[Footnote16:Willerm。Tyr。l。i。c。7，p。633。ThedivinationbyarrowsisancientandfamousintheEast。]
[Footnote17:D\'Herbelot，p。801。Yetafterthefortuneofhisposterity，Seljukbecamethethirty—fourthinlinealdescentfromthegreatAfrasiab，emperorofTouran，p。800。TheTartarpedigreeofthehouseofZingisgaveadifferentcasttoflatteryandfable；andthehistorianMirkhondderivestheSeljukidesfromAlankavah，thevirginmother，p。801，col。2。IftheybethesameastheZalzutsofAbulghaziBahadurKahn，Hist。
Genealogique，p。148，wequoteintheirfavorthemostweightyevidenceofaTartarprincehimself，thedescendantofZingis，Alankavah，orAlancu，andOguzKhan。]
[Footnote18:Byaslightcorruption，TogrulBegistheTangroli—pixoftheGreeks。HisreignandcharacterarefaithfullyexhibitedbyD\'HerbelotBibliothequeOrientale，p。
1027，1028andDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。iii。p。189—
201。]
[Footnote19:Cedrenus，tom。ii。p。774，775。Zonaras，tom。ii。
p。257。WiththeirusualknowledgeofOrientalaffairs，theydescribetheambassadorasasherif，who，likethesyncellusofthepatriarch，wasthevicarandsuccessorofthecaliph。]
[Footnote20:FromWilliamofTyreIhaveborrowedthisdistinctionofTurksandTurkmans，whichatleastispopularandconvenient。Thenamesarethesame，andtheadditionofmanisofthesameimportinthePersicandTeutonicidioms。FewcriticswilladopttheetymologyofJamesdeVitry，Hist。
Hierosol。l。i。c。11p。1061，ofTurcomani，quesiTurcietComani，amixedpeople。]
[Footnote21:Hist。GeneraledesHuns，tom。iii。p。165，166，167。M。DeGognesAbulmahasen，anhistorianofEgypt。]
WiththebeliefoftheKoran，thesonofSeljukimbibedalivelyreverenceforthesuccessoroftheprophet。ButthatsublimecharacterwasstilldisputedbythecaliphsofBagdadandEgypt，andeachoftherivalswassolicitoustoprovehistitleinthejudgmentofthestrong，thoughilliterateBarbarians。
MahmudtheGaznevidehaddeclaredhimselfinfavorofthelineofAbbas；andhadtreatedwithindignitytherobeofhonorwhichwaspresentedbytheFatimiteambassador。YettheungratefulHashemitehadchangedwiththechangeoffortune；heapplaudedthevictoryofZendecan，andnamedtheSeljukiansultanhistemporalvicegerentovertheMoslemworld。AsTogrulexecutedandenlargedthisimportanttrust，hewascalledtothedeliveranceofthecaliphCayem，andobeyedtheholysummons，whichgaveanewkingdomtohisarms。^22InthepalaceofBagdad，thecommanderofthefaithfulstillslumbered，avenerablephantom。Hisservantormaster，theprinceoftheBowides，couldnolongerprotecthimfromtheinsolenceofmeanertyrants；andtheEuphratesandTigriswereoppressedbytherevoltoftheTurkishandArabianemirs。Thepresenceofaconquerorwasimploredasablessing；andthetransientmischiefsoffireandswordwereexcusedasthesharpbutsalutaryremedieswhichalonecouldrestorethehealthoftherepublic。Attheheadofanirresistibleforce，thesultanofPersiamarchedfromHamadan:theproudwerecrushed，theprostratewerespared；theprinceoftheBowidesdisappeared；theheadsofthemostobstinaterebelswerelaidatthefeetofTogrul；andheinflictedalessonofobedienceonthepeopleofMosulandBagdad。Afterthechastisementoftheguilty，andtherestorationofpeace，theroyalshepherdacceptedtherewardofhislabors；andasolemncomedyrepresentedthetriumphofreligiousprejudiceoverBarbarianpower。^23TheTurkishsultanembarkedontheTigris，landedatthegateofRacca，andmadehispublicentryonhorseback。Atthepalace—gateherespectfullydismounted，andwalkedonfoot，precededbyhisemirswithoutarms。