[Footnote33:LaCrozeChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。44—
53。ThesaurusEpistolicus，LaCrozianus，tom。iii。p。276—280
hasdetectedtheuse，which，intheivth，vth，andvithcenturies，discriminatestheschoolofDiodorusofTarsusandhisNestoriandisciples。]
[Footnote34:Deipara；asinzoologywefamiliarlyspeakofoviparousandviviparousanimals。Itisnoteasytofixtheinventionofthisword，whichLaCrozeChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。16ascribestoEusebiusofCaesareaandtheArians。
TheorthodoxtestimoniesareproducedbyCyrilandPetavius，Dogmat。Theolog。tom。v。l。v。c。15，p。254，&c。；buttheveracityofthesaintisquestionable，andtheepithetsoeasilyslidesfromthemargintothetextofaCatholicMs]
[Footnote35:Basnage，inhisHistoiredel\'Eglise，aworkofcontroversy，toml。p。505，justifiesthemother，bytheblood，ofGod，Acts，xx。28，withMill\'svariousreadings。ButtheGreekMss。arefarfromunanimous；andtheprimitivestyleofthebloodofChristispreservedintheSyriacversion，eveninthosecopieswhichwereusedbytheChristiansofSt。ThomasonthecoastofMalabar，LaCroze，ChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。
347。ThejealousyoftheNestoriansandMonophysiteshasguardedthepurityoftheirtext。]
[Footnote36:ThePagansofEgyptalreadylaughedatthenewCybeleoftheChristians，Isidor。l。i。epist。54；aletterwasforgedinthenameofHypatia，toridiculethetheologyofherassassin，Synodicon，c。216，iniv。tom。Concil。p。484。InthearticleofNestorius，BaylehasscatteredsomeloosephilosophyontheworshipoftheVirginMary。]
[Footnote37:TheitemoftheGreeks，amutualloanortransferoftheidiomsorpropertiesofeachnaturetotheother—ofinfinitytoman，passibilitytoGod，&c。TwelverulesonthisnicestofsubjectscomposetheTheologicalGrammarofPetavius，DogmataTheolog。tom。v。l。iv。c。14，15，p209，&c。]
[Footnote38:SeeDucange，C。P。Christiana，l。i。p。30，&c。]
[Footnote39:Concil。tom。iii。p。943。Theyhaveneverbeendirectlyapprovedbythechurch，Tillemont。Mem。Eccles。tom。
xiv。p。368—372。IalmostpitytheagonyofrageandsophistrywithwhichPetaviusseemstobeagitatedinthevithbookofhisDogmataTheologica]
[Footnote40:SuchastherationalBasnageadtom。i。Variar。
Lection。CanisineinPraefat。c。2，p。11—23andLaCroze，theuniversalscholar，ChristianismedesIndes，tom。i。p。16—20。
Del\'Ethiopie，p。26，27。Thesaur。Epist。p。176，&c。，283，285。HisfreesentenceisconfirmedbythatofhisfriendsJablonskiThesaur。Epist。tom。i。p。193—201andMosheim，idem。p。304，Nestoriumcriminecaruisseestetmeasententia；
andthreemorerespectablejudgeswillnoteasilybefound。
Asseman，alearnedandmodestslave，canhardlydiscernBibliothec。Orient。tom。iv。p。190—224theguiltanderroroftheNestorians。]
YetneithertheemperornortheprimateoftheEastweredisposedtoobeythemandateofanItalianpriest；andasynodoftheCatholic，orratheroftheGreekchurch，wasunanimouslydemandedasthesoleremedythatcouldappeaseordecidethisecclesiasticalquarrel。^41Ephesus，onallsidesaccessiblebyseaandland，waschosenfortheplace，thefestivalofPentecostfortheday，ofthemeeting；awritofsummonswasdespatchedtoeachmetropolitan，andaguardwasstationedtoprotectandconfinethefatherstilltheyshouldsettlethemysteriesofheaven，andthefaithoftheearth。Nestoriusappearednotasacriminal，butasajudge；bedependedontheweightratherthanthenumberofhisprelates，andhissturdyslavesfromthebathsofZeuxippuswerearmedforeveryserviceofinjuryordefence。
