[Footnote5:ThegenuineandoriginalnarrativeofSyropulusp。
312—351openstheschismfromthefirstofficeoftheGreeksatVenicetothegeneraloppositionatConstantinople，oftheclergyandpeople。]
[Footnote6:OntheschismofConstantinople，seePhranza，l。
ii。c。17，LaonicusChalcondyles，l。vi。p。155，156，andDucas，c。31；thelastofwhomwriteswithtruthandfreedom。
AmongthemodernswemaydistinguishthecontinuatorofFleury，tom。xxii。p。338，&c。，401，420，&c。，andSpondanus，A。D。
1440—50。Thesenseofthelatterisdrownedinprejudiceandpassion，assoonasRomeandreligionareconcerned。]
TheschismwasnotconfinedtothenarrowlimitsoftheByzantineempire。SecureundertheMamalukesceptre，thethreepatriarchsofAlexandria，Antioch，andJerusalem，assembledanumeroussynod；disownedtheirrepresentativesatFerraraandFlorence；condemnedthecreedandcounciloftheLatins；andthreatenedtheemperorofConstantinoplewiththecensuresoftheEasternchurch。OfthesectariesoftheGreekcommunion，theRussianswerethemostpowerful，ignorant，andsuperstitious。
Theirprimate，thecardinalIsidore，hastenedfromFlorencetoMoscow，^7toreducetheindependentnationundertheRomanyoke。
ButtheRussianbishopshadbeeneducatedatMountAthos；andtheprinceandpeopleembracedthetheologyoftheirpriests。Theywerescandalizedbythetitle，thepomp，theLatincrossofthelegate，thefriendofthoseimpiousmenwhoshavedtheirbeards，andperformedthedivineofficewithglovesontheirhandsandringsontheirfingers:Isidorewascondemnedbyasynod；hispersonwasimprisonedinamonastery；anditwaswithextremedifficultythatthecardinalcouldescapefromthehandsofafierceandfanaticpeople。^8TheRussiansrefusedapassagetothemissionariesofRomewhoaspiredtoconvertthePagansbeyondtheTanais；^9andtheirrefusalwasjustifiedbythemaxim，thattheguiltofidolatryislessdamnablethanthatofschism。TheerrorsoftheBohemianswereexcusedbytheirabhorrenceforthepope；andadeputationoftheGreekclergysolicitedthefriendshipofthosesanguinaryenthusiasts。^10WhileEugeniustriumphedintheunionandorthodoxyoftheGreeks，hispartywascontractedtothewalls，orrathertothepalaceofConstantinople。ThezealofPalaeologushadbeenexcitedbyinterest；itwassooncooledbyopposition:anattempttoviolatethenationalbeliefmightendangerhislifeandcrown；notcouldthepiousrebelsbedestituteofforeignanddomesticaid。TheswordofhisbrotherDemetrius，whoinItalyhadmaintainedaprudentandpopularsilence，washalfunsheathedinthecauseofreligion；andAmurath，theTurkishsultan，wasdispleasedandalarmedbytheseemingfriendshipoftheGreeksandLatins。
[Footnote7:IsidorewasmetropolitanofKiow，buttheGreekssubjecttoPolandhaveremovedthatseefromtheruinsofKiowtoLemberg，orLeopold，Herbestein，inRamusio，tom。ii。p。127。
Ontheotherhand，theRussianstransferredtheirspiritualobediencetothearchbishop，whobecame，in1588，thepatriarch，ofMoscow，LevesqueHist。deRussie，tom。iii。p。188，190，fromaGreekMs。atTurin，IteretlaboresArchiepiscopiArsenii。]
[Footnote8:ThecuriousnarrativeofLevesqueHist。deRussie，tom。ii。p。242—247isextractedfromthepatriarchalarchives。ThescenesofFerraraandFlorencearedescribedbyignoranceandpassion；buttheRussiansarecredibleintheaccountoftheirownprejudices。]
