p。17—33。ThecomprehensiveviewofM。deGuigneshascomparedthesedistantevents。]
[Footnote31:ThefameofSovou，orSo—ou，hismerit，andhissingularadventurers，arestillcelebratedinChina。SeetheElogedeMoukden，p。20，andnotes，p。241—247；andMemoiressurlaChine，tom。iii。p。317—360。]
[Footnote32:SeeIsbrandIvesinHarris\'sCollection，vol。ii。
p。931；Bell\'sTravels，vol。i。p。247—254；andGmelin，intheHist。GeneraledesVoyages，tom。xviii。283—329。Theyallremarkthevulgaropinionthattheholyseagrowsangryandtempestuousifanyonepresumestocallitalake。Thisgrammaticalnicetyoftenexcitesadisputebetweentheabsurdsuperstitionofthemarinersandtheabsurdobstinacyoftravellers。]
[Footnote!:224yearsbeforeChrist。ItwasbuiltbyChi—hoang—tioftheDynastyThsin。Itisfromtwentytotwenty—fivefeethigh。Cemonument，aussigigantesquequ\'impuissant，arreteraitbienlesincursionsdequelquesNomades；maisiln\'ajamaisempechelesinvasionsdesTurcs，desMongols，etdesMandchous。AbeRemusatRech。Asiat。2dser。vol。
i。p。58—M。]
[Footnote33:TheconstructionofthewallofChinaismentionedbyDuhaldetom。ii。p。45andDeGuignes，tom。ii。p。59。]
[Footnote34:SeethelifeofLieoupang，orKaoti，intheHist，delaChine，publishedatParis，1777，&c。，tom。i。p。442—522。
ThisvoluminousworkisthetranslationbytheP。deMaillaoftheTong—Kien—Kang—Mou，thecelebratedabridgmentofthegreatHistoryofSemakouangA。D。1084andhiscontinuators。]
[Footnote35:Seeafreeandamplememorial，presentedbyaMandarintotheemperorVenti，beforeChrist180—157，inDuhalde，tom。ii。p。412—426，fromacollectionofStatepapersmarkedwiththeredpencilbyKamhihimself，p。354—
612。AnothermemorialfromtheministerofwarKang—Mou，tom。
ii。p555suppliessomecuriouscircumstancesofthemannersoftheHuns。]
[Footnote36:Asupplyofwomenismentionedasacustomaryarticleoftreatyandtribute，Hist。delaConquetedelaChine，parlesTartaresMantcheoux，tom。i。p。186，187，withthenoteoftheeditor。]
[Footnote37:DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。ii。p。62。]
TheconquestofChinahasbeentwiceachievedbythepastoraltribesoftheNorth:theforcesoftheHunswerenotinferiortothoseoftheMoguls，oroftheMantcheoux；andtheirambitionmightentertainthemostsanguinehopesofsuccess。Buttheirpridewashumbled，andtheirprogresswaschecked，bythearmsandpolicyofVouti，^38thefifthemperorofthepowerfuldynastyoftheHan。Inhislongreignoffifty—fouryears，theBarbariansofthesouthernprovincessubmittedtothelawsandmannersofChina；andtheancientlimitsofthemonarchywereenlarged，fromthegreatriverofKiang，totheportofCanton。
Insteadofconfininghimselftothetimidoperationsofadefensivewar，hislieutenantspenetratedmanyhundredmilesintothecountryoftheHuns。Inthoseboundlessdeserts，whereitisimpossibletoformmagazines，anddifficulttotransportasufficientsupplyofprovisions，thearmiesofVoutiwererepeatedlyexposedtointolerablehardships:and，ofonehundredandfortythousandsoldiers，whomarchedagainsttheBarbarians，thirtythousandonlyreturnedinsafetytothefeetoftheirmaster。Theselosses，however，werecompensatedbysplendidanddecisivesuccess。TheChinesegeneralsimprovedthesuperioritywhichtheyderivedfromthetemperoftheirarms，theirchariotsofwar，andtheserviceoftheirTartarauxiliaries。ThecampoftheTanjouwassurprisedinthemidstofsleepandintemperance；
