[Footnote48:Aristot。ap。Julian。p。261。TheMS。ofVossius，unsatisfiedwiththesinglebeast，affordsthestrongerreadingofwhichtheexperienceofdespotismmaywarrant。]
[Footnote49:LibaniusOrat。Parentalis，c。lxxxiv。lxxxv。p。
310，311，312hasgiventhisinterestingdetailoftheprivatelifeofJulian。HehimselfinMisopogon，p。350mentionshisvegetablediet，andupbraidsthegrossandsensualappetiteofthepeopleofAntioch。]
[Footnote50:Lectulus……Vestaliumtorispurior，isthepraisewhichMamertinusPanegyr。Vet。xi。13addressestoJulianhimself。Libaniusaffirms，insoberperemptorylanguage，thatJulianneverknewawomanbeforehismarriage，orafterthedeathofhiswife，Orat。Parent。c。lxxxviii。p。313。ThechastityofJulianisconfirmedbytheimpartialtestimonyofAmmianus，xxv。4，andthepartialsilenceoftheChristians。
YetJulianironicallyurgesthereproachofthepeopleofAntioch，thathealmostalwaysinMisopogon，p。345layalone。
ThissuspiciousexpressionisexplainedbytheAbbedelaBleterieHist。deJovien，tom。ii。p。103—109withcandorandingenuity。]
[Footnote51:SeeSalmasiusadSuetoninClaud。c。xxi。A
twenty—fifthrace，ormissus，wasadded，tocompletethenumberofonehundredchariots，fourofwhich，thefourcolors，startedeachheat。
Centumquadrijugosagitaboadfluminacurrus。
Itappears，thattheyranfiveorseventimesroundtheMotaSuetoninDomitian。c。4；andfromthemeasureoftheCircusMaximusatRome，theHippodromeatConstantinople，&c。itmightbeaboutafourmilecourse。]
[Footnote52:Julian。inMisopogon，p。340。JuliusCaesarhadoffendedtheRomanpeoplebyreadinghisdespatchesduringtheactualrace。Augustusindulgedtheirtaste，orhisown，byhisconstantattentiontotheimportantbusinessoftheCircus，forwhichheprofessedthewarmestinclination。Sueton。inAugust。c。
xlv。]
ThereformationoftheImperialcourtwasoneofthefirstandmostnecessaryactsofthegovernmentofJulian。^53SoonafterhisentranceintothepalaceofConstantinople，hehadoccasionfortheserviceofabarber。Anofficer，magnificentlydressed，immediatelypresentedhimself。\"Itisabarber，\"
exclaimedtheprince，withaffectedsurprise，\"thatIwant，andnotareceiver—generalofthefinances。\"^54Hequestionedthemanconcerningtheprofitsofhisemploymentandwasinformed，thatbesidesalargesalary，andsomevaluableperquisites，heenjoyedadailyallowancefortwentyservants，andasmanyhorses。Athousandbarbers，athousandcup—bearers，athousandcooks，weredistributedintheseveralofficesofluxury；andthenumberofeunuchscouldbecomparedonlywiththeinsectsofasummer\'sday。Themonarchwhoresignedtohissubjectsthesuperiorityofmeritandvirtue，wasdistinguishedbytheoppressivemagnificenceofhisdress，histable，hisbuildings，andhistrain。ThestatelypalaceserectedbyConstantineandhissons，weredecoratedwithmanycoloredmarbles，andornamentsofmassygold。Themostexquisitedaintieswereprocured，togratifytheirpride，ratherthantheirtaste；birdsofthemostdistantclimates，fishfromthemostremoteseas，fruitsoutoftheirnaturalseason，winterroses，andsummersnows。^56Thedomesticcrowdofthepalacesurpassedtheexpenseofthelegions；yetthesmallestpartofthiscostlymultitudewassubservienttotheuse，oreventothesplendor，ofthethrone。
