hesurvivedtheCatholictyrantofAlexandria，and，aftersixteenyears\'banishment，thesynodofChalcedonwouldperhapshaverestoredhimtothehonors，oratleasttothecommunion，ofthechurch。ThedeathofNestoriuspreventedhisobediencetotheirwelcomesummons；^55andhisdiseasemightaffordsomecolortothescandalousreport，thathistongue，theorganofblasphemy，hadbeeneatenbytheworms。HewasburiedinacityofUpperEgypt，knownbythenamesofChemnis，orPanopolis，orAkmim；^56
buttheimmortalmaliceoftheJacobiteshasperseveredforagestocaststonesagainsthissepulchre，andtopropagatethefoolishtradition，thatitwasneverwateredbytherainofheaven，whichequallydescendsontherighteousandtheungodly。
^57HumanitymaydropatearonthefateofNestorius；yetjusticemustobserve，thathesufferedthepersecutionwhichhehadapprovedandinflicted。^58
[Footnote52:Evagrius，l。i。c。7。TheoriginallettersintheSynodiconc。15，24，25，26justifytheappearanceofavoluntaryresignation，whichisassertedbyEbed—Jesu，aNestorianwriter，apudAsseman。Bibliot。Oriental。tom。iii。p。
299，302。]
[Footnote53:SeetheImperiallettersintheActsoftheSynodofEphesus，Concil。tom。iii。p。1730—1735。TheodiousnameofSimonians，whichwasaffixedtothedisciplesofthis。YetthesewereChristians!whodifferedonlyinnamesandinshadows。]
[Footnote54:ThemetaphorofislandsisappliedbythegraveciviliansPandect。l。xlviii。tit。22，leg。7tothosehappyspotswhicharediscriminatedbywaterandverdurefromtheLibyansands。ThreeoftheseunderthecommonnameofOasis，orAlvahat:1。ThetempleofJupiterAmmon。2。ThemiddleOasis，threedays\'journeytothewestofLycopolis。3。Thesouthern，whereNestoriuswasbanishedinthefirstclimate，andonlythreedays\'journeyfromtheconfinesofNubia。SeealearnednoteofMichaelis，adDescript。Aegypt。Abulfedae，p。21—34。
Note:1。TheOasisofSivahhasbeenvisitedbyMons。
DrovettiandMr。Browne。2。ThelittleOasis，thatofElKassar，wasvisitedanddescribedbyBelzoni。3。ThegreatOasis，anditssplendidruins，havebeenwelldescribedinthetravelsofSirA。Edmonstone。TothesemustbeaddedanotherWesternOasisalsovisitedbySirA。Edmonstone。—M。]
[Footnote55:TheinvitationofNestoriustothesynodofChalcedon，isrelatedbyZacharias，bishopofMeliteneEvagrius，l。ii。c。2。Asseman。Biblioth。Orient。tom。ii。p。55，andthefamousXenaiasorPhiloxenus，bishopofHierapolis，Asseman。
Bibliot。Orient。tom。ii。p。40，&c。，deniedbyEvagriusandAsseman，andstoutlymaintainedbyLaCroze，Thesaur。Epistol。
tom。iii。p。181，&c。Thefactisnotimprobable；yetitwastheinterestoftheMonophysitestospreadtheinvidiousreport，andEutychiustom。ii。p。12affirms，thatNestoriusdiedafteranexileofsevenyears，andconsequentlytenyearsbeforethesynodofChalcedon。]
[Footnote56:ConsultD\'Anville，Memoiresurl\'Egypte，p。191，
Pocock。DescriptionoftheEast，vol。i。p。76，Abulfeda，Descript。Aegypt，p。14，andhiscommentatorMichaelis，Not。p。
78—83，andtheNubianGeographer，p。42，whomentions，inthexiithcentury，theruinsandthesugar—canesofAkmim。]
[Footnote57:EutychiusAnnal。tom。ii。p。12andGregoryBar—Hebraeus，ofAbulpharagius，Asseman，tom。ii。p。316，
representthecredulityofthexthandxiithcenturies。]
[Footnote58:WeareobligedtoEvagriusl。i。c。7forsomeextractsfromthelettersofNestorius；butthelivelypictureofhissufferingsistreatedwithinsultbythehardandstupidfanatic。]
