Note:Wereadinthe\"ChronicleoftheConquestofConstantinople，andoftheEstablishmentoftheFrenchintheMorea，\"translatedbyJABuchon，Paris，1825，p。64thatLeoVI。，calledthePhilosopher，hadprophesiedthataperfidiousemperorshouldbeprecipitatedfromthetopofthiscolumn。Thecrusadersconsideredthemselvesunderanobligationtofulfilthisprophecy。Brosset，noteonLeBeau，vol。xvii。p。180。M
Brossetannouncesthatacompleteeditionofthiswork，ofwhichtheoriginalGreekofthefirstbookonlyhasbeenpublishedbyM。Buchoninpreparation，toformpartofthenewseriesoftheByzantinehistorian—M。]
[Footnote20:ThedynastiesofNice，Trebizond，andEpirusofwhichNicetassawtheoriginwithoutmuchpleasureorhopearelearnedlyexplored，andclearlyrepresented，intheFamiliaeByzantinaeofDucange。]
[Footnote*:Thiswasatitle，notapersonalappellation。
Joinvillespeaksofthe\"GrantComnenie，etsiredeTraffezzontes。\"Fallmerayer，p。82。—M。]
[Footnote21:ExceptsomefactsinPachymerandNicephorusGregoras，whichwillhereafterbeused，theByzantinewritersdisdaintospeakoftheempireofTrebizond，orprincipalityoftheLazi；andamongtheLatins，itisconspicuousonlyintheromancersofthexivthorxvthcenturies。YettheindefatigableDucangehasdugoutFam。Byz。p。192twoauthenticpassagesinVincentofBeauvaisl。xxxi。c。144andtheprothonotaryOgerius，apudWading，A。D。1279，No。4。]
[Footnote!:OntherevolutionsofTrebizondunderthelaterempiredowntothisperiod，seeFallmerayer，GeschichtedesKaiserthumsvonTrapezunt，ch。iii。ThewifeofManuelfledwithherinfantsonsandhertreasurefromtherelentlessenmityofIsaacAngelus。FallmerayerconjecturesthatherarrivalenabledtheGreeksofthatregiontomakeheadagainsttheformidableThamar，theGeorgianqueenofTeflis，p。42。TheygraduallyformedadominiononthebanksofthePhasis，whichthedistractedgovernmentoftheAngelineglectedorwereunabletosuppress。OnthecaptureofConstantinoplebytheLatins，AlexiuswasjoinedbymanynoblefugitivesfromConstantinople。
HehadalwaysretainedthenameofCaesar。HenowfixedtheseatofhisempireatTrebizond；buthehadneverabandonedhispretensionstotheByzantinethrone，ch。iii。FallmerayerappearstomakeoutatriumphantcaseastotheassumptionoftheroyaltitlebyAlexiustheFirst。SincethepublicationofM。
Fallmerayer\'swork，Munchen，1827，M。Tafelhaspublished，attheendoftheopusculaofEustathius，acuriouschronicleofTrebizondbyMichaelPanaretas，Frankfort，1832。Itgivesthesuccessionoftheemperors，andsomeothercuriouscircumstancesoftheirwarswiththeseveralMahometanpowers。—M。]
[Footnote!!:ThesuccessorofAlexiuswashisson—in—lawAndronicusI。，oftheComnenianfamily，surnamedGidon。TherewerefivesuccessionsbetweenAlexiusandJohn，accordingtoFallmerayer，p。103。ThetroopsofTrebizondfoughtinthearmyofDschelaleddin，theKarismian，againstAlleddin，theSeljukiansultanofRoum，butasalliesratherthanvassals，p。107。ItwasafterthedefeatofDschelaleddinthattheyfurnishedtheircontingenttoAlai—eddin。FallmerayerstrugglesinvaintomitigatethismarkofthesubjectionoftheComnenitothesultan。p。116。—M。]
[Footnote22:TheportraitoftheFrenchLatinsisdrawninNicetasbythehandofprejudiceandresentment。P。791Ed。
Bak。]
[Footnote23:Iherebegintouse，withfreedomandconfidence，theeightbooksoftheHistoiredeC。P。sousl\'EmpiredesFrancois，whichDucangehasgivenasasupplementtoVillehardouin；andwhich，inabarbarousstyle，deservesthepraiseofanoriginalandclassicwork。]
TheLatinconquerorshadbeensalutedwithasolemnandearlyembassyfromJohn，orJoannice，orCalo—John，therevoltedchiefoftheBulgariansandWalachians。Hedeemedhimselftheirbrother，asthevotaryoftheRomanpontiff，fromwhomhehadreceivedtheregaltitleandaholybanner；andinthesubversionoftheGreekmonarchy，hemightaspiretothenameoftheirfriendandaccomplice。ButCalo—Johnwasastonishedtofind，thattheCountofFlandershadassumedthepompandprideofthesuccessorsofConstantine；andhisambassadorsweredismissedwithahaughtymessage，thattherebelmustdeserveapardon，bytouchingwithhisforeheadthefootstooloftheImperialthrone。
