[Footnote85:Theophanesp。343specifiesthoseofSicilyandCalabria，whichyieldedanannualrentofthreetalentsandahalfofgold，perhaps7000l。sterling。LiutprandmorepompouslyenumeratesthepatrimoniesoftheRomanchurchinGreece，Judaea，Persia，MesopotamiaBabylonia，Egypt，andLibya，whichweredetainedbytheinjusticeoftheGreekemperor，Legat。adNicephorum，inScript。RerumItalicarum，tom。ii。parsi。p。
481。]
[Footnote86:ThegreatdioceseoftheEasternIllyricum，withApulia，Calabria，andSicily，Thomassin，Disciplinedel\'Eglise，tom。i。p。145:bytheconfessionoftheGreeks，thepatriarchofConstantinoplehaddetachedfromRomethemetropolitansofThessalonica，AthensCorinth，Nicopolis，andPatrae，Luc。
Holsten。Geograph。Sacra，p。22andhisspiritualconquestsextendedtoNaplesandAmalphiIstoriaCivilediNapoli，tom。i。
p。517—524，Pagi，A。D780，No。11。]
[Footnote87:Inhocostenditur，quiaexunocapituloaberrorereversis，inaliisduobus，ineodemwasitthesame?permaneanterrore……dediocessiS。R。E。seudepatrimoniisiterumincrepantescommonemus，utsiearestituerenoluerithereticumeumprohujusmodierroreperseverantiadecernemus，Epist。
Hadrian。PapaeadCarolumMagnum，inConcil。tom。viii。p。
1598；towhichheaddsareason，mostdirectlyoppositetohisconduct，thathepreferredthesalvationofsoulsandruleoffaithtothegoodsofthistransitoryworld。]
[Footnote88:Fontaniniconsiderstheemperorsasnomorethantheadvocatesofthechurch，advocatusetdefensorS。R。E。SeeDucange，GlossLat。tom。i。p。297。HisantagonistMuratorireducesthepopestobenomorethantheexarchsoftheemperor。
InthemoreequitableviewofMosheim，Institut。Hist。Eccles。
p。264，265，theyheldRomeundertheempireasthemosthonorablespeciesoffieforbenefice—premunturnoctecaliginosa!]
BeforetheruinofPaganisminRome，thecompetitionforawealthybishoprichadoftenbeenproductiveoftumultandbloodshed。Thepeoplewaslessnumerous，butthetimesweremoresavage，theprizemoreimportant，andthechairofSt。Peterwasfiercelydisputedbytheleadingecclesiasticswhoaspiredtotherankofsovereign。ThereignofAdriantheFirst^89surpassesthemeasureofpastorsucceedingages；^90thewallsofRome，thesacredpatrimony，theruinoftheLombards，andthefriendshipofCharlemagne，werethetrophiesofhisfame:hesecretlyedifiedthethroneofhissuccessors，anddisplayedinanarrowspacethevirtuesofagreatprince。Hismemorywasrevered；butinthenextelection，apriestoftheLateran，LeotheThird，waspreferredtothenephewandthefavoriteofAdrian，whomhehadpromotedtothefirstdignitiesofthechurch。Theiracquiescenceorrepentancedisguised，abovefouryears，theblackestintentionofrevenge，tillthedayofaprocession，whenafuriousbandofconspiratorsdispersedtheunarmedmultitude，andassaultedwithblowsandwoundsthesacredpersonofthepope。Buttheirenterpriseonhislifeorlibertywasdisappointed，perhapsbytheirownconfusionandremorse。
Leowasleftfordeadontheground:onhisrevivalfromtheswoon，theeffectofhislossofblood，herecoveredhisspeechandsight；andthisnaturaleventwasimprovedtothemiraculousrestorationofhiseyesandtongue，ofwhichhehadbeendeprived，twicedeprived，bytheknifeoftheassassins。^91FromhisprisonheescapedtotheVatican:thedukeofSpoletohastenedtohisrescue，Charlemagnesympathizedinhisinjury，andinhiscampofPaderborninWestphaliaaccepted，orsolicited，avisitfromtheRomanpontiff。