[Footnote*:Julianhimselfsays，thattheytorehimtopieceslikedogs，Epist。x。—M。]
[Footnote121:Philostorgius，withcautiousmalice，insinuatestheirguilt，l。vii。c。ii。Godefroyp。267。]
[Footnote122:Cineresprojecitinmare，idmetuensutclamabat，ne，collectissupremis，aedesillisexstruerenturutreliquis，quideviareareligionecompulsi，pertulere，cruciabilespoenas，adusquegloriosammortemintemeratafideprogressi，etnuncMartyresappellantur。Ammian。xxii。11。EpiphaniusprovestotheArians，thatGeorgewasnotamartyr。]
[Footnote123:SomeDonatistsOptatusMilev。p。60，303，edit。
Dupin；andTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。vi。p。713，in4to。andPriscillianistsTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。viii。p。517，in4to。haveinlikemannerusurpedthehonorsoftheCatholicsaintsandmartyrs。]
[Footnote124:ThesaintsofCappadocia，Basil，andtheGregories，wereignorantoftheirholycompanion。PopeGelasius，A。D。494，thefirstCatholicwhoacknowledgesSt。George，placeshimamongthemartyrs\"quiDeomagisquamhominibusnotisunt。\"HerejectshisActsasthecompositionofheretics。Some，perhaps，nottheoldest，ofthespuriousActs，arestillextant；
and，throughacloudoffiction，wemayyetdistinguishthecombatwhichSt。GeorgeofCappadociasustained，inthepresenceofQueenAlexandria，againstthemagicianAfhanasius。]
[Footnote125:Thistransformationisnotgivenasabsolutelycertain，butasextremelyprobable。SeetheLongueruana，tom。i。
p。194。
Note:ThelateDr。MilnertheRomanCatholicbishopwroteatracttovindicatetheexistenceandtheorthodoxyofthetutelarsaintofEngland。Hesucceeds，Ithink，intracingtheworshipofSt。GeorgeuptoaperiodwhichmakesitimprobablethatsonotoriousanAriancouldbepalmedupontheCatholicchurchasasaintandamartyr。TheActsrejectedbyGelasiusmayhavebeenofArianorigin，anddesignedtoingraftthestoryoftheirheroontheobscureadventuresofsomeearliersaint。
SeeanHistoricalandCriticalInquiryintotheExistenceandCharacterofSaintGeorge，inalettertotheEarlofLeicester，bytheRev。J。Milner。F。S。A。London1792。—M。]
[Footnote126:AcurioushistoryoftheworshipofSt。George，fromthesixthcentury，whenhewasalreadyreveredinPalestine，inArmeniaatRome，andatTrevesinGaul，mightbeextractedfromDr。HeylinHistoryofSt。George，2dedition，London，1633，in4to。p。429andtheBollandists，Act。Ss。
Mens。April。tom。iii。p。100—163。HisfameandpopularityinEurope，andespeciallyinEngland，proceededfromtheCrusades。]
AboutthesametimethatJulianwasinformedofthetumultofAlexandria，hereceivedintelligencefromEdessa，thattheproudandwealthyfactionoftheArianshadinsultedtheweaknessoftheValentinians，andcommittedsuchdisordersasoughtnottobesufferedwithimpunityinawell—regulatedstate。Withoutexpectingtheslowformsofjustice，theexasperatedprincedirectedhismandatetothemagistratesofEdessa，^127bywhichheconfiscatedthewholepropertyofthechurch:themoneywasdistributedamongthesoldiers；thelandswereaddedtothedomain；andthisactofoppressionwasaggravatedbythemostungenerousirony。\"Ishowmyself，\"saysJulian，\"thetruefriendoftheGalilaeans。Theiradmirablelawhaspromisedthekingdomofheaventothepoor；andtheywilladvancewithmorediligenceinthepathsofvirtueandsalvation，whentheyarerelievedbymyassistancefromtheloadoftemporalpossessions。Takecare，\"
