AfterthedeathofMalek，thebandsofunionandsubordinationwererelaxedandfinallydissolved:theindulgenceofthehouseofSeljukinvestedtheirslaveswiththeinheritanceofkingdoms；
and，intheOrientalstyle，acrowdofprincesarosefromthedustoftheirfeet。^50
[Footnote!:SeeVonHammer，OsmanischeGeschichte，vol。i。p。
16。TheSeljukiandominionswereforatimereunitedinthepersonofSandjar，oneofthesonsofMalekShah，whoruled\"fromKashgartoAntioch，fromtheCaspiantotheStraitsofBabelmandel。\"—M。]
[Footnote47:Soobscure，thattheindustryofM。DeGuignescouldonlycopytom。i。p。244，tom。iii。parti。p。269，&c。
thehistory，orratherlist，oftheSeljukidesofKerman，inBibliothequeOrientale。Theywereextinguishedbeforetheendofthexiithcentury。]
[Footnote48:Tavernier，perhapstheonlytravellerwhohasvisitedKerman，describesthecapitalasagreatruinousvillage，twenty—fivedays\'journeyfromIspahan，andtwenty—sevenfromOrmus，inthemidstofafertilecountry，VoyagesenTurquieetenPerse，p。107，110。]
[Footnote49:ItappearsfromAnnaComnena，thattheTurksofAsiaMinorobeyedthesignetandchiaussofthegreatsultan，Alexias，l。vi。p。170；andthatthetwosonsofSolimanweredetainedinhiscourt，p。180。]
[Footnote50:ThisexpressionisquotedbyPetitdelaCroixViedeGestisp。160fromsomepoet，mostprobablyaPersian。]
Aprinceoftheroyalline，Cutulmish，thesonofIzrail，thesonofSeljuk，hadfalleninabattleagainstAlpArslanandthehumanevictorhaddroppedatearoverhisgrave。Hisfivesons，stronginarms，ambitiousofpower，andeagerforrevenge，unsheathedtheircimetersagainstthesonofAlpArslan。Thetwoarmiesexpectedthesignalwhenthecaliph，forgetfulofthemajestywhichsecludedhimfromvulgareyes，interposedhisvenerablemediation。\"Insteadofsheddingthebloodofyourbrethren，yourbrethrenbothindescentandfaith，uniteyourforcesinaholywaragainsttheGreeks，theenemiesofGodandhisapostle。\"Theylistenedtohisvoice；thesultanembracedhisrebelliouskinsmen；andtheeldest，thevaliantSoliman，acceptedtheroyalstandard，whichgavehimthefreeconquestandhereditarycommandoftheprovincesoftheRomanempire，fromArzeroumtoConstantinople，andtheunknownregionsoftheWest。
^51Accompaniedbyhisfourbrothers，hepassedtheEuphrates；
theTurkishcampwassoonseatedintheneighborhoodofKutaiehinPhrygia；andhisflyingcavalrylaidwastethecountryasfarastheHellespontandtheBlackSea。Sincethedeclineoftheempire，thepeninsulaofAsiaMinorhadbeenexposedtothetransient，thoughdestructive，inroadsofthePersiansandSaracens；butthefruitsofalastingconquestwerereservedfortheTurkishsultan；andhisarmswereintroducedbytheGreeks，whoaspiredtoreignontheruinsoftheircountry。SincethecaptivityofRomanus，sixyearsthefeeblesonofEudociahadtrembledundertheweightoftheImperialcrown，tilltheprovincesoftheEastandWestwerelostinthesamemonthbyadoublerebellion:ofeitherchiefNicephoruswasthecommonname；
butthesurnamesofBryenniusandBotoniatesdistinguishtheEuropeanandAsiaticcandidates。Theirreasons，orrathertheirpromises，wereweighedintheDivan；and，aftersomehesitation，SolimandeclaredhimselfinfavorofBotoniates，openedafreepassagetohistroopsintheirmarchfromAntiochtoNice，andjoinedthebanneroftheCrescenttothatoftheCross。AfterhisallyhadascendedthethroneofConstantinople，thesultanwashospitablyentertainedinthesuburbofChrysopolisorScutari；andabodyoftwothousandTurkswastransportedintoEurope，towhosedexterityandcouragethenewemperorwasindebtedforthedefeatandcaptivityofhisrival，Bryennius。