Thecaliphwasseatedbehindhisblackveil:theblackgarmentoftheAbbassideswascastoverhisshoulders，andheheldinhishandthestaffoftheapostleofGod。TheconqueroroftheEastkissedtheground，stoodsometimeinamodestposture，andwasledtowardsthethronebythevizierandinterpreter。AfterTogrulhadseatedhimselfonanotherthrone，hiscommissionwaspubliclyread，whichdeclaredhimthetemporallieutenantofthevicaroftheprophet。Hewassuccessivelyinvestedwithsevenrobesofhonor，andpresentedwithsevenslaves，thenativesofthesevenclimatesoftheArabianempire。
Hismysticveilwasperfumedwithmusk；twocrownswereplacedonhishead；twocimetersweregirdedtohisside，asthesymbolsofadoublereignovertheEastandWest。Afterthisinauguration，thesultanwaspreventedfromprostratinghimselfasecondtime；buthetwicekissedthehandofthecommanderofthefaithful，andhistitleswereproclaimedbythevoiceofheraldsandtheapplauseoftheMoslems。InasecondvisittoBagdad，theSeljukianprinceagainrescuedthecaliphfromhisenemiesanddevoutly，onfoot，ledthebridleofhismulefromtheprisontothepalace。TheiralliancewascementedbythemarriageofTogrul\'ssisterwiththesuccessoroftheprophet。WithoutreluctancehehadintroducedaTurkishvirginintohisharem；butCayemproudlyrefusedhisdaughtertothesultan，disdainedtominglethebloodoftheHashemiteswiththebloodofaScythianshepherd；andprotractedthenegotiationmanymonths，tillthegradualdiminutionofhisrevenueadmonishedhimthathewasstillinthehandsofamaster。TheroyalnuptialswerefollowedbythedeathofTogrulhimself；^24^!asheleftnochildren，hisnephewAlpArslansucceededtothetitleandprerogativesofsultan；andhisname，afterthatofthecaliph，waspronouncedinthepublicprayersoftheMoslems。Yetinthisrevolution，theAbbassidesacquiredalargermeasureoflibertyandpower。OnthethroneofAsia，theTurkishmonarchswerelessjealousofthedomesticadministrationofBagdad；andthecommandersofthefaithfulwererelievedfromtheignominiousvexationstowhichtheyhadbeenexposedbythepresenceandpovertyofthePersiandynasty。
[Footnote22:ConsulttheBibliothequeOrientale，inthearticlesoftheAbbassides，Caher，andCaiem，andtheAnnalsofElmacinandAbulpharagius。]
[Footnote23:Forthiscuriousceremony，IamindebtedtoM。DeGuignestom。iii。p。197，198，andthatlearnedauthorisobligedtoBondari，whocomposedinArabicthehistoryoftheSeljukides，tom。v。p。365Iamignorantofhisage，country，andcharacter。]
[Footnote*:AccordingtoVonHammer，\"crowns\"areincorrect。
TheyareunknownasasymbolofroyaltyintheEast。V。Hammer，OsmanischeGeschischte，vol。i。p。567。—M。]
[Footnote24:EodemannoA。H。455obiitprincepsTogrulbecus……rexfuitclemens，prudens，etperitusregnandi，cujusterrorcordamortaliuminvaserat，itautobedirenteiregesatqueadipsumscriberent。Elmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。342，vers。Erpenii。
Note:Hedied，being75yearsold。V。Hammer。—M。]
ChapterLVII:TheTurks。
PartII。
Sincethefallofthecaliphs，thediscordanddegeneracyoftheSaracensrespectedtheAsiaticprovincesofRome；which，bythevictoriesofNicephorus，Zimisces，andBasil，hadbeenextendedasfarasAntiochandtheeasternboundariesofArmenia。
Twenty—fiveyearsafterthedeathofBasil，hissuccessorsweresuddenlyassaultedbyanunknownraceofBarbarians，whounitedtheScythianvalorwiththefanaticismofnewproselytes，andtheartandrichesofapowerfulmonarchy。^25ThemyriadsofTurkishhorseoverspreadafrontierofsixhundredmilesfromTauristoArzeroum，andthebloodofonehundredandthirtythousandChristianswasagratefulsacrificetotheArabianprophet。YetthearmsofTogruldidnotmakeanydeeporlastingimpressionontheGreekempire。Thetorrentrolledawayfromtheopencountry；