Hisresentment^24wouldhaveexhaledinactsofviolenceandblood:hiscoolerpolicywatchedtherisingdiscontentoftheGreeks；affectedatenderconcernfortheirsufferings；andpromised，thattheirfirststrugglesforfreedomshouldbesupportedbyhispersonandkingdom。Theconspiracywaspropagatedbynationalhatred，thefirmestbandofassociationandsecrecy:theGreekswereimpatienttosheathetheirdaggersinthebreastsofthevictoriousstrangers；buttheexecutionwasprudentlydelayed，tillHenry，theemperor\'sbrother，hadtransportedtheflowerofhistroopsbeyondtheHellespont。MostofthetownsandvillagesofThraceweretruetothemomentandthesignal；andtheLatins，withoutarmsorsuspicion，wereslaughteredbythevileandmercilessrevengeoftheirslaves。
FromDemotica，thefirstsceneofthemassacre，thesurvivingvassalsofthecountofSt。PolescapedtoAdrianople；buttheFrenchandVenetians，whooccupiedthatcity，wereslainorexpelledbythefuriousmultitude:thegarrisonsthatcouldeffecttheirretreatfellbackoneachothertowardsthemetropolis；andthefortresses，thatseparatelystoodagainsttherebels，wereignorantofeachother\'sandoftheirsovereign\'sfate。ThevoiceoffameandfearannouncedtherevoltoftheGreeksandtherapidapproachoftheirBulgarianally；andCalo—John，notdependingontheforcesofhisownkingdom，haddrawnfromtheScythianwildernessabodyoffourteenthousandComans，whodrank，asitwassaid，thebloodoftheircaptives，andsacrificedtheChristiansonthealtarsoftheirgods。^25
[Footnote24:InCalo—John\'sanswertothepopewemayfindhisclaimsandcomplaints，GestaInnocentIII。c。108，109:hewascherishedatRomeastheprodigalson。]
[Footnote25:TheComanswereaTartarorTurkmanhorde，whichencampedinthexiithandxiiithcenturiesonthevergeofMoldavia。Thegreaterpartwerepagans，butsomewereMahometans，andthewholehordewasconvertedtoChristianityA。D。1370byLewis，kingofHungary]
Alarmedbythissuddenandgrowingdanger，theemperordespatchedaswiftmessengertorecallCountHenryandhistroops；andhadBaldwinexpectedthereturnofhisgallantbrother，withasupplyoftwentythousandArmenians，hemighthaveencounteredtheinvaderwithequalnumbersandadecisivesuperiorityofarmsanddiscipline。Butthespiritofchivalrycouldseldomdiscriminatecautionfromcowardice；andtheemperortookthefieldwithahundredandfortyknights，andtheirtrainofarchersandsergeants。Themarshal，whodissuadedandobeyed，ledthevanguardintheirmarchtoAdrianople；themainbodywascommandedbythecountofBlois；theageddogeofVenicefollowedwiththerear；andtheirscantynumberswereincreasedfromallsidesbythefugitiveLatins。TheyundertooktobesiegetherebelsofAdrianople；andsuchwasthepioustendencyofthecrusadesthattheyemployedtheholyweekinpillagingthecountryfortheirsubsistence，andinframingenginesforthedestructionoftheirfellow—Christians。ButtheLatinsweresooninterruptedandalarmedbythelightcavalryoftheComans，whoboldlyskirmishedtotheedgeoftheirimperfectlines:andaproclamationwasissuedbythemarshalofRomania，that，onthetrumpet\'ssound，thecavalryshouldmountandform；butthatnone，underpainofdeath，shouldabandonthemselvestoadesultoryanddangerouspursuit。ThiswiseinjunctionwasfirstdisobeyedbythecountofBlois，whoinvolvedtheemperorinhisrashnessandruin。TheComans，oftheParthianorTartarschool，fledbeforetheirfirstcharge；butafteracareeroftwoleagues，whentheknightsandtheirhorseswerealmostbreathless，theysuddenlyturned，rallied，andencompassedtheheavysquadronsoftheFranks。Thecountwasslainonthefield；