Themonarchwasdisgraced，andthepeoplewasinjured，bythecreationandsaleofaninfinitenumberofobscure，andeventitularemployments；andthemostworthlessofmankindmightpurchasetheprivilegeofbeingmaintained，withoutthenecessityoflabor，fromthepublicrevenue。Thewasteofanenormoushousehold，theincreaseoffeesandperquisites，whichweresoonclaimedasalawfuldebt，andthebribeswhichtheyextortedfromthosewhofearedtheirenmity，orsolicitedtheirfavor，suddenlyenrichedthesehaughtymenials。Theyabusedtheirfortune，withoutconsideringtheirpast，ortheirfuture，condition；andtheirrapineandvenalitycouldbeequalledonlybytheextravaganceoftheirdissipations。Theirsilkenrobeswereembroideredwithgold，theirtableswereservedwithdelicacyandprofusion；thehouseswhichtheybuiltfortheirownuse，wouldhavecoveredthefarmofanancientconsul；andthemosthonorablecitizenswereobligedtodismountfromtheirhorses，andrespectfullytosaluteaeunuchwhomtheymetonthepublichighway。TheluxuryofthepalaceexcitedthecontemptandindignationofJulian，whousuallysleptontheground，whoyieldedwithreluctancetotheindispensablecallsofnature；andwhoplacedhisvanity，notinemulating，butindespising，thepompofroyalty。
[Footnote53:ThereformationofthepalaceisdescribedbyAmmianus，xxii。4，Libanius，Orat。Parent。c。lxii。p。288，&c。，Mamertinus，inPanegyr。Vet。xi。11，Socrates，l。iii。c。
l。，andZonaras，tom。ii。l。xiii。p。24。]
[Footnote54:Egononrationalemjussisedtonsoremacciri。
Zonarasusesthelessnaturalimageofasenator。Yetanofficerofthefinances，whowassatisfiedwithwealth，mightdesireandobtainthehonorsofthesenate。]
[Footnote56:TheexpressionsofMamertinusarelivelyandforcible。QuisetiamprandiorumetcaenarumlaboratasmagnitudinesRomanuspopulussensit；cumquaesitissimaedapesnongustuseddifficultatibusaestimarentur；miraculaavium，longinquimarispisces，ahenitemporispoma，aestivaenives，hybernaerosae]
Bythetotalextirpationofamischiefwhichwasmagnifiedevenbeyonditsrealextent，hewasimpatienttorelievethedistress，andtoappeasethemurmursofthepeople；whosupportwithlessuneasinesstheweightoftaxes，iftheyareconvincedthatthefruitsoftheirindustryareappropriatedtotheserviceofthestate。Butintheexecutionofthissalutarywork，Julianisaccusedofproceedingwithtoomuchhasteandinconsiderateseverity。Byasingleedict，hereducedthepalaceofConstantinopletoanimmensedesert，anddismissedwithignominythewholetrainofslavesanddependants，^57withoutprovidinganyjust，oratleastbenevolent，exceptions，fortheage，theservices，orthepoverty，ofthefaithfuldomesticsoftheImperialfamily。SuchindeedwasthetemperofJulian，whoseldomrecollectedthefundamentalmaximofAristotle，thattruevirtueisplacedatanequaldistancebetweentheoppositevices。
ThesplendidandeffeminatedressoftheAsiatics，thecurlsandpaint，thecollarsandbracelets，whichhadappearedsoridiculousinthepersonofConstantine，wereconsistentlyrejectedbyhisphilosophicsuccessor。Butwiththefopperies，Julianaffectedtorenouncethedecenciesofdress；andseemedtovaluehimselfforhisneglectofthelawsofcleanliness。Inasatiricalperformance，whichwasdesignedforthepubliceye，theemperordescantswithpleasure，andevenwithpride，onthelengthofhisnails，andtheinkyblacknessofhishands；
protests，thatalthoughthegreatestpartofhisbodywascoveredwithhair，theuseoftherazorwasconfinedtohisheadalone；
andcelebrates，withvisiblecomplacency，theshaggyandpopulous^58beard，whichhefondlycherished，aftertheexampleofthephilosophersofGreece。HadJulianconsultedthesimpledictatesofreason，thefirstmagistrateoftheRomanswouldhavescornedtheaffectationofDiogenes，aswellasthatofDarius。
[Footnote57:YetJulianhimselfwasaccusedofbestowingwholetownsontheeunuchs，Orat。vii。againstPolyclet。p。117—127。