ButtheconquestofEuropewasdearlypurchasedbythesacrificeofAsia:ConstantinoplewasdeprivedoftheobedienceandrevenueoftheprovincesbeyondtheBosphorusandHellespont；andtheregularprogressoftheTurks，whofortifiedthepassesoftheriversandmountains，leftnotahopeoftheirretreatorexpulsion。Anothercandidateimploredtheaidofthesultan:
Melissenus，inhispurplerobesandredbuskins，attendedthemotionsoftheTurkishcamp；andthedespondingcitiesweretemptedbythesummonsofaRomanprince，whoimmediatelysurrenderedthemintothehandsoftheBarbarians。TheseacquisitionswereconfirmedbyatreatyofpeacewiththeemperorAlexius:hisfearofRobertcompelledhimtoseekthefriendshipofSoliman；anditwasnottillafterthesultan\'sdeaththatheextendedasfarasNicomedia，aboutsixtymilesfromConstantinople，theeasternboundaryoftheRomanworld。
Trebizondalone，defendedoneithersidebytheseaandmountains，preservedattheextremityoftheEuxinetheancientcharacterofaGreekcolony，andthefuturedestinyofaChristianempire。
[Footnote*:WilkenconsidersCutulmishnotaTurkishname。
GeschichtKreuz—zuge，vol。i。p。9。—M。]
[Footnote51:OntheconquestofAsiaMinor，M。DeGuigneshasderivednoassistancefromtheTurkishorArabianwriters，whoproduceanakedlistoftheSeljukidesofRoum。TheGreeksareunwillingtoexposetheirshame，andwemustextortsomehintsfromScylitzes，p。860，863，NicephorusBryennius，p。88，91，92，&c。，103，104，andAnnaComnenaAlexias，p。91，92，&c。，163，&c。]
Sincethefirstconquestsofthecaliphs，theestablishmentoftheTurksinAnatoliaorAsiaMinorwasthemostdeplorablelosswhichthechurchandempirehadsustained。BythepropagationoftheMoslemfaith，SolimandeservedthenameofGazi，aholychampion；andhisnewkingdoms，oftheRomans，orofRoum，wasaddedtothetablesofOrientalgeography。ItisdescribedasextendingfromtheEuphratestoConstantinople，fromtheBlackSeatotheconfinesofSyria；pregnantwithminesofsilverandiron，ofalumandcopper，fruitfulincornandwine，andproductiveofcattleandexcellenthorses。^52ThewealthofLydia，theartsoftheGreeks，thesplendoroftheAugustanage，existedonlyinbooksandruins，whichwereequallyobscureintheeyesoftheScythianconquerors。Yet，inthepresentdecay，Anatoliastillcontainssomewealthyandpopulouscities；and，undertheByzantineempire，theywerefarmoreflourishinginnumbers，size，andopulence。Bythechoiceofthesultan，Nice，themetropolisofBithynia，waspreferredforhispalaceandfortress:theseatoftheSeljukiandynastyofRoumwasplantedonehundredmilesfromConstantinople；andthedivinityofChristwasdeniedandderidedinthesametempleinwhichithadbeenpronouncedbythefirstgeneralsynodoftheCatholics。TheunityofGod，andthemissionofMahomet，werepreachedinthemoschs；theArabianlearningwastaughtintheschools；theCadhisjudgedaccordingtothelawoftheKoran；theTurkishmannersandlanguageprevailedinthecities；andTurkmancampswerescatteredovertheplainsandmountainsofAnatolia。Onthehardconditionsoftributeandservitude，theGreekChristiansmightenjoytheexerciseoftheirreligion；buttheirmostholychurcheswereprofaned；theirpriestsandbishopswereinsulted；