theemperorwasmadeprisoner；andiftheonedisdainedtofly，iftheotherrefusedtoyield，theirpersonalbraverymadeapooratonementfortheirignorance，orneglect，ofthedutiesofageneral。^26
[Footnote26:Nicetas，fromignoranceormalice，imputesthedefeattothecowardiceofDandolo，p。383；butVillehardouinshareshisownglorywithhisvenerablefriend，quivielshomeereetgoteneveoit，maismulteresagesetpreusetvigueros，No。193。
Note:GibbonappearstometohavemisapprehendedthepassageofNicetas。Hesays，\"thatprincipalandsubtlestmischief。thatprimarycauseofallthehorriblemiseriessufferedbytheRomans，\"i。e。theByzantines。ItisaneffusionofmalicioustriumphagainsttheVenetians，towhomhealwaysascribesthecaptureofConstantinople。—M。]
ChapterLXI:PartitionOfTheEmpireByTheFrenchAndVenetians。
PartII。
Proudofhisvictoryandhisroyalprize，theBulgarianadvancedtorelieveAdrianopleandachievethedestructionoftheLatins。Theymustinevitablyhavebeendestroyed，ifthemarshalofRomaniahadnotdisplayedacoolcourageandconsummateskill；
uncommoninallages，butmostuncommoninthosetimes，whenwarwasapassion，ratherthanascience。Hisgriefandfearswerepouredintothefirmandfaithfulbosomofthedoge；butinthecamphediffusedanassuranceofsafety，whichcouldonlyberealizedbythegeneralbelief。AlldayhemaintainedhisperilousstationbetweenthecityandtheBarbarians:
Villehardouindecampedinsilenceatthedeadofnight；andhismasterlyretreatofthreedayswouldhavedeservedthepraiseofXenophonandthetenthousand。Intherear，themarshalsupportedtheweightofthepursuit；inthefront，hemoderatedtheimpatienceofthefugitives；andwherevertheComansapproached，theywererepelledbyalineofimpenetrablespears。
Onthethirdday，thewearytroopsbeheldthesea，thesolitarytownofRodosta，^27andtheirfriends，whohadlandedfromtheAsiaticshore。Theyembraced，theywept；buttheyunitedtheirarmsandcounsels；andinhisbrother\'sabsence，CountHenryassumedtheregencyoftheempire，atonceinastateofchildhoodandcaducity。^28IftheComanswithdrewfromthesummerheats，seventhousandLatins，inthehourofdanger，desertedConstantinople，theirbrethren，andtheirvows。SomepartialsuccesswasoverbalancedbythelossofonehundredandtwentyknightsinthefieldofRusium；andoftheImperialdomain，nomorewasleftthanthecapital，withtwoorthreeadjacentfortressesontheshoresofEuropeandAsia。ThekingofBulgariawasresistlessandinexorable；andCalo—Johnrespectfullyeludedthedemandsofthepope，whoconjuredhisnewproselytetorestorepeaceandtheemperortotheafflictedLatins。ThedeliveranceofBaldwinwasnolonger，hesaid，inthepowerofman:thatprincehaddiedinprison；andthemannerofhisdeathisvariouslyrelatedbyignoranceandcredulity。
Theloversofatragiclegendwillbepleasedtohear，thattheroyalcaptivewastemptedbytheamorousqueenoftheBulgarians；
thathischasterefusalexposedhimtothefalsehoodofawomanandthejealousyofasavage；thathishandsandfeetwereseveredfromhisbody；thathisbleedingtrunkwascastamongthecarcassesofdogsandhorses；andthathebreathedthreedays，beforehewasdevouredbythebirdsofprey。^29Abouttwentyyearsafterwards，inawoodoftheNetherlands，ahermitannouncedhimselfasthetrueBaldwin，theemperorofConstantinople，andlawfulsovereignofFlanders。Herelatedthewondersofhisescape，hisadventures，andhispenance，amongapeoplepronetobelieveandtorebel；and，inthefirsttransport，Flandersacknowledgedherlong—lostsovereign。A
shortexaminationbeforetheFrenchcourtdetectedtheimpostor，whowaspunishedwithanignominiousdeath；buttheFlemingsstilladheredtothepleasingerror；andthecountessJaneisaccusedbythegravesthistoriansofsacrificingtoherambitionthelifeofanunfortunatefather。^30