pursuedthemonarch，inamoreserioustone，\"takecarehowyouprovokemypatienceandhumanity。Ifthesedisorderscontinue，I
willrevengeonthemagistratesthecrimesofthepeople；andyouwillhavereasontodread，notonlyconfiscationandexile，butfireandthesword。\"ThetumultsofAlexandriaweredoubtlessofamorebloodyanddangerousnature:butaChristianbishophadfallenbythehandsofthePagans；andthepublicepistleofJulianaffordsaverylivelyproofofthepartialspiritofhisadministration。HisreproachestothecitizensofAlexandriaaremingledwithexpressionsofesteemandtenderness；andhelaments，that，onthisoccasion，theyshouldhavedepartedfromthegentleandgenerousmannerswhichattestedtheirGrecianextraction。Hegravelycensurestheoffencewhichtheyhadcommittedagainstthelawsofjusticeandhumanity；butherecapitulates，withvisiblecomplacency，theintolerableprovocationswhichtheyhadsolongenduredfromtheimpioustyrannyofGeorgeofCappadocia。Julianadmitstheprinciple，thatawiseandvigorousgovernmentshouldchastisetheinsolenceofthepeople；yet，inconsiderationoftheirfounderAlexander，andofSerapistheirtutelardeity，hegrantsafreeandgraciouspardontotheguiltycity，forwhichheagainfeelstheaffectionofabrother。^128
[Footnote127:Julian。Epist。xliii。]
[Footnote128:Julian。Epist。x。HeallowedhisfriendstoassuagehisangerAmmian。xxii。11。]
AfterthetumultofAlexandriahadsubsided，Athanasius，amidstthepublicacclamations，seatedhimselfonthethronefromwhencehisunworthycompetitorhadbeenprecipitated:andasthezealofthearchbishopwastemperedwithdiscretion，theexerciseofhisauthoritytendednottoinflame，buttoreconcile，themindsofthepeople。HispastorallaborswerenotconfinedtothenarrowlimitsofEgypt。ThestateoftheChristianworldwaspresenttohisactiveandcapaciousmind；andtheage，themerit，thereputationofAthanasius，enabledhimtoassume，inamomentofdanger，theofficeofEcclesiasticalDictator。^129ThreeyearswerenotyetelapsedsincethemajorityofthebishopsoftheWesthadignorantly，orreluctantly，subscribedtheConfessionofRimini。Theyrepented，theybelieved，buttheydreadedtheunseasonablerigoroftheirorthodoxbrethren；andiftheirpridewasstrongerthantheirfaith，theymightthrowthemselvesintothearmsoftheArians，toescapetheindignityofapublicpenance，whichmustdegradethemtotheconditionofobscurelaymen。Atthesametimethedomesticdifferencesconcerningtheunionanddistinctionofthedivinepersons，wereagitatedwithsomeheatamongtheCatholicdoctors；andtheprogressofthismetaphysicalcontroversyseemedtothreatenapublicandlastingdivisionoftheGreekandLatinchurches。Bythewisdomofaselectsynod，towhichthenameandpresenceofAthanasiusgavetheauthorityofageneralcouncil，thebishops，whohadunwarilydeviatedintoerror，wereadmittedtothecommunionofthechurch，ontheeasyconditionofsubscribingtheNiceneCreed；withoutanyformalacknowledgmentoftheirpastfault，oranyminutedefinitionoftheirscholasticopinions。
TheadviceoftheprimateofEgypthadalreadypreparedtheclergyofGaulandSpain，ofItalyandGreece，forthereceptionofthissalutarymeasure；and，notwithstandingtheoppositionofsomeardentspirits，^130thefearofthecommonenemypromotedthepeaceandharmonyoftheChristians。^131
[Footnote129:SeeAthanas。adRufin。tom。ii。p。40，41，andGreg。NazianzenOrat。iii。p。395，396；whojustlystatesthetemperatezealoftheprimate，asmuchmoremeritoriousthanhisprayers，hisfasts，hispersecutions，&c。]
