
CommonEnglishpeach。2。Double，crimson—flowered，ChinesePeach。3。
ChineseHoneyPeach。4。EnglishAlmond。5。BarcelonaAlmond。6。MalagaAlmond。7。Soft—shelledFrenchAlmond。8。SmyrnaAlmond。）
AndrewKnight（10/23。’TransactionsofHort。Soc。’volume3page1andvolume4page396andnotetopage370。Acoloureddrawingisgivenofthishybrid。），fromfindingthataseedling—tree，raisedfromasweetalmondfertilisedbythepollenofapeach，yieldedfruitquitelikethatofapeach，suspectedthatthepeach—treeisamodifiedalmond;andinthishehasbeenfollowedbyvariousauthors。（10/24。’Gardener’sChronicle’1856
page532。Awriter，itmaybepresumedDr。Lindley，remarksontheperfectserieswhichmaybeformedbetweenthealmondandthepeach。Anotherhighauthority，Mr。Rivers，whohashadsuchwideexperience，stronglysuspects（’Gardener’sChronicle’1863page27）thatpeaches，iflefttoastateofnature，wouldinthecourseoftimeretrogradeintothick—fleshedalmonds。）
Afirst—ratepeach，almostglobularinshape，formedofsoftandsweetpulp，surroundingahard，muchfurrowed，andslightlyflattenedstone，certainlydiffersgreatlyfromanalmond，withitssoft，slightlyfurrowed，muchflattened，andelongatedstone，protectedbyatough，greenishlayerofbitterflesh。Mr。Bentham（10/25。’JournalofHort。Soc。’volume9page168。）hasparticularlycalledattentiontothestoneofthealmondbeingsomuchmoreflattenedthanthatofthepeach。Butintheseveralvarietiesofthealmond，thestonediffersgreatlyinthedegreetowhichitiscompressed，insize，shape，strength，andinthedepthofthefurrows，asmaybeseeninfigure42（Nos。4to8）ofsuchkindsasIhavebeenabletocollect。Withpeach—stonesalso（Nos。1to3）thedegreeofcompressionandelongationisseentovary;sothatthestoneoftheChineseHoney—peach（No。3）ismuchmoreelongatedandcompressedthanthatofthe（No。8）
Smyrnaalmond。Mr。Rivers，ofSawbridgeworth，towhomIamindebtedforsomeofthespecimensabovefigured，andwhohashadsuchgreathorticulturalexperience，hascalledmyattentiontoseveralvarietieswhichconnectthealmondandthepeach。InFrancethereisavarietycalledthePeach—Almond，whichMr。Riversformerlycultivated，andwhichiscorrectlydescribedinaFrenchcatalogueasbeingovalandswollen，withtheaspectofapeach，includingahardstonesurroundedbyafleshycovering，whichissometimeseatable。（10/26。Whetherthisisthesamevarietyasonelatelymentioned（’Gardener’sChronicle’1865page1154）byM。Carriereunderthenameofpersicaintermedia，Iknownot;thisvarietyissaidtobeintermediateinnearlyallitscharactersbetweenthealmondandpeach;itproducesduringsuccessiveyearsverydifferentkindsoffruit。）AremarkablestatementbyM。Luizethasrecentlyappearedinthe’RevueHorticole’（10/27。Quotedin’Gardener’sChronicle’1866page800。），namely，thataPeach—almond，graftedonapeach，bore，during1863and1864
almondsalone，butin1865boresixpeachesandnoalmonds。M。Carriere，incommentingonthisfact，citesthecaseofadouble—floweredalmondwhich，afterproducingduringseveralyearsalmonds，suddenlyborefortwoyearsinsuccessionsphericalfleshypeach—likefruits，butin1865revertedtoitsformerstateandproducedlargealmonds。