[Footnote9:TheShamanism，theancientreligionoftheSamanaeansandGymnosophists，hasbeendrivenbythemorepopularBraminsfromIndiaintothenortherndeserts:thenakedphilosopherswerecompelledtowrapthemselvesinfur；buttheyinsensiblysunkintowizardsandphysicians。TheMordvansandTcheremissesintheEuropeanRussiaadheretothisreligion，whichisformedontheearthlymodelofonekingorGod，hisministersorangels，andtherebelliousspiritswhoopposehisgovernment。AsthesetribesoftheVolgahavenoimages，theymightmorejustlyretortontheLatinmissionariesthenameofidolaters，Levesque，Hist。desPeuplessoumisalaDominationdesRusses，tom。i。p。194—237，423—460。]
[Footnote10:Spondanus，Annal。Eccles。tomii。A。D。1451，No。
13。TheepistleoftheGreekswithaLatinversion，isextantinthecollegelibraryatPrague。]
\"SultanMurad，orAmurath，livedforty—nine，andreignedthirtyyears，sixmonths，andeightdays。Hewasajustandvaliantprince，ofagreatsoul，patientoflabors，learned，merciful，religious，charitable；aloverandencouragerofthestudious，andofallwhoexcelledinanyartorscience；agoodemperorandagreatgeneral。NomanobtainedmoreorgreatervictoriesthanAmurath；Belgradealonewithstoodhisattacks。
Underhisreign，thesoldierwasevervictorious，thecitizenrichandsecure。Ifhesubduedanycountry，hisfirstcarewastobuildmosquesandcaravansaras，hospitals，andcolleges。
EveryyearhegaveathousandpiecesofgoldtothesonsoftheProphet；andsenttwothousandfivehundredtothereligiouspersonsofMecca，Medina，andJerusalem。\"^11ThisportraitistranscribedfromthehistorianoftheOthmanempire:buttheapplauseofaservileandsuperstitiouspeoplehasbeenlavishedontheworstoftyrants；andthevirtuesofasultanareoftenthevicesmostusefultohimself，ormostagreeabletohissubjects。Anationignorantoftheequalbenefitsoflibertyandlaw，mustbeawedbytheflashesofarbitrarypower:thecrueltyofadespotwillassumethecharacterofjustice；hisprofusion，ofliberality；hisobstinacy，offirmness。Ifthemostreasonableexcuseberejected，fewactsofobediencewillbefoundimpossible；andguiltmusttremble，whereinnocencecannotalwaysbesecure。Thetranquillityofthepeople，andthedisciplineofthetroops，werebestmaintainedbyperpetualactioninthefield；warwasthetradeoftheJanizaries；andthosewhosurvivedtheperil，anddividedthespoil，applaudedthegenerousambitionoftheirsovereign。Topropagatethetruereligion，wasthedutyofafaithfulMussulman:theunbelieverswerehisenemies，andthoseoftheProphet；and，inthehandsoftheTurks，thescimeterwastheonlyinstrumentofconversion。
Underthesecircumstances，however，thejusticeandmoderationofAmurathareattestedbyhisconduct，andacknowledgedbytheChristiansthemselves；whoconsideraprosperousreignandapeacefuldeathastherewardofhissingularmerits。Inthevigorofhisageandmilitarypower，heseldomengagedinwartillhewasjustifiedbyapreviousandadequateprovocation:thevictorioussultanwasdisarmedbysubmission；andintheobservanceoftreaties，hiswordwasinviolateandsacred。^12
TheHungarianswerecommonlytheaggressors；hewasprovokedbytherevoltofScanderbeg；andtheperfidiousCaramanianwastwicevanquished，andtwicepardoned，bytheOttomanmonarch。BeforeheinvadedtheMorea，Thebeshadbeensurprisedbythedespot:intheconquestofThessalonica，thegrandsonofBajazetmightdisputetherecentpurchaseoftheVenetians；andafterthefirstsiegeofConstantinople，thesultanwasnevertempted，bythedistress，theabsence，ortheinjuriesofPalaeologus，toextinguishthedyinglightoftheByzantineempire。
[Footnote*:SeethesiegeandmassacreatThessalonica。VonHammervol。ip。433—M。]
[Footnote11:SeeCantemir，HistoryoftheOthmanEmpire，p。94。
Muraq，orMorad，maybemorecorrect:butIhavepreferredthepopularnametothatobscurediligencewhichisrarelysuccessfulintranslatinganOriental，intotheRoman，alphabet。]