[Footnote130:IhavenotleisuretofollowtheblindobstinacyofLuciferofCagliari。SeehisadventuresinTillemont，Mem。
Eccles。tom。vii。p。900—926；andobservehowthecolorofthenarrativeinsensiblychanges，astheconfessorbecomesaschismatic。]
[Footnote131:AssensusesthuicsententiaeOccidens，et，pertamnecessariumconilium，Satanaefaucibusmundusereptus。ThelivelyandartfuldialogueofJeromagainsttheLuciferianstom。
ii。p。135—155exhibitsanoriginalpictureoftheecclesiasticalpolicyofthetimes。]
TheskillanddiligenceoftheprimateofEgypthadimprovedtheseasonoftranquillity，beforeitwasinterruptedbythehostileedictsoftheemperor。^132Julian，whodespisedtheChristians，honoredAthanasiuswithhissincereandpeculiarhatred。Forhissakealone，heintroducedanarbitrarydistinction，repugnantatleasttothespiritofhisformerdeclarations。Hemaintained，thattheGalilaeans，whomhehadrecalledfromexile，werenotrestored，bythatgeneralindulgence，tothepossessionoftheirrespectivechurches；andheexpressedhisastonishment，thatacriminal，whohadbeenrepeatedlycondemnedbythejudgmentoftheemperors，shoulddaretoinsultthemajestyofthelaws，andinsolentlyusurpthearchiepiscopalthroneofAlexandria，withoutexpectingtheordersofhissovereign。Asapunishmentfortheimaginaryoffence，heagainbanishedAthanasiusfromthecity；andhewaspleasedtosuppose，thatthisactofjusticewouldbehighlyagreeabletohispioussubjects。Thepressingsolicitationsofthepeoplesoonconvincedhim，thatthemajorityoftheAlexandrianswereChristians；andthatthegreatestpartoftheChristianswerefirmlyattachedtothecauseoftheiroppressedprimate。Buttheknowledgeoftheirsentiments，insteadofpersuadinghimtorecallhisdecree，provokedhimtoextendtoallEgyptthetermoftheexileofAthanasius。ThezealofthemultituderenderedJulianstillmoreinexorable:hewasalarmedbythedangerofleavingattheheadofatumultuouscity，adaringandpopularleader；andthelanguageofhisresentmentdiscoverstheopinionwhichheentertainedofthecourageandabilitiesofAthanasius。
Theexecutionofthesentencewasstilldelayed，bythecautionornegligenceofEcdicius，praefectofEgypt，whowasatlengthawakenedfromhislethargybyaseverereprimand。\"Thoughyouneglect，\"saysJulian，\"towritetomeonanyothersubject，atleastitisyourdutytoinformmeofyourconducttowardsAthanasius，theenemyofthegods。Myintentionshavebeenlongsincecommunicatedtoyou。IswearbythegreatSerapis，thatunless，onthecalendsofDecember，AthanasiushasdepartedfromAlexandria，nay，fromEgypt，theofficersofyourgovernmentshallpayafineofonehundredpoundsofgold。Youknowmytemper:Iamslowtocondemn，butIamstillslowertoforgive。\"
Thisepistlewasenforcedbyashortpostscript，writtenwiththeemperor\'sownhand。\"Thecontemptthatisshownforallthegodsfillsmewithgriefandindignation。ThereisnothingthatI
shouldsee，nothingthatIshouldhear，withmorepleasure，thantheexpulsionofAthanasiusfromallEgypt。Theabominablewretch!Undermyreign，thebaptismofseveralGrecianladiesofthehighestrankhasbeentheeffectofhispersecutions。\"^133
ThedeathofAthanasiuswasnotexpresslycommanded；butthepraefectofEgyptunderstoodthatitwassaferforhimtoexceed，thantoneglect，theordersofanirritatedmaster。ThearchbishopprudentlyretiredtothemonasteriesoftheDesert；
