Wesseling，Itineraria，p。188，andNoris。EpochSyro—Macedon，p。
80，481，482。]
[Footnote99:Sozomen，l。v。c。10。Itissurprising，thatGregoryandTheodoretshouldsuppressacircumstance，which，intheireyes，musthaveenhancedthereligiousmeritoftheconfessor。]
[Footnote100:ThesufferingsandconstancyofMark，whichGregoryhassotragicallypainted，Orat。iii。p。88—91，areconfirmedbytheunexceptionableandreluctantevidenceofLibanius。Epist。730，p。350，351。Edit。Wolf。Amstel。1738。]
[Footnote101:CertatimeumsibiChristianivindicant。ItisthusthatLaCrozeandWolfiusadloc。haveexplainedaGreekword，whosetruesignificationhadbeenmistakenbyformerinterpreters，andevenbyLeClerc，BibliothequeAncienneetModerne，tom。iii。p。371。YetTillemontisstrangelypuzzledtounderstandMem。Eccles。tom。vii。p。1390howGregoryandTheodoretcouldmistakeaSemi—Arianbishopforasaint。]
[Footnote102:SeetheprobableadviceofSallust，Greg。
Nazianzen，Orat。iii。p。90，91。Libaniusintercedesforasimilaroffender，lesttheyshouldfindmanyMarks；yetheallows，thatifOrionhadsecretedtheconsecratedwealth，hedeservedtosufferthepunishmentofMarsyas；tobeflayedalive，Epist。730，p。349—351。]
[Footnote103:GregoryOrat。iii。p。90issatisfiedthat，bysavingtheapostate，Markhaddeservedstillmorethanhehadsuffered。]
AtthedistanceoffivemilesfromAntioch，theMacedoniankingsofSyriahadconsecratedtoApollooneofthemostelegantplacesofdevotioninthePaganworld。^104Amagnificenttempleroseinhonorofthegodoflight；andhiscolossalfigure^105
almostfilledthecapacioussanctuary，whichwasenrichedwithgoldandgems，andadornedbytheskilloftheGrecianartists。
Thedeitywasrepresentedinabendingattitude，withagoldencupinhishand，pouringoutalibationontheearth；asifhesupplicatedthevenerablemothertogivetohisarmsthecoldandbeauteousDaphne:forthespotwasennobledbyfiction；andthefancyoftheSyrianpoetshadtransportedtheamoroustalefromthebanksofthePeneustothoseoftheOrontes。TheancientritesofGreecewereimitatedbytheroyalcolonyofAntioch。A
streamofprophecy，whichrivalledthetruthandreputationoftheDelphicoracle，flowedfromtheCastalianfountainofDaphne。
^106Intheadjacentfieldsastadiumwasbuiltbyaspecialprivilege，^107whichhadbeenpurchasedfromElis；theOlympicgameswerecelebratedattheexpenseofthecity；andarevenueofthirtythousandpoundssterlingwasannuallyappliedtothepublicpleasures。^108Theperpetualresortofpilgrimsandspectatorsinsensiblyformed，intheneighborhoodofthetemple，thestatelyandpopulousvillageofDaphne，whichemulatedthesplendor，withoutacquiringthetitle，ofaprovincialcity。Thetempleandthevillageweredeeplybosomedinathickgroveoflaurelsandcypresses，whichreachedasfarasacircumferenceoftenmiles，andformedinthemostsultrysummersacoolandimpenetrableshade。Athousandstreamsofthepurestwater，issuingfromeveryhill，preservedtheverdureoftheearth，andthetemperatureoftheair；thesensesweregratifiedwithharmonioussoundsandaromaticodors；andthepeacefulgrovewasconsecratedtohealthandjoy，toluxuryandlove。Thevigorousyouthpursued，likeApollo，theobjectofhisdesires；andtheblushingmaidwaswarned，bythefateofDaphne，toshunthefollyofunseasonablecoyness。Thesoldierandthephilosopherwiselyavoidedthetemptationofthissensualparadise:^109
wherepleasure，assumingthecharacterofreligion，imperceptiblydissolvedthefirmnessofmanlyvirtue。ButthegrovesofDaphnecontinuedformanyagestoenjoythevenerationofnativesandstrangers；theprivilegesoftheholygroundwereenlargedbythemunificenceofsucceedingemperors；andeverygenerationaddednewornamentstothesplendorofthetemple。^110