ButhisadversaryCyrilwasmorepowerfulintheweaponsbothofthefleshandofthespirit。Disobedienttotheletter，oratleasttothemeaning，oftheroyalsummons，hewasattendedbyfiftyEgyptianbishops，whoexpectedfromtheirpatriarch\'snodtheinspirationoftheHolyGhost。HehadcontractedanintimatealliancewithMemnon，bishopofEphesus。ThedespoticprimateofAsiadisposedofthereadysuccorsofthirtyorfortyepiscopalvotes:acrowdofpeasants，theslavesofthechurch，waspouredintothecitytosupportwithblowsandclamorsametaphysicalargument；andthepeoplezealouslyassertedthehonoroftheVirgin，whosebodyreposedwithinthewallsofEphesus。^42ThefleetwhichhadtransportedCyrilfromAlexandriawasladenwiththerichesofEgypt；andhedisembarkedanumerousbodyofmariners，slaves，andfanatics，enlistedwithblindobedienceunderthebannerofSt。MarkandthemotherofGod。Thefathers，andeventheguards，ofthecouncilwereawedbythismartialarray；theadversariesofCyrilandMarywereinsultedinthestreets，orthreatenedintheirhouses；hiseloquenceandliberalitymadeadailyincreaseinthenumberofhisadherents；
andtheEgyptiansooncomputedthathemightcommandtheattendanceandthevoicesoftwohundredbishops。^43ButtheauthorofthetwelveanathemasforesawanddreadedtheoppositionofJohnofAntioch，who，withasmall，butrespectable，trainofmetropolitansanddivines，wasadvancingbyslowjourneysfromthedistantcapitaloftheEast。Impatientofadelay，whichhestigmatizedasvoluntaryandculpable，^44CyrilannouncedtheopeningofthesynodsixteendaysafterthefestivalofPentecost。Nestorius，whodependedonthenearapproachofhisEasternfriends，persisted，likehispredecessorChrysostom，todisclaimthejurisdiction，andtodisobeythesummons，ofhisenemies:theyhastenedhistrial，andhisaccuserpresidedintheseatofjudgment。Sixty—eightbishops，twenty—twoofmetropolitanrank，defendedhiscausebyamodestandtemperateprotest:theywereexcludedfromthecouncilsoftheirbrethren。Candidian，intheemperor\'sname，requestedadelayoffourdays；theprofanemagistratewasdrivenwithoutrageandinsultfromtheassemblyofthesaints。Thewholeofthismomentoustransactionwascrowdedintothecompassofasummer\'sday:thebishopsdeliveredtheirseparateopinions；buttheuniformityofstylerevealstheinfluenceorthehandofamaster，whohasbeenaccusedofcorruptingthepublicevidenceoftheiractsandsubscriptions。
^45Withoutadissentingvoice，theyrecognizedintheepistlesofCyriltheNicenecreedandthedoctrineofthefathers:butthepartialextractsfromthelettersandhomiliesofNestoriuswereinterruptedbycursesandanathemas:andthehereticwasdegradedfromhisepiscopalandecclesiasticaldignity。Thesentence，maliciouslyinscribedtothenewJudas，wasaffixedandproclaimedinthestreetsofEphesus:thewearyprelates，astheyissuedfromthechurchofthemotherofGod，weresalutedasherchampions；andhervictorywascelebratedbytheilluminations，thesongs，andthetumultofthenight。
[Footnote41:TheoriginandprogressoftheNestoriancontroversy，tillthesynodofEphesus，maybefoundinSocrates，l。vii。c。32，Evagrius，l。i。c。1，2，Liberatus，Brev。c。
1—4，theoriginalActs，Concil。tom。iii。p。551—991，edit。
Venice，1728，theAnnalsofBaroniusandPagi，andthefaithfulcollectionsofTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xivp。283—377。]
[Footnote42:TheChristiansofthefourfirstcenturieswereignorantofthedeathandburialofMary。ThetraditionofEphesusisaffirmedbythesynod，Concil。tom。iii。p。1102；
yetithasbeensupersededbytheclaimofJerusalem；andheremptysepulchre，asitwasshowntothepilgrims，producedthefableofherresurrectionandassumption，inwhichtheGreekandLatinchurcheshavepiouslyacquiesced。SeeBaroniusAnnal。
Eccles。A。D。48，No。6，&c。andTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。i。
p。467—477。]
