[Footnote2:ThedynastyoftheSamanidescontinued125years，A。D。847—999，undertenprinces。Seetheirsuccessionandruin，intheTablesofM。DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。i。p。
404—406。TheywerefollowedbytheGaznevides，A。D。999—
1183，seetom。i。p。239，240。Hisdivisionsofnationsoftendisturbstheseriesoftimeandplace。]
[Footnote3:Gaznahhortosnonhabet:estemporiumetdomiciliummercaturaeIndicae。AbulfedaeGeograph。Reiske，tab。xxiii。p。
349。D\'Herbelot，p。364。Ithasnotbeenvisitedbyanymoderntraveller。]
[Footnote4:BytheambassadorofthecaliphofBagdad，whoemployedanArabianorChaldaicwordthatsignifieslordandmaster，D\'Herbelot，p。825。ItisinterpretedbytheByzantinewritersoftheeleventhcentury；andthenameSoldanusisfamiliarlyemployedintheGreekandLatinlanguages，afterithadpassedfromtheGaznevidestotheSeljukides，andotheremirsofAsiaandEgypt。DucangeDissertationxvi。surJoinville，p。
238—240。Gloss。Graec。etLatin。laborstofindthetitleofSultanintheancientkingdomofPersia:buthisproofsaremereshadows；apropernameintheThemesofConstantine，ii。11，ananticipationofZonaras，&c。，andamedalofKaiKhosrou，notashebelievestheSassanideofthevith，buttheSeljukideofIconiumofthexiiithcentury，DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。
i。p。246。]
[Footnote5:FerishtaapudDow，Hist。ofHindostan，vol。i。p。
49mentionsthereportofagunintheIndianarmy。ButasIamslowinbelievingthisprematureA。D。1008useofartillery，I
mustdesiretoscrutinizefirstthetext，andthentheauthorityofFerishta，wholivedintheMogulcourtinthelastcentury。
Note:ThispassageisdifferentlywritteninthevariousmanuscriptsIhaveseen；andinsomethewordtopegunhasbeenwrittenfornupth，naphtha，andtoofungmusketforkhudung，arrow。ButnoPersianorArabichistoryspeaksofgunpowderbeforethetimeusuallyassignedforitsinvention，A。D。1317；
longafterwhich，itwasfirstappliedtothepurposesofwar。
Briggs\'sFerishta，vol。i。p。47，note。—M。]
[Footnote6:Kinnouge，orCanouge，theoldPalimbothraismarkedinlatitude27Degrees3Minutes，longitude80Degrees13
Minutes。SeeD\'Anville，Antiquitedel\'Inde，p。60—62，
correctedbythelocalknowledgeofMajorRennelinhisexcellentMemoironhisMapofHindostan，p。37—43:300
jewellers，30，000shopsforthearrecanut，60，000bandsofmusicians，&c。Abulfed。Geograph。tab。xv。p。274。Dow，vol。i。
p。16，willallowanamplededuction。
Note:Mr。WilsonHinduDrama，vol。iii。p。12andSchlegelIndischeBibliothek，vol。ii。p。394concurinidentifyingPalimbothrawiththePataliparaoftheIndians；thePatnaofthemoderns。—M。]
[Footnote7:TheidolatersofEurope，saysFerishta，Dow，vol。
i。p。66。ConsultAbulfeda，p。272，andRennel\'sMapofHindostan。]
[Footnote*:Ferishtasays，some\"croresofgold。\"Dowsays，inanoteatthebottomofthepage，\"tenmillions，\"whichistheexplanationoftheword\"crore。\"Mr。GibbonsaysrashlythatthesumofferedbytheBrahminswastenmillionssterling。NotetoMill\'sIndia，vol。ii。p。222。Col。Briggs\'stranslationis\"aquantityofgold。\"
Thetreasurefoundinthetemple，\"perhapsintheimage，\"
accordingtoMajorPrice\'sauthorities，wastwentymillionsofdinarsofgold，aboveninemillionssterling；butthiswasahundred—foldtheransomofferedbytheBrahmins。Price，vol。ii。
p。290。—M。]
[Footnote*:Ratherthantheidolbroker，hechosetobecalledMahmudtheidolbreaker。Price，vol。ii。p。289—M]
Fromthepathsofbloodandsuchisthehistoryofnations