[Footnote12:SeeChalcondyles，l。vii。p。186，198，Ducas，c。
33，andMarinusBarletius，inVit。Scanderbeg，p。145，146。InhisgoodfaithtowardsthegarrisonofSfetigrade，hewasalessonandexampletohissonMahomet。]
ButthemoststrikingfeatureinthelifeandcharacterofAmurathisthedoubleabdicationoftheTurkishthrone；and，werenothismotivesdebasedbyanalloyofsuperstition，wemustpraisetheroyalphilosopher，^13whoattheageoffortycoulddiscernthevanityofhumangreatness。Resigningthesceptretohisson，heretiredtothepleasantresidenceofMagnesia；butheretiredtothesocietyofsaintsandhermits。ItwasnottillthefourthcenturyoftheHegira，thatthereligionofMahomethadbeencorruptedbyaninstitutionsoadversetohisgenius；
butintheageofthecrusades，thevariousordersofDervisesweremultipliedbytheexampleoftheChristian，andeventheLatin，monks。^14Thelordofnationssubmittedtofast，andpray，andturnroundinendlessrotationwiththefanatics，whomistookthegiddinessoftheheadfortheilluminationofthespirit。^15ButhewassoonawakenedfromhisdreamsofenthusiasmbytheHungarianinvasion；andhisobedientsonwastheforemosttourgethepublicdangerandthewishesofthepeople。Underthebanneroftheirveteranleader，theJanizariesfoughtandconqueredbuthewithdrewfromthefieldofVarna，againtopray，tofast，andtoturnroundwithhisMagnesianbrethren。Thesepiousoccupationswereagaininterruptedbythedangerofthestate。Avictoriousarmydisdainedtheinexperienceoftheiryouthfulruler:thecityofAdrianoplewasabandonedtorapineandslaughter；andtheunanimousdivanimploredhispresencetoappeasethetumult，andpreventtherebellion，oftheJanizaries。Atthewell—knownvoiceoftheirmaster，theytrembledandobeyed；andthereluctantsultanwascompelledtosupporthissplendidservitude，tillattheendoffouryears，hewasrelievedbytheangelofdeath。Ageordisease，misfortuneorcaprice，havetemptedseveralprincestodescendfromthethrone；andtheyhavehadleisuretorepentoftheirirretrievablestep。ButAmurathalone，inthefulllibertyofchoice，afterthetrialofempireandsolitude，hasrepeatedhispreferenceofaprivatelife。
[Footnote13:VoltaireEssaisurl\'HistoireGenerale，c。89，p。
283，284admireslePhilosopheTurc:wouldhehavebestowedthesamepraiseonaChristianprinceforretiringtoamonastery?
Inhisway，Voltairewasabigot，anintolerantbigot。]
[Footnote14:SeethearticlesDervische，Fakir，Nasser，Rohbaniat，inD\'Herbelot\'sBibliothequeOrientale。YetthesubjectissuperficiallytreatedfromthePersianandArabianwriters。ItisamongtheTurksthattheseordershaveprincipallyflourished。]
[Footnote*:Gibbonhasfallenintoaremarkableerror。TheunmonasticretreatofAmurathwasthatofanepicureanratherthanofadervis；morelikethatofSardanapalusthanofCharlestheFifth。Profane，notdivine，lovewasitschiefoccupation:
theonlydance，thatdescribedbyHoraceasbelongingtothecountry，motusdocerigaudetIonicos。SeeVonHammernote，p。
652。—M]
[Footnote15:RicautinthePresentStateoftheOttomanEmpire，p。242—268affordsmuchinformation，whichhedrewfromhispersonalconversationwiththeheadsofthedervises，mostofwhomascribedtheirorigintothetimeofOrchan。HedoesnotmentiontheZichidaeofChalcondyles，l。vii。p。286，amongwhomAmurathretired:theSeidsofthatauthorarethedescendantsofMahomet。]