[Footnote27:Thetruthofgeography，andtheoriginaltextofVillehardouin，No。194，placeRodostothreedays\'journeytroisjorneesfromAdrianople:butVigenere，inhisversion，hasmostabsurdlysubstitutedtroisheures；andthiserror，whichisnotcorrectedbyDucangehasentrappedseveralmoderns，whosenamesIshallspare。]
[Footnote28:ThereignandendofBaldwinarerelatedbyVillehardouinandNicetas，p。386—416；andtheiromissionsaresuppliedbyDucangeinhisObservations，andtotheendofhisfirstbook。]
[Footnote29:Afterbrushingawayalldoubtfulandimprobablecircumstances，wemayprovethedeathofBaldwin，1。BythefirmbeliefoftheFrenchbarons，Villehardouin，No。230。2。BythedeclarationofCalo—Johnhimself，whoexcuseshisnotreleasingthecaptiveemperor，quiadebitumcarnisexsolveratcumcarcereteneretur，GestaInnocentIII。c。109。
Note:CompareVonRaumer。GeschichtederHohenstaufen，vol。
ii。p。237。Petitot，inhisprefacetoVillehardouinintheCollectiondesMemoires，relatifsal\'HistoiredeFrance，tom。i。
p。85，expresseshisbeliefinthefirstpartofthe\"tragiclegend。\"—M。]
[Footnote30:SeethestoryofthisimpostorfromtheFrenchandFlemishwritersinDucange，Hist。deC。P。iii。9；andtheridiculousfablesthatwerebelievedbythemonksofSt。Alban\'s，inMatthewParis，Hist。Major，p。271，272。
Inallcivilizedhostility，atreatyisestablishedfortheexchangeorransomofprisoners；andiftheircaptivitybeprolonged，theirconditionisknown，andtheyaretreatedaccordingtotheirrankwithhumanityorhonor。ButthesavageBulgarianwasastrangertothelawsofwar:hisprisonswereinvolvedindarknessandsilence；andaboveayearelapsedbeforetheLatinscouldbeassuredofthedeathofBaldwin，beforehisbrother，theregentHenry，wouldconsenttoassumethetitleofemperor。HismoderationwasapplaudedbytheGreeksasanactofrareandinimitablevirtue。Theirlightandperfidiousambitionwaseagertoseizeoranticipatethemomentofavacancy，whilealawofsuccession，theguardianbothoftheprinceandpeople，wasgraduallydefinedandconfirmedinthehereditarymonarchiesofEurope。InthesupportoftheEasternempire，Henrywasgraduallyleftwithoutanassociate，astheheroesofthecrusaderetiredfromtheworldorfromthewar。ThedogeofVenice，thevenerableDandolo，inthefulnessofyearsandglory，sunkintothegrave。ThemarquisofMontferratwasslowlyrecalledfromthePeloponnesianwartotherevengeofBaldwinandthedefenceofThessalonica。Somenicedisputesoffeudalhomageandservicewerereconciledinapersonalinterviewbetweentheemperorandtheking；theywerefirmlyunitedbymutualesteemandthecommondanger；andtheiralliancewassealedbythenuptialsofHenrywiththedaughteroftheItalianprince。Hesoondeploredthelossofhisfriendandfather。AtthepersuasionofsomefaithfulGreeks，BonifacemadeaboldandsuccessfulinroadamongthehillsofRhodope:theBulgariansfledonhisapproach；theyassembledtoharasshisretreat。Ontheintelligencethathisrearwasattacked，withoutwaitingforanydefensivearmor，heleapedonhorseback，couchedhislance，anddrovetheenemiesbeforehim；butintherashpursuithewaspiercedwithamortalwound；andtheheadofthekingofThessalonicawaspresentedtoCalo—John，whoenjoyedthehonors，withoutthemerit，ofvictory。
Itishere，atthismelancholyevent，thatthepenorthevoiceofJeffreyofVillehardouinseemstodroportoexpire；^31andifhestillexercisedhismilitaryofficeofmarshalofRomania，hissubsequentexploitsareburiedinoblivion。^32ThecharacterofHenrywasnotunequaltohisarduoussituation:inthesiegeofConstantinople，andbeyondtheHellespont，hehaddeservedthefameofavaliantknightandaskilfulcommander；andhiscouragewastemperedwithadegreeofprudenceandmildnessunknowntohisimpetuousbrother。InthedoublewaragainsttheGreeksofAsiaandtheBulgariansofEurope，hewasevertheforemostonshipboardoronhorseback；andthoughhecautiouslyprovidedforthesuccessofhisarms，thedroopingLatinswereoftenrousedbyhisexampletosaveandtosecondtheirfearlessemperor。