Icannotrefusetoturnasidetogathersomeflowersofscienceorvirtue。ThenameofMahmudtheGaznevideisstillvenerableintheEast:hissubjectsenjoyedtheblessingsofprosperityandpeace；hisviceswereconcealedbytheveilofreligion；andtwofamiliarexampleswilltestifyhisjusticeandmagnanimity。I。AshesatintheDivan，anunhappysubjectbowedbeforethethronetoaccusetheinsolenceofaTurkishsoldierwhohaddrivenhimfromhishouseandbed。\"Suspendyourclamors，\"saidMahmud；
\"informmeofhisnextvisit，andourselfinpersonwilljudgeandpunishtheoffender。\"Thesultanfollowedhisguide，investedthehousewithhisguards，andextinguishingthetorches，pronouncedthedeathofthecriminal，whohadbeenseizedintheactofrapineandadultery。Aftertheexecutionofhissentence，thelightswererekindled，Mahmudfellprostrateinprayer，andrisingfromtheground，demandedsomehomelyfare，whichhedevouredwiththevoraciousnessofhunger。Thepoorman，whoseinjuryhehadavenged，wasunabletosuppresshisastonishmentandcuriosity；andthecourteousmonarchcondescendedtoexplainthemotivesofthissingularbehavior。\"Ihadreasontosuspectthatnone，exceptoneofmysons，coulddaretoperpetratesuchanoutrage；andIextinguishedthelights，thatmyjusticemightbeblindandinexorable。Myprayerwasathanksgivingonthediscoveryoftheoffender；andsopainfulwasmyanxiety，thatI
hadpassedthreedayswithoutfoodsincethefirstmomentofyourcomplaint。\"II。ThesultanofGaznahaddeclaredwaragainstthedynastyoftheBowides，thesovereignsofthewesternPersia:hewasdisarmedbyanepistleofthesultanamother，anddelayedhisinvasiontillthemanhoodofherson。^8\"Duringthelifeofmyhusband，\"saidtheartfulregent，\"Iwaseverapprehensiveofyourambition:hewasaprinceandasoldierworthyofyourarms。
Heisnownomorehissceptrehaspassedtoawomanandachild，andyoudarenotattacktheirinfancyandweakness。Howingloriouswouldbeyourconquest，howshamefulyourdefeat!andyettheeventofwarisinthehandoftheAlmighty。\"AvaricewastheonlydefectthattarnishedtheillustriouscharacterofMahmud；andneverhasthatpassionbeenmorerichlysatiated。
TheOrientalsexceedthemeasureofcredibilityintheaccountofmillionsofgoldandsilver，suchastheavidityofmanhasneveraccumulated；inthemagnitudeofpearls，diamonds，andrubies，suchashaveneverbeenproducedbytheworkmanshipofnature。^9
YetthesoilofHindostanisimpregnatedwithpreciousminerals:
hertrade，ineveryage，hasattractedthegoldandsilveroftheworld；andhervirginspoilswererifledbythefirstoftheMahometanconquerors。Hisbehavior，inthelastdaysofhislife，evincesthevanityofthesepossessions，solaboriouslywon，sodangerouslyheld，andsoinevitablylost。HesurveyedthevastandvariouschambersofthetreasuryofGazna，burstintotears，andagainclosedthedoors，withoutbestowinganyportionofthewealthwhichhecouldnolongerhopetopreserve。
Thefollowingdayhereviewedthestateofhismilitaryforce；
onehundredthousandfoot，fifty—fivethousandhorse，andthirteenhundredelephantsofbattle。^10Heagainwepttheinstabilityofhumangreatness；andhisgriefwasimbitteredbythehostileprogressoftheTurkmans，whomhehadintroducedintotheheartofhisPersiankingdom。
[Footnote8:D\'Herbelot，BibliothequeOrientale，p。527。Yettheselettersapothegms，&c。，arerarelythelanguageoftheheart，orthemotivesofpublicaction。]
[Footnote*:ComparePrice，vol。ii。p。295。—M]
