iv。，whoaccuratelysurveyedtheChineseTartary；andthathonestandintelligenttraveller，Bell，ofAntermony，twovolumesin4to。Glasgow，1763。
Note:OfthevariousworkspublishedsincethetimeofGibbon，whichthrowfightonthenomadicpopulationofCentralAsia，maybeparticularlyremarkedtheTravelsandDissertationsofPallas；andaboveall，theverycuriousworkofBergman，NomadischeStreifereyen。Riga，1805。—M。]
[Footnote8:TheUzbecksarethemostalteredfromtheirprimitivemanners；1。BytheprofessionoftheMahometanreligion；and2。BythepossessionofthecitiesandharvestsofthegreatBucharia。]
I。Thecorn，oreventherice，whichconstitutestheordinaryandwholesomefoodofacivilizedpeople，canbeobtainedonlybythepatienttoilofthehusbandman。Someofthehappysavages，whodwellbetweenthetropics，areplentifullynourishedbytheliberalityofnature；butintheclimatesoftheNorth，anationofshepherdsisreducedtotheirflocksandherds。Theskilfulpractitionersofthemedicalartwilldetermineiftheyareabletodeterminehowfarthetemperofthehumanmindmaybeaffectedbytheuseofanimal，orofvegetable，food；andwhetherthecommonassociationofcarniverousandcrueldeservestobeconsideredinanyotherlightthanthatofaninnocent，perhapsasalutary，prejudiceofhumanity。^9Yet，ifitbetrue，thatthesentimentofcompassionisimperceptiblyweakenedbythesightandpracticeofdomesticcruelty，wemayobserve，thatthehorridobjectswhicharedisguisedbytheartsofEuropeanrefinement，areexhibitedintheirnakedandmostdisgustingsimplicityinthetentofaTartarianshepherd。Theox，orthesheep，areslaughteredbythesamehandfromwhichtheywereaccustomedtoreceivetheirdailyfood；andthebleedinglimbsareserved，withverylittlepreparation，onthetableoftheirunfeelingmurderer。Inthemilitaryprofession，andespeciallyintheconductofanumerousarmy，theexclusiveuseofanimalfoodappearstobeproductiveofthemostsolidadvantages。Cornisabulkyandperishablecommodity；andthelargemagazines，whichareindispensablynecessaryforthesubsistenceofourtroops，mustbeslowlytransportedbythelaborofmenorhorses。Buttheflocksandherds，whichaccompanythemarchoftheTartars，affordasureandincreasingsupplyoffleshandmilk:inthefargreaterpartoftheuncultivatedwaste，thevegetationofthegrassisquickandluxuriant；andtherearefewplacessoextremelybarren，thatthehardycattleoftheNorthcannotfindsometolerablepasture。
Thesupplyismultipliedandprolongedbytheundistinguishingappetite，andpatientabstinence，oftheTartars。Theyindifferentlyfeedonthefleshofthoseanimalsthathavebeenkilledforthetable，orhavediedofdisease。Horseflesh，whichineveryageandcountryhasbeenproscribedbythecivilizednationsofEuropeandAsia，theydevourwithpeculiargreediness；
andthissingulartastefacilitatesthesuccessoftheirmilitaryoperations。TheactivecavalryofScythiaisalwaysfollowed，intheirmostdistantandrapidincursions，byanadequatenumberofsparehorses，whomaybeoccasionallyused，eithertoredoublethespeed，ortosatisfythehunger，oftheBarbarians。Manyaretheresourcesofcourageandpoverty。WhentheforageroundacampofTartarsisalmostconsumed，theyslaughterthegreatestpartoftheircattle，andpreservetheflesh，eithersmoked，ordriedinthesun。Onthesuddenemergencyofahastymarch，theyprovidethemselveswithasufficientquantityoflittleballsofcheese，orratherofhardcurd，whichtheyoccasionallydissolveinwater；andthisunsubstantialdietwillsupport，formanydays，thelife，andeventhespirits，ofthepatientwarrior。