Libaniuscontentshimselfwithacoldbutpositivedenialofthefact，whichseemsindeedtobelongmoreproperlytoConstantius。
Thischarge，however，mayalludetosomeunknowncircumstance。]
[Footnote58:IntheMisopogonp。338，339hedrawsaverysingularpictureofhimself，andthefollowingwordsarestrangelycharacteristic。ThefriendsoftheAbbedelaBleterieadjuredhim，inthenameoftheFrenchnation，nottotranslatethispassage，sooffensivetotheirdelicacy，Hist。deJovien，tom。ii。p。94。Likehim，Ihavecontentedmyselfwithatransientallusion；butthelittleanimalwhichJuliannames，isabeastfamiliartoman，andsignifieslove。]
Buttheworkofpublicreformationwouldhaveremainedimperfect，ifJulianhadonlycorrectedtheabuses，withoutpunishingthecrimes，ofhispredecessor\'sreign。\"Wearenowdelivered，\"sayshe，inafamiliarlettertooneofhisintimatefriends，\"wearenowsurprisinglydeliveredfromthevoraciousjawsoftheHydra。^59IdonotmeantoapplytheepithettomybrotherConstantius。Heisnomore；maytheearthlielightonhishead!Buthisartfulandcruelfavoritesstudiedtodeceiveandexasperateaprince，whosenaturalmildnesscannotbepraisedwithoutsomeeffortsofadulation。Itisnot，however，myintention，thateventhosemenshouldbeoppressed:theyareaccused，andtheyshallenjoythebenefitofafairandimpartialtrial。\"Toconductthisinquiry，Juliannamedsixjudgesofthehighestrankinthestateandarmy；andashewishedtoescapethereproachofcondemninghispersonalenemies，hefixedthisextraordinarytribunalatChalcedon，ontheAsiaticsideoftheBosphorus；andtransferredtothecommissionersanabsolutepowertopronounceandexecutetheirfinalsentence，withoutdelay，andwithoutappeal。TheofficeofpresidentwasexercisedbythevenerablepraefectoftheEast，asecondSallust，^60whosevirtuesconciliatedtheesteemofGreeksophists，andofChristianbishops。HewasassistedbytheeloquentMamertinus，^61oneoftheconsulselect，whosemeritisloudlycelebratedbythedoubtfulevidenceofhisownapplause。Butthecivilwisdomoftwomagistrateswasoverbalancedbytheferociousviolenceoffourgenerals，Nevitta，Agilo，Jovinus，andArbetio。Arbetio，whomthepublicwouldhaveseenwithlesssurpriseatthebarthanonthebench，wassupposedtopossessthesecretofthecommission；thearmedandangryleadersoftheJovianandHerculianbandsencompassedthetribunal；andthejudgeswerealternatelyswayedbythelawsofjustice，andbytheclamorsoffaction。^62
[Footnote59:Julian，epist。xxiii。p。389。HeusesthewordsinwritingtohisfriendHermogenes，who，likehimself，wasconversantwiththeGreekpoets。]
[Footnote60:ThetwoSallusts，thepraefectofGaul，andthepraefectoftheEast，mustbecarefullydistinguished，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。696。IhaveusedthesurnameofSecundus，asaconvenientepithet。ThesecondSallustextortedtheesteemoftheChristiansthemselves；andGregoryNazianzen，whocondemnedhisreligion，hascelebratedhisvirtues，Orat。iii。
p。90。SeeacuriousnoteoftheAbbedelaBleterie，ViedeJulien，p。363。
Note:Gibbonussecundumhabetpronumero，quodtamenestviriagnomenWagner，notainloc。Amm。Itisnotamistake；itisratheranerrorintaste。WagnerinclinestotransferthechiefguilttoArbetio。—M。]
[Footnote61:Mamertinuspraisestheemperorxi。l。forbestowingtheofficesofTreasurerandPraefectonamanofwisdom，firmness，integrity，&c。，likehimself。YetAmmianusrankshimxxi。l。amongtheministersofJulian，quorummeritanoratetfidem。]
[Footnote62:TheproceedingsofthischamberofjusticearerelatedbyAmmianus，xxii。3，andpraisedbyLibanius，Orat。
Parent。c。74，p。299，300。]