^53theywerecompelledtosufferthetriumphofthePagans，andtheapostasyoftheirbrethren；manythousandchildrenweremarkedbytheknifeofcircumcision；andmanythousandcaptivesweredevotedtotheserviceorthepleasuresoftheirmasters。
^54AfterthelossofAsia，AntiochstillmaintainedherprimitiveallegiancetoChristandCaesar；butthesolitaryprovincewasseparatedfromallRomanaid，andsurroundedonallsidesbytheMahometanpowers。ThedespairofPhilaretusthegovernorpreparedthesacrificeofhisreligionandloyalty，hadnothisguiltbeenpreventedbyhisson，whohastenedtotheNicenepalace，andofferedtodeliverthisvaluableprizeintothehandsofSoliman。Theambitioussultanmountedonhorseback，andintwelvenightsforhereposedinthedayperformedamarchofsixhundredmiles。Antiochwasoppressedbythespeedandsecrecyofhisenterprise；andthedependentcities，asfarasLaodiceaandtheconfinesofAleppo，^55obeyedtheexampleofthemetropolis。FromLaodiceatotheThracianBosphorus，orarmofSt。George，theconquestsandreignofSolimanextendedthirtydays\'journeyinlength，andinbreadthabouttenorfifteen，betweentherocksofLyciaandtheBlackSea。^56TheTurkishignoranceofnavigationprotected，forawhile，theinglorioussafetyoftheemperor；butnosoonerhadafleetoftwohundredshipsbeenconstructedbythehandsofthecaptiveGreeks，thanAlexiustrembledbehindthewallsofhiscapital。HisplaintiveepistlesweredispersedoverEurope，toexcitethecompassionoftheLatins，andtopaintthedanger，theweakness，andtherichesofthecityofConstantine。^57
[Footnote52:SuchisthedescriptionofRoumbyHaitontheArmenian，whoseTartarhistorymaybefoundinthecollectionsofRamusioandBergeron，seeAbulfeda，Geograph。climat。xvii。p。
301—305。]
[Footnote53:DiciteosquendamabusioneSodomiticaintervertisseepiscopum，Guibert。Abbat。Hist。Hierosol。l。i。p。468。Itisoddenough，thatweshouldfindaparallelpassageofthesamepeopleinthepresentage。\"Iln\'estpointd\'horreurquecesTurcsn\'ayentcommis，etsemblablesauxsoldatseffrenes，quidanslesacd\'uneville，noncontensdedisposerdetoutaleurgrepretendentencoreauxsucceslesmoinsdesirables。QuelqueSipahisontporteleursattentatssurlapersonneduvieuxrabbidelasynagogue，etcelledel\'ArchevequeGrec。\"MemoiresduBarondeTott，tom。ii。p。193。]
[Footnote54:Theemperor，orabbotdescribethescenesofaTurkishcampasiftheyhadbeenpresent。Matrescorreptaeinconspectufiliarummultipliciterrepetitisdiversorumcoitibusvexabantur；isthatthetruereading?cumfiliaeassistentescarminapraecineresaltandocogerentur。Moxeadempassioadfilias，&c。]
[Footnote55:SeeAntioch，andthedeathofSoliman，inAnnaComnena，Alexius，l。vi。p。168，169，withthenotesofDucange。]
[Footnote56:WilliamofTyrel。i。c。9，10，p。635givesthemostauthenticanddeplorableaccountoftheseTurkishconquests。]
[Footnote57:InhisepistletothecountofFlanders，Alexiusseemstofalltoolowbeneathhischaracteranddignity；yetitisapprovedbyDucange，Not。adAlexiad。p。335，&c。，andparaphrasedbytheAbbotGuibert，acontemporaryhistorian。TheGreektextnolongerexists；andeachtranslatorandscribemightsaywithGuibert，p。475，verbisvestitameis，aprivilegeofmostindefinitelatitude。]
ButthemostinterestingconquestoftheSeljukianTurkswasthatofJerusalem，^58whichsoonbecamethetheatreofnations。