[Footnote104:ThegroveandtempleofDaphnearedescribedbyStrabo，l。xvi。p。1089，1090，edit。Amstel。1707，Libanius，Naenia，p。185—188。Antiochic。Orat。xi。p。380，381，andSozomen，l。v。c。19。WesselingItinerar。p。581andCasaubonadHist。August。p。64illustratethiscurioussubject。]
[Footnote105:SimulacrumineoOlympiaciJovisimitamentiaequiparansmagnitudinem。Ammian。xxii。13。TheOlympicJupiterwassixtyfeethigh，andhisbulkwasconsequentlyequaltothatofathousandmen。SeeacuriousMemoireoftheAbbeGedoyn，AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。ix。p。198。]
[Footnote106:HadrianreadthehistoryofhisfuturefortunesonaleafdippedintheCastalianstream；atrickwhich，accordingtothephysicianVandale，deOraculis，p。281，282，mightbeeasilyperformedbychemicalpreparations。Theemperorstoppedthesourceofsuchdangerousknowledge；whichwasagainopenedbythedevoutcuriosityofJulian。]
[Footnote107:Itwaspurchased，A。D。44，intheyear92oftheaeraofAntioch，Noris。Epoch。Syro—Maced。p。139—174，forthetermofninetyOlympiads。ButtheOlympicgamesofAntiochwerenotregularlycelebratedtillthereignofCommodus。SeethecuriousdetailsintheChronicleofJohnMalala，tom。i。p。290，320，372—381，awriterwhosemeritandauthorityareconfinedwithinthelimitsofhisnativecity。]
[Footnote108:Fifteentalentsofgold，bequeathedbySosibius，whodiedinthereignofAugustus。ThetheatricalmeritsoftheSyriancitiesinthereignofConstantine，arecomputedintheExpositiototiusMurd，p。8，Hudson，Geograph。Minortom。iii。]
[Footnote109:AvidioCassioSyriacaslegionesdediluxuriadiffluentesetDaphnicismoribus。ThesearethewordsoftheemperorMarcusAntoninusinanoriginalletterpreservedbyhisbiographerinHist。August。p。41。CassiusdismissedorpunishedeverysoldierwhowasseenatDaphne。]
[Footnote110:AliquantumagrorumDaphnensibusdedit，Pompey，
quolucusibispatiosiorfieret；delectatusamoenitatelocietaquarumabundantiz，Eutropius，vi。14。SextusRufus，deProvinciis，c。16。]
WhenJulian，onthedayoftheannualfestival，hastenedtoadoretheApolloofDaphne，hisdevotionwasraisedtothehighestpitchofeagernessandimpatience。Hislivelyimaginationanticipatedthegratefulpompofvictims，oflibationsandofincense；alongprocessionofyouthsandvirgins，clothedinwhiterobes，thesymboloftheirinnocence；
andthetumultuousconcourseofaninnumerablepeople。ButthezealofAntiochwasdiverted，sincethereignofChristianity，intoadifferentchannel。Insteadofhecatombsoffatoxensacrificedbythetribesofawealthycitytotheirtutelardeitytheemperorcomplainsthathefoundonlyasinglegoose，providedattheexpenseofapriest，thepaleandsolitaryinhabitantofthisdecayedtemple。^111Thealtarwasdeserted，theoraclehadbeenreducedtosilence，andtheholygroundwasprofanedbytheintroductionofChristianandfunerealrites。AfterBabylas^112
abishopofAntioch，whodiedinprisoninthepersecutionofDeciushadrestednearacenturyinhisgrave，hisbody，bytheorderofCaesarGallus，wastransportedintothemidstofthegroveofDaphne。Amagnificentchurchwaserectedoverhisremains；aportionofthesacredlandswasusurpedforthemaintenanceoftheclergy，andfortheburialoftheChristiansatAntioch，whowereambitiousoflyingatthefeetoftheirbishop；andthepriestsofApolloretired，withtheiraffrightedandindignantvotaries。AssoonasanotherrevolutionseemedtorestorethefortuneofPaganism，thechurchofSt。