ThechamberlainEusebius，whohadsolongabusedthefavorofConstantius，expiated，byanignominiousdeath，theinsolence，thecorruption，andcrueltyofhisservilereign。TheexecutionsofPaulandApodemiustheformerofwhomwasburntalivewereacceptedasaninadequateatonementbythewidowsandorphansofsomanyhundredRomans，whomthoselegaltyrantshadbetrayedandmurdered。ButjusticeherselfifwemayusethepatheticexpressionofAmmianus^63appearedtoweepoverthefateofUrsulus，thetreasureroftheempire；andhisbloodaccusedtheingratitudeofJulian，whosedistresshadbeenseasonablyrelievedbytheintrepidliberalityofthathonestminister。Therageofthesoldiers，whomhehadprovokedbyhisindiscretion，wasthecauseandtheexcuseofhisdeath；andtheemperor，deeplywoundedbyhisownreproachesandthoseofthepublic，offeredsomeconsolationtothefamilyofUrsulus，bytherestitutionofhisconfiscatedfortunes。Beforetheendoftheyearinwhichtheyhadbeenadornedwiththeensignsoftheprefectureandconsulship，^64TaurusandFlorentiuswerereducedtoimploretheclemencyoftheinexorabletribunalofChalcedon。
TheformerwasbanishedtoVercellaeinItaly，andasentenceofdeathwaspronouncedagainstthelatter。AwiseprinceshouldhaverewardedthecrimeofTaurus:thefaithfulminister，whenhewasnolongerabletoopposetheprogressofarebel，hadtakenrefugeinthecourtofhisbenefactorandhislawfulsovereign。
ButtheguiltofFlorentiusjustifiedtheseverityofthejudges；
andhisescapeservedtodisplaythemagnanimityofJulian，whonoblycheckedtheinteresteddiligenceofaninformer，andrefusedtolearnwhatplaceconcealedthewretchedfugitivefromhisjustresentment。^65SomemonthsafterthetribunalofChalcedonhadbeendissolved，thepraetorianvicegerentofAfrica，thenotaryGaudentius，andArtemius^66dukeofEgypt，wereexecutedatAntioch。Artemiushadreignedthecruelandcorrupttyrantofagreatprovince；Gaudentiushadlongpractisedtheartsofcalumnyagainsttheinnocent，thevirtuous，andeventhepersonofJulianhimself。Yetthecircumstancesoftheirtrialandcondemnationweresounskillfullymanaged，thatthesewickedmenobtained，inthepublicopinion，thegloryofsufferingfortheobstinateloyaltywithwhichtheyhadsupportedthecauseofConstantius。Therestofhisservantswereprotectedbyageneralactofoblivion；andtheywerelefttoenjoywithimpunitythebribeswhichtheyhadaccepted，eithertodefendtheoppressed，ortooppressthefriendless。Thismeasure，which，onthesoundestprinciplesofpolicy，maydeserveourapprobation，wasexecutedinamannerwhichseemedtodegradethemajestyofthethrone。Julianwastormentedbytheimportunitiesofamultitude，particularlyofEgyptians，wholoudlyredemandedthegiftswhichtheyhadimprudentlyorillegallybestowed；heforesawtheendlessprosecutionofvexatioussuits；andheengagedapromise，whichoughtalwaystohavebeensacred，thatiftheywouldrepairtoChalcedon，hewouldmeettheminperson，tohearanddeterminetheircomplaints。Butassoonastheywerelanded，heissuedanabsoluteorder，whichprohibitedthewatermenfromtransportinganyEgyptiantoConstantinople；andthusdetainedhisdisappointedclientsontheAsiaticshoretill，theirpatienceandmoneybeingutterlyexhausted，theywereobligedtoreturnwithindignantmurmurstotheirnativecountry。^67
[Footnote63:Ursuliveronecemipsamihivideturflessejustitia。Libanius，whoimputeshisdeathtothesoldiers，attemptstocriminatethecourtofthelargesses。]