IntheircapitulationwithOmar，theinhabitantshadstipulatedtheassuranceoftheirreligionandproperty；butthearticleswereinterpretedbyamasteragainstwhomitwasdangeroustodispute；andinthefourhundredyearsofthereignofthecaliphs，thepoliticalclimateofJerusalemwasexposedtothevicissitudesofstormandsunshine。^59Bytheincreaseofproselytesandpopulation，theMahometansmightexcusetheusurpationofthreefourthsofthecity:butapeculiarquarterwasresolvedforthepatriarchwithhisclergyandpeople；atributeoftwopiecesofgoldwasthepriceofprotection；andthesepulchreofChrist，withthechurchoftheResurrection，wasstillleftinthehandsofhisvotaries。Ofthesevotaries，themostnumerousandrespectableportionwerestrangerstoJerusalem:thepilgrimagestotheHolyLandhadbeenstimulated，ratherthansuppressed，bytheconquestoftheArabs；andtheenthusiasmwhichhadalwayspromptedtheseperilousjourneys，wasnourishedbythecongenialpassionsofgriefandindignation。A
crowdofpilgrimsfromtheEastandWestcontinuedtovisittheholysepulchre，andtheadjacentsanctuaries，moreespeciallyatthefestivalofEaster；andtheGreeksandLatins，theNestoriansandJacobites，theCoptsandAbyssinians，theArmeniansandGeorgians，maintainedthechapels，theclergy，andthepooroftheirrespectivecommunions。Theharmonyofprayerinsomanyvarioustongues，theworshipofsomanynationsinthecommontempleoftheirreligion，mighthaveaffordedaspectacleofedificationandpeace；butthezealoftheChristiansectswasimbitteredbyhatredandrevenge；andinthekingdomofasufferingMessiah，whohadpardonedhisenemies，theyaspiredtocommandandpersecutetheirspiritualbrethren。ThepreeminencewasassertedbythespiritandnumbersoftheFranks；andthegreatnessofCharlemagne^60protectedboththeLatinpilgrimsandtheCatholicsoftheEast。ThepovertyofCarthage，Alexandria，andJerusalem，wasrelievedbythealmsofthatpiousemperor；andmanymonasteriesofPalestinewerefoundedorrestoredbyhisliberaldevotion。HarunAlrashid，thegreatestoftheAbbassides，esteemedinhisChristianbrotherasimilarsupremacyofgeniusandpower:theirfriendshipwascementedbyafrequentintercourseofgiftsandembassies；andthecaliph，withoutresigningthesubstantialdominion，presentedtheemperorwiththekeysoftheholysepulchre，andperhapsofthecityofJerusalem。InthedeclineoftheCarlovingianmonarchy，therepublicofAmalphipromotedtheinterestoftradeandreligionintheEast。HervesselstransportedtheLatinpilgrimstothecoastsofEgyptandPalestine，anddeserved，bytheirusefulimports，thefavorandallianceoftheFatimitecaliphs:^61anannualfairwasinstitutedonMountCalvary:andtheItalianmerchantsfoundedtheconventandhospitalofSt。JohnofJerusalem，thecradleofthemonasticandmilitaryorder，whichhassincereignedintheislesofRhodesandofMalta。HadtheChristianpilgrimsbeencontenttoreverethetombofaprophet，thedisciplesofMahomet，insteadofblaming，wouldhaveimitated，theirpiety:buttheserigidUnitarianswerescandalizedbyaworshipwhichrepresentsthebirth，death，andresurrection，ofaGod；theCatholicimageswerebrandedwiththenameofidols；andtheMoslemssmiledwithindignation^62atthemiraculousflamewhichwaskindledontheeveofEasterintheholysepulchre。^63Thispiousfraud，firstdevisedintheninthcentury，^64wasdevoutlycherishedbytheLatincrusaders，andisannuallyrepeatedbytheclergyoftheGreek，Armenian，andCopticsects，^65whoimposeonthecredulousspectators^66fortheirownbenefit，andthatoftheirtyrants。Ineveryage，aprincipleoftolerationhasbeenfortifiedbyasenseofinterest:andtherevenueoftheprinceandhisemirwasincreasedeachyear，bytheexpenseandtributeofsomanythousandstrangers。