thesultanretiredwithoutgloryorsuccessfromthesiegeofanArmeniancity；theobscurehostilitieswerecontinuedorsuspendedwithavicissitudeofevents；andthebraveryoftheMacedonianlegionsrenewedthefameoftheconquerorofAsia。^26
ThenameofAlpArslan，thevaliantlion，isexpressiveofthepopularideaoftheperfectionofman；andthesuccessorofTogruldisplayedthefiercenessandgenerosityoftheroyalanimal。HepassedtheEuphratesattheheadoftheTurkishcavalry，andenteredCaesarea，themetropolisofCappadocia，towhichhehadbeenattractedbythefameandwealthofthetempleofSt。Basil。Thesolidstructureresistedthedestroyer:buthecarriedawaythedoorsoftheshrineincrustedwithgoldandpearls，andprofanedtherelicsofthetutelarsaint，whosemortalfrailtieswerenowcoveredbythevenerablerustofantiquity。ThefinalconquestofArmeniaandGeorgiawasachievedbyAlpArslan。InArmenia，thetitleofakingdom，andthespiritofanation，wereannihilated:theartificialfortificationswereyieldedbythemercenariesofConstantinople；
bystrangerswithoutfaith，veteranswithoutpayorarms，andrecruitswithoutexperienceordiscipline。Thelossofthisimportantfrontierwasthenewsofaday；andtheCatholicswereneithersurprisednordispleased，thatapeoplesodeeplyinfectedwiththeNestorianandEutychianerrorshadbeendeliveredbyChristandhismotherintothehandsoftheinfidels。^27ThewoodsandvalleysofMountCaucasusweremorestrenuouslydefendedbythenativeGeorgians^28orIberians；buttheTurkishsultanandhissonMalekwereindefatigableinthisholywar:theircaptiveswerecompelledtopromiseaspiritual，aswellastemporal，obedience；and，insteadoftheircollarsandbracelets，anironhorseshoe，abadgeofignominy，wasimposedontheinfidelswhostilladheredtotheworshipoftheirfathers。
Thechange，however，wasnotsincereoruniversal；and，throughagesofservitude，theGeorgianshavemaintainedthesuccessionoftheirprincesandbishops。Butaraceofmen，whomnaturehascastinhermostperfectmould，isdegradedbypoverty，ignorance，andvice；theirprofession，andstillmoretheirpractice，ofChristianityisanemptyname；andiftheyhaveemergedfromheresy，itisonlybecausetheyaretooilliteratetorememberametaphysicalcreed。^29
[Footnote25:ForthesewarsoftheTurksandRomans，seeingeneraltheByzantinehistoriesofZonarasandCedrenus，ScylitzesthecontinuatorofCedrenus，andNicephorusBryenniusCaesar。Thetwofirstoftheseweremonks，thetwolatterstatesmen；yetsuchweretheGreeks，thatthedifferenceofstyleandcharacterisscarcelydiscernible。FortheOrientals，IdrawasusuulonthewealthofD\'HerbelotseetitlesofthefirstSeljukidesandtheaccuracyofDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。
iii。l。x。]
[Footnote26:Cedrenus，tom。ii。p。791。Thecredulityofthevulgarisalwaysprobable；andtheTurkshadlearnedfromtheArabsthehistoryorlegendofEscanderDulcarnein，D\'Herbelot，p。213&c。]
[Footnote27:Scylitzes，adcalcemCedreni，tom。ii。p。834，whoseambiguousconstructionshallnottemptmetosuspectthatheconfoundedtheNestorianandMonophysiteheresies，Hefamiliarlytalksofthequalities，asIshouldapprehend，veryforeigntotheperfectBeing；buthisbigotryisforcedtoconfessthattheyweresoonafterwardsdischargedontheorthodoxRomans。]
[Footnote28:HadthenameofGeorgiansbeenknowntotheGreeks，Stritter，MemoriaeByzant。tom。iv。Iberica，Ishouldderiveitfromtheiragriculture，l。iv。c。18，p。289，edit。Wesseling。