ChapterXLVII:EcclesiasticalDiscord。
PartIII。
ThedeathoftheAlexandrianprimate，afterareignofthirty—twoyears，abandonedtheCatholicstotheintemperanceofzealandtheabuseofvictory。^59ThemonophysitedoctrineoneincarnatenaturewasrigorouslypreachedinthechurchesofEgyptandthemonasteriesoftheEast；theprimitivecreedofApollinariuswasprotectedbythesanctityofCyril；andthenameofEutyches，hisvenerablefriend，hasbeenappliedtothesectmostadversetotheSyrianheresyofNestorius。HisrivalEutycheswastheabbot，orarchimandrite，orsuperiorofthreehundredmonks，buttheopinionsofasimpleandilliteratereclusemighthaveexpiredinthecell，wherehehadsleptaboveseventyyears，iftheresentmentorindiscretionofFlavian，theByzantinepontiff，hadnotexposedthescandaltotheeyesoftheChristianworld。Hisdomesticsynodwasinstantlyconvened，theirproceedingsweresulliedwithclamorandartifice，andtheagedhereticwassurprisedintoaseemingconfession，thatChristhadnotderivedhisbodyfromthesubstanceoftheVirginMary。
Fromtheirpartialdecree，Eutychesappealedtoageneralcouncil；andhiscausewasvigorouslyassertedbyhisgodsonChrysaphius，thereigningeunuchofthepalace，andhisaccompliceDioscorus，whohadsucceededtothethrone，thecreed，thetalents，andthevices，ofthenephewofTheophilus。BythespecialsummonsofTheodosius，thesecondsynodofEphesuswasjudiciouslycomposedoftenmetropolitansandtenbishopsfromeachofthesixdiocesesoftheEasternempire:someexceptionsoffavorormeritenlargedthenumbertoonehundredandthirty—five；andtheSyrianBarsumas，asthechiefandrepresentativeofthemonks，wasinvitedtositandvotewiththesuccessorsoftheapostles。ButthedespotismoftheAlexandrianpatriarchagainoppressedthefreedomofdebate:thesamespiritualandcarnalweaponswereagaindrawnfromthearsenalsofEgypt:theAsiaticveterans，abandofarchers，servedundertheordersofDioscorus；andthemoreformidablemonks，whosemindswereinaccessibletoreasonormercy，besiegedthedoorsofthecathedral。Thegeneral，and，asitshouldseem，theunconstrainedvoiceofthefathers，acceptedthefaithandeventheanathemasofCyril；andtheheresyofthetwonatureswasformallycondemnedinthepersonsandwritingsofthemostlearnedOrientals。\"MaythosewhodivideChristbedividedwiththesword，maytheybehewninpieces，maytheybeburnedalive!\"
werethecharitablewishesofaChristiansynod。^60TheinnocenceandsanctityofEutycheswereacknowledgedwithouthesitation；buttheprelates，moreespeciallythoseofThraceandAsia，wereunwillingtodeposetheirpatriarchfortheuseoreventheabuseofhislawfuljurisdiction。TheyembracedthekneesofDioscorus，ashestoodwithathreateningaspectonthefootstoolofhisthrone，andconjuredhimtoforgivetheoffences，andtorespectthedignity，ofhisbrother。\"Doyoumeantoraiseasedition?\"exclaimedtherelentlesstyrant。
\"Wherearetheofficers?\"Atthesewordsafuriousmultitudeofmonksandsoldiers，withstaves，andswords，andchains，burstintothechurch；thetremblingbishopshidthemselvesbehindthealtar，orunderthebenches，andastheywerenotinspiredwiththezealofmartyrdom，theysuccessivelysubscribedablankpaper，whichwasafterwardsfilledwiththecondemnationoftheByzantinepontiff。Flavianwasinstantlydeliveredtothewildbeastsofthisspiritualamphitheatre:themonkswerestimulatedbythevoiceandexampleofBarsumastoavengetheinjuriesofChrist:itissaidthatthepatriarchofAlexandriareviled，andbuffeted，andkicked，andtrampledhisbrotherofConstantinople:
^61itiscertain，thatthevictim，beforehecouldreachtheplaceofhisexile，expiredonthethirddayofthewoundsandbruiseswhichhehadreceivedatEphesus。Thissecondsynodhasbeenjustlybrandedasagangofrobbersandassassins；yettheaccusersofDioscoruswouldmagnifyhisviolence，toalleviatethecowardiceandinconstancyoftheirownbehavior。
[Footnote59:DixiCyrillumdumviveret，auctoritatesuaeffecisse，neEutychianismusetMonophysitarumerrorinnervumerumperet:idqueverumputo……aliquo……honestomodocecinerat。
ThelearnedbutcautiousJablonskididnotalwaysspeakthewholetruth。CumCyrilloleniusomninoegi，quamsitecumautcumaliisreihujusprobegnarisetaequisrerumaestimatoribussermonesprivatosconferrem，Thesaur。Epistol。LaCrozian。tom。
i。p。197，198anexcellentkeytohisdissertationsontheNestoriancontroversy!]
[Footnote60:AttherequestofDioscorus，thosewhowerenotabletoroar，stretchedouttheirhands。AtChalcedon，theOrientalsdisclaimedtheseexclamations:buttheEgyptiansmoreconsistentlydeclared。Concil。tom。iv。p。1012。]
[Footnote61:Eusebius，bishopofDorylaeum:andthistestimonyofEvagriusl。ii。c。2isamplifiedbythehistorianZonaras，tom。ii。l。xiii。p。44，whoaffirmsthatDioscoruskickedlikeawildass。ButthelanguageofLiberatusBrev。c。12，inConcil。tom。vi。p。438ismorecautious；andtheActsofChalcedon，whichlavishthenamesofhomicide，Cain，&c。，donotjustifysopointedacharge。ThemonkBarsumasismoreparticularlyaccused，Concil。tom。iv。p。1418。]
ThefaithofEgypthadprevailed:butthevanquishedpartywassupportedbythesamepopewhoencounteredwithoutfearthehostilerageofAttilaandGenseric。ThetheologyofLeo，hisfamoustomeorepistleonthemysteryoftheincarnation，hadbeendisregardedbythesynodofEphesus:hisauthority，andthatoftheLatinchurch，wasinsultedinhislegates，whoescapedfromslaveryanddeathtorelatethemelancholytaleofthetyrannyofDioscorusandthemartyrdomofFlavian。HisprovincialsynodannulledtheirregularproceedingsofEphesus；
butasthisstepwasitselfirregular，hesolicitedtheconvocationofageneralcouncilinthefreeandorthodoxprovincesofItaly。Fromhisindependentthrone，theRomanbishopspokeandactedwithoutdangerastheheadoftheChristians，andhisdictateswereobsequiouslytranscribedbyPlacidiaandhersonValentinian；whoaddressedtheirEasterncolleaguetorestorethepeaceandunityofthechurch。ButthepageantofOrientalroyaltywasmovedwithequaldexteritybythehandoftheeunuch；andTheodosiuscouldpronounce，withouthesitation，thatthechurchwasalreadypeacefulandtriumphant，andthattherecentflamehadbeenextinguishedbythejustpunishmentoftheNestorians。PerhapstheGreekswouldbestillinvolvedintheheresyoftheMonophysites，iftheemperor\'shorsehadnotfortunatelystumbled；Theodosiusexpired；hisorthodoxsisterPulcheria，withanominalhusband，succeededtothethrone；Chrysaphiuswasburnt，Dioscoruswasdisgraced，theexileswererecalled，andthetomeofLeowassubscribedbytheOrientalbishops。