Babylaswasdemolished，andnewbuildingswereaddedtothemoulderingedificewhichhadbeenraisedbythepietyofSyriankings。ButthefirstandmostseriouscareofJulianwastodeliverhisoppresseddeityfromtheodiouspresenceofthedeadandlivingChristians，whohadsoeffectuallysuppressedthevoiceoffraudorenthusiasm。^113Thesceneofinfectionwaspurified，accordingtotheformsofancientrituals；thebodiesweredecentlyremoved；andtheministersofthechurchwerepermittedtoconveytheremainsofSt。BabylastotheirformerhabitationwithinthewallsofAntioch。Themodestbehaviorwhichmighthaveassuagedthejealousyofahostilegovernmentwasneglected，onthisoccasion，bythezealoftheChristians。Theloftycar，thattransportedtherelicsofBabylas，wasfollowed，andaccompanied，andreceived，byaninnumerablemultitude；whochanted，withthunderingacclamations，thePsalmsofDavidthemostexpressiveoftheircontemptforidolsandidolaters。Thereturnofthesaintwasatriumph；andthetriumphwasaninsultonthereligionoftheemperor，whoexertedhispridetodissemblehisresentment。Duringthenightwhichterminatedthisindiscreetprocession，thetempleofDaphnewasinflames；thestatueofApollowasconsumed；andthewallsoftheedificewereleftanakedandawfulmonumentofruin。TheChristiansofAntiochasserted，withreligiousconfidence，thatthepowerfulintercessionofSt。Babylashadpointedthelightningsofheavenagainstthedevotedroof:butasJulianwasreducedtothealternativeofbelievingeitheracrimeoramiracle，hechose，withouthesitation，withoutevidence，butwithsomecolorofprobability，toimputethefireofDaphnetotherevengeoftheGalilaeans。^114Theiroffence，haditbeensufficientlyproved，mighthavejustifiedtheretaliation，whichwasimmediatelyexecutedbytheorderofJulian，ofshuttingthedoors，andconfiscatingthewealth，ofthecathedralofAntioch。Todiscoverthecriminalswhowereguiltyofthetumult，ofthefire，orofsecretingtherichesofthechurch，severaloftheecclesiasticsweretortured；^115andaPresbyter，ofthenameofTheodoret，wasbeheadedbythesentenceoftheCountoftheEast。Butthishastyactwasblamedbytheemperor；wholamented，withrealoraffectedconcern，thattheimprudentzealofhisministerswouldtarnishhisreignwiththedisgraceofpersecution。^116
[Footnote111:JulianMisopogon，p。367，362discovershisowncharacterwithnaivete，thatunconscioussimplicitywhichalwaysconstitutesgenuinehumor。]
[Footnote112:BabylasisnamedbyEusebiusinthesuccessionofthebishopsofAntioch，Hist。Eccles。l。vi。c。29，39。Histriumphovertwoemperorsthefirstfabulous，thesecondhistoricalisdiffuselycelebratedbyChrysostom，tom。ii。p。
536—579，edit。Montfaucon。TillemontMem。Eccles。tom。iii。
partii。p。287—302，459—465becomesalmostasceptic。]
[Footnote113:Ecclesiasticalcritics，particularlythosewholoverelics，exultintheconfessionofJulianMisopogon，p。
361andLibanius，Laenia，p。185，thatApollowasdisturbedbythevicinityofonedeadman。YetAmmianusxxii。12clearsandpurifiesthewholeground，accordingtotheriteswhichtheAtheniansformerlypractisedintheIsleofDelos。]
[Footnote114:JulianinMisopogon，p。361ratherinsinuates，thanaffirms，theirguilt。Ammianusxxii。13treatstheimputationaslevissimusrumor，andrelatesthestorywithextraordinarycandor。]
[Footnote115:Quotamatrocicasurepenteconsumpto，adidusqueeimperatorisiraprovexit，utquaestionesagitarejuberetsolitoacriores，yetJulianblamesthelenityofthemagistratesofAntioch，etmajoremecclesiamAntiochiaeclaudi。Thisinterdictionwasperformedwithsomecircumstancesofindignityandprofanation；andtheseasonabledeathoftheprincipalactor，Julian\'suncle，isrelatedwithmuchsuperstitiouscomplacencybytheAbbedelaBleterie。ViedeJulien，p。362—369。]