[Footnote43:TheActsofChalcedonConcil。tom。iv。p。1405，1408exhibitalivelypictureoftheblind，obstinateservitudeofthebishopsofEgypttotheirpatriarch。]
[Footnote44:CivilorecclesiasticalbusinessdetainedthebishopsatAntiochtillthe18thofMay。Ephesuswasatthedistanceofthirtydays\'journey；andtendaysmoremaybefairlyallowedforaccidentsandrepose。ThemarchofXenophonoverthesamegroundenumeratesabove260parasangsorleagues；andthismeasuremightbeillustratedfromancientandmodernitineraries，ifIknewhowtocomparethespeedofanarmy，asynod，andacaravan。JohnofAntiochisreluctantlyacquittedbyTillemonthimself，Mem。Eccles。tom。xiv。p。386—389。]
[Footnote45:Evagrius，l。i。c。7。ThesameimputationwasurgedbyCountIrenaeus，tom。iii。p。1249；andtheorthodoxcriticsdonotfinditaneasytasktodefendthepurityoftheGreekorLatincopiesoftheActs。]
Onthefifthday，thetriumphwascloudedbythearrivalandindignationoftheEasternbishops。Inachamberoftheinn，beforehehadwipedthedustfromhisshoes，JohnofAntiochgaveaudiencetoCandidian，theImperialminister；whorelatedhisineffectualeffortstopreventortoannulthehastyviolenceoftheEgyptian。Withequalhasteandviolence，theOrientalsynodoffiftybishopsdegradedCyrilandMemnonfromtheirepiscopalhonors，condemned，inthetwelveanathemas，thepurestvenomoftheApollinarianheresy，anddescribedtheAlexandrianprimateasamonster，bornandeducatedforthedestructionofthechurch。
^46Histhronewasdistantandinaccessible；buttheyinstantlyresolvedtobestowontheflockofEphesustheblessingofafaithfulshepherd。BythevigilanceofMemnon，thechurcheswereshutagainstthem，andastronggarrisonwasthrownintothecathedral。Thetroops，underthecommandofCandidian，advancedtotheassault；theoutguardswereroutedandputtothesword，buttheplacewasimpregnable:thebesiegersretired；theirretreatwaspursuedbyavigoroussally；theylosttheirhorses，andmanyoftheirsoldiersweredangerouslywoundedwithclubsandstones。Ephesus，thecityoftheVirgin，wasdefiledwithrageandclamor，withseditionandblood；therivalsynodsdartedanathemasandexcommunicationsfromtheirspiritualengines；andthecourtofTheodosiuswasperplexedbytheadverseandcontradictorynarrativesoftheSyrianandEgyptianfactions。
Duringabusyperiodofthreemonths，theemperortriedeverymethod，exceptthemosteffectualmeansofindifferenceandcontempt，toreconcilethistheologicalquarrel。Heattemptedtoremoveorintimidatetheleadersbyacommonsentence，ofacquittalorcondemnation；heinvestedhisrepresentativesatEphesuswithamplepowerandmilitaryforce；hesummonedfromeitherpartyeightchosendeputiestoafreeandcandidconferenceintheneighborhoodofthecapital，farfromthecontagionofpopularfrenzy。ButtheOrientalsrefusedtoyield，andtheCatholics，proudoftheirnumbersandoftheirLatinallies，rejectedalltermsofunionortoleration。ThepatienceofthemeekTheodosiuswasprovoked；andhedissolvedinangerthisepiscopaltumult，whichatthedistanceofthirteencenturiesassumesthevenerableaspectofthethirdoecumenicalcouncil。^47\"Godismywitness，\"saidthepiousprince，\"thatI
amnottheauthorofthisconfusion。Hisprovidencewilldiscernandpunishtheguilty。Returntoyourprovinces，andmayyourprivatevirtuesrepairthemischiefandscandalofyourmeeting。\"
Theyreturnedtotheirprovinces；butthesamepassionswhichhaddistractedthesynodofEphesuswerediffusedovertheEasternworld。Afterthreeobstinateandequalcampaigns，JohnofAntiochandCyrilofAlexandriacondescendedtoexplainandembrace:buttheirseemingreunionmustbeimputedrathertoprudencethantoreason，tothemutuallassituderatherthantotheChristiancharityofthepatriarchs。
