[Footnote34:Themostauthenticaccountsofthetworivers，theSihonJaxartesandtheGihon，Oxus，maybefoundinSherifalEdrisiGeograph。Nubiens。p。138，Abulfeda，Descript。
Chorasan。inHudson，tom。iii。p。23，AbulghaziKhan，whoreignedontheirbanks，Hist。GenealogiquedesTatars，p。32，57，766，andtheTurkishGeographer，aMS。inthekingofFrance\'slibrary，ExamenCritiquedesHistoriensd\'Alexandre，p。
194—360。]
[Footnote35:TheterritoryofFerganaisdescribedbyAbulfeda，p。76，77。]
[Footnote36:Eoredegitangustiarumeundemregemexsulem，utTurciciregis，etSogdiani，etSinensis，auxiliamissisliterisimploraret，Abulfed。Annal。p。74TheconnectionofthePersianandChinesehistoryisillustratedbyFreretMem。del\'Academie，tom。xvi。p。245—255andDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。i。
p。54—59，andforthegeographyoftheborders，tom。ii。p。1
—43。]
[Footnote37:Hist。Sinica，p。41—46，intheiiidpartoftheRelationsCurieusesofThevenot。]
[Footnote38:IhaveendeavoredtoharmonizethevariousnarrativesofElmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。37，Abulpharagius，Dynast。p。116，Abulfeda，Annal。p。74，79，andD\'Herbelot，p。485。TheendofYezdegerd，wasnotonlyunfortunatebutobscure。]
[Footnote*:TheaccountofYezdegerd\'sdeathintheHabeib\'usseyrandRouzutuzzuffaPrice，p。162ismuchmoreprobable。
Onthedemandofthefewdhirems，heofferedtothemillerhissword，androyalgirdle，ofinesturablevalue。Thisawokethecupidityofthemiller，whomurderedhim，andthrewthebodyintothestream。—M。]
[Footnote!:FirouzdiedleavingasoncalledNi—ni—chabytheChinese，probablyNarses。Yezdegerdhadtwosons，FirouzandBahramSt。Martin，vol。xi。p。318。—M。]
[Footnote39:ThetwodaughtersofYezdegerdmarriedHassan，thesonofAli，andMohammed，thesonofAbubeker；andthefirstofthesewasthefatherofanumerousprogeny。ThedaughterofPhirouzbecamethewifeofthecaliphWalid，andtheirsonYezidderivedhisgenuineorfabulousdescentfromtheChosroesofPersia，theCaesarsofRome，andtheChagansoftheTurksorAvars，D\'Herbelot，Bibliot。Orientale，p。96，487。]
AfterthefallofthePersiankingdom，theRiverOxusdividedtheterritoriesoftheSaracensandoftheTurks。ThisnarrowboundarywassoonoverleapedbythespiritoftheArabs；
thegovernorsofChorasanextendedtheirsuccessiveinroads；andoneoftheirtriumphswasadornedwiththebuskinofaTurkishqueen，whichshedroppedinherprecipitateflightbeyondthehillsofBochara。^40ButthefinalconquestofTransoxiana，^41
aswellasofSpain，wasreservedforthegloriousreignoftheinactiveWalid；andthenameofCatibah，thecameldriver，declarestheoriginandmeritofhissuccessfullieutenant。
WhileoneofhiscolleaguesdisplayedthefirstMahometanbanneronthebanksoftheIndus，thespaciousregionsbetweentheOxus，theJaxartes，andtheCaspianSea，werereducedbythearmsofCatibahtotheobedienceoftheprophetandofthecaliph。^42A
tributeoftwomillionsofpiecesofgoldwasimposedontheinfidels；theiridolswereburntorbroken；theMussulmanchiefpronouncedasermoninthenewmoschofCarizme；afterseveralbattles，theTurkishhordesweredrivenbacktothedesert；andtheemperorsofChinasolicitedthefriendshipofthevictoriousArabs。Totheirindustry，theprosperityoftheprovince，theSogdianaoftheancients，mayinagreatmeasurebeascribed；buttheadvantagesofthesoilandclimatehadbeenunderstoodandcultivatedsincethereignoftheMacedoniankings。BeforetheinvasionoftheSaracens，Carizme，Bochara，andSamarcandwererichandpopulousundertheyokeoftheshepherdsofthenorth。
Thesecitiesweresurroundedwithadoublewall；andtheexteriorfortification，ofalargercircumference，enclosedthefieldsandgardensoftheadjacentdistrict。ThemutualwantsofIndiaandEuropeweresuppliedbythediligenceoftheSogdianmerchants；andtheinestimableartoftransforminglinenintopaperhasbeendiffusedfromthemanufactureofSamarcandoverthewesternworld。^43