LeorepassedtheAlpswithacommissionofcountsandbishops，theguardsofhissafetyandthejudgesofhisinnocence；anditwasnotwithoutreluctance，thattheconqueroroftheSaxonsdelayedtilltheensuingyearthepersonaldischargeofthispiousoffice。Inhisfourthandlastpilgrimage，hewasreceivedatRomewiththeduehonorsofkingandpatrician:Leowaspermittedtopurgehimselfbyoathofthecrimesimputedtohischarge:hisenemiesweresilenced，andthesacrilegiousattemptagainsthislifewaspunishedbythemildandinsufficientpenaltyofexile。OnthefestivalofChristmas，thelastyearoftheeighthcentury，CharlemagneappearedinthechurchofSt。Peter；and，togratifythevanityofRome，hehadexchangedthesimpledressofhiscountryforthehabitofapatrician。^92Afterthecelebrationoftheholymysteries，Leosuddenlyplacedapreciouscrownonhishead，^93andthedomeresoundedwiththeacclamationsofthepeople，\"LonglifeandvictorytoCharles，themostpiousAugustus，crownedbyGodthegreatandpacificemperoroftheRomans!\"TheheadandbodyofCharlemagnewereconsecratedbytheroyalunction:aftertheexampleoftheCaesars，hewassalutedoradoredbythepontiff:hiscoronationoathrepresentsapromisetomaintainthefaithandprivilegesofthechurch；andthefirst—fruitswerepaidinhisrichofferingstotheshrineofhisapostle。Inhisfamiliarconversation，theemperorprotestedtheignoranceoftheintentionsofLeo，whichhewouldhavedisappointedbyhisabsenceonthatmemorableday。Butthepreparationsoftheceremonymusthavedisclosedthesecret；andthejourneyofCharlemagnerevealshisknowledgeandexpectation:
hehadacknowledgedthattheImperialtitlewastheobjectofhisambition，andaRomansynodhadpronounced，thatitwastheonlyadequaterewardofhismeritandservices。^94
[Footnote89:Hismeritsandhopesaresummedupinanepitaphofthirty—eight—verses，ofwhichCharlemagnedeclareshimselftheauthor，Concil。tom。viii。p。520。
PostpatremlacrymansCarolushaeccarminascripsi。
Tumihidulcisamor，temodoplangopater……
Nominajungosimultitulis，clarissime，nostraAdrianus，Carolus，rexego，tuquepater。
ThepoetrymightbesuppliedbyAlcuin；butthetears，themostglorioustribute，canonlybelongtoCharlemagne。]
[Footnote90:Everynewpopeisadmonished—\"SanctePater，nonvidebisannosPetri，\"twenty—fiveyears。Onthewholeseriestheaverageisabouteightyears—ashorthopeforanambitiouscardinal。]
[Footnote91:TheassuranceofAnastasiustom。iii。parsi。p。
197，198issupportedbythecredulityofsomeFrenchannalists；
butEginhard，andotherwritersofthesameage，aremorenaturalandsincere。\"Unuseioculuspaullulumestlaesus，\"saysJohnthedeaconofNaples，Vit。Episcop。Napol。inScriptoresMuratori，tom。i。parsii。p。312。Theodolphus，acontemporarybishopofOrleans，observeswithprudencel。iii。carm。3。
Redditasunt?mirumest:mirumestauferrenequtsse。
Esttamenindubio，hincmireranindemagis。]
[Footnote92:Twice，attherequestofHadrianandLeo，heappearedatRome，—longatunicaetchlamydeamictus，etcalceamentisquoqueRomanomoreformatis。Eginhardc。xxiii。p。
109—113describes，likeSuetoniusthesimplicityofhisdress，sopopularinthenation，thatwhenCharlestheBaldreturnedtoFranceinaforeignhabit，thepatrioticdogsbarkedattheapostate，Gaillard，ViedeCharlemagne，tom。iv。p。109。]
[Footnote93:SeeAnastasiusp。199andEginhard，c。xxviii。p。
124—128。TheunctionismentionedbyTheophanes，p。399，theoathbySigonius，fromtheOrdoRomanus，andthePope\'sadorationmoreantiquorumprincipum，bytheAnnalesBertiniani，Script。Murator。tom。ii。parsii。p。505。]
