Theyreturnedwithtimorous
obedience；andweresalutedwiththeaccountofaheavydebt，of
allthelosseswhichtheirdesertionhadoccasioned，thehireof
lodgings，thesaleofprovisions，andthevariousexpensesof
servantsandstrangerswhoattendedthecourt。^76Afterashort
intervalofpeace，andperhapsofauthority，theywereagain
banishedbynewtumults，andagainsummonedbytheimperiousor
respectfulinvitationofthesenate。Intheseoccasional
retreats，theexilesandfugitivesoftheVaticanwereseldom
long，orfar，distantfromthemetropolis；butinthebeginning
ofthefourteenthcentury，theapostolicthronewastransported，
asitmightseemforever，fromtheTybertotheRhone；andthe
causeofthetransmigrationmaybededucedfromthefurious
contestbetweenBonifacetheEighthandthekingofFrance。^77
Thespiritualarmsofexcommunicationandinterdictwererepulsed
bytheunionofthethreeestates，andtheprivilegesofthe
Gallicanchurch；butthepopewasnotpreparedagainstthecarnal
weaponswhichPhiliptheFairhadcouragetoemploy。Asthepope
residedatAnagni，withoutthesuspicionofdanger，hispalace
andpersonwereassaultedbythreehundredhorse，whohadbeen
secretlyleviedbyWilliamofNogaret，aFrenchminister，and
SciarraColonna，ofanoblebuthostilefamilyofRome。The
cardinalsfled；theinhabitantsofAnagniwereseducedfromtheir
allegianceandgratitude；butthedauntlessBoniface，unarmedand
alone，seatedhimselfinhischair，andawaited，likethe
conscriptfathersofold，theswordsoftheGauls。Nogaret，a
foreignadversary，wascontenttoexecutetheordersofhis
master:bythedomesticenmityofColonna，hewasinsultedwith
wordsandblows；andduringaconfinementofthreedayshislife
wasthreatenedbythehardshipswhichtheyinflictedonthe
obstinacywhichtheyprovoked。Theirstrangedelaygavetimeand
couragetotheadherentsofthechurch，whorescuedhimfrom
sacrilegiousviolence；buthisimperioussoulwaswoundedinthe
vitalpart；andBonifaceexpiredatRomeinafrenzyofrageand
revenge。Hismemoryisstainedwiththeglaringvicesofavarice
andpride；norhasthecourageofamartyrpromotedthis
ecclesiasticalchampiontothehonorsofasaint；amagnanimous
sinner，saythechroniclesofthetimes，whoenteredlikea
fox，reignedlikealion，anddiedlikeadog。Hewassucceeded
byBenedicttheEleventh，themildestofmankind。Yethe
excommunicatedtheimpiousemissariesofPhilip，anddevotedthe
cityandpeopleofAnagnibyatremendouscurse，whoseeffects
arestillvisibletotheeyesofsuperstition。^78
[Footnote76:Romaniautemnonvalentesnecvolentesultrasuam
celarecupiditatemgravissimam，contrapapammoverecoeperunt
questionem，exigentesabeourgentissimeomniaquaesubierantper
ejusabsentiamdamnaetjacturas，videlicetinhispitiis
locandis，inmercimoniis，inusuris，inredditibus，in
provisionibus，etinaliismodisinnumerabilibus。Quodcum
audissetpapa，praecordialiteringemuit，etsecomperiens
muscipulatum，&c。，Matt。Paris，p。757。Fortheordinaryhistory
ofthepopes，theirlifeanddeath，theirresidenceandabsence，
itisenoughtorefertotheecclesiasticalannalists，Spondanus
andFleury。]
[Footnote77:Besidesthegeneralhistoriansofthechurchof
ItalyandofFrance，wepossessavaluabletreatisecomposedbya
learnedfriendofThuanus，whichhislastandbesteditorshave
publishedintheappendixHistoireparticulieredugrand
DifferendentreBonifaceVIIIetPhilippeleBel，parPierredu
Puis，tom。vii。P。xi。p。61—82。]
[Footnote78:ItisdifficulttoknowwhetherLabattom。iv。p。
53—57beinjestorinearnest，whenhesupposesthatAnagni
stillfeelstheweightofthiscurse，andthatthecornfields，or
vineyards，orolive—trees，areannuallyblastedbyNature，the