[Footnote40:Itwasvaluedat2000piecesofgold，andwastheprizeofObeidollah，thesonofZiyad，anameafterwardsinfamousbythemurderofHosein，Ockley\'sHistoryoftheSaracens，vol。
ii。p。142，143，HisbrotherSalemwasaccompaniedbyhiswife，thefirstArabianwomanA。D。680whopassedtheOxus:sheborrowed，orratherstole，thecrownandjewelsoftheprincessoftheSogdians，p。231，232。]
[Footnote41:ApartofAbulfeda\'sgeographyistranslatedbyGreaves，insertedinHudson\'scollectionoftheminorgeographers，tom。iii。，andentitledDescriptioChorasmiaeetMawaralnahroe，idest，regionumextrafluvium，Oxum，p。80。ThenameofTransoxiana，softerinsound，equivalentinsense，isaptlyusedbyPetitdelaCroix，Hist。deGengiscan，&c。，andsomemodernOrientalists，buttheyaremistakeninascribingittothewritersofantiquity。]
[Footnote42:TheconquestsofCatibaharefaintlymarkedbyElmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。84，D\'Herbelot，Bibliot。Orient。
Catbah，SamarcandValid。，andDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。
i。p。58，59。]
[Footnote*:ThemanuscriptsArabianandPersianwritersintheroyallibrarycontainverycircumstantialdetailsonthecontestbetweenthePersiansandArabians。M。St。MartindeclinedthisadditiontotheworkofLeBeau，asextendingtotoogreatalength。St。Martinvol。xi。p。320。—M。]
[Footnote43:AcuriousdescriptionofSamarcandisinsertedintheBibliothecaArabico—Hispana，tom。i。p。208，&c。ThelibrarianCasiritom。ii。9relates，fromcredibletestimony，thatpaperwasfirstimportedfromChinatoSamarcand，A。H。30，andinvented，orratherintroduced，atMecca，A。H。88。TheEscuriallibrarycontainspaperMss。asoldastheivthorvthcenturyoftheHegira。]
II。NosoonerhadAbubekerrestoredtheunityoffaithandgovernment，thanhedespatchedacircularlettertotheArabiantribes。\"InthenameofthemostmercifulGod，totherestofthetruebelievers。Healthandhappiness，andthemercyandblessingofGod，beuponyou。IpraisethemosthighGod，andIprayforhisprophetMahomet。Thisistoacquaintyou，thatIintendtosendthetruebelieversintoSyria^44totakeitoutofthehandsoftheinfidels。AndIwouldhaveyouknow，thatthefightingforreligionisanactofobediencetoGod。\"Hismessengersreturnedwiththetidingsofpiousandmartialardorwhichtheyhadkindledineveryprovince；andthecampofMedinawassuccessivelyfilledwiththeintrepidbandsoftheSaracens，whopantedforaction，complainedoftheheatoftheseasonandthescarcityofprovisions，andaccusedwithimpatientmurmursthedelaysofthecaliph。Assoonastheirnumberswerecomplete，Abubekerascendedthehill，reviewedthemen，thehorses，andthearms，andpouredforthaferventprayerforthesuccessoftheirundertaking。Inperson，andonfoot，heaccompaniedthefirstday\'smarch；andwhentheblushingleadersattemptedtodismount，thecaliphremovedtheirscruplesbyadeclaration，thatthosewhorode，andthosewhowalked，intheserviceofreligion，wereequallymeritorious。Hisinstructions^45tothechiefsoftheSyrianarmywereinspiredbythewarlikefanaticismwhichadvancestoseize，andaffectstodespise，theobjectsofearthlyambition。\"Remember，\"saidthesuccessoroftheprophet，\"thatyouarealwaysinthepresenceofGod，onthevergeofdeath，intheassuranceofjudgment，andthehopeofparadise。Avoidinjusticeandoppression；consultwithyourbrethren，andstudytopreservetheloveandconfidenceofyourtroops。WhenyoufightthebattlesoftheLord，acquityourselveslikemen，withoutturningyourbacks；butletnotyourvictorybestainedwiththebloodofwomenorchildren。Destroynopalm—trees，norburnanyfieldsofcorn。