[Footnote94:ThisgreateventofthetranslationorrestorationoftheempireisrelatedanddiscussedbyNatalisAlexander，secul。ix。dissert。i。p。390—397，Pagi，tom。iii。p。418，
Muratori，Annalid\'Italia，tom。vi。p。339—352，Sigonius，deRegnoItaliae，l。iv。Opp。tom。ii。p。247—251，Spanheim，defictaTranslationeImperii，Giannone，tom。i。p。395—405，
St。Marc，AbregeChronologique，tom。i。p。438—450，Gaillard，Hist。deCharlemagne，tom。ii。p。386—446。Almostallthesemodernshavesomereligiousornationalbias。]
Theappellationofgreathasbeenoftenbestowed，andsometimesdeserved；butCharlemagneistheonlyprinceinwhosefavorthetitlehasbeenindissolublyblendedwiththename。
Thatname，withtheadditionofsaint，isinsertedintheRomancalendar；andthesaint，byararefelicity，iscrownedwiththepraisesofthehistoriansandphilosophersofanenlightenedage。
^95Hisrealmeritisdoubtlessenhancedbythebarbarismofthenationandthetimesfromwhichheemerged:buttheapparentmagnitudeofanobjectislikewiseenlargedbyanunequalcomparison；andtheruinsofPalmyraderiveacasualsplendorfromthenakednessofthesurroundingdesert。Withoutinjusticetohisfame，ImaydiscernsomeblemishesinthesanctityandgreatnessoftherestoreroftheWesternempire。Ofhismoralvirtues，chastityisnotthemostconspicuous:^96butthepublichappinesscouldnotbemateriallyinjuredbyhisninewivesorconcubines，thevariousindulgenceofmeanerormoretransientamours，themultitudeofhisbastardswhomhebestowedonthechurch，andthelongcelibacyandlicentiousmannersofhisdaughters，^97whomthefatherwassuspectedoflovingwithtoofondapassion。Ishallbescarcelypermittedtoaccusetheambitionofaconqueror；butinadayofequalretribution，thesonsofhisbrotherCarloman，theMerovingianprincesofAquitain，andthefourthousandfivehundredSaxonswhowerebeheadedonthesamespot，wouldhavesomethingtoallegeagainstthejusticeandhumanityofCharlemagne。HistreatmentofthevanquishedSaxons^98wasanabuseoftherightofconquest；hislawswerenotlesssanguinarythanhisarms，andinthediscussionofhismotives，whateverissubtractedfrombigotrymustbeimputedtotemper。Thesedentaryreaderisamazedbyhisincessantactivityofmindandbody；andhissubjectsandenemieswerenotlessastonishedathissuddenpresence，atthemomentwhentheybelievedhimatthemostdistantextremityoftheempire；neitherpeacenorwar，norsummernorwinter，wereaseasonofrepose；andourfancycannoteasilyreconciletheannalsofhisreignwiththegeographyofhisexpeditions。^!Butthisactivitywasanational，ratherthanapersonal，virtue；thevagrantlifeofaFrankwasspentinthechase，inpilgrimage，inmilitaryadventures；andthejourneysofCharlemagneweredistinguishedonlybyamorenumeroustrainandamoreimportantpurpose。Hismilitaryrenownmustbetriedbythescrutinyofhistroops，hisenemies，andhisactions。AlexanderconqueredwiththearmsofPhilip，butthetwoheroeswhoprecededCharlemagnebequeathedhimtheirname，theirexamples，andthecompanionsoftheirvictories。Attheheadofhisveteranandsuperiorarmies，heoppressedthesavageordegeneratenations，whowereincapableofconfederatingfortheircommonsafety:nordidheeverencounteranequalantagonistinnumbers，indiscipline，orinarmsThescienceofwarhasbeenlostandrevivedwiththeartsofpeace；buthiscampaignsarenotillustratedbyanysiegeorbattleofsingulardifficultyandsuccess；andhemightbehold，withenvy，theSaracentrophiesofhisgrandfather。AftertheSpanishexpedition，hisrear—guardwasdefeatedinthePyrenaeanmountains；andthesoldiers，whosesituationwasirretrievable，andwhosevalorwasuseless，mightaccuse，withtheirlastbreath，thewantofskillorcautionoftheirgeneral。^99I