Butitappearsonlysincethecrusades，amongtheLatinsJac。aVitriaco，Hist。Hierosol。c。79，p。1095andOrientals，D\'Herbelot，p。407，andwasdevoutlyborrowedfromSt。GeorgeofCappadocia。]
[Footnote29:Mosheim，Institut。Hist。Eccles。p。632。See，inChardin\'sTravels，tom。i。p。171—174，themannersandreligionofthishandsomebutworthlessnation。SeethepedigreeoftheirprincesfromAdamtothepresentcentury，inthetablesofM。DeGuignes，tom。i。p。433—438。]
ThefalseorgenuinemagnanimityofMahmudtheGaznevidewasnotimitatedbyAlpArslan；andheattackedwithoutscrupletheGreekempressEudociaandherchildren。Hisalarmingprogresscompelledhertogiveherselfandhersceptretothehandofasoldier；andRomanusDiogeneswasinvestedwiththeImperialpurple。Hispatriotism，andperhapshispride，urgedhimfromConstantinoplewithintwomonthsafterhisaccession；andthenextcampaignhemostscandalouslytookthefieldduringtheholyfestivalofEaster。Inthepalace，DiogeneswasnomorethanthehusbandofEudocia:inthecamp，hewastheemperoroftheRomans，andhesustainedthatcharacterwithfeebleresourcesandinvinciblecourage。Byhisspiritandsuccessthesoldiersweretaughttoact，thesubjectstohope，andtheenemiestofear。
TheTurkshadpenetratedintotheheartofPhrygia；butthesultanhimselfhadresignedtohisemirstheprosecutionofthewar；andtheirnumerousdetachmentswerescatteredoverAsiainthesecurityofconquest。Ladenwithspoil，andcarelessofdiscipline，theywereseparatelysurprisedanddefeatedbytheGreeks:theactivityoftheemperorseemedtomultiplyhispresence:andwhiletheyheardofhisexpeditiontoAntioch，theenemyfelthisswordonthehillsofTrebizond。Inthreelaboriouscampaigns，theTurksweredrivenbeyondtheEuphrates；
inthefourthandlast，RomanusundertookthedeliveranceofArmenia。Thedesolationofthelandobligedhimtotransportasupplyoftwomonths\'provisions；andhemarchedforwardstothesiegeofMalazkerd，^30animportantfortressinthemidwaybetweenthemoderncitiesofArzeroumandVan。Hisarmyamounted，attheleast，toonehundredthousandmen。ThetroopsofConstantinoplewerereenforcedbythedisorderlymultitudesofPhrygiaandCappadocia；buttherealstrengthwascomposedofthesubjectsandalliesofEurope，thelegionsofMacedonia，andthesquadronsofBulgaria；theUzi，aMoldavianhorde，whowerethemselvesoftheTurkishrace；^31and，aboveall，themercenaryandadventurousbandsofFrenchandNormans。TheirlanceswerecommandedbythevaliantUrselofBaliol，thekinsmanorfatheroftheScottishkings，^32andwereallowedtoexcelintheexerciseofarms，or，accordingtotheGreekstyle，inthepracticeofthePyrrhicdance。
[Footnote30:ThiscityismentionedbyConstantinePorphyrogenitus，deAdministrat。Imperii，l。ii。c。44，p。119，
andtheByzantinesofthexithcentury，underthenameofMantzikierte，andbysomeisconfoundedwithTheodosiopolis；butDelisle，inhisnotesandmaps，hasveryproperlyfixedthesituation。AbulfedaGeograph。tab。xviii。p。310describesMalasgerdasasmalltown，builtwithblackstone，suppliedwithwater，withouttrees，&c。]
[Footnote31:TheUzioftheGreeksStritter，Memor。Byzant。
tom。iii。p。923—948aretheGozzoftheOrientals，Hist。desHuns，tom。ii。p。522，tom。iii。p。133，&c。TheyappearontheDanubeandtheVolga，andArmenia，Syria，andChorasan，andthenameseemstohavebeenextendedtothewholeTurkmanrace。]