Butthisextraordinaryabstinence，whichtheStoicwouldapprove，andthehermitmightenvy，iscommonlysucceededbythemostvoraciousindulgenceofappetite。Thewinesofahappierclimatearethemostgratefulpresent，orthemostvaluablecommodity，thatcanbeofferedtotheTartars；andtheonlyexampleoftheirindustryseemstoconsistintheartofextractingfrommare\'smilkafermentedliquor，whichpossessesaverystrongpowerofintoxication。Liketheanimalsofprey，thesavages，bothoftheoldandnewworld，experiencethealternatevicissitudesoffamineandplenty；andtheirstomachisinuredtosustain，withoutmuchinconvenience，theoppositeextremesofhungerandofintemperance。
[Footnote9:Ilestcertainquelesgrandsmangeursdeviandesontengeneralcruelsetferocesplusquelesautreshommes。
Cetteobservationestdetousleslieux，etdetouslestemps:labarbarieAngloiseestconnue，&c。EmiledeRousseau，tom。i。p。
274。Whateverwemaythinkofthegeneralobservation，weshallnoteasilyallowthetruthofhisexample。Thegood—naturedcomplaintsofPlutarch，andthepatheticlamentationsofOvid，seduceourreason，byexcitingoursensibility。]
II。Intheagesofrusticandmartialsimplicity，apeopleofsoldiersandhusbandmenaredispersedoverthefaceofanextensiveandcultivatedcountry；andsometimemustelapsebeforethewarlikeyouthofGreeceorItalycouldbeassembledunderthesamestandard，eithertodefendtheirownconfines，ortoinvadetheterritoriesoftheadjacenttribes。Theprogressofmanufacturesandcommerceinsensiblycollectsalargemultitudewithinthewallsofacity:butthesecitizensarenolongersoldiers；andtheartswhichadornandimprovethestateofcivilsociety，corruptthehabitsofthemilitarylife。ThepastoralmannersoftheScythiansseemtounitethedifferentadvantagesofsimplicityandrefinement。Theindividualsofthesametribeareconstantlyassembled，buttheyareassembledinacamp；andthenativespiritofthesedauntlessshepherdsisanimatedbymutualsupportandemulation。ThehousesoftheTartarsarenomorethansmalltents，ofanovalform，whichaffordacoldanddirtyhabitation，forthepromiscuousyouthofbothsexes。Thepalacesoftherichconsistofwoodenhuts，ofsuchasizethattheymaybeconvenientlyfixedonlargewagons，anddrawnbyateamperhapsoftwentyorthirtyoxen。Theflocksandherds，aftergrazingalldayintheadjacentpastures，retire，ontheapproachofnight，withintheprotectionofthecamp。Thenecessityofpreventingthemostmischievousconfusion，insuchaperpetualconcourseofmenandanimals，mustgraduallyintroduce，inthedistribution，theorder，andtheguard，oftheencampment，therudimentsofthemilitaryart。Assoonastheforageofacertaindistrictisconsumed，thetribe，orratherarmy，ofshepherds，makesaregularmarchtosomefreshpastures；andthusacquires，intheordinaryoccupationsofthepastorallife，thepracticalknowledgeofoneofthemostimportantanddifficultoperationsofwar。Thechoiceofstationsisregulatedbythedifferenceoftheseasons:inthesummer，theTartarsadvancetowardstheNorth，andpitchtheirtentsonthebanksofariver，or，atleast，intheneighborhoodofarunningstream。Butinthewinter，theyreturntotheSouth，andsheltertheircamp，behindsomeconvenienteminence，againstthewinds，whicharechilledintheirpassageoverthebleakandicyregionsofSiberia。Thesemannersareadmirablyadaptedtodiffuse，amongthewanderingtribes，thespiritofemigrationandconquest。Theconnectionbetweenthepeopleandtheirterritoryisofsofrailatexture，thatitmaybebrokenbytheslightestaccident。Thecamp，andnotthesoil，isthenativecountryofthegenuineTartar。Withintheprecinctsofthatcamp，hisfamily，hiscompanions，hisproperty，arealwaysincluded；and，inthemostdistantmarches，heisstillsurroundedbytheobjectswhicharedear，orvaluable，orfamiliarinhiseyes。Thethirstofrapine，thefear，ortheresentmentofinjury，theimpatienceofservitude，have，ineveryage，beensufficientcausestourgethetribesofScythiaboldlytoadvanceintosomeunknowncountries，wheretheymighthopetofindamoreplentifulsubsistenceoralessformidableenemy。