[Footnote58:OurbestfundforthehistoryofJerusalemfromHeracliustothecrusadesiscontainedintwolargeandoriginalpassagesofWilliamarchbishopofTyre，l。i。c。1—10，l。
xviii。c。5，6，theprincipalauthoroftheGestaDeiperFrancos。M。DeGuigneshascomposedaverylearnedMemoiresurleCommercedesFrancoisdansledeLevantavantlesCroisades，&c。Mem。del\'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xxxvii。p。467—
500。]
[Footnote59:SecundumDominorumdispositionemplerumquelucidaplerumquenubilarecepitintervalla，etaegrotantiummoretemporumpraesentiumgravabaturautrespirabatqualitate，l。i。
c。3，p。630。ThelatinityofWilliamofTyreisbynomeanscontemptible:butinhisaccountof490years，fromthelosstotherecoveryofJerusalem，precedesthetrueaccountby30
years。]
[Footnote60:ForthetransactionsofCharlemagnewiththeHolyLand，seeEginhard，deVitaCaroliMagni，c。16，p。79—82，
ConstantinePorphyrogenitus，deAdministrationeImperii，l。ii。
c。26，p。80，andPagi，Critica，tom。iii。A。D。800，No。13，14，15。]
[Footnote61:Thecaliphgrantedhisprivileges，Amalphitanisvirisamicisetutiliumintroductoribus，GestaDei，p。934。ThetradeofVenicetoEgyptandPalestinecannotproducesooldatitle，unlessweadoptthelaughabletranslationofaFrenchman，whomistookthetwofactionsofthecircusVenetietPrasini
fortheVenetiansandParisians。]
[Footnote62:AnArabicchronicleofJerusalemapudAsseman。
Bibliot。Orient。tom。i。p。268，tom。iv。p。368atteststheunbeliefofthecaliphandthehistorian；yetCantacuzenepresumestoappealtotheMahometansthemselvesforthetruthofthisperpetualmiracle。]
[Footnote63:InhisDissertationsonEcclesiasticalHistory，thelearnedMosheimhasseparatelydiscussedthispretendedmiracle，tom。ii。p。214—306，deluminesanctisepulchri。]
[Footnote64:WilliamofMalmsburyl。iv。c。2，p。209quotestheItineraryofthemonkBernard，aneye—witness，whovisitedJerusalemA。D。870。Themiracleisconfirmedbyanotherpilgrimsomeyearsolder；andMosheimascribestheinventiontotheFranks，soonafterthedeceaseofCharlemagne。]
[Footnote65:Ourtravellers，Sandys，p。134，Thevenot，p。621
—627，Maundrell，p。94，95，&c。，describesthisextravagantfarce。TheCatholicsarepuzzledtodecidewhenthemiracleendedandthetrickbegan。]
[Footnote66:TheOrientalsthemselvesconfessthefraud，andpleadnecessityandedification，MemoiresduChevalierD\'Arvieux，tom。ii。p。140。JosephAbudacni，Hist。Copt。c。20；
butIwillnotattempt，withMosheim，toexplainthemode。OurtravellershavefailedwiththebloodofSt。JanuariusatNaples。]
TherevolutionwhichtransferredthesceptrefromtheAbbassidestotheFatimiteswasabenefit，ratherthananinjury，totheHolyLand。AsovereignresidentinEgyptwasmoresensibleoftheimportanceofChristiantrade；andtheemirsofPalestinewerelessremotefromthejusticeandpowerofthethrone。ButthethirdoftheseFatimitecaliphswasthefamousHakem，^67afranticyouth，whowasdeliveredbyhisimpietyanddespotismfromthefeareitherofGodorman；andwhosereignwasawildmixtureofviceandfolly。RegardlessofthemostancientcustomsofEgypt，heimposedonthewomenanabsoluteconfinement；therestraintexcitedtheclamorsofbothsexes；