ChapterXXIII:ReignOfJulian。
PartIII。
Inthemidstofarockyandbarrencountry，thewallsofJerusalem^59enclosedthetwomountainsofSionandAcra，withinanovalfigureofaboutthreeEnglishmiles。^60Towardsthesouth，theuppertown，andthefortressofDavid，wereerectedontheloftyascentofMountSion:onthenorthside，thebuildingsofthelowertowncoveredthespacioussummitofMountAcra；andapartofthehill，distinguishedbythenameofMoriah，andlevelledbyhumanindustry，wascrownedwiththestatelytempleoftheJewishnation。AfterthefinaldestructionofthetemplebythearmsofTitusandHadrian，aploughsharewasdrawnovertheconsecratedground，asasignofperpetualinterdiction。
Sionwasdeserted；andthevacantspaceofthelowercitywasfilledwiththepublicandprivateedificesoftheAeliancolony，whichspreadthemselvesovertheadjacenthillofCalvary。Theholyplaceswerepollutedwithmountainsofidolatry；and，eitherfromdesignoraccident，achapelwasdedicatedtoVenus，onthespotwhichhadbeensanctifiedbythedeathandresurrectionofChrist。^61Almostthreehundredyearsafterthosestupendousevents，theprofanechapelofVenuswasdemolishedbytheorderofConstantine；andtheremovaloftheearthandstonesrevealedtheholysepulchretotheeyesofmankind。Amagnificentchurchwaserectedonthatmysticground，bythefirstChristianemperor；andtheeffectsofhispiousmunificencewereextendedtoeveryspotwhichhadbeenconsecratedbythefootstepofpatriarchs，ofprophets，andoftheSonofGod。^62
[Footnote59:RelandPalestin。l。i。p。309，390，l。iii。p。
838describes，withlearningandperspicuity，Jerusalem，andthefaceoftheadjacentcountry。]
[Footnote60:IhaveconsultedarareandcurioustreatiseofM。
D\'Anville，surl\'AncienneJerusalem，Paris，1747，p。75。ThecircumferenceoftheancientcityEuseb。Preparat。Evangel。l。
ix。c。36was27stadia，or2550toises。Aplan，takenonthespot，assignsnomorethan1980forthemoderntown。Thecircuitisdefinedbynaturallandmarks，whichcannotbemistakenorremoved。]
[Footnote61:SeetwocuriouspassagesinJerom，tom。i。p。102，tom。vi。p。315，andtheampledetailsofTillemont，Hist，desEmpereurs，tom。i。p。569。tom。ii。p。289，294，4toedition。]
[Footnote*:OnthesiteoftheHolySepulchre，comparethechapterinProfessorRobinson\'sTravelsinPalestine，whichhasrenewedtheoldcontroversywithgreatvigor。Tome，thistempleofVenus，saidtohavebeenerectedbyHadriantoinsulttheChristians，isnottheleastsuspiciouspartofthewholelegend。
—M。1845。]
[Footnote62:EusebiusinVit。Constantin。l。iii。c。25—47，51—53。TheemperorlikewisebuiltchurchesatBethlem，theMountofOlives，andtheoaofMambre。TheholysepulchreisdescribedbySandys，Travels，p。125—133，andcuriouslydelineatedbyLeBruyn，VoyageauLevant，p。28—296。]
ThepassionatedesireofcontemplatingtheoriginalmonumentsoftheirredemptionattractedtoJerusalemasuccessivecrowdofpilgrims，fromtheshoresoftheAtlanticOcean，andthemostdistantcountriesoftheEast；^63andtheirpietywasauthorizedbytheexampleoftheempressHelena，whoappearstohaveunitedthecredulityofagewiththewarmfeelingsofarecentconversion。Sagesandheroes，whohavevisitedthememorablescenesofancientwisdomorglory，haveconfessedtheinspirationofthegeniusoftheplace；^64andtheChristianwhokneltbeforetheholysepulchre，ascribedhislivelyfaith，andhisferventdevotion，tothemoreimmediateinfluenceoftheDivineSpirit。Thezeal，perhapstheavarice，oftheclergyofJerusalem，cherishedandmultipliedthesebeneficialvisits。Theyfixed，byunquestionabletradition，thesceneofeachmemorableevent。