TherevolutionsoftheNorthhavefrequentlydeterminedthefateoftheSouth；andintheconflictofhostilenations，thevictorandthevanquishedhavealternatelydrove，andbeendriven，fromtheconfinesofChinatothoseofGermany。^10Thesegreatemigrations，whichhavebeensometimesexecutedwithalmostincrediblediligence，wererenderedmoreeasybythepeculiarnatureoftheclimate。ItiswellknownthatthecoldofTartaryismuchmoreseverethaninthemidstofthetemperatezonemightreasonablybeexpected；thisuncommonrigorisattributedtotheheightoftheplains，whichrise，especiallytowardstheEast，morethanhalfamileabovethelevelofthesea；andtothequantityofsaltpetrewithwhichthesoilisdeeplyimpregnated。
^11Inthewinterseason，thebroadandrapidrivers，thatdischargetheirwatersintotheEuxine，theCaspian，ortheIcySea，arestronglyfrozen；thefieldsarecoveredwithabedofsnow；andthefugitive，orvictorious，tribesmaysecurelytraverse，withtheirfamilies，theirwagons，andtheircattle，thesmoothandhardsurfaceofanimmenseplain。
[Footnote10:TheseTartaremigrationshavebeendiscoveredbyM。
deGuignesHistoiredesHuns，tom。i。ii。askilfulandlaboriousinterpreteroftheChineselanguage；whohasthuslaidopennewandimportantscenesinthehistoryofmankind。]
[Footnote11:AplainintheChineseTartary，onlyeightyleaguesfromthegreatwall，wasfoundbythemissionariestobethreethousandgeometricalpacesabovethelevelofthesea。
Montesquieu，whohasused，andabused，therelationsoftravellers，deducestherevolutionsofAsiafromthisimportantcircumstance，thatheatandcold，weaknessandstrength，toucheachotherwithoutanytemperatezone，EspritdesLoix，l。xvii。
c。3。]
III。Thepastorallife，comparedwiththelaborsofagricultureandmanufactures，isundoubtedlyalifeofidleness；
andasthemosthonorableshepherdsoftheTartarracedevolveontheircaptivesthedomesticmanagementofthecattle，theirownleisureisseldomdisturbedbyanyservileandassiduouscares。
Butthisleisure，insteadofbeingdevotedtothesoftenjoymentsofloveandharmony，isusefullyspentintheviolentandsanguinaryexerciseofthechase。TheplainsofTartaryarefilledwithastrongandserviceablebreedofhorses，whichareeasilytrainedforthepurposesofwarandhunting。TheScythiansofeveryagehavebeencelebratedasboldandskilfulriders；andconstantpracticehadseatedthemsofirmlyonhorseback，thattheyweresupposedbystrangerstoperformtheordinarydutiesofcivillife，toeat，todrink，andeventosleep，withoutdismountingfromtheirsteeds。Theyexcelinthedexterousmanagementofthelance；thelongTartarbowisdrawnwithanervousarm；andtheweightyarrowisdirectedtoitsobjectwithunerringaimandirresistibleforce。Thesearrowsareoftenpointedagainsttheharmlessanimalsofthedesert，whichincreaseandmultiplyintheabsenceoftheirmostformidableenemy；thehare，thegoat，theroebuck，thefallow—deer，thestag，theelk，andtheantelope。Thevigorandpatience，bothofthemenandhorses，arecontinuallyexercisedbythefatiguesofthechase；andtheplentifulsupplyofgamecontributestothesubsistence，andevenluxury，ofaTartarcamp。ButtheexploitsofthehuntersofScythiaarenotconfinedtothedestructionoftimidorinnoxiousbeasts；theyboldlyencountertheangrywildboar，whenheturnsagainsthispursuers，excitethesluggishcourageofthebear，andprovokethefuryofthetiger，asheslumbersinthethicket。