[Footnote46:AfterthecoalitionofJohnandCyriltheseinvectivesweremutuallyforgotten。Thestyleofdeclamationmustneverbeconfoundedwiththegenuinesensewhichrespectableenemiesentertainofeachother\'smerit，Conciltom。iii。p。
1244。]
[Footnote47:SeetheactsofthesynodofEphesusintheoriginalGreek，andaLatinversionalmostcontemporary，Concil。
tom。iii。p。991—1339，withtheSynodiconadversusTragoediamIrenaei，tom。iv。p。235—497，theEcclesiasticalHistoriesofSocratesl。vii。c。34andEvagrius，li。c。3，4，5，andtheBreviaryofLiberatus，inConcil。tom。vi。p。419—459，c。5，6，andtheMemoiresEccles。ofTillemont，tom。xivp。377—
487。]
TheByzantinepontiffhadinstilledintotheroyalearabalefulprejudiceagainstthecharacterandconductofhisEgyptianrival。Anepistleofmenaceandinvective，^48whichaccompaniedthesummons，accusedhimasabusy，insolent，andenviouspriest，whoperplexedthesimplicityofthefaith，violatedthepeaceofthechurchandstate，and，byhisartfulandseparateaddressestothewifeandsisterofTheodosius，presumedtosuppose，ortoscatter，theseedsofdiscordintheImperialfamily。Atthesterncommandofhissovereign。CyrilhadrepairedtoEphesus，wherehewasresisted，threatened，andconfined，bythemagistratesintheinterestofNestoriusandtheOrientals；whoassembledthetroopsofLydiaandIoniatosuppressthefanaticanddisorderlytrainofthepatriarch。
Withoutexpectingtheroyallicense，heescapedfromhisguards，precipitatelyembarked，desertedtheimperfectsynod，andretiredtohisepiscopalfortressofsafetyandindependence。Buthisartfulemissaries，bothinthecourtandcity，successfullylaboredtoappeasetheresentment，andtoconciliatethefavor，oftheemperor。ThefeeblesonofArcadiuswasalternatelyswayedbyhiswifeandsister，bytheeunuchsandwomenofthepalace:superstitionandavariceweretheirrulingpassions；andtheorthodoxchiefswereassiduousintheirendeavorstoalarmtheformer，andtogratifythelatter。Constantinopleandthesuburbsweresanctifiedwithfrequentmonasteries，andtheholyabbots，DalmatiusandEutyches，^49haddevotedtheirzealandfidelitytothecauseofCyril，theworshipofMary，andtheunityofChrist。Fromthefirstmomentoftheirmonasticlife，theyhadnevermingledwiththeworld，ortrodtheprofanegroundofthecity。Butinthisawfulmomentofthedangerofthechurch，theirvowwassupersededbyamoresublimeandindispensableduty。Attheheadofalongorderofmonksandhermits，whocarriedburningtapersintheirhands，andchantedlitaniestothemotherofGod，theyproceededfromtheirmonasteriestothepalace。Thepeoplewasedifiedandinflamedbythisextraordinaryspectacle，andthetremblingmonarchlistenedtotheprayersandadjurationsofthesaints，whoboldlypronounced，thatnonecouldhopeforsalvation，unlesstheyembracedthepersonandthecreedoftheorthodoxsuccessorofAthanasius。Atthesametime，everyavenueofthethronewasassaultedwithgold。Underthedecentnamesofeulogiesandbenedictions，thecourtiersofbothsexeswerebribedaccordingtothemeasureoftheirpowerandrapaciousness。ButtheirincessantdemandsdespoiledthesanctuariesofConstantinopleandAlexandria；andtheauthorityofthepatriarchwasunabletosilencethejustmurmurofhisclergy，thatadebtofsixtythousandpoundshadalreadybeencontractedtosupporttheexpenseofthisscandalouscorruption。^50Pulcheria，whorelievedherbrotherfromtheweightofanempire，wasthefirmestpillaroforthodoxy；andsointimatewasthealliancebetweenthethundersofthesynodandthewhispersofthecourt，thatCyrilwasassuredofsuccessifhecoulddisplaceoneeunuch，andsubstituteanotherinthefavorofTheodosius。YettheEgyptiancouldnotboastofagloriousordecisivevictory。