TheyexhibitedtheinstrumentswhichhadbeenusedinthepassionofChrist；thenailsandthelancethathadpiercedhishands，hisfeet，andhisside；thecrownofthornsthatwasplantedonhishead；thepillaratwhichhewasscourged；and，aboveall，theyshowedthecrossonwhichhesuffered，andwhichwasdugoutoftheearthinthereignofthoseprinces，whoinsertedthesymbolofChristianityinthebannersoftheRomanlegions。^65Suchmiraclesasseemednecessarytoaccountforitsextraordinarypreservation，andseasonablediscovery，weregraduallypropagatedwithoutopposition。Thecustodyofthetruecross，whichonEasterSundaywassolemnlyexposedtothepeople，wasintrustedtothebishopofJerusalem；andhealonemightgratifythecuriousdevotionofthepilgrims，bythegiftofsmallpieces，whichtheyencasedingoldorgems，andcarriedawayintriumphtotheirrespectivecountries。Butasthisgainfulbranchofcommercemustsoonhavebeenannihilated，itwasfoundconvenienttosuppose，thatthemarvelouswoodpossessedasecretpowerofvegetation；andthatitssubstance，thoughcontinuallydiminished，stillremainedentireandunimpaired。^66Itmightperhapshavebeenexpected，thattheinfluenceoftheplaceandthebeliefofaperpetualmiracle，shouldhaveproducedsomesalutaryeffectsonthemorals，aswellasonthefaith，ofthepeople。Yetthemostrespectableoftheecclesiasticalwritershavebeenobligedtoconfess，notonlythatthestreetsofJerusalemwerefilledwiththeincessanttumultofbusinessandpleasure，^67butthateveryspeciesofvice—adultery，theft，idolatry，poisoning，murder—wasfamiliartotheinhabitantsoftheholycity。^68ThewealthandpreeminenceofthechurchofJerusalemexcitedtheambitionofArian，aswellasorthodox，candidates；andthevirtuesofCyril，who，sincehisdeath，hasbeenhonoredwiththetitleofSaint，weredisplayedintheexercise，ratherthanintheacquisition，ofhisepiscopaldignity。^69
[Footnote63:TheItineraryfromBourdeauxtoJerusalemwascomposedintheyear333，fortheuseofpilgrims；amongwhomJeromtom。i。p。126mentionstheBritonsandtheIndians。ThecausesofthissuperstitiousfashionarediscussedinthelearnedandjudiciousprefaceofWesseling。Itinarar。p。537—545。]
[Footnote*:MuchcuriousinformationonthissubjectiscollectedinthefirstchapterofWilken，GeschichtederKreuzzuge。—M。]
[Footnote64:CicerodeFinibus，v。1hasbeautifullyexpressedthecommonsenseofmankind。]
[Footnote65:BaroniusAnnal。Eccles。A。D。326，No。42—50andTillemontMem。Eccles。tom。xii。p。8—16arethehistoriansandchampionsofthemiraculousinventionofthecross，underthereignofConstantine。TheiroldestwitnessesarePaulinus，SulpiciusSeverus，Rufinus，Ambrose，andperhapsCyrilofJerusalem。ThesilenceofEusebius，andtheBourdeauxpilgrim，whichsatisfiesthosewhothinkperplexesthosewhobelieve。SeeJortin\'ssensibleremarks，vol。ii。p238—248。]
[Footnote66:ThismultiplicationisassertedbyPaulinus，Epist。xxxvi。SeeDupin。Bibliot。Eccles。tom。iii。p。149，whoseemstohaveimprovedarhetoricalflourishofCyrilintoarealfact。ThesamesupernaturalprivilegemusthavebeencommunicatedtotheVirgin\'smilk，ErasmiOpera，tom。i。p。778，Lugd。Batav。1703，inColloq。dePeregrinat。Religionisergo，
saints\'heads，&c。andotherrelics，whicharerepeatedinsomanydifferentchurches。
Note:LordMahon，inamemoirreadbeforetheSocietyofAntiquaries，Feb。1831，hastracedinabriefbutinterestingmanner，thesingularadventuresofthe\"true\"cross。Itiscurioustoinquire，whatauthoritywehave，exceptoflatetradition，fortheHillofCalvary。Thereisnoneinthesacredwritings；theuniformuseofthecommonword，insteadofanywordexpressingassentoracclivity，isagainstthenotion。—M。]
[Footnote67:Jerom，tom。i。p。103，whoresidedintheneighboringvillageofBethlem，describesthevicesofJerusalemfromhispersonalexperience。]