eluded，withhisusualdexterity，thesnaresoftheenemy；andlivedtotriumphovertheashesofaprince，who，inwordsofformidableimport，haddeclaredhiswishthatthewholevenomoftheGalilaeanschoolwerecontainedinthesinglepersonofAthanasius。^134
[Footnote132:Tillemont，whosupposesthatGeorgewasmassacredinAugustcrowdstheactionsofAthanasiusintoanarrowspace，Mem。Eccles。tom。viii。p。360。Anoriginalfragment，publishedbytheMarquisMaffei，fromtheoldChapterlibraryofVerona，OsservazioniLetterarie，tom。iii。p。60—92，affordsmanyimportantdates，whichareauthenticatedbythecomputationofEgyptianmonths。]
[Footnote133:Ihavepreservedtheambiguoussenseofthelastword，theambiguityofatyrantwhowishedtofind，ortocreate，guilt。]
[Footnote134:ThethreeepistlesofJulian，whichexplainhisintentionsandconductwithregardtoAthanasius，shouldbedisposedinthefollowingchronologicalorder，xxvi。x。vi。*Seelikewise，Greg。Nazianzenxxi。p。393。Sozomen，l。v。c。15。
Socrates，l。iii。c。14。Theodoret，liii。c。9，andTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。viii。p。361—368，whohasusedsomematerialspreparedbytheBollandists。]
[Footnote*:ThesentenceinthetextisfromEpist。li。
addressedtothepeopleofAlexandria。—M。]
IhaveendeavoredfaithfullytorepresenttheartfulsystembywhichJulianproposedtoobtaintheeffects，withoutincurringtheguilt，orreproach，ofpersecution。Butifthedeadlyspiritoffanaticismpervertedtheheartandunderstandingofavirtuousprince，itmust，atthesametime，beconfessedthattherealsufferingsoftheChristianswereinflamedandmagnifiedbyhumanpassionsandreligiousenthusiasm。Themeeknessandresignationwhichhaddistinguishedtheprimitivedisciplesofthegospel，wastheobjectoftheapplause，ratherthanoftheimitationoftheirsuccessors。TheChristians，whohadnowpossessedabovefortyyearsthecivilandecclesiasticalgovernmentoftheempire，hadcontractedtheinsolentvicesofprosperity，^135andthehabitofbelievingthatthesaintsalonewereentitledtoreignovertheearth。AssoonastheenmityofJuliandeprivedtheclergyoftheprivilegeswhichhadbeenconferredbythefavorofConstantine，theycomplainedofthemostcrueloppression；andthefreetolerationofidolatersandhereticswasasubjectofgriefandscandaltotheorthodoxparty。^136Theactsofviolence，whichwerenolongercountenancedbythemagistrates，werestillcommittedbythezealofthepeople。AtPessinus，thealtarofCybelewasoverturnedalmostinthepresenceoftheemperor；andinthecityofCaesareainCappadocia，thetempleofFortune，thesoleplaceofworshipwhichhadbeenlefttothePagans，wasdestroyedbytherageofapopulartumult。Ontheseoccasions，aprince，whofeltforthehonorofthegods，wasnotdisposedtointerruptthecourseofjustice；andhismindwasstillmoredeeplyexasperated，whenhefoundthatthefanatics，whohaddeservedandsufferedthepunishmentofincendiaries，wererewardedwiththehonorsofmartyrdom。^137TheChristiansubjectsofJulianwereassuredofthehostiledesignsoftheirsovereign；and，totheirjealousapprehension，everycircumstanceofhisgovernmentmightaffordsomegroundsofdiscontentandsuspicion。Intheordinaryadministrationofthelaws，theChristians，whoformedsolargeapartofthepeople，mustfrequentlybecondemned:buttheirindulgentbrethren，withoutexaminingthemeritsofthecause，presumedtheirinnocence，allowedtheirclaims，andimputedtheseverityoftheirjudgetothepartialmaliceofreligiouspersecution。^138Thesepresenthardships，intolerableastheymightappear，wererepresentedasaslightpreludeoftheimpendingcalamities。TheChristiansconsideredJulianasacruelandcraftytyrant；whosuspendedtheexecutionofhisrevengetillheshouldreturnvictoriousfromthePersianwar。