obsequioushandmaidofthepopes。]
ChapterLXIX:StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。
PartIV。
Afterhisdecease，thetediousandequalsuspenseofthe
conclavewasfixedbythedexterityoftheFrenchfaction。A
speciousofferwasmadeandaccepted，that，inthetermofforty
days，theywouldelectoneofthethreecandidateswhoshouldbe
namedbytheiropponents。ThearchbishopofBourdeaux，afurious
enemyofhiskingandcountry，wasthefirstonthelist；buthis
ambitionwasknown；andhisconscienceobeyedthecallsof
fortuneandthecommandsofabenefactor，whohadbeeninformed
byaswiftmessengerthatthechoiceofapopewasnowinhis
hands。Thetermswereregulatedinaprivateinterview；andwith
suchspeedandsecrecywasthebusinesstransacted，thatthe
unanimousconclaveapplaudedtheelevationofClementtheFifth。
^79Thecardinalsofbothpartiesweresoonastonishedbya
summonstoattendhimbeyondtheAlps；fromwhence，astheysoon
discovered，theymustneverhopetoreturn。Hewasengaged，by
promiseandaffection，toprefertheresidenceofFrance；and，
afterdragginghiscourtthroughPoitouandGascony，and
devouring，byhisexpense，thecitiesandconventsontheroad，
hefinallyreposedatAvignon，^80whichflourishedaboveseventy
years^81theseatoftheRomanpontiffandthemetropolisof
Christendom。Byland，bysea，bytheRhone，thepositionof
Avignonwasonallsidesaccessible；thesouthernprovincesof
FrancedonotyieldtoItalyitself；newpalacesaroseforthe
accommodationofthepopeandcardinals；andtheartsofluxury
weresoonattractedbythetreasuresofthechurch。Theywere
alreadypossessedoftheadjacentterritory，theVenaissin
county，^82apopulousandfertilespot；andthesovereigntyof
Avignonwasafterwardspurchasedfromtheyouthanddistressof
Jane，thefirstqueenofNaplesandcountessofProvence，forthe
inadequatepriceoffourscorethousandflorins。^83Underthe
shadowofaFrenchmonarchy，amidstanobedientpeople，thepopes
enjoyedanhonorableandtranquilstate，towhichtheylonghad
beenstrangers:butItalydeploredtheirabsence；andRome，in
solitudeandpoverty，mightrepentoftheungovernablefreedom
whichhaddrivenfromtheVaticanthesuccessorofSt。Peter。
Herrepentancewastardyandfruitless:afterthedeathofthe
oldmembers，thesacredcollegewasfilledwithFrenchcardinals，
^84whobeheldRomeandItalywithabhorrenceandcontempt，and
perpetuatedaseriesofnational，andevenprovincial，popes，
attachedbythemostindissolubletiestotheirnativecountry。
[Footnote79:See，intheChronicleofGiovanniVillani，l。
viii。c。63，64，80，inMuratori，tom。xiii。，theimprisonment
ofBonifaceVIII。，andtheelectionofClementV。，thelastof
which，likemostanecdotes，isembarrassedwithsome
difficulties。]
[Footnote80:TheoriginallivesoftheeightpopesofAvignon，
ClementV。，JohnXXII。，BenedictXI。，ClementVI。，InnocentVI。，
UrbanV。，GregoryXI。，andClementVII。，arepublishedbyStephen
Baluze，VitaePaparumAvenionensium；Paris，1693，2vols。in
4to。，withcopiousandelaboratenotes，andasecondvolumeof
actsanddocuments。Withthetruezealofaneditoranda
patriot，hedevoutlyjustifiesorexcusesthecharactersofhis
countrymen。]
[Footnote81:TheexileofAvignoniscomparedbytheItalians
withBabylon，andtheBabylonishcaptivity。Suchfurious
metaphors，moresuitabletotheardorofPetrarchthantothe
judgmentofMuratori，aregravelyrefutedinBaluze\'spreface。
TheabbedeSadeisdistractedbetweentheloveofPetrarchand
ofhiscountry。Yethemodestlypleads，thatmanyofthelocal
inconveniencesofAvignonarenowremoved；andmanyofthevices
againstwhichthepoetdeclaims，hadbeenimportedwiththeRoman
courtbythestrangersofItaly，tom。i。p。23—28。]