[Footnote68:Gregor。Nyssen，apudWesseling，p。539。Thewholeepistle，whichcondemnseithertheuseortheabuseofreligiouspilgrimage，ispainfultotheCatholicdivines，whileitisdearandfamiliartoourProtestantpolemics。]
[Footnote69:Herenouncedhisorthodoxordination，officiatedasadeacon，andwasre—ordainedbythehandsoftheArians。ButCyrilafterwardschangedwiththetimes，andprudentlyconformedtotheNicenefaith。Tillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。viii。，whotreatshismemorywithtendernessandrespect，hasthrownhisvirtuesintothetext，andhisfaultsintothenotes，indecentobscurity，attheendofthevolume。]
ThevainandambitiousmindofJulianmightaspiretorestoretheancientgloryofthetempleofJerusalem。^70AstheChristianswerefirmlypersuadedthatasentenceofeverlastingdestructionhadbeenpronouncedagainstthewholefabricoftheMosaiclaw，theImperialsophistwouldhaveconvertedthesuccessofhisundertakingintoaspeciousargumentagainstthefaithofprophecy，andthetruthofrevelation。^71Hewasdispleasedwiththespiritualworshipofthesynagogue；butheapprovedtheinstitutionsofMoses，whohadnotdisdainedtoadoptmanyoftheritesandceremoniesofEgypt。^72ThelocalandnationaldeityoftheJewswassincerelyadoredbyapolytheist，whodesiredonlytomultiplythenumberofthegods；^73andsuchwastheappetiteofJulianforbloodysacrifice，thathisemulationmightbeexcitedbythepietyofSolomon，whohadoffered，atthefeastofthededication，twenty—twothousandoxen，andonehundredandtwentythousandsheep。^74Theseconsiderationsmightinfluencehisdesigns；buttheprospectofanimmediateandimportantadvantagewouldnotsuffertheimpatientmonarchtoexpecttheremoteanduncertaineventofthePersianwar。Heresolvedtoerect，withoutdelay，onthecommandingeminenceofMoriah，astatelytemple，whichmighteclipsethesplendorofthechurchoftheresurrectionontheadjacenthillofCalvary；toestablishanorderofpriests，whoseinterestedzealwoulddetectthearts，andresisttheambition，oftheirChristianrivals；andtoinviteanumerouscolonyofJews，whosesternfanaticismwouldbealwayspreparedtosecond，andeventoanticipate，thehostilemeasuresofthePagangovernment。Amongthefriendsoftheemperorifthenamesofemperor，andoffriend，arenotincompatiblethefirstplacewasassigned，byJulianhimself，tothevirtuousandlearnedAlypius。^75ThehumanityofAlypiuswastemperedbyseverejusticeandmanlyfortitude；andwhileheexercisedhisabilitiesintheciviladministrationofBritain，heimitated，inhispoeticalcompositions，theharmonyandsoftnessoftheodesofSappho。Thisminister，towhomJuliancommunicated，withoutreserve，hismostcarelesslevities，andhismostseriouscounsels，receivedanextraordinarycommissiontorestore，initspristinebeauty，thetempleofJerusalem；andthediligenceofAlypiusrequiredandobtainedthestrenuoussupportofthegovernorofPalestine。Atthecalloftheirgreatdeliverer，theJews，fromalltheprovincesoftheempire，assembledontheholymountainoftheirfathers；andtheirinsolenttriumphalarmedandexasperatedtheChristianinhabitantsofJerusalem。ThedesireofrebuildingthetemplehasineveryagebeentherulingpassionofthechildrenofIsrael。Inthispropitiousmomentthemenforgottheiravarice，andthewomentheirdelicacy；spadesandpickaxesofsilverwereprovidedbythevanityoftherich，andtherubbishwastransportedinmantlesofsilkandpurple。Everypursewasopenedinliberalcontributions，everyhandclaimedashareinthepiouslabor，andthecommandsofagreatmonarchwereexecutedbytheenthusiasmofawholepeople。^76