Butsuchefforts，andsomesuppliesofmenandmoneyfromFrance，wereoflessavailthantheerrors，thecruelty，anddeath，oftheirmostformidableadversary。WhenthedespairoftheGreeksubjectsinvitedCalo—Johnastheirdeliverer，theyhopedthathewouldprotecttheirlibertyandadopttheirlaws:theyweresoontaughttocomparethedegreesofnationalferocity，andtoexecratethesavageconqueror，whonolongerdissembledhisintentionofdispeoplingThrace，ofdemolishingthecities，andoftransplantingtheinhabitantsbeyondtheDanube。ManytownsandvillagesofThracewerealreadyevacuated:aheapofruinsmarkedtheplaceofPhilippopolis，andasimilarcalamitywasexpectedatDemoticaandAdrianople，bythefirstauthorsoftherevolt。TheyraisedacryofgriefandrepentancetothethroneofHenry；theemperoralonehadthemagnanimitytoforgiveandtrustthem。Nomorethanfourhundredknights，withtheirsergeantsandarchers，couldbeassembledunderhisbanner；andwiththisslenderforcehefoughtandrepulsedtheBulgarian，who，besideshisinfantry，wasattheheadoffortythousandhorse。Inthisexpedition，Henryfeltthedifferencebetweenahostileandafriendlycountry:theremainingcitieswerepreservedbyhisarms；andthesavage，withshameandloss，wascompelledtorelinquishhisprey。ThesiegeofThessalonicawasthelastoftheevilswhichCalo—Johninflictedorsuffered:hewasstabbedinthenightinhistent；andthegeneral，perhapstheassassin，whofoundhimwelteringinhisblood，ascribedtheblow，withgeneralapplause，tothelanceofSt。Demetrius。^33
Afterseveralvictories，theprudenceofHenryconcludedanhonorablepeacewiththesuccessorofthetyrant，andwiththeGreekprincesofNiceandEpirus。Ifhecededsomedoubtfullimits，anamplekingdomwasreservedforhimselfandhisfeudatories；andhisreign，whichlastedonlytenyears，affordedashortintervalofprosperityandpeace。FarabovethenarrowpolicyofBaldwinandBoniface，hefreelyintrustedtotheGreeksthemostimportantofficesofthestateandarmy；andthisliberalityofsentimentandpracticewasthemoreseasonable，astheprincesofNiceandEpirushadalreadylearnedtoseduceandemploythemercenaryvaloroftheLatins。ItwastheaimofHenrytouniteandrewardhisdeservingsubjects，ofeverynationandlanguage；butheappearedlesssolicitoustoaccomplishtheimpracticableunionofthetwochurches。Pelagius，thepope\'slegate，whoactedasthesovereignofConstantinople，hadinterdictedtheworshipoftheGreeks，andsternlyimposedthepaymentoftithes，thedoubleprocessionoftheHolyGhost，andablindobediencetotheRomanpontiff。Astheweakerparty，theypleadedthedutiesofconscience，andimploredtherightsoftoleration:\"Ourbodies，\"theysaid，\"areCaesar\'s，butoursoulsbelongonlytoGod。Thepersecutionwascheckedbythefirmnessoftheemperor:^34andifwecanbelievethatthesameprincewaspoisonedbytheGreeksthemselves，wemustentertainacontemptibleideaofthesenseandgratitudeofmankind。Hisvalorwasavulgarattribute，whichhesharedwithtenthousandknights；butHenrypossessedthesuperiorcouragetooppose，inasuperstitiousage，theprideandavariceoftheclergy。InthecathedralofSt。Sophiahepresumedtoplacehisthroneontherighthandofthepatriarch；andthispresumptionexcitedthesharpestcensureofPopeInnocenttheThird。Byasalutaryedict，oneofthefirstexamplesofthelawsofmortmain，heprohibitedthealienationoffiefs:manyoftheLatins，desirousofreturningtoEurope，resignedtheirestatestothechurchforaspiritualortemporalreward；theseholylandswereimmediatelydischargedfrommilitaryservice，andacolonyofsoldierswouldhavebeengraduallytransformedintoacollegeofpriests。^35
[Footnote31:Villehardouin，No。257。Iquote，withregret，thislamentableconclusion，whereweloseatoncetheoriginalhistory，andtherichillustrationsofDucange。ThelastpagesmayderivesomelightfromHenry\'stwoepistlestoInnocentIII。，Gesta，c。106，107。]