[Footnote9:Forinstance，arubyoffourhundredandfiftymiskals，Dow，vol。i。p。53，orsixpoundsthreeounces:thelargestinthetreasuryofDelhiweighedseventeenmiskals，VoyagesdeTavernier，partieii。p。280。Itistrue，thatintheEastallcoloredstonesarecaliedrubies，p。355，andthatTaverniersawthreelargerandmorepreciousamongthejewelsdenotregrandroi，lepluspuissantetplusmagnifiquedetouslesroisdelaterre，p。376。]
[Footnote10:Dow，vol。i。p。65。ThesovereignofKinogeissaidtohavepossessed2500elephants，Abulfed。Geograph。tab。
xv。p。274。FromtheseIndianstories，thereadermaycorrectanoteinmyfirstvolume，p。245；orfromthatnotehemaycorrectthesestories。]
InthemoderndepopulationofAsia，theregularoperationofgovernmentandagricultureisconfinedtotheneighborhoodofcities；andthedistantcountryisabandonedtothepastoraltribesofArabs，Curds，andTurkmans。^11Ofthelast—mentionedpeople，twoconsiderablebranchesextendoneithersideoftheCaspianSea:thewesterncolonycanmusterfortythousandsoldiers；theeastern，lessobvioustothetraveller，butmorestrongandpopulous，hasincreasedtothenumberofonehundredthousandfamilies。Inthemidstofcivilizednations，theypreservethemannersoftheScythiandesert，removetheirencampmentswithachangeofseasons，andfeedtheircattleamongtheruinsofpalacesandtemples。Theirflocksandherdsaretheironlyriches；theirtents，eitherblackorwhite，accordingtothecolorofthebanner，arecoveredwithfelt，andofacircularform；theirwinterapparelisasheep—skin；arobeofclothorcottontheirsummergarment:thefeaturesofthemenareharshandferocious；thecountenanceoftheirwomenissoftandpleasing。Theirwanderinglifemaintainsthespiritandexerciseofarms；theyfightonhorseback；andtheircourageisdisplayedinfrequentcontestswitheachotherandwiththeirneighbors。
Forthelicenseofpasturetheypayaslighttributetothesovereignoftheland；butthedomesticjurisdictionisinthehandsofthechiefsandelders。ThefirstemigrationoftheEasternTurkmans，themostancientoftherace，maybeascribedtothetenthcenturyoftheChristianaera。^12Inthedeclineofthecaliphs，andtheweaknessoftheirlieutenants，thebarrieroftheJaxarteswasoftenviolated；ineachinvasion，afterthevictoryorretreatoftheircountrymen，somewanderingtribe，embracingtheMahometanfaith，obtainedafreeencampmentinthespaciousplainsandpleasantclimateofTransoxianaandCarizme。
TheTurkishslaveswhoaspiredtothethroneencouragedtheseemigrationswhichrecruitedtheirarmies，awedtheirsubjectsandrivals，andprotectedthefrontieragainstthewildernativesofTurkestan；andthispolicywasabusedbyMahmudtheGaznevidebeyondtheexampleofformertimes。HewasadmonishedofhiserrorbythechiefoftheraceofSeljuk，whodweltintheterritoryofBochara。Thesultanhadinquiredwhatsupplyofmenhecouldfurnishformilitaryservice。\"Ifyousend，\"repliedIsmael，\"oneofthesearrowsintoourcamp，fiftythousandofyourservantswillmountonhorseback。\"—\"Andifthatnumber，\"
continuedMahmud，\"shouldnotbesufficient?\"—\"SendthissecondarrowtothehordeofBalik，andyouwillfindfiftythousandmore。\"—\"But，\"saidtheGaznevide，dissemblinghisanxiety，\"ifIshouldstandinneedofthewholeforceofyourkindredtribes?\"—\"Despatchmybow，\"wasthelastreplyofIsmael，\"andasitiscirculatedaround，thesummonswillbeobeyedbytwohundredthousandhorse。\"TheapprehensionofsuchformidablefriendshipinducedMahmudtotransportthemostobnoxioustribesintotheheartofChorasan，wheretheywouldbeseparatedfromtheirbrethrenoftheRiverOxus，andenclosedonallsidesbythewallsofobedientcities。