[Footnote82:ThecomtatVenaissinwascededtothepopesin1273
byPhilipIII。kingofFrance，afterhehadinheritedthe
dominionsofthecountofThoulouse。Fortyyearsbefore，the
heresyofCountRaymondhadgiventhemapretenceofseizure，and
theyderivedsomeobscureclaimfromthexithcenturytosome
landscitraRhodanum，ValesiiNotitiaGalliarum，p。495，610。
Longuerue，DescriptiondelaFrance，tom。i。p。376—381。]
[Footnote83:Ifapossessionoffourcenturieswerenotitselfa
title，suchobjectionsmightannulthebargain；butthepurchase
moneymustberefunded，forindeeditwaspaid。Civitatem
Avenionememit……perejusmodivenditionempecuniaredundates，
&c。，iidaVitaClement。VI。inBaluz。tom。i。p。272。Muratori，
Script。tom。iii。P。ii。p。565。TheonlytemptationforJane
andhersecondhusbandwasreadymoney，andwithoutittheycould
nothavereturnedtothethroneofNaples。]
[Footnote84:ClementVimmediatelypromotedtencardinals，nine
FrenchandoneEnglish，Vitaivta，p。63，etBaluz。p。625，&c。
In1331，thepoperefusedtwocandidatesrecommendedbytheking
ofFrance，quodxx。Cardinales，dequibusxvii。deregnoFraciae
originemtraxissenoscunturinmemoratocollegioexistant，
Thomassin，Disciplinedel\'Eglise，tom。i。p。1281。]
Theprogressofindustryhadproducedandenrichedthe
Italianrepublics:theaeraoftheirlibertyisthemost
flourishingperiodofpopulationandagriculture，ofmanufactures
andcommerce；andtheirmechaniclaborsweregraduallyrefined
intotheartsofeleganceandgenius。ButthepositionofRome
waslessfavorable，theterritorylessfruitful:thecharacterof
theinhabitantswasdebasedbyindolenceandelatedbypride；and
theyfondlyconceivedthatthetributeofsubjectsmustforever
nourishthemetropolisofthechurchandempire。Thisprejudice
wasencouragedinsomedegreebytheresortofpilgrimstothe
shrinesoftheapostles；andthelastlegacyofthepopes，the
institutionoftheholyyear，^85wasnotlessbeneficialtothe
peoplethantotheclergy。SincethelossofPalestine，thegift
ofplenaryindulgences，whichhadbeenappliedtothecrusades，
remainedwithoutanobject；andthemostvaluabletreasureofthe
churchwassequesteredaboveeightyearsfrompubliccirculation。
AnewchannelwasopenedbythediligenceofBonifacetheEighth，
whoreconciledthevicesofambitionandavarice；andthepope
hadsufficientlearningtorecollectandrevivetheseculargames
whichwerecelebratedinRomeattheconclusionofeverycentury。
Tosoundwithoutdangerthedepthofpopularcredulity，asermon
wasseasonablypronounced，areportwasartfullyscattered，some
agedwitnesseswereproduced；andonthefirstofJanuaryofthe
yearthirteenhundred，thechurchofSt。Peterwascrowdedwith
thefaithful，whodemandedthecustomaryindulgenceoftheholy
time。Thepontiff，whowatchedandirritatedtheirdevout
impatience，wassoonpersuadedbyancienttestimonyofthe
justiceoftheirclaim；andheproclaimedaplenaryabsolutionto
allCatholicswho，inthecourseofthatyear，andatevery
similarperiod，shouldrespectfullyvisittheapostolicchurches
ofSt。PeterandSt。Paul。Thewelcomesoundwaspropagated
throughChristendom；andatfirstfromthenearestprovincesof
Italy，andatlengthfromtheremotekingdomsofHungaryand
Britain，thehighwayswerethrongedwithaswarmofpilgrimswho
soughttoexpiatetheirsinsinajourney，howevercostlyor
laborious，whichwasexemptfromtheperilsofmilitaryservice。
Allexceptionsofrankorsex，ofageorinfirmity，were
forgotteninthecommontransport；andinthestreetsand
churchesmanypersonsweretrampledtodeathbytheeagernessof
devotion。Thecalculationoftheirnumberscouldnotbeeasynor
accurate；andtheyhaveprobablybeenmagnifiedbyadexterous