YetthepopewasdisappointedinhisfavoriteprojectofaLatincouncil:hedisdainedtopresideintheGreeksynod，whichwasspeedilyassembledatNiceinBithynia；hislegatesrequiredinaperemptorytonethepresenceoftheemperor；andthewearyfathersweretransportedtoChalcedonundertheimmediateeyeofMarcianandthesenateofConstantinople。AquarterofamilefromtheThracianBosphorus，thechurchofSt。Euphemiawasbuiltonthesummitofagentlethoughloftyascent:thetriplestructurewascelebratedasaprodigyofart，andtheboundlessprospectofthelandandseamighthaveraisedthemindofasectarytothecontemplationoftheGodoftheuniverse。Sixhundredandthirtybishopswererangedinorderinthenaveofthechurch；butthepatriarchsoftheEastwereprecededbythelegates，ofwhomthethirdwasasimplepriest；andtheplaceofhonorwasreservedfortwentylaymenofconsularorsenatorianrank。Thegospelwasostentatiouslydisplayedinthecentre，buttheruleoffaithwasdefinedbythePapalandImperialministers，whomoderatedthethirteensessionsofthecouncilofChalcedon。^62Theirpartialinterpositionsilencedtheintemperateshoutsandexecrations，whichdegradedtheepiscopalgravity；but，ontheformalaccusationofthelegates，Dioscoruswascompelledtodescendfromhisthronetotherankofacriminal，alreadycondemnedintheopinionofhisjudges。TheOrientals，lessadversetoNestoriusthantoCyril，acceptedtheRomansastheirdeliverers:
Thrace，andPontus，andAsia，wereexasperatedagainstthemurdererofFlavian，andthenewpatriarchsofConstantinopleandAntiochsecuredtheirplacesbythesacrificeoftheirbenefactor。ThebishopsofPalestine，Macedonia，andGreece，wereattachedtothefaithofCyril；butinthefaceofthesynod，intheheatofthebattle，theleaders，withtheirobsequioustrain，passedfromtherighttotheleftwing，anddecidedthevictorybythisseasonabledesertion。OftheseventeensuffraganswhosailedfromAlexandria，fourweretemptedfromtheirallegiance，andthethirteen，fallingprostrateontheground，imploredthemercyofthecouncil，withsighsandtears，andapatheticdeclaration，that，iftheyyielded，theyshouldbemassacred，ontheirreturntoEgypt，bytheindignantpeople。AtardyrepentancewasallowedtoexpiatetheguiltorerroroftheaccomplicesofDioscorus:buttheirsinswereaccumulatedonhishead；heneitheraskednorhopedforpardon，andthemoderationofthosewhopleadedforageneralamnestywasdrownedintheprevailingcryofvictoryandrevenge。
Tosavethereputationofhislateadherents，somepersonaloffenceswereskilfullydetected；hisrashandillegalexcommunicationofthepope，andhiscontumaciousrefusalwhilehewasdetainedaprisonertoattendtothesummonsofthesynod。Witnesseswereintroducedtoprovethespecialfactsofhispride，avarice，andcruelty；andthefathersheardwithabhorrence，thatthealmsofthechurchwerelavishedonthefemaledancers，thathispalace，andevenhisbath，wasopentotheprostitutesofAlexandria，andthattheinfamousPansophia，orIrene，waspubliclyentertainedastheconcubineofthepatriarch。^63
[Footnote62:TheActsoftheCouncilofChalcedonConcil。tom。
iv。p。761—2071comprehendthoseofEphesus，p。890—1189，
whichagaincomprisethesynodofConstantinopleunderFlavian，p。930—1072；andatrequiressomeattentiontodisengagethisdoubleinvolution。ThewholebusinessofEutyches，Flavian，andDioscorus，isrelatedbyEvagriusl。i。c。9—12，andl。ii。c。