Butthefaceofthecountrywasanobjectoftemptationratherthanterror；andthevigorofgovernmentwasrelaxedbytheabsenceanddeathofthesultanofGazna。Theshepherdswereconvertedintorobbers；thebandsofrobberswerecollectedintoanarmyofconquerors:asfarasIspahanandtheTigris，Persiawasafflictedbytheirpredatoryinroads；andtheTurkmanswerenotashamedorafraidtomeasuretheircourageandnumberswiththeproudestsovereignsofAsia。
Massoud，thesonandsuccessorofMahmud，hadtoolongneglectedtheadviceofhiswisestOmrahs。\"Yourenemies，\"theyrepeatedlyurged，\"wereintheiroriginaswarmofants；theyarenowlittlesnakes；and，unlesstheybeinstantlycrushed，theywillacquirethevenomandmagnitudeofserpents。\"Aftersomealternativesoftruceandhostility，aftertherepulseorpartialsuccessofhislieutenants，thesultanmarchedinpersonagainsttheTurkmans，whoattackedhimonallsideswithbarbarousshoutsandirregularonset。\"Massoud，\"saysthePersianhistorian，^13\"plungedsinglytoopposethetorrentofgleamingarms，exhibitingsuchactsofgiganticforceandvalorasneverkinghadbeforedisplayed。A
fewofhisfriends，rousedbyhiswordsandactions，andthatinnatehonorwhichinspiresthebrave，secondedtheirlordsowell，thatwheresoeverheturnedhisfatalsword，theenemiesweremoweddown，orretreatedbeforehim。Butnow，whenvictoryseemedtoblowonhisstandard，misfortunewasactivebehindit；
forwhenhelookedround，bebeheldalmosthiswholearmy，exceptingthatbodyhecommandedinperson，devouringthepathsofflight。\"TheGaznevidewasabandonedbythecowardiceortreacheryofsomegeneralsofTurkishrace；andthismemorabledayofZendecan^14foundedinPersiathedynastyoftheshepherdkings。^15
[Footnote11:Seeajustandnaturalpictureofthesepastoralmanners，inthehistoryofWilliamarchbishopofTyre，l。i。c。
vii。intheGestaDeiperFrancos，p。633，634，andavaluablenotebytheeditoroftheHistoireGenealogiquedesTatars，p。
535—538。]
[Footnote12:ThefirstemigrationoftheTurkmans，anddoubtfuloriginoftheSeljukians，maybetracedinthelaboriousHistoryoftheHuns，byM。DeGuignes，tom。i。TablesChronologiques，l。
v。tom。iii。l。vii。ix。x。andtheBibliothequeOrientale，ofD\'Herbelot，p。799—802，897—901，Elmacin，Hist。Saracen。
p。321—333，andAbulpharagius，Dynast。p。221，222。]
[Footnote13:Dow，Hist。ofHindostan，vol。i。p。89，95—98。I
havecopiedthispassageasaspecimenofthePersianmanner；butIsuspectthat，bysomeoddfatality，thestyleofFerishtahasbeenimprovedbythatofOssian。
Note:Gibbon\'sconjecturewaswellfounded。ComparethemoresoberandgenuineversionofCol。Briggs，vol。i。p。110。—
M。]
[Footnote14:TheZendekanofD\'Herbelot，p。1028，theDindakaofDowvol。i。p。97，isprobablytheDandanekanofAbulfeda，Geograph。p。345，Reiske，asmalltownofChorasan，twodays\'
journeyfromMaru，andrenownedthroughtheEastfortheproductionandmanufactureofcotton。]
[Footnote15:TheByzantinehistoriansCedrenus，tom。ii。p。
766，766，Zonarastom。ii。p。255，NicephorusBryennius，p。21
haveconfounded，inthisrevolution，thetruthoftimeandplace，ofnamesandpersons，ofcausesandevents。TheignoranceanderrorsoftheseGreekswhichIshallnotstoptounravelmayinspiresomedistrustofthestoryofCyaxaresandCyrus，asitistoldbytheirmosteloquentpredecessor。]