clergy，wellapprisedofthecontagionofexample:yetweare
assuredbyajudicioushistorian，whoassistedattheceremony，
thatRomewasneverreplenishedwithlessthantwohundred
thousandstrangers；andanotherspectatorhasfixedattwo
millionsthetotalconcourseoftheyear。Atriflingoblation
fromeachindividualwouldaccumulatearoyaltreasure；andtwo
priestsstoodnightandday，withrakesintheirhands，to
collect，withoutcounting，theheapsofgoldandsilverthatwere
pouredonthealtarofSt。Paul。^86Itwasfortunatelyaseason
ofpeaceandplenty；andifforagewasscarce，ifinnsand
lodgingswereextravagantlydear，aninexhaustiblesupplyof
breadandwine，ofmeatandfish，wasprovidedbythepolicyof
BonifaceandthevenalhospitalityoftheRomans。Fromacity
withouttradeorindustry，allcasualricheswillspeedily
evaporate:buttheavariceandenvyofthenextgeneration
solicitedClementtheSixth^87toanticipatethedistantperiod
ofthecentury。Thegraciouspontiffcompliedwiththeirwishes；
affordedRomethispoorconsolationforhisloss；andjustified
thechangebythenameandpracticeoftheMosaicJubilee。^88
Hissummonswasobeyed；andthenumber，zeal，andliberalityof
thepilgrimsdidnotyieldtotheprimitivefestival。Butthey
encounteredthetriplescourgeofwar，pestilence，andfamine:
manywivesandvirginswereviolatedinthecastlesofItaly；and
manystrangerswerepillagedormurderedbythesavageRomans，no
longermoderatedbythepresenceoftheirbishops。^89Tothe
impatienceofthepopeswemayascribethesuccessivereduction
tofifty，thirty—three，andtwenty—fiveyears；althoughthe
secondofthesetermsiscommensuratewiththelifeofChrist。
Theprofusionofindulgences，therevoltoftheProtestants，and
thedeclineofsuperstition，havemuchdiminishedthevalueof
thejubilee；yeteventhenineteenthandlastfestivalwasayear
ofpleasureandprofittotheRomans；andaphilosophicsmile
willnotdisturbthetriumphofthepriestorthehappinessof
thepeople。^90
[Footnote85:OurprimitiveaccountisfromCardinalJames
Caietan，MaximaBibliot。Patrum，tom。xxv。；andIamataloss
todeterminewhetherthenephewofBonifaceVIII。beafoolora
knave:theuncleisamuchclearercharacter。]
[Footnote86:SeeJohnVillanil。viii。c。36inthexiith，and
theChroniconAstense，inthexithvolumep。191，192of
Muratori\'sCollectionPapainnumerabilempecuniamabeisdem
accepit，namduoclerici，cumrastris，&c。]
[Footnote87:ThetwobullsofBonifaceVIII。andClementVI。are
insertedontheCorpusJurisCanonici，Extravagant。Commun。l。v。
tit。ixc1，2。]
[Footnote88:ThesabbaticyearsandjubileesoftheMosaiclaw，
Car。Sigon。deRepublicaHebraeorum，Opp。tom。iv。l。iii。c。
14，14，p。151，152，thesuspensionofallcareandlabor，the
periodicalreleaseoflands，debts，servitude，&c。，mayseema
nobleidea，buttheexecutionwouldbeimpracticableinaprofane
republic；andIshouldbegladtolearnthatthisruinous
festivalwasobservedbytheJewishpeople。]
[Footnote89:SeetheChronicleofMatteoVillani，l。i。c。56，
inthexivthvol。ofMuratori，andtheMemoiressurlaViede
Petrarque，tom。iii。p。75—89。]
[Footnote90:ThesubjectisexhaustedbyM。Chais，aFrench
ministerattheHague，inhisLettresHistoriquesetDogmatiques，
surlesJubilesetesIndulgences；laHaye，1751，3vols。in
12mo。；anelaborateandpleasingwork，hadnottheauthor
preferredthecharacterofapolemictothatofaphilosopher。]
Inthebeginningoftheeleventhcentury，Italywasexposed
tothefeudaltyranny，alikeoppressivetothesovereignandthe
people。Therightsofhumannaturewerevindicatedbyher
numerousrepublics，whosoonextendedtheirlibertyanddominion
fromthecitytotheadjacentcountry。Theswordofthenobles
wasbroken；theirslaveswereenfranchised；theircastleswere