Cutdownnofruit—trees，nordoanymischieftocattle，onlysuchasyoukilltoeat。Whenyoumakeanycovenantorarticle，standtoit，andbeasgoodasyourword。Asyougoon，youwillfindsomereligiouspersonswholiveretiredinmonasteries，andproposetothemselvestoserveGodthatway:letthemalone，andneitherkillthemnordestroytheirmonasteries:^46Andyouwillfindanothersortofpeople，thatbelongtothesynagogueofSatan，whohaveshavencrowns；^47besureyoucleavetheirskulls，andgivethemnoquartertilltheyeitherturnMahometansorpay\"tribute。\"Allprofaneorfrivolousconversation，alldangerousrecollectionofancientquarrels，wasseverelyprohibitedamongtheArabs:inthetumultofacamp，theexercisesofreligionwereassiduouslypractised；andtheintervalsofactionwereemployedinprayer，meditation，andthestudyoftheKoran。Theabuse，oreventheuse，ofwinewaschastisedbyfourscorestrokesonthesolesofthefeet，andinthefervoroftheirprimitivezeal，manysecretsinnersrevealedtheirfault，andsolicitedtheirpunishment。Aftersomehesitation，thecommandoftheSyrianarmywasdelegatedtoAbuObeidah，oneofthefugitivesofMecca，andcompanionsofMahomet；whosezealanddevotionwasassuaged，withoutbeingabated，bythesingularmildnessandbenevolenceofhistemper。Butinalltheemergenciesofwar，thesoldiersdemandedthesuperiorgeniusofCaled；andwhoevermightbethechoiceoftheprince，theSwordofGodwasbothinfactandfametheforemostleaderoftheSaracens。Heobeyedwithoutreluctance；hewasconsultedwithoutjealousy；andsuchwasthespiritoftheman，orratherofthetimes，thatCaledprofessedhisreadinesstoserveunderthebannerofthefaith，thoughitwereinthehandsofachildoranenemy。Glory，andriches，anddominion，wereindeedpromisedtothevictoriousMussulman；buthewascarefullyinstructed，thatifthegoodsofthislifewerehisonlyincitement，theylikewisewouldbehisonlyreward。
[Footnote44:AseparatehistoryoftheconquestofSyriahasbeencomposedbyAlWakidi，cadiofBagdad，whowasbornA。D。
748，anddiedA。D。822；helikewisewrotetheconquestofEgypt，ofDiarbekir，&c。AbovethemeagreandrecentchroniclesoftheArabians，AlWakidihasthedoublemeritofantiquityandcopiousness。Histalesandtraditionsaffordanartlesspictureofthemenandthetimes。Yethisnarrativeistoooftendefective，trifling，andimprobable。Tillsomethingbettershallbefound，hislearnedandspiritualinterpreterOckley，inhisHistoryoftheSaracens，vol。i。p。21—342willnotdeservethepetulantanimadversionofReiske，ProdidagmataadMagjiChalifaeTabulas，p。236。IamsorrytothinkthatthelaborsofOckleywereconsummatedinajail，seehistwoprefacestothe1stA。D。1708，tothe2d，1718，withthelistofauthorsattheend。
Note:M。HamakerhasclearlyshownthatneitheroftheseworkscanbeinscribedtoAlWakidi:theyarenotolderthantheendofthexithcenturyorlaterthanthemiddleofthexivth。
Praefat。inInc。Auct。LIb。deExpugnationeMemphidis，c。ix。x。
—M。]
[Footnote45:Theinstructions，&c。，oftheSyrianwararedescribedbyAlWakidiandOckley，tom。i。p。22—27，&c。Inthesequelitisnecessarytocontract，andneedlesstoquote，theircircumstantialnarrative。Myobligationstoothersshallbenoticed。]
[Footnote46:Notwithstandingthisprecept，M。PauwRecherchessurlesEgyptiens，tom。ii。p。192，edit。LausannerepresentstheBedoweensastheimplacableenemiesoftheChristianmonks。
Formyownpart，IammoreinclinedtosuspecttheavariceoftheArabianrobbers，andtheprejudicesoftheGermanphilosopher。
Note:SeveralmoderntravellersMr。Fazakerley，inWalpole\'sTravelsintheEast，vol。xi。371giveveryamusingaccountsofthetermsonwhichthemonksofMountSinailivewiththeneighboringBedoweens。Such，probably，wastheirrelativestateinoldertimes，wherevertheArabretainedhisBedoweenhabits。—M。]