1，2，3，4，andLiberatus，Brev。c。11，12，13，14。Oncemore，andalmostforthelasttime，IappealtothediligenceofTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xv。p。479—719。TheannalsofBaroniusandPagiwillaccompanymemuchfurtheronmylongandlaboriousjourney。]
[Footnote63:Concil。tom。iv。p。1276。AspecimenofthewitandmaliceofthepeopleispreservedintheGreekAnthology，l。
ii。c。5，p。188，edit。Wechel，althoughtheapplicationwasunknowntotheeditorBrodaeus。Thenamelessepigrammatistraisesatolerablepun，byconfoundingtheepiscopalsalutationof\"Peacebetoall!\"withthegenuineorcorruptednameofthebishop\'sconcubine:
Iamignorantwhetherthepatriarch，whoseemstohavebeenajealouslover，istheCimonofaprecedingepigram，wasviewedwithenvyaudwonderbyPriapushimself。]
Forthesescandalousoffences，Dioscoruswasdeposedbythesynod，andbanishedbytheemperor；butthepurityofhisfaithwasdeclaredinthepresence，andwiththetacitapprobation，ofthefathers。TheirprudencesupposedratherthanpronouncedtheheresyofEutyches，whowasneversummonedbeforetheirtribunal；
andtheysatsilentandabashed，whenaboldMonophysitecastingattheirfeetavolumeofCyril，challengedthemtoanathematizeinhispersonthedoctrineofthesaint。IfwefairlyperusetheactsofChalcedonastheyarerecordedbytheorthodoxparty，^64
weshallfindthatagreatmajorityofthebishopsembracedthesimpleunityofChrist；andtheambiguousconcessionthathewasformedOforFromtwonatures，mightimplyeithertheirpreviousexistence，ortheirsubsequentconfusion，orsomedangerousintervalbetweentheconceptionofthemanandtheassumptionoftheGod。TheRomantheology，morepositiveandprecise，adoptedthetermmostoffensivetotheearsoftheEgyptians，thatChristexistedIntwonatures；andthismomentousparticle^65whichthememory，ratherthantheunderstanding，mustretainhadalmostproducedaschismamongtheCatholicbishops。ThetomeofLeohadbeenrespectfully，perhapssincerely，subscribed；buttheyprotested，intwosuccessivedebates，thatitwasneitherexpedientnorlawfultotransgressthesacredlandmarkswhichhadbeenfixedatNice，Constantinople，andEphesus，accordingtotheruleofScriptureandtradition。Atlengththeyyieldedtotheimportunitiesoftheirmasters；buttheirinfallibledecree，afterithadbeenratifiedwithdeliberatevotesandvehementacclamations，wasoverturnedinthenextsessionbytheoppositionofthelegatesandtheirOrientalfriends。Itwasinvainthatamultitudeofepiscopalvoicesrepeatedinchorus，\"Thedefinitionofthefathersisorthodoxandimmutable!Thehereticsarenowdiscovered!AnathematotheNestorians!Letthemdepartfromthesynod!LetthemrepairtoRome。\"^66Thelegatesthreatened，theemperorwasabsolute，andacommitteeofeighteenbishopspreparedanewdecree，whichwasimposedonthereluctantassembly。Inthenameofthefourthgeneralcouncil，theChristinoneperson，butintwonatures，wasannouncedtotheCatholicworld:aninvisiblelinewasdrawnbetweentheheresyofApollinarisandthefaithofSt。Cyril；andtheroadtoparadise，abridgeassharpasarazor，wassuspendedovertheabyssbythemaster—handofthetheologicalartist。Duringtencenturiesofblindnessandservitude，EuropereceivedherreligiousopinionsfromtheoracleoftheVatican；andthesamedoctrine，alreadyvarnishedwiththerustofantiquity，wasadmittedwithoutdisputeintothecreedofthereformers，whodisclaimedthesupremacyoftheRomanpontiff。ThesynodofChalcedonstilltriumphsintheProtestantchurches；butthefermentofcontroversyhassubsided，andthemostpiousChristiansofthepresentdayareignorant，orcareless，oftheirownbeliefconcerningthemysteryoftheincarnation。