Again，asIhearfromMr。Rivers，thedouble—floweringChinesepeachesresemblealmondsintheirmannerofgrowthandintheirflowers;thefruitismuchelongatedandflattened，withthefleshbothbitterandsweet，butnotuneatable，anditissaidtobeofbetterqualityinChina。Fromthisstageonesmallstepleadsustosuchinferiorpeachesasareoccasionallyraisedfromseed。Forinstance，Mr。Riverssowedanumberofpeach—stonesimportedfromtheUnitedStates，wheretheyarecollectedforraisingstocks，andsomeofthetreesraisedbyhimproducedpeacheswhichwereverylikealmondsinappearance，beingsmallandhard，withthepulpnotsofteningtillverylateintheautumn。VanMons（10/28。Quotedin’JournaldeLaSoc。Imp。d’Horticulture’1855page238。）alsostatesthatheonceraisedfromapeach—stoneapeachhavingtheaspectofawildtree，withfruitlikethatofthealmond。Frominferiorpeaches，suchasthesejustdescribed，wemaypassbysmalltransitions，throughclingstonesofpoorquality，toourbestandmostmeltingkinds。Fromthisgradation，fromthecasesofsuddenvariationaboverecorded，andfromthefactthatthepeachhasnotbeenfoundwild，itseemstomebyfarthemostprobableview，thatthepeachisthedescendantofthealmond，improvedandmodifiedinamarvellousmanner。
Onefact，however，isopposedtothisconclusion。Ahybrid，raisedbyKnightfromthesweetalmondbythepollenofthepeach，producedflowerswithlittleornopollen，yetborefruit，havingbeenapparentlyfertilisedbyaneighbouringnectarine。Anotherhybrid，fromasweetalmondbythepollenofanectarine，producedduringthefirstthreeyearsimperfectblossoms，butafterwardsperfectflowerswithanabundanceofpollen。Ifthisslightdegreeofsterilitycannotbeaccountedforbytheyouthofthetrees（andthisoftencauseslessenedfertility），orbythemonstrousstateoftheflowers，orbytheconditionstowhichthetreeswereexposed，thesetwocaseswouldaffordagoodargumentagainstthepeachbeingthedescendantofthealmond。
Whetherornotthepeachhasproceededfromthealmond，ithascertainlygivenrisetonectarines，orsmoothpeaches，astheyarecalledbytheFrench。Mostofthevarieties，bothofthepeachandnectarine，reproducethemselvestrulybyseed。Gallesio（10/29。’TeoriadellaRiproduzioneVegetale’1816page86。）sayshehasverifiedthiswithrespecttoeightracesofthepeach。Mr。Rivers（10/30。’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page1195。）hasgivensomestrikinginstancesfromhisownexperience，anditisnotoriousthatgoodpeachesareconstantlyraisedinNorthAmericafromseed。ManyoftheAmericansub—varietiescometrueornearlytruetotheirkind，suchasthewhite—blossom，severaloftheyellow—fruitedfreestonepeaches，thebloodclingstone，theheath，andthelemonclingstone。Ontheotherhand，aclingstonepeachhasbeenknowntogiverisetoafreestone。
（10/31。Mr。Rivers’Gardener’sChronicle’1859page774。）InEnglandithasbeennoticedthatseedlingsinheritfromtheirparentsflowersofthesamesizeandcolour。Somecharacters，however，contrarytowhatmighthavebeenexpected，oftenarenotinherited;suchasthepresenceandformoftheglandsontheleaves。（10/32。Downing’TheFruitsofAmerica’1845pages475，489，492，494，496。SeealsoF。Michaux’TravelsinN。America’
Englishtranslationpage228。ForsimilarcasesinFranceseeGodron’Del’Espece’tome2page97。）Withrespecttonectarines，bothclingandfreestonesareknowninNorthAmericatoreproducethemselvesbyseed。
（10/33。Brickell’Nat。Hist。ofN。Carolina’page102andDowning’FruitTrees’page505。）InEnglandthenewwhitenectarinewasaseedlingoftheoldwhite，andMr。Rivers（10/34。’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page1196。）
