d\'Anville，fromthetriflingresemblanceofnames，hasplacedthembetweenSardicaandNaissus。FormyownjustificationIamobligedtomentiontheonlyerrorwhichIhavediscoveredinthemapsorwritingsofthatadmirablegeographer。]
[Footnote34:Whatevercircumstanceswemayborrowelsewhere，Ammianusxx。8，9，10stillsuppliestheseriesofthenarrative。]
ThehomagewhichJulianobtained，fromthefearsortheinclinationofthepeople，extendedfarbeyondtheimmediateeffectofhisarms。^35ThepraefecturesofItalyandIllyricumwereadministeredbyTaurusandFlorentius，whounitedthatimportantofficewiththevainhonorsoftheconsulship；andasthosemagistrateshadretiredwithprecipitationtothecourtofAsia，Julian，whocouldnotalwaysrestrainthelevityofhistemper，stigmatizedtheirflightbyadding，inalltheActsoftheYear，theepithetoffugitivetothenamesofthetwoconsuls。Theprovinceswhichhadbeendesertedbytheirfirstmagistratesacknowledgedtheauthorityofanemperor，who，conciliatingthequalitiesofasoldierwiththoseofaphilosopher，wasequallyadmiredinthecampsoftheDanubeandinthecitiesofGreece。Fromhispalace，or，moreproperly，fromhishead—quartersofSirmiumandNaissus，hedistributedtotheprincipalcitiesoftheempire，alaboredapologyforhisownconduct；publishedthesecretdespatchesofConstantius；andsolicitedthejudgmentofmankindbetweentwocompetitors，theoneofwhomhadexpelled，andtheotherhadinvited，theBarbarians。^36Julian，whosemindwasdeeplywoundedbythereproachofingratitude，aspiredtomaintain，byargumentaswellasbyarms，thesuperiormeritsofhiscause；andtoexcel，notonlyintheartsofwar，butinthoseofcomposition。HisepistletothesenateandpeopleofAthens^37seemstohavebeendictatedbyanelegantenthusiasm；whichpromptedhimtosubmithisactionsandhismotivestothedegenerateAtheniansofhisowntimes，withthesamehumbledeferenceasifhehadbeenpleading，inthedaysofAristides，beforethetribunaloftheAreopagus。HisapplicationtothesenateofRome，whichwasstillpermittedtobestowthetitlesofImperialpower，wasagreeabletotheformsoftheexpiringrepublic。AnassemblywassummonedbyTertullus，praefectofthecity；theepistleofJulianwasread；and，asheappearedtobemasterofItalyhisclaimswereadmittedwithoutadissentingvoice。HisobliquecensureoftheinnovationsofConstantine，andhispassionateinvectiveagainstthevicesofConstantius，wereheardwithlesssatisfaction；andthesenate，asifJulianhadbeenpresent，unanimouslyexclaimed，\"Respect，webeseechyou，theauthorofyourownfortune。\"^38Anartfulexpression，which，accordingtothechanceofwar，mightbedifferentlyexplained；asamanlyreproofoftheingratitudeoftheusurper，orasaflatteringconfession，thatasingleactofsuchbenefittothestateoughttoatoneforallthefailingsofConstantius。
[Footnote35:Ammian。xxi。9，10。Libanius，Orat。Parent。c。54，p。279，280。Zosimus，l。iii。p。156，157。]
[Footnote36:JulianadS。P。Q。Athen。p。286positivelyasserts，thatheinterceptedthelettersofConstantiustotheBarbarians；andLibaniusaspositivelyaffirms，thathereadthemonhismarchtothetroopsandthecities。YetAmmianusxxi。4
expresseshimselfwithcoolandcandidhesitation，sifamoesoliusadmittendaestfides。Hespecifies，however，aninterceptedletterfromVadomairtoConstantius，whichsupposesanintimatecorrespondencebetweenthem。\"disciplinamnonhabet。\"]
[Footnote37:ZosimusmentionshisepistlestotheAthenians，theCorinthians，andtheLacedaemonians。Thesubstancewasprobablythesame，thoughtheaddresswasproperlyvaried。TheepistletotheAtheniansisstillextant，p。268—287，andhasaffordedmuchvaluableinformation。ItdeservesthepraisesoftheAbbedelaBleterie，Pref。al\'HistoiredeJovien，p。24，25，andisoneofthebestmanifestoestobefoundinanylanguage。]