Wherethereisdanger，theremaybeglory；andthemodeofhunting，whichopensthefairestfieldtotheexertionsofvalor，mayjustlybeconsideredastheimage，andastheschool，ofwar。Thegeneralhuntingmatches，theprideanddelightoftheTartarprinces，composeaninstructiveexercisefortheirnumerouscavalry。Acircleisdrawn，ofmanymilesincircumference，toencompassthegameofanextensivedistrict；andthetroopsthatformthecircleregularlyadvancetowardsacommoncentre；wherethecaptiveanimals，surroundedoneveryside，areabandonedtothedartsofthehunters。Inthismarch，whichfrequentlycontinuesmanydays，thecavalryareobligedtoclimbthehills，toswimtherivers，andtowindthroughthevalleys，withoutinterruptingtheprescribedorderoftheirgradualprogress。
Theyacquirethehabitofdirectingtheireye，andtheirsteps，toaremoteobject；ofpreservingtheirintervalsofsuspendingoracceleratingtheirpace，accordingtothemotionsofthetroopsontheirrightandleft；andofwatchingandrepeatingthesignalsoftheirleaders。Theirleadersstudy，inthispracticalschool，themostimportantlessonofthemilitaryart；thepromptandaccuratejudgmentofground，ofdistance，andoftime。Toemployagainstahumanenemythesamepatienceandvalor，thesameskillanddiscipline，istheonlyalterationwhichisrequiredinrealwar；andtheamusementsofthechaseserveasapreludetotheconquestofanempire。^12
[Footnote12:PetitdelaCroixViedeGengiscan，l。iii。c。6
representsthefullgloryandextentoftheMogulchase。TheJesuitsGerbillonandVerbiestfollowedtheemperorKhamhiwhenhehuntedinTartary，Duhalde，DescriptiondelaChine，tom。iv。
p。81，290，&c。，folioedit。Hisgrandson，Kienlong，whounitestheTartardisciplinewiththelawsandlearningofChina，describesElogedeMoukden，p。273—285asapoetthepleasureswhichhehadoftenenjoyedasasportsman。]
ThepoliticalsocietyoftheancientGermanshastheappearanceofavoluntaryallianceofindependentwarriors。ThetribesofScythia，distinguishedbythemodernappellationofHords，assumetheformofanumerousandincreasingfamily；
which，inthecourseofsuccessivegenerations，hasbeenpropagatedfromthesameoriginalstock。Themeanest，andmostignorant，oftheTartars，preserve，withconsciouspride，theinestimabletreasureoftheirgenealogy；andwhateverdistinctionsofrankmayhavebeenintroduced，bytheunequaldistributionofpastoralwealth，theymutuallyrespectthemselves，andeachother，asthedescendantsofthefirstfounderofthetribe。Thecustom，whichstillprevails，ofadoptingthebravestandmostfaithfulofthecaptives，maycountenancetheveryprobablesuspicion，thatthisextensiveconsanguinityis，inagreatmeasure，legalandfictitious。Buttheusefulprejudice，whichhasobtainedthesanctionoftimeandopinion，producestheeffectsoftruth；thehaughtyBarbariansyieldacheerfulandvoluntaryobediencetotheheadoftheirblood；andtheirchief，ormursa，astherepresentativeoftheirgreatfather，exercisestheauthorityofajudgeinpeace，andofaleaderinwar。Intheoriginalstateofthepastoralworld，eachofthemursasifwemaycontinuetouseamodernappellationactedastheindependentchiefofalargeandseparatefamily；andthelimitsoftheirpeculiarterritoriesweregraduallyfixedbysuperiorforce，ormutualconsent。ButtheconstantoperationofvariousandpermanentcausescontributedtounitethevagrantHordsintonationalcommunities，underthecommandofasupremehead。Theweakweredesirousofsupport，andthestrongwereambitiousofdominion；thepower，whichistheresultofunion，oppressedandcollectedthedividedforceoftheadjacenttribes；and，asthevanquishedwerefreelyadmittedtosharetheadvantagesofvictory，themostvaliantchiefshastenedtorangethemselvesandtheirfollowersundertheformidablestandardofaconfederatenation。