[Footnote47:Evenintheseventhcentury，themonksweregenerallylaymen:\'heyworetheirhairlonganddishevelled，andshavedtheirheadswhentheywereordainedpriests。Thecirculartonsurewassacredandmysterious；itwasthecrownofthorns；
butitwaslikewisearoyaldiadem，andeverypriestwasaking，&c。，Thomassin，Disciplinedel\'Eglise，tom。i。p。721—758，especiallyp。737，738。]
[Footnote*:ComparePrice，p。90。—M。]
ChapterLI:ConquestsByTheArabs。
PartIV。
AnotherexpeditionoftheconquerorsofDamascuswillequallydisplaytheiravidityandtheircontemptfortherichesofthepresentworld。TheywereinformedthattheproduceandmanufacturesofthecountrywereannuallycollectedinthefairofAbyla，^64aboutthirtymilesfromthecity；thatthecellofadevouthermitwasvisitedatthesametimebyamultitudeofpilgrims；andthatthefestivaloftradeandsuperstitionwouldbeennobledbythenuptialsofthedaughterofthegovernorofTripoli。Abdallah，thesonofJaafar，agloriousandholymartyr，undertook，withabanneroffivehundredhorse，thepiousandprofitablecommissionofdespoilingtheinfidels。AsheapproachedthefairofAbyla，hewasastonishedbythereportofthismightyconcourseofJewsandChristians，Greeks，andArmenians，ofnativesofSyriaandofstrangersofEgypt，tothenumberoftenthousand，besidesaguardoffivethousandhorsethatattendedthepersonofthebride。TheSaracenspaused:\"Formyownpart，\"saidAbdallah，\"Idarenotgoback:ourfoesaremany，ourdangerisgreat，butourrewardissplendidandsecure，eitherinthislifeorinthelifetocome。Leteveryman，accordingtohisinclination，advanceorretire。\"NotaMussulmandesertedhisstandard。\"Leadtheway，\"saidAbdallahtohisChristianguide，\"andyoushallseewhatthecompanionsoftheprophetcanperform。\"Theychargedinfivesquadrons；butafterthefirstadvantageofthesurprise，theywereencompassedandalmostoverwhelmedbythemultitudeoftheirenemies；andtheirvaliantbandisfancifullycomparedtoawhitespotintheskinofablackcamel。^65Aboutthehourofsunset，whentheirweaponsdroppedfromtheirhands，whentheypantedonthevergeofeternity，theydiscoveredanapproachingcloudofdust；theyheardthewelcomesoundofthetecbir，^66andtheysoonperceivedthestandardofCaled，whoflewtotheirreliefwiththeutmostspeedofhiscavalry。TheChristianswerebrokenbyhisattack，andslaughteredintheirflight，asfarastheriverofTripoli。Theyleftbehindthemthevariousrichesofthefair；themerchandisesthatwereexposedforsale，themoneythatwasbroughtforpurchase，thegaydecorationsofthenuptials，andthegovernor\'sdaughter，withfortyofherfemaleattendants。
Thefruits，provisions，andfurniture，themoney，plate，andjewels，werediligentlyladenonthebacksofhorses，asses，andmules；andtheholyrobbersreturnedintriumphtoDamascus。Thehermit，afterashortandangrycontroversywithCaled，declinedthecrownofmartyrdom，andwasleftaliveinthesolitarysceneofbloodanddevastation。
[Footnote64:DairAbilKodos。Afterretrenchingthelastword，theepithet，holy，IdiscovertheAbilaofLysaniasbetweenDamascusandHeliopolis:thenameAbilsignifiesavineyard
concurswiththesituationtojustifymyconjecture，Reland，Palestin。tom。i。p317，tom。ii。p。526，527。]
[Footnote65:IambolderthanMr。Ockley，vol。i。p。164，whodaresnotinsertthisfigurativeexpressioninthetext，thoughheobservesinamarginalnote，thattheArabiansoftenborrowtheirsimilesfromthatusefulandfamiliaranimal。ThereindeermaybeequallyfamousinthesongsoftheLaplanders。]
[Footnote66:Wehearthetecbir；sotheArabscallTheirshoutofonset，whenwithloudappealTheychallengeheaven，asifdemandingconquest。
Thisword，soformidableintheirholywars，isaverbactive，saysOckleyinhisindex，ofthesecondconjugation，fromKabbara，whichsignifiessayingAllaAcbar，Godismostmighty!]