touchwithreverencethelawsofCharlemagne，sohighlyapplaudedbyarespectablejudge。Theycomposenotasystem，butaseries，ofoccasionalandminuteedicts，forthecorrectionofabuses，thereformationofmanners，theeconomyofhisfarms，thecareofhispoultry，andeventhesaleofhiseggs。HewishedtoimprovethelawsandthecharacteroftheFranks；andhisattempts，howeverfeebleandimperfect，aredeservingofpraise:theinveterateevilsofthetimesweresuspendedormollifiedbyhisgovernment；^100butinhisinstitutionsIcanseldomdiscoverthegeneralviewsandtheimmortalspiritofalegislator，whosurviveshimselfforthebenefitofposterity。Theunionandstabilityofhisempiredependedonthelifeofasingleman:heimitatedthedangerouspracticeofdividinghiskingdomsamonghissons；andafterhisnumerousdiets，thewholeconstitutionwaslefttofluctuatebetweenthedisordersofanarchyanddespotism。Hisesteemforthepietyandknowledgeoftheclergytemptedhimtointrustthataspiringorderwithtemporaldominionandciviljurisdiction；andhissonLewis，whenhewasstrippedanddegradedbythebishops，mightaccuse，insomemeasure，theimprudenceofhisfather。Hislawsenforcedtheimpositionoftithes，becausethedaemonshadproclaimedintheairthatthedefaultofpaymenthadbeenthecauseofthelastscarcity。^101
TheliterarymeritsofCharlemagneareattestedbythefoundationofschools，theintroductionofarts，theworkswhichwerepublishedinhisname，andhisfamiliarconnectionwiththesubjectsandstrangerswhomheinvitedtohiscourttoeducateboththeprinceandpeople。Hisownstudiesweretardy，laborious，andimperfect；ifhespokeLatin，andunderstoodGreek，hederivedtherudimentsofknowledgefromconversation，ratherthanfrombooks；and，inhismatureage，theemperorstrovetoacquirethepracticeofwriting，whicheverypeasantnowlearnsinhisinfancy。^102Thegrammarandlogic，themusicandastronomy，ofthetimes，wereonlycultivatedasthehandmaidsofsuperstition；butthecuriosityofthehumanmindmustultimatelytendtoitsimprovement，andtheencouragementoflearningreflectsthepurestandmostpleasinglustreonthecharacterofCharlemagne。^103Thedignityofhisperson，^104
thelengthofhisreign，theprosperityofhisarms，thevigorofhisgovernment，andthereverenceofdistantnations，distinguishhimfromtheroyalcrowd；andEuropedatesanewaerafromhisrestorationoftheWesternempire。
[Footnote95:ByMably，Observationssurl\'HistoiredeFrance，
Voltaire，HistoireGenerale，Robertson，HistoryofCharlesV。，andMontesquieu，EspritdesLoix，l。xxxi。c。18。Intheyear1782，M。GaillardpublishedhisHistoiredeCharlemagne，in4vols。in12mo。，whichIhavefreelyandprofitablyused。Theauthorisamanofsenseandhumanity；andhisworkislaboredwithindustryandelegance。ButIhavelikewiseexaminedtheoriginalmonumentsofthereignsofPepinandCharlemagne，inthe5thvolumeoftheHistoriansofFrance。]
[Footnote96:ThevisionofWeltin，composedbyamonk，elevenyearsafterthedeathofCharlemagne，showshiminpurgatory，withavulture，whoisperpetuallygnawingtheguiltymember，whiletherestofhisbody，theemblemofhisvirtues，issoundandperfect，seeGaillardtom。ii。p。317—360。]
[Footnote97:ThemarriageofEginhardwithImma，daughterofCharlemagne，is，inmyopinion，sufficientlyrefutedbytheprobumandsuspiciothatsulliedthesefairdamsels，withoutexceptinghisownwife，c。xix。p。98—100，cumNotisSchmincke。Thehusbandmusthavebeentoostrongforthehistorian。]