demolished；theyassumedthehabitsofsocietyandobedience；
theirambitionwasconfinedtomunicipalhonors，andinthe
proudestaristocracyofVeniceonGenoa，eachpatricianwas
subjecttothelaws。^91Butthefeebleanddisorderlygovernment
ofRomewasunequaltothetaskofcurbingherrebellioussons，
whoscornedtheauthorityofthemagistratewithinandwithout
thewalls。Itwasnolongeracivilcontentionbetweenthe
noblesandplebeiansforthegovernmentofthestate:thebarons
assertedinarmstheirpersonalindependence；theirpalacesand
castleswerefortifiedagainstasiege；andtheirprivate
quarrelsweremaintainedbythenumbersoftheirvassalsand
retainers。Inoriginandaffection，theywerealienstotheir
country:^92andagenuineRoman，couldsuchhavebeenproduced，
mighthaverenouncedthesehaughtystrangers，whodisdainedthe
appellationofcitizens，andproudlystyledthemselvesthe
princes，ofRome。^93Afteradarkseriesofrevolutions，all
recordsofpedigreewerelost；thedistinctionofsurnameswas
abolished；thebloodofthenationswasmingledinathousand
channels；andtheGothsandLombards，theGreeksandFranks，the
GermansandNormans，hadobtainedthefairestpossessionsby
royalbounty，ortheprerogativeofvalor。Theseexamplesmight
bereadilypresumed；buttheelevationofaHebrewracetothe
rankofsenatorsandconsulsisaneventwithoutaparallelin
thelongcaptivityofthesemiserableexiles。^94Inthetimeof
LeotheNinth，awealthyandlearnedJewwasconvertedto
Christianity，andhonoredathisbaptismwiththenameofhis
godfather，thereigningPope。ThezealandcourageofPeterthe
sonofLeoweresignalizedinthecauseofGregorytheSeventh，
whointrustedhisfaithfuladherentwiththegovernmentof
Adrian\'smole，thetowerofCrescentius，or，asitisnowcalled，
thecastleofSt。Angelo。Boththefatherandthesonwerethe
parentsofanumerousprogeny:theirriches，thefruitsofusury，
weresharedwiththenoblestfamiliesofthecity；andso
extensivewastheiralliance，thatthegrandsonoftheproselyte
wasexaltedbytheweightofhiskindredtothethroneofSt。
Peter。Amajorityoftheclergyandpeoplesupportedhiscause:
hereignedseveralyearsintheVatican；anditisonlythe
eloquenceofSt。Bernard，andthefinaltriumphofInnocencethe
Second，thathasbrandedAnacletuswiththeepithetofantipope。
Afterhisdefeatanddeath，theposterityofLeoisnolonger
conspicuous；andnonewillbefoundofthemodernnobles
ambitiousofdescendingfromaJewishstock。Itisnotmydesign
toenumeratetheRomanfamilieswhichhavefailedatdifferent
periods，orthosewhicharecontinuedindifferentdegreesof
splendortothepresenttime。^95Theoldconsularlineofthe
Frangipanidiscovertheirnameinthegenerousactofbreakingor
dividingbreadinatimeoffamine；andsuchbenevolenceismore
trulygloriousthantohaveenclosed，withtheiralliesthe
Corsi，aspaciousquarterofthecityinthechainsoftheir
fortifications；theSavelli，asitshouldseemaSabinerace，
havemaintainedtheiroriginaldignity；theobsoletesurnameof
theCapizucchiisinscribedonthecoinsofthefirstsenators；
theContipreservethehonor，withouttheestate，ofthecounts
ofSignia；andtheAnnibaldimusthavebeenveryignorant，or
verymodest，iftheyhadnotdescendedfromtheCarthaginian
hero。^96
[Footnote91:MuratoriDissert。xlvii。allegestheAnnalsof
Florence，Padua，Genoa，&c。，theanalogyoftherest，the
evidenceofOthoofFrisingen，deGest。Fred。I。l。ii。c。13，
andthesubmissionofthemarouisofEste。]
[Footnote92:Asearlyastheyear824，theemperorLothaireI。
founditexpedienttointerrogatetheRomanpeople，tolearnfrom
eachindividualbywhatnationallawhechosetobegoverned。
Muratori，Dissertatxxii。]