and，thoughthemonarchoftheHunsbravelycuthiswaythroughtheranksoftheenemy，heleftabovefifteenthousandofhissubjectsonthefieldofbattle。Yetthissignalvictory，whichwasprecededandfollowedbymanybloodyengagements，contributedmuchlesstothedestructionofthepoweroftheHunsthantheeffectualpolicywhichwasemployedtodetachthetributarynationsfromtheirobedience。Intimidatedbythearms，oralluredbythepromises，ofVoutiandhissuccessors，themostconsiderabletribes，bothoftheEastandoftheWest，disclaimedtheauthorityoftheTanjou。Whilesomeacknowledgedthemselvesthealliesorvassalsoftheempire，theyallbecametheimplacableenemiesoftheHuns；andthenumbersofthathaughtypeople，assoonastheywerereducedtotheirnativestrength，might，perhaps，havebeencontainedwithinthewallsofoneofthegreatandpopulouscitiesofChina。^39Thedesertionofhissubjects，andtheperplexityofacivilwar，atlengthcompelledtheTanjouhimselftorenouncethedignityofanindependentsovereign，andthefreedomofawarlikeandhigh—spiritednation。
HewasreceivedatSigan，thecapitalofthemonarchy，bythetroops，themandarins，andtheemperorhimself，withallthehonorsthatcouldadornanddisguisethetriumphofChinesevanity。^40Amagnificentpalacewaspreparedforhisreception；
hisplacewasassignedabovealltheprincesoftheroyalfamily；
andthepatienceoftheBarbariankingwasexhaustedbytheceremoniesofabanquet，whichconsistedofeightcoursesofmeat，andofninesolemnpiecesofmusic。Butheperformed，onhisknees，thedutyofarespectfulhomagetotheemperorofChina；pronounced，inhisownname，andinthenameofhissuccessors，aperpetualoathoffidelity；andgratefullyacceptedaseal，whichwasbestowedastheemblemofhisregaldependence。
Afterthishumiliatingsubmission，theTanjoussometimesdepartedfromtheirallegianceandseizedthefavorablemomentsofwarandrapine；butthemonarchyoftheHunsgraduallydeclined，tillitwasbroken，bycivildissension，intotwohostileandseparatekingdoms。Oneoftheprincesofthenationwasurged，byfearandambition，toretiretowardstheSouthwitheighthords，whichcomposedbetweenfortyandfiftythousandfamilies。Heobtained，withthetitleofTanjou，aconvenientterritoryonthevergeoftheChineseprovinces；andhisconstantattachmenttotheserviceoftheempirewassecuredbyweakness，andthedesireofrevenge。
Fromthetimeofthisfatalschism，theHunsoftheNorthcontinuedtolanguishaboutfiftyyears；tilltheywereoppressedoneverysidebytheirforeignanddomesticenemies。Theproudinscription^41ofacolumn，erectedonaloftymountain，announcedtoposterity，thataChinesearmyhadmarchedsevenhundredmilesintotheheartoftheircountry。TheSienpi，^42atribeofOrientalTartars，retaliatedtheinjurieswhichtheyhadformerlysustained；andthepoweroftheTanjous，afterareignofthirteenhundredyears，wasutterlydestroyedbeforetheendofthefirstcenturyoftheChristianaera。^43
[Footnote38:SeethereignoftheemperorVouti，intheKang—Mou，tom。iii。p。1—98。Hisvariousandinconsistentcharacterseemstobeimpartiallydrawn。]
[Footnote39:ThisexpressionisusedinthememorialtotheemperorVenti，Duhalde，tom。ii。p。411。WithoutadoptingtheexaggerationsofMarcoPoloandIsaacVossius，wemayrationallyallowforPekintwomillionsofinhabitants。ThecitiesoftheSouth，whichcontainthemanufacturesofChina，arestillmorepopulous。]
[Footnote40:SeetheKang—Mou，tom。iii。p。150，andthesubsequenteventsundertheproperyears。ThismemorablefestivaliscelebratedintheElogedeMoukden，andexplainedinanotebytheP。Gaubil，p。89，90。]