[Footnote*:Thischargeofincest，asMr。Hallamjustlyobserves，\"seemstohaveoriginatedinamisinterpretedpassageofEginhard。\"Hallam\'sMiddleAges，vol。i。p。16。—M。
[Footnote98:Besidesthemassacresandtransmigrations，thepainofdeathwaspronouncedagainstthefollowingcrimes:1。Therefusalofbaptism。2。Thefalsepretenceofbaptism。3。A
relapsetoidolatry。4。Themurderofapriestorbishop。5。
Humansacrifices。6。EatingmeatinLent。Buteverycrimemightbeexpiatedbybaptismorpenance，Gaillard，tom。ii。p。241—
247；andtheChristianSaxonsbecamethefriendsandequalsoftheFranks，Struv。CorpusHist。Germanicae，p。133。]
[Footnote!:M。GuizotCoursd\'HistoireModerne，p。270，273
hascompiledthefollowingstatementofCharlemagne\'smilitarycampaigns:—
1。AgainsttheAquitanians。
18。\"theSaxons。
5。\"theLombards。
7。\"theArabsinSpain。
1。\"theThuringians。
4。\"theAvars。
2。\"theBretons。
1。\"theBavarians。
4。\"theSlavesbeyondtheElbe5。\"theSaracensinItaly。
3。\"theDanes。
2。\"theGreeks。
___
53total。—M。]
[Footnote99:InthisactionthefamousRutland，Rolando，Orlando，wasslain—cumcompluribusaliis。SeethetruthinEginhard，c。9，p。51—56，andthefableinaningeniousSupplementofM。Gaillard，tom。iii。p。474。TheSpaniardsaretooproudofavictory，whichhistoryascribestotheGascons，andromancetotheSaracens。
Note:Infact，itwasasuddenonsetoftheGascons，assistedbytheBeauremountaineers，andpossiblyafewNavarrese。—M。]
[Footnote100:YetSchmidt，fromthebestauthorities，representstheinteriordisordersandoppressionofhisreign，Hist。desAllemands，tom。ii。p。45—49。]
[Footnote101:Omnishomoexsuaproprietatelegitimamdecimamadecclesiamconferat。Experimentoenimdidicimus，inanno，quoillavalidafamesirrepsit，ebullirevacuasannonasadaemonibusdevoratas，etvocesexprobationisauditas。SuchisthedecreeandassertionofthegreatCouncilofFrankfort，canonxxv。tom。
ix。p。105。BothSeldenHist。ofTithes；Works，vol。iii。partii。p。1146andMontesquieuEspritdesLoix，l。xxxi。c。12
representCharlemagneasthefirstlegalauthoroftithes。Suchobligationshavecountrygentlementohismemory!]
[Footnote102:Eginhardc。25，p。119clearlyaffirms，tentabatetscribere……sedparumprosperesuccessitlaborpraeposterusetseroinchoatus。Themodernshavepervertedandcorrectedthisobviousmeaning，andthetitleofM。Gaillard\'sdissertationtom。iii。p。247—260betrayshispartiality。
Note:Thispointhasbeencontested；butMr。HallamandMonsieurSismondlconcurwithGibbon。SeeMiddleAges，iii。330
HistoiredeFrancais，tom。ii。p。318。ThesensibleobservationsofthelatterarequotedintheQuarterlyReview，vol。xlviii。p。
451。Fleury，Imayadd，quotesfromMabillonaremarkableevidencethatCharlemagne\"hadamarktohimselflikeanhonest，plain—dealingman。\"Ibid。—M。]
[Footnote103:SeeGaillard，tom。iii。p。138—176，andSchmidt，tom。ii。p。121—129。]
[Footnote104:M。Gaillardtom。iii。p。372fixesthetruestatureofCharlemagneseeaDissertationofMarquardFreheradcalcemEginhart，p。220，&c。atfivefeetnineinchesofFrench，aboutsixfeetoneinchandafourthEnglish，measure。Theromancewritershaveincreasedittoeightfeet，andthegiantwasendowedwithmatchlessstrengthandappetite:atasinglestrokeofhisgoodswordJoyeuse，hecutasunderahorsemanandhishorse；atasinglerepast，hedevouredagoose，twofowls，aquarterofmutton，&c。]