[Footnote64:Suchrespectwasstillentertainedforthevenerablenamesofthecommonwealth，thatthepublicwassurprisedandscandalizedtohearTaurussummonedasacriminalundertheconsulshipofTaurus。ThesummonsofhiscolleagueFlorentiuswasprobablydelayedtillthecommencementoftheensuingyear。]
[Footnote65:Ammian。xx。7。]
[Footnote66:FortheguiltandpunishmentofArtemius，seeJulianEpist。x。p。379andAmmianus，xxii。6，andVales，adhoc。ThemeritofArtemius，whodemolishedtemples，andwasputtodeathbyanapostate，hastemptedtheGreekandLatinchurchestohonorhimasamartyr。Butasecclesiasticalhistoryatteststhathewasnotonlyatyrant，butanArian，itisnotaltogethereasytojustifythisindiscreetpromotion。Tillemont，Mem。
Eccles。tom。vii。p。1319。]
[Footnote67:SeeAmmian。xxii。6，andVales，adlocum；andtheCodexTheodosianus，l。ii。tit。xxxix。leg。i。；andGodefroy\'sCommentary，tom。i。p。218，adlocum。]
ChapterXXII:JulianDeclaredEmperor。
PartIV。
Thenumerousarmyofspies，ofagents，andinformersenlistedbyConstantiustosecurethereposeofoneman，andtointerruptthatofmillions，wasimmediatelydisbandedbyhisgeneroussuccessor。Julianwasslowinhissuspicions，andgentleinhispunishments；andhiscontemptoftreasonwastheresultofjudgment，ofvanity，andofcourage。Consciousofsuperiormerit，hewaspersuadedthatfewamonghissubjectswoulddaretomeethiminthefield，toattempthislife，oreventoseatthemselvesonhisvacantthrone。Thephilosophercouldexcusethehastysalliesofdiscontent；andtheherocoulddespisetheambitiousprojectswhichsurpassedthefortuneortheabilitiesoftherashconspirators。AcitizenofAncyrahadpreparedforhisownuseapurplegarment；andthisindiscreetaction，which，underthereignofConstantius，wouldhavebeenconsideredasacapitaloffence，^68wasreportedtoJulianbytheofficiousimportunityofaprivateenemy。Themonarch，aftermakingsomeinquiryintotherankandcharacterofhisrival，despatchedtheinformerwithapresentofapairofpurpleslippers，tocompletethemagnificenceofhisImperialhabit。A
moredangerousconspiracywasformedbytenofthedomesticguards，whohadresolvedtoassassinateJulianinthefieldofexercisenearAntioch。Theirintemperancerevealedtheirguilt；
andtheywereconductedinchainstothepresenceoftheirinjuredsovereign，who，afteralivelyrepresentationofthewickednessandfollyoftheirenterprise，insteadofadeathoftorture，whichtheydeservedandexpected，pronouncedasentenceofexileagainstthetwoprincipaloffenders。TheonlyinstanceinwhichJulianseemedtodepartfromhisaccustomedclemency，wastheexecutionofarashyouth，who，withafeeblehand，hadaspiredtoseizethereinsofempire。ButthatyouthwasthesonofMarcellus，thegeneralofcavalry，who，inthefirstcampaignoftheGallicwar，haddesertedthestandardoftheCaesarandtherepublic。Withoutappearingtoindulgehispersonalresentment，Julianmighteasilyconfoundthecrimeofthesonandofthefather；buthewasreconciledbythedistressofMarcellus，andtheliberalityoftheemperorendeavoredtohealthewoundwhichhadbeeninflictedbythehandofjustice。^69
[Footnote68:ThepresidentMontesquieuConsiderationssurlaGrandeur，&c。，desRomains，c。xiv。inhisworks，tom。iii。p。
448，449，excusesthisminuteandabsurdtyranny，bysupposingthatactionsthemostindifferentinoureyesmightexcite，inaRomanmind，theideaofguiltanddanger。ThisstrangeapologyissupportedbyastrangemisapprehensionoftheEnglishlaws，\"chezunenation……ouilestdefendudaboirealasanted\'unecertainepersonne。\"]
[Footnote69:TheclemencyofJulian，andtheconspiracywhichwasformedagainsthislifeatAntioch，aredescribedbyAmmianusxxii。9，10，andVales，adloc。andLibanius，Orat。Parent。c。
99，p。323。]