Theyexpected，thatassoonashehadtriumphedovertheforeignenemiesofRome，hewouldlayasidetheirksomemaskofdissimulation；thattheamphitheatrewouldstreamwiththebloodofhermitsandbishops；andthattheChristianswhostillperseveredintheprofessionofthefaith，wouldbedeprivedofthecommonbenefitsofnatureandsociety。^139Everycalumny^140thatcouldwoundthereputationoftheApostate，wascredulouslyembracedbythefearsandhatredofhisadversaries；
andtheirindiscreetclamorsprovokedthetemperofasovereign，whomitwastheirdutytorespect，andtheirinteresttoflatter。
Theystillprotested，thatprayersandtearsweretheironlyweaponsagainsttheimpioustyrant，whoseheadtheydevotedtothejusticeofoffendedHeaven。Buttheyinsinuated，withsullenresolution，thattheirsubmissionwasnolongertheeffectofweakness；andthat，intheimperfectstateofhumanvirtue，thepatience，whichisfoundedonprinciple，maybeexhaustedbypersecution。ItisimpossibletodeterminehowfarthezealofJulianwouldhaveprevailedoverhisgoodsenseandhumanity；butifweseriouslyreflectonthestrengthandspiritofthechurch，weshallbeconvinced，thatbeforetheemperorcouldhaveextinguishedthereligionofChrist，hemusthaveinvolvedhiscountryinthehorrorsofacivilwar。^141
[Footnote135:SeethefairconfessionofGregory，Orat。iii。p。
61，62。]
[Footnote136:HearthefuriousandabsurdcomplaintofOptatus，deSchismatDenatist。l。ii。c。16，17。]
[Footnote137:Greg。Nazianzen，Orat。iii。p。91，iv。p。133。HepraisestheriotersofCaesarea。SeeSozomen，l。v。4，11。
TillemontMem。Eccles。tom。vii。p。649，650owns，thattheirbehaviorwasnotdansl\'ordrecommun:butheisperfectlysatisfied，asthegreatSt。Basilalwayscelebratedthefestivaloftheseblessedmartyrs。]
[Footnote138:JuliandeterminedalawsuitagainstthenewChristiancityatMaiuma，theportofGaza；andhissentence，thoughitmightbeimputedtobigotry，wasneverreversedbyhissuccessors。Sozomen，l。v。c。3。Reland，Palestin。tom。ii。p。
791。]
[Footnote139:GregoryOrat。iii。p。93，94，95。Orat。iv。p。
114pretendstospeakfromtheinformationofJulian\'sconfidants，whomOrosiusvii。30couldnothaveseen。]
[Footnote140:GregoryOrat。iii。p。91chargestheApostatewithsecretsacrificesofboysandgirls；andpositivelyaffirms，thatthedeadbodieswerethrownintotheOrontes。SeeTheodoret，l。iii。c。26，27；andtheequivocalcandoroftheAbbedelaBleterie，ViedeJulien，p。351，352。YetcontemporarymalicecouldnotimputetoJulianthetroopsofmartyrs，moreespeciallyintheWest，whichBaroniussogreedilyswallows，andTillemontsofaintlyrejects，Mem。Eccles。tom。vii。p。
1295—1315。]
[Footnote141:TheresignationofGregoryistrulyedifying，Orat。iv。p。123，124。Yet，whenanofficerofJulianattemptedtoseizethechurchofNazianzus，hewouldhavelosthislife，ifhehadnotyieldedtothezealofthebishopandpeople，Orat。
xix。p。308。SeethereflectionsofChrysostom，astheyareallegedbyTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。vii。p。575。]
ChapterXXIV:TheRetreatAndDeathOfJulian。