ThevictoriousTurkmansimmediatelyproceededtotheelectionofaking；and，iftheprobabletaleofaLatinhistorian^16deservesanycredit，theydeterminedbylotthechoiceoftheirnewmaster。Anumberofarrowsweresuccessivelyinscribedwiththenameofatribe，afamily，andacandidate；
theyweredrawnfromthebundlebythehandofachild；andtheimportantprizewasobtainedbyTogrulBeg，thesonofMichaelthesonofSeljuk，whosesurnamewasimmortalizedinthegreatnessofhisposterity。ThesultanMahmud，whovaluedhimselfonhisskillinnationalgenealogy，professedhisignoranceofthefamilyofSeljuk；yetthefatherofthatraceappearstohavebeenachiefofpowerandrenown。^17Foradaringintrusionintotheharemofhisprince。SeljukwasbanishedfromTurkestan:withanumeroustribeofhisfriendsandvassals，hepassedtheJaxartes，encampedintheneighborhoodofSamarcand，embracedthereligionofMahomet，andacquiredthecrownofmartyrdominawaragainsttheinfidels。Hisage，ofahundredandsevenyears，surpassedthelifeofhisson，andSeljukadoptedthecareofhistwograndsons，TogrulandJaafar；
theeldestofwhom，attheageofforty—five，wasinvestedwiththetitleofSultan，intheroyalcityofNishabur。Theblinddeterminationofchancewasjustifiedbythevirtuesofthesuccessfulcandidate。ItwouldbesuperfluoustopraisethevalorofaTurk；andtheambitionofTogrul^18wasequaltohisvalor。Byhisarms，theGasnevideswereexpelledfromtheeasternkingdomsofPersia，andgraduallydriventothebanksoftheIndus，insearchofasofterandmorewealthyconquest。IntheWestheannihilatedthedynastyoftheBowides；andthesceptreofIrakpassedfromthePersiantotheTurkishnation。
Theprinceswhohadfelt，orwhofeared，theSeljukianarrows，bowedtheirheadsinthedust；bytheconquestofAderbijan，orMedia，heapproachedtheRomanconfines；andtheshepherdpresumedtodespatchanambassador，orherald，todemandthetributeandobedienceoftheemperorofConstantinople。^19Inhisowndominions，Togrulwasthefatherofhissoldiersandpeople；byafirmandequaladministration，Persiawasrelievedfromtheevilsofanarchy；andthesamehandswhichhadbeenimbruedinbloodbecametheguardiansofjusticeandthepublicpeace。Themorerustic，perhapsthewisest，portionoftheTurkmans^20continuedtodwellinthetentsoftheirancestors；
and，fromtheOxustotheEuphrates，thesemilitarycolonieswereprotectedandpropagatedbytheirnativeprinces。ButtheTurksofthecourtandcitywererefinedbybusinessandsoftenedbypleasure:theyimitatedthedress，language，andmannersofPersia；andtheroyalpalacesofNishaburandReidisplayedtheorderandmagnificenceofagreatmonarchy。ThemostdeservingoftheArabiansandPersianswerepromotedtothehonorsofthestate；andthewholebodyoftheTurkishnationembraced，withfervorandsincerity，thereligionofMahomet。ThenorthernswarmsofBarbarians，whooverspreadbothEuropeandAsia，havebeenirreconcilablyseparatedbytheconsequencesofasimilarconduct。AmongtheMoslems，asamongtheChristians，theirvagueandlocaltraditionshaveyieldedtothereasonandauthorityoftheprevailingsystem，tothefameofantiquity，andtheconsentofnations。ButthetriumphoftheKoranismorepureandmeritorious，asitwasnotassistedbyanyvisiblesplendorofworshipwhichmightallurethePagansbysomeresemblanceofidolatry。ThefirstoftheSeljukiansultanswasconspicuousbyhiszealandfaith:eachdayherepeatedthefiveprayerswhichareenjoinedtothetruebelievers；ofeachweek，thetwofirstdayswereconsecratedbyanextraordinaryfast；andineverycityamoschwascompleted，beforeTogrulpresumedtolaythefoundationsofapalace。^21