ThemostsuccessfuloftheTartarprincesassumedthemilitarycommand，towhichhewasentitledbythesuperiority，eitherofmeritorofpower。Hewasraisedtothethronebytheacclamationsofhisequals；andthetitleofKhanexpresses，inthelanguageoftheNorthofAsia，thefullextentoftheregaldignity。Therightofhereditarysuccessionwaslongconfinedtothebloodofthefounderofthemonarchy；andatthismomentalltheKhans，whoreignfromCrimeatothewallofChina，arethelinealdescendantsoftherenownedZingis。^13But，asitistheindispensabledutyofaTartarsovereigntoleadhiswarlikesubjectsintothefield，theclaimsofaninfantareoftendisregarded；andsomeroyalkinsman，distinguishedbyhisageandvalor，isintrustedwiththeswordandsceptreofhispredecessor。Twodistinctandregulartaxesareleviedonthetribes，tosupportthedignityofthenationalmonarch，andoftheirpeculiarchief；andeachofthosecontributionsamountstothetithe，bothoftheirproperty，andoftheirspoil。ATartarsovereignenjoysthetenthpartofthewealthofhispeople；andashisowndomesticrichesofflocksandherdsincreaseinamuchlargerproportion，heisableplentifullytomaintaintherusticsplendorofhiscourt，torewardthemostdeserving，orthemostfavoredofhisfollowers，andtoobtain，fromthegentleinfluenceofcorruption，theobediencewhichmightbesometimesrefusedtothesternmandatesofauthority。Themannersofhissubjects，accustomed，likehimself，tobloodandrapine，mightexcuse，intheireyes，suchpartialactsoftyranny，aswouldexcitethehorrorofacivilizedpeople；butthepowerofadespothasneverbeenacknowledgedinthedesertsofScythia。
Theimmediatejurisdictionofthekhanisconfinedwithinthelimitsofhisowntribe；andtheexerciseofhisroyalprerogativehasbeenmoderatedbytheancientinstitutionofanationalcouncil。TheCoroulai，^14orDiet，oftheTartars，wasregularlyheldinthespringandautumn，inthemidstofaplain；
wheretheprincesofthereigningfamily，andthemursasoftherespectivetribes，mayconvenientlyassembleonhorseback，withtheirmartialandnumeroustrains；andtheambitiousmonarch，whoreviewedthestrength，mustconsulttheinclinationofanarmedpeople。TherudimentsofafeudalgovernmentmaybediscoveredintheconstitutionoftheScythianorTartarnations；buttheperpetualconflictofthosehostilenationshassometimesterminatedintheestablishmentofapowerfulanddespoticempire。Thevictor，enrichedbythetribute，andfortifiedbythearmsofdependentkings，hasspreadhisconquestsoverEuropeorAsia:thesuccessfulshepherdsoftheNorthhavesubmittedtotheconfinementofarts，oflaws，andofcities；andtheintroductionofluxury，afterdestroyingthefreedomofthepeople，hasunderminedthefoundationsofthethrone。^15
[Footnote13:SeethesecondvolumeoftheGenealogicalHistoryoftheTartars；andthelistoftheKhans，attheendofthelifeofGeng\'s，orZingis。UnderthereignofTimur，orTamerlane，oneofhissubjects，adescendantofZingis，stillboretheregalappellationofKhanandtheconquerorofAsiacontentedhimselfwiththetitleofEmirorSultan。Abulghazi，partv。c。4。
D\'Herbelot，BibliothequeOrientale，p。878。]
[Footnote14:SeetheDietsoftheancientHuns，DeGuignes，tom。ii。p。26，andacuriousdescriptionofthoseofZingis，ViedeGengiscan，l。i。c。6，l。iv。c。11。SuchassembliesarefrequentlymentionedinthePersianhistoryofTimur；thoughtheyservedonlytocountenancetheresolutionsoftheirmaster。]
[Footnote15:Montesquieulaborstoexplainadifference，whichhasnotexisted，betweenthelibertyoftheArabs，andtheperpetualslaveryoftheTartars。EspritdesLoix，l。xvii。c。
5，l。xviii。c。19，&c。]