AfterthedepartureofhisGreekbrethren，Eugeniushadnotbeenunmindfuloftheirtemporalinterest；andhistenderregardfortheByzantineempirewasanimatedbyajustapprehensionoftheTurks，whoapproached，andmightsooninvade，thebordersofItaly。Butthespiritofthecrusadeshadexpired；andthecoldnessoftheFrankswasnotlessunreasonablethantheirheadlongpassion。Intheeleventhcentury，afanaticmonkcouldprecipitateEuropeonAsiafortherecoveryoftheholysepulchre；butinthefifteenth，themostpressingmotivesofreligionandpolicywereinsufficienttounitetheLatinsinthedefenceofChristendom。Germanywasaninexhaustiblestorehouseofmenandarms:^16butthatcomplexandlanguidbodyrequiredtheimpulseofavigoroushand；andFrederictheThirdwasalikeimpotentinhispersonalcharacterandhisImperialdignity。A
longwarhadimpairedthestrength，withoutsatiatingtheanimosity，ofFranceandEngland:^17butPhilipdukeofBurgundywasavainandmagnificentprince；andheenjoyed，withoutdangerorexpense，theadventurouspietyofhissubjects，whosailed，inagallantfleet，fromthecoastofFlanderstotheHellespont。
ThemaritimerepublicsofVeniceandGenoawerelessremotefromthesceneofaction；andtheirhostilefleetswereassociatedunderthestandardofSt。Peter。ThekingdomsofHungaryandPoland，whichcoveredasitweretheinteriorpaleoftheLatinchurch，werethemostnearlyconcernedtoopposetheprogressoftheTurks。ArmswerethepatrimonyoftheScythiansandSarmatians；andthesenationsmightappearequaltothecontest，couldtheypoint，againstthecommonfoe，thoseswordsthatweresowantonlydrawninbloodyanddomesticquarrels。Butthesamespiritwasadversetoconcordandobedience:apoorcountryandalimitedmonarchareincapableofmaintainingastandingforce；
andtheloosebodiesofPolishandHungarianhorsewerenotarmedwiththesentimentsandweaponswhich，onsomeoccasions，havegivenirresistibleweighttotheFrenchchivalry。Yet，onthisside，thedesignsoftheRomanpontiff，andtheeloquenceofCardinalJulian，hislegate，werepromotedbythecircumstancesofthetimes:^18bytheunionofthetwocrownsontheheadofLadislaus，^19ayoungandambitioussoldier；bythevalorofahero，whosename，thenameofJohnHuniades，wasalreadypopularamongtheChristians，andformidabletotheTurks。Anendlesstreasureofpardonsandindulgenceswasscatteredbythelegate；
manyprivatewarriorsofFranceandGermanyenlistedundertheholybanner；andthecrusadederivedsomestrength，oratleastsomereputation，fromthenewalliesbothofEuropeandAsia。A
fugitivedespotofServiaexaggeratedthedistressandardoroftheChristiansbeyondtheDanube，whowouldunanimouslyrisetovindicatetheirreligionandliberty。TheGreekemperor，^20
withaspiritunknowntohisfathers，engagedtoguardtheBosphorus，andtosallyfromConstantinopleattheheadofhisnationalandmercenarytroops。ThesultanofCaramania^21
announcedtheretreatofAmurath，andapowerfuldiversionintheheartofAnatolia；andifthefleetsoftheWestcouldoccupyatthesamemomenttheStraitsoftheHellespont，theOttomanmonarchywouldbedisseveredanddestroyed。Heavenandearthmustrejoiceintheperditionofthemiscreants；andthelegate，withprudentambiguity，instilledtheopinionoftheinvisible，perhapsthevisible，aidoftheSonofGod，andhisdivinemother。
[Footnote16:Intheyear1431，Germanyraised40，000horse，men—at—arms，againsttheHussitesofBohemia，Lenfant，Hist。duConciledeBasle，tom。i。p。318。AtthesiegeofNuys，ontheRhine，in1474，theprinces，prelates，andcities，senttheirrespectivequotas；andthebishopofMunsterquin\'estpasdesplusgrandsfurnished1400horse，6000foot，allingreen，with1200wagons。TheunitedarmiesofthekingofEnglandandthedukeofBurgundyscarcelyequalledonethirdofthisGermanhost，MemoiresdePhilippedeComines，l。iv。c。2。Atpresent，sixorsevenhundredthousandmenaremaintainedinconstantpayandadmirabledisciplinebythepowersofGermany。]