Theemperor，withunaccustomedfirmness，adheredtohispromiseofprotectingtheinnocenceoftheOrientalbishops；andCyrilsoftenedhisanathemas，andconfessed，withambiguityandreluctance，atwofoldnatureofChrist，beforehewaspermittedtosatiatehisrevengeagainsttheunfortunateNestorius。^51
[Footnote48:IshouldbecurioustoknowhowmuchNestoriuspaidfortheseexpressions，somortifyingtohisrival。]
[Footnote49:Eutyches，theheresiarchEutyches，ishonorablynamedbyCyrilasafriend，asaint，andthestrenuousdefenderofthefaith。Hisbrother，theabbotDalmatus，islikewiseemployedtobindtheemperorandallhischamberlainsterribiliconjuratione。Synodicon。c。203，inConcil。tom。ivp。467。]
[Footnote50:Clericiquihicsuntcontristantur，quodecclesiaAlexandrinanudatasithujuscausaturbelae:etdebetpraeterillaquaehinctransmissasintaurilibrasmillequingentas。Etnunceiscriptumestutpraestet；seddetuaecclesiapraestaavaritiaequorumnosti，&c。Thiscuriousandoriginalletter，fromCyril\'sarchdeacontohiscreaturethenewbishopofConstantinople，hasbeenunaccountablypreservedinanoldLatinversion，Synodicon，c。203，Concil。tom。iv。p。465—468。Themaskisalmostdropped，andthesaintsspeakthehonestlanguageofinterestandconfederacy。]
[Footnote51:ThetediousnegotiationsthatsucceededthesynodofEphesusarediffuselyrelatedintheoriginalacts，Concil。
tom。iii。p。1339—1771，adfin。vol。andtheSynodicon，intom。
iv。，Socrates，l。vii。c。28，35，40，41，Evagrius，l。i。c。
6，7，8，12，Liberatus，c。7—10，7—10，Tillemont，Mem。
Eccles。tom。xiv。p。487—676。Themostpatientreaderwillthankmeforcompressingsomuchnonsenseandfalsehoodinafewlines。]
TherashandobstinateNestorius，beforetheendofthesynod，wasoppressedbyCyril，betrayedbythecourt，andfaintlysupportedbyhisEasternfriends。Asentimentorfearorindignationpromptedhim，whileitwasyettime，toaffectthegloryofavoluntaryabdication:^52hiswish，oratleasthisrequest，wasreadilygranted；hewasconductedwithhonorfromEphesustohisoldmonasteryofAntioch；and，afterashortpause，hissuccessors，MaximianandProclus，wereacknowledgedasthelawfulbishopsofConstantinople。Butinthesilenceofhiscell，thedegradedpatriarchcouldnolongerresumetheinnocenceandsecurityofaprivatemonk。Thepastheregretted，hewasdiscontentedwiththepresent，andthefuturehehadreasontodread:theOrientalbishopssuccessivelydisengagedtheircausefromhisunpopularname，andeachdaydecreasedthenumberoftheschismaticswhoreveredNestoriusastheconfessorofthefaith。
AfteraresidenceatAntiochoffouryears，thehandofTheodosiussubscribedanedict，^53whichrankedhimwithSimonthemagician，proscribedhisopinionsandfollowers，condemnedhiswritingstotheflames，andbanishedhispersonfirsttoPetra，inArabia，andatlengthtoOasis，oneoftheislandsoftheLibyandesert。^54Secludedfromthechurchandfromtheworld，theexilewasstillpursuedbytherageofbigotryandwar。AwanderingtribeoftheBlemmyesorNubiansinvadedhissolitaryprison:intheirretreattheydismissedacrowdofuselesscaptives:butnosoonerhadNestoriusreachedthebanksoftheNile，thanhewouldgladlyhaveescapedfromaRomanandorthodoxcity，tothemilderservitudeofthesavages。Hisflightwaspunishedasanewcrime:thesoulofthepatriarchinspiredthecivilandecclesiasticalpowersofEgypt；themagistrates，thesoldiers，themonks，devoutlytorturedtheenemyofChristandSt。Cyril；and，asfarastheconfinesofAethiopia，thehereticwasalternatelydraggedandrecalled，tillhisagedbodywasbrokenbythehardshipsandaccidentsofthesereiteratedjourneys。Yethismindwasstillindependentanderect；thepresidentofThebaiswasawedbyhispastoralletters；