[Footnote41:ThisinscriptionwascomposedonthespotbyParkou，PresidentoftheTribunalofHistoryKang—Mou，tom。iii。
p。392。SimilarmonumentshavebeendiscoveredinmanypartsofTartary，HistoiredesHuns，tom。ii。p。122。]
[Footnote42:M。deGuignestom。i。p。189hasinsertedashortaccountoftheSienpi。]
[Footnote43:TheaeraoftheHunsisplaced，bytheChinese，1210yearsbeforeChrist。Buttheseriesoftheirkingsdoesnotcommencetilltheyear230，Hist。desHuns，tom。ii。p。21，123。]
ThefateofthevanquishedHunswasdiversifiedbythevariousinfluenceofcharacterandsituation。^44Aboveonehundredthousandpersons，thepoorest，indeed，andthemostpusillanimousofthepeople，werecontentedtoremainintheirnativecountry，torenouncetheirpeculiarnameandorigin，andtominglewiththevictoriousnationoftheSienpi。Fifty—eighthords，abouttwohundredthousandmen，ambitiousofamorehonorableservitude，retiredtowardstheSouth；imploredtheprotectionoftheemperorsofChina；andwerepermittedtoinhabit，andtoguard，theextremefrontiersoftheprovinceofChansiandtheterritoryofOrtous。ButthemostwarlikeandpowerfultribesoftheHunsmaintained，intheiradversefortune，theundauntedspiritoftheirancestors。TheWesternworldwasopentotheirvalor；andtheyresolved，undertheconductoftheirhereditarychieftains，toconquerandsubduesomeremotecountry，whichwasstillinaccessibletothearmsoftheSienpi，andtothelawsofChina。^45ThecourseoftheiremigrationsooncarriedthembeyondthemountainsofImaus，andthelimitsoftheChinesegeography；butweareabletodistinguishthetwogreatdivisionsoftheseformidableexiles，whichdirectedtheirmarchtowardstheOxus，andtowardstheVolga。ThefirstofthesecoloniesestablishedtheirdominioninthefruitfulandextensiveplainsofSogdiana，ontheeasternsideoftheCaspian；wheretheypreservedthenameofHuns，withtheepithetofEuthalites，orNepthalites。Theirmannersweresoftened，andeventheirfeatureswereinsensiblyimproved，bythemildnessoftheclimate，andtheirlongresidenceinaflourishingprovince，^46
whichmightstillretainafaintimpressionoftheartsofGreece。^47ThewhiteHuns，anamewhichtheyderivedfromthechangeoftheircomplexions，soonabandonedthepastorallifeofScythia。Gorgo，which，undertheappellationofCarizme，hassinceenjoyedatemporarysplendor，wastheresidenceoftheking，whoexercisedalegalauthorityoveranobedientpeople。
TheirluxurywasmaintainedbythelaboroftheSogdians；andtheonlyvestigeoftheirancientbarbarism，wasthecustomwhichobligedallthecompanions，perhapstothenumberoftwenty，whohadsharedtheliberalityofawealthylord，tobeburiedaliveinthesamegrave。^48ThevicinityoftheHunstotheprovincesofPersia，involvedtheminfrequentandbloodycontestswiththepowerofthatmonarchy。Buttheyrespected，inpeace，thefaithoftreaties；inwar，shedictatesofhumanity；andtheirmemorablevictoryoverPeroses，orFiruz，displayedthemoderation，aswellasthevalor，oftheBarbarians。Theseconddivisionoftheircountrymen，theHuns，whograduallyadvancedtowardstheNorth—west，wereexercisedbythehardshipsofacolderclimate，andamorelaboriousmarch。NecessitycompelledthemtoexchangethesilksofChinaforthefursofSiberia；theimperfectrudimentsofcivilizedlifewereobliterated；andthenativefiercenessoftheHunswasexasperatedbytheirintercoursewiththesavagetribes，whowerecompared，withsomepropriety，tothewildbeastsofthedesert。TheirindependentspiritsoonrejectedthehereditarysuccessionoftheTanjous；