[Footnote17:Itwasnottilltheyear1444，thatFranceandEnglandcouldagreeonatruceofsomemonths。SeeRymer\'sFoedera，andthechroniclesofbothnations。]
[Footnote18:IntheHungariancrusade，SpondanusAnnal。Eccles。
A。D。1443，1444hasbeenmyleadingguide。Hehasdiligentlyread，andcriticallycompared，theGreekandTurkishmaterials，thehistoriansofHungary，Poland，andtheWest。Hisnarrativeisperspicuousandwherehecanbefreefromareligiousbias，thejudgmentofSpondanusisnotcontemptible。]
[Footnote19:IhavecurtailedtheharshletterWladislaus
whichmostwritersaffixtohisname，eitherincompliancewiththePolishpronunciation，ortodistinguishhimfromhisrivaltheinfantLadislausofAustria。TheircompetitionforthecrownofHungaryisdescribedbyCallimachus，l。i。ii。p。447—486，
Bonfinius，Decad。iii。l。iv。，Spondanus，andLenfant。]
[Footnote20:TheGreekhistorians，Phranza，Chalcondyles，andDucas，donotascribetotheirprinceaveryactivepartinthiscrusade，whichheseemstohavepromotedbyhiswishes，andinjuredbyhisfears。]
[Footnote21:Cantemirp。88ascribestohispolicytheoriginalplan，andtranscribeshisanimatingepistletothekingofHungary。ButtheMahometanpowersareseldomitformedofthestateofChristendomandthesituationandcorrespondenceoftheknightsofRhodesmustconnectthemwiththesultanofCaramania。]
OfthePolishandHungariandiets，areligiouswarwastheunanimouscry；andLadislaus，afterpassingtheDanube，ledanarmyofhisconfederatesubjectsasfarasSophia，thecapitaloftheBulgariankingdom。Inthisexpeditiontheyobtainedtwosignalvictories，whichwerejustlyascribedtothevalorandconductofHuniades。Inthefirst，withavanguardoftenthousandmen，hesurprisedtheTurkishcamp；inthesecond，hevanquishedandmadeprisonerthemostrenownedoftheirgenerals，whopossessedthedoubleadvantageofgroundandnumbers。Theapproachofwinter，andthenaturalandartificialobstaclesofMountHaemus，arrestedtheprogressofthehero，whomeasuredanarrowintervalofsixdays\'marchfromthefootofthemountainstothehostiletowersofAdrianople，andthefriendlycapitaloftheGreekempire。Theretreatwasundisturbed；andtheentranceintoBudawasatonceamilitaryandreligioustriumph。Anecclesiasticalprocessionwasfollowedbythekingandhiswarriorsonfoot:henicelybalancedthemeritsandrewardsofthetwonations；andtheprideofconquestwasblendedwiththehumbletemperofChristianity。Thirteenbashaws，ninestandards，andfourthousandcaptives，wereunquestionabletrophies；andasallwerewillingtobelieve，andnonewerepresenttocontradict，thecrusadersmultiplied，withunblushingconfidence，themyriadsofTurkswhomtheyhadleftonthefieldofbattle。^22Themostsolidproof，andthemostsalutaryconsequence，ofvictory，wasadeputationfromthedivantosolicitpeace，torestoreServia，toransomtheprisoners，andtoevacuatetheHungarianfrontier。Bythistreaty，therationalobjectsofthewarwereobtained:theking，thedespot，andHuniadeshimself，inthedietofSegedin，weresatisfiedwithpublicandprivateemolument；atruceoftenyearswasconcluded；andthefollowersofJesusandMahomet，whosworeontheGospelandtheKoran，attestedthewordofGodastheguardianoftruthandtheavengerofperfidy。IntheplaceoftheGospel，theTurkishministershadproposedtosubstitutetheEucharist，therealpresenceoftheCatholicdeity；buttheChristiansrefusedtoprofanetheirholymysteries；andasuperstitiousconscienceislessforciblyboundbythespiritualenergy，thanbytheoutwardandvisiblesymbolsofanoath。^23