hasrecordedseveralsimilarcases。Fromthisstrongtendencytoinheritance，whichbothpeachandnectarinetreesexhibit，——fromcertainslightconstitutionaldifferences（10/35。Thepeachandnectarinedonotsucceedequallywellinthesomesoil:seeLindley’Horticulture’page351。）intheirnature，——andfromthegreatdifferenceintheirfruitbothinappearanceandflavour，itisnotsurprising，notwithstandingthatthetreesdifferinnootherrespectsandcannotevenbedistinguished，asIaminformedbyMr。Rivers，whilstyoung，thattheyhavebeenrankedbysomeauthorsasspecificallydistinct。Gallesiodoesnotdoubtthattheyaredistinct;evenAlph。DeCandolledoesnotappearperfectlyassuredoftheirspecificidentity:andaneminentbotanisthasquiterecently（10/36。
Godron’Del’Espece’tome21859page97。）maintainedthatthenectarine\"probablyconstitutesadistinctspecies。\"
Henceitmaybeworthwhiletogivealltheevidenceontheoriginofthenectarine。Thefactsinthemselvesarecurious，andwillhereafterhavetobereferredtowhentheimportantsubjectofbud—variationisdiscussed。Itisasserted（10/37。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume6page394。）thattheBostonnectarinewasproducedfromapeach—stone，andthisnectarinereproduceditselfbyseed。（10/38。Downing’s’FruitTrees’page502。）Mr。
Riversstates（10/39。’Gardener’sChronicle’1862page1195。）thatfromstonesofthreedistinctvarietiesofthepeachheraisedthreevarietiesofnectarine;andinoneofthesecasesnonectarinegrewneartheparentpeach—tree。InanotherinstanceMr。Riversraisedanectarinefromapeach，andinthesucceedinggenerationanothernectarinefromthisnectarine。
（10/40。’JournalofHorticulture’February5，1866page102。）Othersuchinstanceshavebeencommunicatedtome，buttheyneednotbegiven。Oftheconversecase，namely，ofnectarine—stonesyieldingpeach—trees（bothfreeandclingstones），wehavesixundoubtedinstancesrecordedbyMr。Rivers;
andintwooftheseinstancestheparentnectarineshadbeenseedlingsfromothernectarines。（10/41。Mr。Riversin’Gardener’s’Chronicle’1859page774，1862page1195;1865page1059;and’JournalofHort。’1866page102。）
Withrespecttothemorecuriouscaseoffull—grownpeach—treessuddenlyproducingnectarinesbybud—variation（orsportsastheyarecalledbygardeners），theevidenceissuperabundant;thereisalsogoodevidenceofthesametreeproducingbothpeachesandnectarines，orhalf—and—halffruit;bythistermImeanafruitwiththeone—halfaperfectpeach，andtheotherhalfaperfectnectarine。
PeterCollinsonin1741recordedthefirstcaseofapeach—treeproducinganectarine（10/42。’CorrespondenceofLinnaeus’1821pages7，8，70。）andin1766headdedtwootherinstances。Inthesamework，theeditor，SirJ。E。
Smith，describesthemoreremarkablecaseofatreeinNorfolkwhichusuallyborebothperfectnectarinesandperfectpeaches;butduringtwoseasonssomeofthefruitwerehalfandhalfinnature。
Mr。Salisburyin1808（10/43。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume1page103。）
recordssixothercasesofpeach—treesproducingnectarines。Threeofthevarietiesarenamed;viz。，theAlberge，BelleChevreuse，andRoyalGeorge。
Thislattertreeseldomfailedtoproducebothkindsoffruit。Hegivesanothercaseofahalf—and—halffruit。
AtRadfordinDevonshire（10/44。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’1826volume1。
page471。）aclingstonepeach，purchasedastheChancellor，wasplantedin1815，andin1824，afterhavingpreviouslyproducedpeachesalone，boreononebranchtwelvenectarines;in1825thesamebranchyieldedtwenty—sixnectarines，andin1826thirty—sixnectarines，togetherwitheighteenpeaches。Oneofthepeacheswasalmostassmoothononesideasanectarine。Thenectarineswereasdarkas，butsmallerthan，theElruge。