andwhileeachhordewasgovernedbyitspeculiarmursa，theirtumultuarycouncildirectedthepublicmeasuresofthewholenation。Aslateasthethirteenthcentury，theirtransientresidenceontheeasternbanksoftheVolgawasattestedbythenameofGreatHungary。^49Inthewinter，theydescendedwiththeirflocksandherdstowardsthemouthofthatmightyriver；
andtheirsummerexcursionsreachedashighasthelatitudeofSaratoff，orperhapstheconfluxoftheKama。SuchatleastweretherecentlimitsoftheblackCalmucks，^50whoremainedaboutacenturyundertheprotectionofRussia；andwhohavesincereturnedtotheirnativeseatsonthefrontiersoftheChineseempire。Themarch，andthereturn，ofthosewanderingTartars，whoseunitedcampconsistsoffiftythousandtentsorfamilies，illustratethedistantemigrationsoftheancientHuns。^51
[Footnote44:Thevariousaccidents，thedownfall，andtheflightoftheHuns，arerelatedintheKang—Mou，tom。iii。p。88，91，95，139，&c。Thesmallnumbersofeachhordemaybeduetotheirlossesanddivisions。]
[Footnote45:M。deGuigneshasskilfullytracedthefootstepsoftheHunsthroughthevastdesertsofTartary，tom。ii。p。123，277，&c。，325，&c。]
[Footnote*:TheArmenianauthorsoftenmentionthispeopleunderthenameofHepthal。St。MartinconsidersthatthenameofNepthalitesisanerrorofacopyist。St。Martin，iv。254。—M。]
[Footnote46:Mohammed，sultanofCarizme，reignedinSogdianawhenitwasinvadedA。D。1218byZingisandhismoguls。TheOrientalhistoriansseeD\'Herbelot，PetitdelaCroix，&c。，
celebratethepopulouscitieswhichheruined，andthefruitfulcountrywhichhedesolated。Inthenextcentury，thesameprovincesofChorasmiaandNawaralnahrweredescribedbyAbulfeda，Hudson，Geograph。Minor。tom。iii。TheiractualmiserymaybeseenintheGenealogicalHistoryoftheTartars，p。
423—469。]
[Footnote47:Justinxli。6hasleftashortabridgmentoftheGreekkingsofBactriana。TotheirindustryIshouldascribethenewandextraordinarytrade，whichtransportedthemerchandisesofIndiaintoEurope，bytheOxus，theCaspian，theCyrus，thePhasis，andtheEuxine。Theotherways，bothofthelandandsea，werepossessedbytheSeleucidesandthePtolemies。Seel\'EspritdesLoix，l。xxi。]
[Footnote48:ProcopiusdeBell。Persico，l。i。c。3，p。9。]
[Footnote49:Inthethirteenthcentury，themonkRubruquiswhotraversedtheimmenseplainofKipzak，inhisjourneytothecourtoftheGreatKhanobservedtheremarkablenameofHungary，withthetracesofacommonlanguageandorigin，Hist。desVoyages，tom。vii。p。269。]
[Footnote50:Bell，vol。i。p。29—34，andtheeditorsoftheGenealogicalHistory，p。539，havedescribedtheCalmucksoftheVolgainthebeginningofthepresentcentury。]
[Footnote51:Thisgreattransmigrationof300，000Calmucks，orTorgouts，happenedintheyear1771。TheoriginalnarrativeofKien—long，thereigningemperorofChina，whichwasintendedfortheinscriptionofacolumn，hasbeentranslatedbythemissionariesofPekin，MemoiressurlaChine，tom。i。p。401—
418。TheemperoraffectsthesmoothandspeciouslanguageoftheSonofHeaven，andtheFatherofhisPeople。]
Itisimpossibletofillthedarkintervaloftime，whichelapsed，aftertheHunsoftheVolgawerelostintheeyesoftheChinese，andbeforetheyshowedthemselvestothoseoftheRomans。Thereissomereason，however，toapprehend，thatthesameforcewhichhaddriventhemfromtheirnativeseats，stillcontinuedtoimpeltheirmarchtowardsthefrontiersofEurope。