[Footnote116:Besidestheecclesiasticalhistorians，whoaremoreorlesstobesuspected，wemayallegethepassionofSt。
Theodore，intheActaSinceraofRuinart，p。591。ThecomplaintofJuliangivesitanoriginalandauthenticair。]
ChapterXXIII:ReignOfJulian。
PartV。
ThezealoftheministersofJulianwasinstantlycheckedbythefrownoftheirsovereign；butwhenthefatherofhiscountrydeclareshimselftheleaderofafaction，thelicenseofpopularfurycannoteasilyberestrained，norconsistentlypunished。
Julian，inapubliccomposition，applaudsthedevotionandloyaltyoftheholycitiesofSyria，whosepiousinhabitantshaddestroyed，atthefirstsignal，thesepulchresoftheGalilaeans；
andfaintlycomplains，thattheyhadrevengedtheinjuriesofthegodswithlessmoderationthanheshouldhaverecommended。^117
Thisimperfectandreluctantconfessionmayappeartoconfirmtheecclesiasticalnarratives；thatinthecitiesofGaza，Ascalon，Caesarea，Heliopolis，&c。，thePagansabused，withoutprudenceorremorse，themomentoftheirprosperity。Thattheunhappyobjectsoftheircrueltywerereleasedfromtortureonlybydeath；andastheirmangledbodiesweredraggedthroughthestreets，theywerepiercedsuchwastheuniversalragebythespitsofcooks，andthedistaffsofenragedwomen；andthattheentrailsofChristianpriestsandvirgins，aftertheyhadbeentastedbythosebloodyfanatics，weremixedwithbarley，andcontemptuouslythrowntotheuncleananimalsofthecity。^118
Suchscenesofreligiousmadnessexhibitthemostcontemptibleandodiouspictureofhumannature；butthemassacreofAlexandriaattractsstillmoreattention，fromthecertaintyofthefact，therankofthevictims，andthesplendorofthecapitalofEgypt。
[Footnote117:Julian。Misopogon，p。361。]
[Footnote118:SeeGregoryNazianzen，Orat。iii。p。87。Sozomenl。v。c。9maybeconsideredasanoriginal，thoughnotimpartial，witness。HewasanativeofGaza，andhadconversedwiththeconfessorZeno，who，asbishopofMaiuma，livedtotheageofahundred，l。vii。c。28。Philostorgiusl。vii。c。4，withGodefroy\'sDissertations，p。284addssometragiccircumstances，ofChristianswhowereliterallysacrificedatthealtarsofthegods，&c。]
George，^119fromhisparentsorhiseducation，surnamedtheCappadocian，wasbornatEpiphaniainCilicia，inafuller\'sshop。Fromthisobscureandservileoriginheraisedhimselfbythetalentsofaparasite；andthepatrons，whomheassiduouslyflattered，procuredfortheirworthlessdependentalucrativecommission，orcontract，tosupplythearmywithbacon。Hisemploymentwasmean；herendereditinfamous。Heaccumulatedwealthbythebasestartsoffraudandcorruption；buthismalversationsweresonotorious，thatGeorgewascompelledtoescapefromthepursuitsofjustice。Afterthisdisgrace，inwhichheappearstohavesavedhisfortuneattheexpenseofhishonor，heembraced，withrealoraffectedzeal，theprofessionofArianism。Fromthelove，ortheostentation，oflearning，hecollectedavaluablelibraryofhistoryrhetoric，philosophy，andtheology，^120andthechoiceoftheprevailingfactionpromotedGeorgeofCappadociatothethroneofAthanasius。TheentranceofthenewarchbishopwasthatofaBarbarianconqueror；andeachmomentofhisreignwaspollutedbycrueltyandavarice。TheCatholicsofAlexandriaandEgyptwereabandonedtoatyrant，qualified，bynatureandeducation，toexercisetheofficeofpersecution；butheoppressedwithanimpartialhandthevariousinhabitantsofhisextensivediocese。