[Footnote32:UrseliustheRusseliusofZonarasisdistinguishedbyJeffreyMalaterral。i。c。33amongtheNormanconquerorsofSicily，andwiththesurnameofBaliol:andourownhistorianswilltellhowtheBaliolscamefromNormandytoDurham，builtBernard\'scastleontheTees，marriedanheiressofScotland，&c。DucangeNot。adNicephor。Bryennium，l。ii。No。
4haslaboredthesubjectinhonorofthepresidentdeBailleul，whosefatherhadexchangedtheswordforthegown。]
Onthereportofthisboldinvasion，whichthreatenedhishereditarydominions，AlpArslanflewtothesceneofactionattheheadoffortythousandhorse。^33HisrapidandskilfulevolutionsdistressedanddismayedthesuperiornumbersoftheGreeks；andinthedefeatofBasilacius，oneoftheirprincipalgenerals，hedisplayedthefirstexampleofhisvalorandclemency。TheimprudenceoftheemperorhadseparatedhisforcesafterthereductionofMalazkerd。ItwasinvainthatheattemptedtorecallthemercenaryFranks:theyrefusedtoobeyhissummons；hedisdainedtoawaittheirreturn:thedesertionoftheUzifilledhismindwithanxietyandsuspicion；andagainstthemostsalutaryadviceherushedforwardstospeedyanddecisiveaction。Hadhelistenedtothefairproposalsofthesultan，Romanusmighthavesecuredaretreat，perhapsapeace；
butintheseovertureshesupposedthefearorweaknessoftheenemy，andhisanswerwasconceivedinthetoneofinsultanddefiance。\"IftheBarbarianwishesforpeace，lethimevacuatethegroundwhichheoccupiesfortheencampmentoftheRomans，andsurrenderhiscityandpalaceofReiasapledgeofhissincerity。\"AlpArslansmiledatthevanityofthedemand，butheweptthedeathofsomanyfaithfulMoslems；and，afteradevoutprayer，proclaimedafreepermissiontoallwhoweredesirousofretiringfromthefield。Withhisownhandshetieduphishorse\'stail，exchangedhisbowandarrowsforamaceandcimeter，clothedhimselfinawhitegarment，perfumedhisbodywithmusk，anddeclaredthatifhewerevanquished，thatspotshouldbetheplaceofhisburial。^34Thesultanhimselfhadaffectedtocastawayhismissileweapons:buthishopesofvictorywereplacedinthearrowsoftheTurkishcavalry，whosesquadronswerelooselydistributedintheformofacrescent。
InsteadofthesuccessivelinesandreservesoftheGreciantactics，Romulusledhisarmyinasingleandsolidphalanx，andpressedwithvigorandimpatiencetheartfulandyieldingresistanceoftheBarbarians。Inthisdesultoryandfruitlesscombathespentthegreaterpartofasummer\'sday，tillprudenceandfatiguecompelledhimtoreturntohiscamp。Butaretreatisalwaysperilousinthefaceofanactivefoe；andnosoonerhadthestandardbeenturnedtotherearthanthephalanxwasbrokenbythebasecowardice，orthebaserjealousy，ofAndronicus，arivalprince，whodisgracedhisbirthandthepurpleoftheCaesars。^35TheTurkishsquadronspouredacloudofarrowsonthismomentofconfusionandlassitude；andthehornsoftheirformidablecrescentwereclosedintherearoftheGreeks。Inthedestructionofthearmyandpillageofthecamp，itwouldbeneedlesstomentionthenumberoftheslainorcaptives。TheByzantinewritersdeplorethelossofaninestimablepearl:theyforgottomention，thatinthisfataldaytheAsiaticprovincesofRomewereirretrievablysacrificed。
[Footnote33:Elmacinp。343，344assignsthisprobablenumber，whichisreducedbyAbulpharagiusto15，000，p。227，andbyD\'Herbelotp。102to12，000horse。ButthesameElmacingives300，000mettotheemperor，ofwhomAbulpharagiussays，Cumcentumhominummillibus，multisqueequisetmagnapompainstructus。TheGreeksabstainfromanydefinitionofnumbers。]
[Footnote34:TheByzantinewritersdonotspeaksodistinctlyofthepresenceofthesultan:hecommittedhisforcestoaeunuch，hadretiredtoadistance，&c。Isitignorance，orjealousy，ortruth?]