ThepoweroftheSienpi，theirimplacableenemies，whichextendedabovethreethousandmilesfromEasttoWest，^52musthavegraduallyoppressedthembytheweightandterrorofaformidableneighborhood；andtheflightofthetribesofScythiawouldinevitablytendtoincreasethestrengthortocontracttheterritories，oftheHuns。Theharshandobscureappellationsofthosetribeswouldoffendtheear，withoutinformingtheunderstanding，ofthereader；butIcannotsuppresstheverynaturalsuspicion，thattheHunsoftheNorthderivedaconsiderablereenforcementfromtheruinofthedynastyoftheSouth，which，inthecourseofthethirdcentury，submittedtothedominionofChina；thatthebravestwarriorsmarchedawayinsearchoftheirfreeandadventurouscountrymen；andthat，astheyhadbeendividedbyprosperity，theywereeasilyreunitedbythecommonhardshipsoftheiradversefortune。^53TheHuns，withtheirflocksandherds，theirwivesandchildren，theirdependentsandallies，weretransportedtothewestoftheVolga，andtheyboldlyadvancedtoinvadethecountryoftheAlani，apastoralpeople，whooccupied，orwasted，anextensivetractofthedesertsofScythia。TheplainsbetweentheVolgaandtheTanaiswerecoveredwiththetentsoftheAlani，buttheirnameandmannerswerediffusedoverthewideextentoftheirconquests；andthepaintedtribesoftheAgathyrsiandGeloniwereconfoundedamongtheirvassals。TowardstheNorth，theypenetratedintothefrozenregionsofSiberia，amongthesavageswhowereaccustomed，intheirrageorhunger，tothetasteofhumanflesh；andtheirSoutherninroadswerepushedasfarastheconfinesofPersiaandIndia。ThemixtureofSamarticandGermanbloodhadcontributedtoimprovethefeaturesoftheAlani，towhitentheirswarthycomplexions，andtotingetheirhairwithayellowishcast，whichisseldomfoundintheTartarrace。Theywerelessdeformedintheirpersons，lessbrutishintheirmanners，thantheHuns；buttheydidnotyieldtothoseformidableBarbariansintheirmartialandindependentspirit；intheloveoffreedom，whichrejectedeventheuseofdomesticslaves；andintheloveofarms，whichconsideredwarandrapineasthepleasureandthegloryofmankind。Anakedcimeter，fixedintheground，wastheonlyobjectoftheirreligiousworship；
thescalpsoftheirenemiesformedthecostlytrappingsoftheirhorses；andtheyviewed，withpityandcontempt，thepusillanimouswarriors，whopatientlyexpectedtheinfirmitiesofage，andthetorturesoflingeringdisease。^54OnthebanksoftheTanais，themilitarypoweroftheHunsandtheAlaniencounteredeachotherwithequalvalor，butwithunequalsuccess。TheHunsprevailedinthebloodycontest；thekingoftheAlaniwasslain；andtheremainsofthevanquishednationweredispersedbytheordinaryalternativeofflightorsubmission。^55AcolonyofexilesfoundasecurerefugeinthemountainsofCaucasus，betweentheEuxineandtheCaspian，wheretheystillpreservetheirnameandtheirindependence。Anothercolonyadvanced，withmoreintrepidcourage，towardstheshoresoftheBaltic；associatedthemselveswiththeNortherntribesofGermany；andsharedthespoiloftheRomanprovincesofGaulandSpain。ButthegreatestpartofthenationoftheAlaniembracedtheoffersofanhonorableandadvantageousunion；andtheHuns，whoesteemedthevaloroftheirlessfortunateenemies，proceeded，withanincreaseofnumbersandconfidence，toinvadethelimitsoftheGothicempire。