[Footnote70:ImperiisuimemoriammagnitudineoperumgestienspropagareAmmian。xxiii。1。ThetempleofJerusalemhadbeenfamousevenamongtheGentiles。Theyhadmanytemplesineachcity，atSichemfive，atGazaeight，atRomefourhundredandtwenty—four；butthewealthandreligionoftheJewishnationwascentredinonespot。]
[Footnote71:ThesecretintentionsofJulianarerevealedbythelatebishopofGloucester，thelearnedanddogmaticWarburton；
who，withtheauthorityofatheologian，prescribesthemotivesandconductoftheSupremeBeing。ThediscourseentitledJulian2dedition，London，1751isstronglymarkedwithallthepeculiaritieswhichareimputedtotheWarburtonianschool。]
[Footnote72:IsheltermyselfbehindMaimonides，Marsham，Spencer，LeClerc，Warburton，&c。，whohavefairlyderidedthefears，thefolly，andthefalsehoodofsomesuperstitiousdivines。SeeDivineLegation，vol。iv。p。25，&c。]
[Footnote73:JulianFragment。p。295respectfullystyleshim，andmentionshimelsewhereEpist。lxiii。withstillhigherreverence。HedoublycondemnstheChristiansforbelieving，andforrenouncing，thereligionoftheJews。TheirDeitywasatrue，butnottheonly，GodApulCyril。l。ix。p。305，306。]
[Footnote74:1Kings，viii。63。2Chronicles，vii。5。Joseph。
Antiquitat。Judaic。l。viii。c。4，p。431，edit。Havercamp。Asthebloodandsmokeofsomanyhecatombsmightbeinconvenient，Lightfoot，theChristianRabbi，removesthembyamiracle。LeClercadlocaisboldenoughtosuspecttofidelityofthenumbers。
Note:AccordingtothehistorianKotobeddym，quotedbyBurckhardt，TravelsinArabia，p。276，theKhalifMoktedersacrificed，duringhispilgrimagetoMecca，intheyearoftheHejira350，fortythousandcamelsandcows，andfiftythousandsheep。Barthemadescribesthirtythousandoxenslain，andtheircarcassesgiventothepoor。QuarterlyReview，xiii。p。39—M。]
[Footnote75:Julian，epist。xxix。xxx。LaBleteriehasneglectedtotranslatethesecondoftheseepistles。]
[Footnote76:SeethezealandimpatienceoftheJewsinGregoryNazianzenOrat。iv。p。111andTheodoret。l。iii。c。20。]
Yet，onthisoccasion，thejointeffortsofpowerandenthusiasmwereunsuccessful；andthegroundoftheJewishtemple，whichisnowcoveredbyaMahometanmosque，^77stillcontinuedtoexhibitthesameedifyingspectacleofruinanddesolation。Perhapstheabsenceanddeathoftheemperor，andthenewmaximsofaChristianreign，mightexplaintheinterruptionofanarduouswork，whichwasattemptedonlyinthelastsixmonthsofthelifeofJulian。^78ButtheChristiansentertainedanaturalandpiousexpectation，that，inthismemorablecontest，thehonorofreligionwouldbevindicatedbysomesignalmiracle。Anearthquake，awhirlwind，andafieryeruption，whichoverturnedandscatteredthenewfoundationsofthetemple，areattested，withsomevariations，bycontemporaryandrespectableevidence。^79ThispubliceventisdescribedbyAmbrose，^80bishopofMilan，inanepistletotheemperorTheodosius，whichmustprovokethesevereanimadversionoftheJews；bytheeloquentChrysostom，^81whomightappealtothememoryoftheelderpartofhiscongregationatAntioch；andbyGregoryNazianzen，^82whopublishedhisaccountofthemiraclebeforetheexpirationofthesameyear。Thelastofthesewritershasboldlydeclared，thatthispreternaturaleventwasnotdisputedbytheinfidels；andhisassertion，strangeasitmayseemisconfirmedbytheunexceptionabletestimonyofAmmianusMarcellinus。^83Thephilosophicsoldier，wholovedthevirtues，withoutadoptingtheprejudices，ofhismaster，hasrecorded，inhisjudiciousandcandidhistoryofhisowntimes，theextraordinaryobstacleswhichinterruptedtherestorationofthetempleofJerusalem。