[Footnote64:Thosewhoreverencetheinfallibilityofsynods，maytrytoascertaintheirsense。Theleadingbishopswereattendedbypartialorcarelessscribes，whodispersedtheircopiesroundtheworld。OurGreekMss。aresulliedwiththefalseandprescribedreadingofConcil。tom。iii。p。1460:theauthentictranslationofPopeLeoI。doesnotseemtohavebeenexecuted，andtheoldLatinversionsmateriallydifferfromthepresentVulgate，whichwasrevisedA。D。550byRusticus，aRomanpriest，fromthebestMss。atConstantinople，Ducange，C。
P。Christiana，l。iv。p。151，afamousmonasteryofLatins，Greeks，andSyrians。SeeConcil。tom。iv。p。1959—2049，andPagi，Critica，tom。ii。p。326，&c。]
[Footnote65:ItisdarklyrepresentedinthemicroscopeofPetavius，tom。v。l。iii。c。5；yetthesubtletheologianishimselfafraid—nequisfortassesupervacaneam，etnimisanxiamputethujusmodivocularuminquisitionem，etabinstitutitheologicigravitatealienam，p。124。]
[Footnote66:Concil。tom。iv。p。1449。EvagriusandLiberatuspresentonlytheplacidfaceofthesynod，anddiscreetlyslideovertheseembers，suppositoscineridoloso。]
FardifferentwasthetemperoftheGreeksandEgyptiansundertheorthodoxreignsofLeoandMarcian。Thosepiousemperorsenforcedwitharmsandedictsthesymboloftheirfaith；
^67anditwasdeclaredbytheconscienceorhonoroffivehundredbishops，thatthedecreesofthesynodofChalcedonmightbelawfullysupported，evenwithblood。TheCatholicsobservedwithsatisfaction，thatthesamesynodwasodiousbothtotheNestoriansandtheMonophysites；^68buttheNestorianswerelessangry，orlesspowerful，andtheEastwasdistractedbytheobstinateandsanguinaryzealoftheMonophysites。Jerusalemwasoccupiedbyanarmyofmonks；inthenameoftheoneincarnatenature，theypillaged，theyburnt，theymurdered；thesepulchreofChristwasdefiledwithblood；andthegatesofthecitywereguardedintumultuousrebellionagainstthetroopsoftheemperor。AfterthedisgraceandexileofDioscorus，theEgyptiansstillregrettedtheirspiritualfather；anddetestedtheusurpationofhissuccessor，whowasintroducedbythefathersofChalcedon。ThethroneofProteriuswassupportedbyaguardoftwothousandsoldiers:hewagedafiveyears\'waragainstthepeopleofAlexandria；andonthefirstintelligenceofthedeathofMarcian，hebecamethevictimoftheirzeal。OnthethirddaybeforethefestivalofEaster，thepatriarchwasbesiegedinthecathedral，andmurderedinthebaptistery。Theremainsofhismangledcorpseweredeliveredtotheflames，andhisashestothewind；andthedeedwasinspiredbythevisionofapretendedangel:anambitiousmonk，who，underthenameofTimothytheCat，^69succeededtotheplaceandopinionsofDioscorus。Thisdeadlysuperstitionwasinflamed，oneitherside，bytheprincipleandthepracticeofretaliation:inthepursuitofametaphysicalquarrel，manythousands^70wereslain，andtheChristiansofeverydegreeweredeprivedofthesubstantialenjoymentsofsociallife，andoftheinvisiblegiftsofbaptismandtheholycommunion。