TheprimateofEgyptassumedthepompandinsolenceofhisloftystation；buthestillbetrayedthevicesofhisbaseandservileextraction。ThemerchantsofAlexandriawereimpoverishedbytheunjust，andalmostuniversal，monopoly，whichheacquired，ofnitre，salt，paper，funerals，&c。:andthespiritualfatherofagreatpeoplecondescendedtopractisethevileandperniciousartsofaninformer。TheAlexandrianscouldneverforget，norforgive，thetax，whichhesuggested，onallthehousesofthecity；underanobsoleteclaim，thattheroyalfounderhadconveyedtohissuccessors，thePtolemiesandtheCaesars，theperpetualpropertyofthesoil。ThePagans，whohadbeenflatteredwiththehopesoffreedomandtoleration，excitedhisdevoutavarice；andtherichtemplesofAlexandriawereeitherpillagedorinsultedbythehaughtyprince，whoexclaimed，inaloudandthreateningtone，\"Howlongwillthesesepulchresbepermittedtostand?\"
UnderthereignofConstantius，hewasexpelledbythefury，orratherbythejustice，ofthepeople；anditwasnotwithoutaviolentstruggle，thatthecivilandmilitarypowersofthestatecouldrestorehisauthority，andgratifyhisrevenge。ThemessengerwhoproclaimedatAlexandriatheaccessionofJulian，announcedthedownfallofthearchbishop。George，withtwoofhisobsequiousministers，CountDiodorus，andDracontius，masterofthemintwereignominiouslydraggedinchainstothepublicprison。Attheendoftwenty—fourdays，theprisonwasforcedopenbytherageofasuperstitiousmultitude，impatientofthetediousformsofjudicialproceedings。Theenemiesofgodsandmenexpiredundertheircruelinsults；thelifelessbodiesofthearchbishopandhisassociateswerecarriedintriumphthroughthestreetsonthebackofacamel；andtheinactivityoftheAthanasianparty^121wasesteemedashiningexampleofevangelicalpatience。Theremainsoftheseguiltywretcheswerethrownintothesea；andthepopularleadersofthetumultdeclaredtheirresolutiontodisappointthedevotionoftheChristians，andtointerceptthefuturehonorsofthesemartyrs，whohadbeenpunished，liketheirpredecessors，bytheenemiesoftheirreligion。^122ThefearsofthePaganswerejust，andtheirprecautionsineffectual。Themeritoriousdeathofthearchbishopobliteratedthememoryofhislife。TherivalofAthanasiuswasdearandsacredtotheArians，andtheseemingconversionofthosesectariesintroducedhisworshipintothebosomoftheCatholicchurch。^123Theodiousstranger，disguisingeverycircumstanceoftimeandplace，assumedthemaskofamartyr，asaint，andaChristianhero；^124andtheinfamousGeorgeofCappadociahasbeentransformed^125intotherenownedSt。GeorgeofEngland，thepatronofarms，ofchivalry，andofthegarter。
^126
[Footnote119:ThelifeanddeathofGeorgeofCappadociaaredescribedbyAmmianus，xxii。11，GregoryofNazianzen，Orat。
xxi。p。382，385，389，390，andEpiphanius，Haeres。lxxvi。Theinvectivesofthetwosaintsmightnotdeservemuchcredit，unlesstheywereconfirmedbythetestimonyofthecoolandimpartialinfidel。]
[Footnote120:AfterthemassacreofGeorge，theemperorJulianrepeatedlysentorderstopreservethelibraryforhisownuse，andtotorturetheslaveswhomightbesuspectedofsecretinganybooks。Hepraisesthemeritofthecollection，fromwhencehehadborrowedandtranscribedseveralmanuscriptswhilehepursuedhisstudiesinCappadocia。Hecouldwish，indeed，thattheworksoftheGaliaeansmightperishbutherequiresanexactaccountevenofthosetheologicalvolumeslestothertreatisesmorevaluableshouldbeconfoundedintheirlessJulian。Epist。ix。
xxxvi。]