ChapterLI:ConquestsByTheArabs。
PartV。
Syria，^67oneofthecountriesthathavebeenimprovedbythemostearlycultivation，isnotunworthyofthepreference。
^68Theheatoftheclimateistemperedbythevicinityoftheseaandmountains，bytheplentyofwoodandwater；andtheproduceofafertilesoilaffordsthesubsistence，andencouragesthepropagation，ofmenandanimals。FromtheageofDavidtothatofHeraclius，thecountrywasoverspreadwithancientandflourishingcities:theinhabitantswerenumerousandwealthy；
and，aftertheslowravageofdespotismandsuperstition，aftertherecentcalamitiesofthePersianwar，Syriacouldstillattractandrewardtherapacioustribesofthedesert。Aplain，oftendays\'journey，fromDamascustoAleppoandAntioch，iswatered，onthewesternside，bythewindingcourseoftheOrontes。ThehillsofLibanusandAnti—Libanusareplantedfromnorthtosouth，betweentheOrontesandtheMediterranean；andtheepithetofhollowCoelesyriawasappliedtoalongandfruitfulvalley，whichisconfinedinthesamedirection，bythetworidgesofsnowymountains。^69Amongthecities，whichareenumeratedbyGreekandOrientalnamesinthegeographyandconquestofSyria，wemaydistinguishEmesaorHems，HeliopolisorBaalbec，theformerasthemetropolisoftheplain，thelatterasthecapitalofthevalley。UnderthelastoftheCaesars，theywerestrongandpopulous；theturretsglitteredfromafar:
anamplespacewascoveredwithpublicandprivatebuildings；andthecitizenswereillustriousbytheirspirit，oratleastbytheirpride；bytheirriches，oratleastbytheirluxury。InthedaysofPaganism，bothEmesaandHeliopoliswereaddictedtotheworshipofBaal，orthesun；butthedeclineoftheirsuperstitionandsplendorhasbeenmarkedbyasingularvarietyoffortune。NotavestigeremainsofthetempleofEmesa，whichwasequalledinpoeticstyletothesummitsofMountLibanus，^70
whiletheruinsofBaalbec，invisibletothewritersofantiquity，excitethecuriosityandwonderoftheEuropeantraveller。^71Themeasureofthetempleistwohundredfeetinlength，andonehundredinbreadth:thefrontisadornedwithadoubleporticoofeightcolumns；fourteenmaybecountedoneitherside；andeachcolumn，forty—fivefeetinheight，iscomposedofthreemassyblocksofstoneormarble。TheproportionsandornamentsoftheCorinthianorderexpressthearchitectureoftheGreeks:butasBaalbechasneverbeentheseatofamonarch，weareatalosstoconceivehowtheexpenseofthesemagnificentstructurescouldbesuppliedbyprivateormunicipalliberality。^72FromtheconquestofDamascustheSaracensproceededtoHeliopolisandEmesa:butIshalldeclinetherepetitionofthesalliesandcombatswhichhavebeenalreadyshownonalargerscale。Intheprosecutionofthewar，theirpolicywasnotlesseffectualthantheirsword。Byshortandseparatetrucestheydissolvedtheunionoftheenemy；accustomedtheSyrianstocomparetheirfriendshipwiththeirenmity；