\"WhilstAlypius，assistedbythegovernoroftheprovince，urged，withvigoranddiligence，theexecutionofthework，horribleballsoffirebreakingoutnearthefoundations，withfrequentandreiteratedattacks，renderedtheplace，fromtimetotime，inaccessibletothescorchedandblastedworkmen；andthevictoriouselementcontinuinginthismannerobstinatelyandresolutelybent，asitwere，todrivethemtoadistance，theundertakingwasabandoned。\"Suchauthorityshouldsatisfyabelieving，andmustastonishanincredulous，mind。Yetaphilosophermaystillrequiretheoriginalevidenceofimpartialandintelligentspectators。Atthisimportantcrisis，anysingularaccidentofnaturewouldassumetheappearance，andproducetheeffectsofarealprodigy。ThisgloriousdeliverancewouldbespeedilyimprovedandmagnifiedbythepiousartoftheclergyofJerusalem，andtheactivecredulityoftheChristianworldand，atthedistanceoftwentyyears，aRomanhistorian，carelessoftheologicaldisputes，mightadornhisworkwiththespeciousandsplendidmiracle。^84
[Footnote77:BuiltbyOmar，thesecondKhalif，whodiedA。D。
644。ThisgreatmosquecoversthewholeconsecratedgroundoftheJewishtemple，andconstitutesalmostasquareof760toises，oroneRomanmileincircumference。SeeD\'Anville，Jerusalem，p。
45。]
[Footnote78:Ammianusrecordstheconsultsoftheyear363，beforeheproceedstomentionthethoughtsofJulian。Templum……instauraresumptibuscogitabatimmodicis。Warburtonhasasecretwishtoanticipatethedesign；buthemusthaveunderstood，fromformerexamples，thattheexecutionofsuchaworkwouldhavedemandedmanyyears。]
[Footnote79:Thesubsequentwitnesses，Socrates，Sozomen，Theodoret，Philostorgius，&c。，addcontradictionsratherthanauthority。ComparetheobjectionsofBasnageHist。desJuifs，tom。viii。p。156—168withWarburton\'sanswers，Julian，p。
174—258。Thebishophasingeniouslyexplainedthemiraculouscrosseswhichappearedonthegarmentsofthespectatorsbyasimilarinstance，andthenaturaleffectsoflightning。]
[Footnote80:Ambros。tom。ii。epist。xl。p。946，edit。
Benedictin。HecomposedthisfanaticepistleA。D。388tojustifyabishopwhohadbeencondemnedbythecivilmagistrateforburningasynagogue。]
[Footnote81:Chrysostom，tom。i。p。580，advers。JudaeosetGentes，tom。ii。p。574，deStoBabyla，edit。Montfaucon。Ihavefollowedthecommonandnaturalsupposition；butthelearnedBenedictine，whodatesthecompositionofthesesermonsintheyear383，isconfidenttheywereneverpronouncedfromthepulpit。]
[Footnote82:Greg。Nazianzen，Orat。iv。p。110—113。]
[Footnote83:Ammian。xxiii。1。CumitaquereifortiterinstaretAlypius，juvaretqueprovinciaerector，metuendiglobiflammarumpropefundamentacrebrisassultibuserumpentesfecerelocumexustisaliquotiesoperantibusinaccessum；hocquemodoelementodestinatiusrepellente，cessavitinceptum。Warburtonlaborsp。
60—90toextortaconfessionofthemiraclefromthemouthsofJulianandLibanius，andtoemploytheevidenceofarabbiwholivedinthefifteenthcentury。Suchwitnessescanonlybereceivedbyaveryfavorablejudge。]
[Footnote*:Michaelishasgivenaningeniousandsufficientlyprobableexplanationofthisremarkableincident，whichthepositivetestimonyofAmmianus，acontemporaryandapagan，willnotpermitustocallinquestion。ItwassuggestedbyapassageinTacitus。Thathistorian，speakingofJerusalem，says，[IomitthefirstpartofthequotationadducedbyM。Guizot，whichonlybyamostextraordinarymistranslationofmuriintrorsussinuatiby\"enfoncemens\"couldbemadetobearonthequestion。—M。]TheTempleitselfwasakindofcitadel，whichhaditsownwalls，superiorintheirworkmanshipandconstructiontothoseofthecity。Theporticosthemselves，whichsurroundedthetemple，wereanexcellentfortification。Therewasafountainofconstantlyrunningwater；subterraneanexcavationsunderthemountain；
reservoirsandcisternstocollecttherain—water。\"Tac。Hist。v。