[Footnote38:Auctorituoreverentiamrogamus。Ammian。xxi。10。
Itisamusingenoughtoobservethesecretconflictsofthesenatebetweenflatteryandfear。SeeTacit。Hist。i。85。]
TheintelligenceofthemarchandrapidprogressofJulianwasspeedilytransmittedtohisrival，who，bytheretreatofSapor，hadobtainedsomerespitefromthePersianwar。
Disguisingtheanguishofhissoulunderthesemblanceofcontempt，ConstantiusprofessedhisintentionofreturningintoEurope，andofgivingchasetoJulian；forheneverspokeofhismilitaryexpeditioninanyotherlightthanthatofahuntingparty。^39InthecampofHierapolis，inSyria，hecommunicatedthisdesigntohisarmy；slightlymentionedtheguiltandrashnessoftheCaesar；andventuredtoassurethem，thatifthemutineersofGaulpresumedtomeettheminthefield，theywouldbeunabletosustainthefireoftheireyes，andtheirresistibleweightoftheirshoutofonset。Thespeechoftheemperorwasreceivedwithmilitaryapplause，andTheodotus，thepresidentofthecouncilofHierapolis，requested，withtearsofadulation，thathiscitymightbeadornedwiththeheadofthevanquishedrebel。^40Achosendetachmentwasdespatchedawayinpost—wagons，tosecure，ifitwereyetpossible，thepassofSucci；therecruits，thehorses，thearms，andthemagazines，whichhadbeenpreparedagainstSapor，wereappropriatedtotheserviceofthecivilwar；andthedomesticvictoriesofConstantiusinspiredhispartisanswiththemostsanguineassurancesofsuccess。ThenotaryGaudentiushadoccupiedinhisnametheprovincesofAfrica；thesubsistenceofRomewasintercepted；andthedistressofJulianwasincreasedbyanunexpectedevent，whichmighthavebeenproductiveoffatalconsequences。Julianhadreceivedthesubmissionoftwolegionsandacohortofarchers，whowerestationedatSirmium；buthesuspected，withreason，thefidelityofthosetroopswhichhadbeendistinguishedbytheemperor；anditwasthoughtexpedient，underthepretenceoftheexposedstateoftheGallicfrontier，todismissthemfromthemostimportantsceneofaction。Theyadvanced，withreluctance，asfarastheconfinesofItaly；butastheydreadedthelengthoftheway，andthesavagefiercenessoftheGermans，theyresolved，bytheinstigationofoneoftheirtribunes，tohaltatAquileia，andtoerectthebannersofConstantiusonthewallsofthatimpregnablecity。ThevigilanceofJulianperceivedatoncetheextentofthemischief，andthenecessityofapplyinganimmediateremedy。Byhisorder，JovinusledbackapartofthearmyintoItaly；andthesiegeofAquileiawasformedwithdiligence，andprosecutedwithvigor。Butthelegionaries，whoseemedtohaverejectedtheyokeofdiscipline，conductedthedefenceoftheplacewithskillandperseverance；
vitedtherestofItalytoimitatetheexampleoftheircourageandloyalty；andthreatenedtheretreatofJulian，ifheshouldbeforcedtoyieldtothesuperiornumbersofthearmiesoftheEast。^41
[Footnote39:Tanquamvenaticiampraedamcaperet:hocenimadJeniendumsuorummetumsubindepraedicabat。Ammian。xxii。7。]
[Footnote40:SeethespeechandpreparationsinAmmianus，xxi。
13。ThevileTheodotusafterwardsimploredandobtainedhispardonfromthemercifulconqueror，whosignifiedhiswishofdiminishinghisenemiesandincreasingthenumbersofhisfriends，xxii。14。]
[Footnote41:Ammian。xxi。7，11，12。Heseemstodescribe，withsuperfluouslabor，theoperationsofthesiegeofAquileia，which，onthisoccasion，maintaineditsimpregnablefame。
GregoryNazianzenOrat。iii。p。68ascribesthisaccidentalrevolttothewisdomofConstantius，whoseassuredvictoryheannounceswithsomeappearanceoftruth。Constantioquemcredebatproculdubioforevictorem；nemoenimomniumtuncabhacconstantisententiadiscrepebat。Ammian。xxi。7。]
ButthehumanityofJulianwaspreservedfromthecruelalternativewhichhepatheticallylaments，ofdestroyingorofbeinghimselfdestroyed:andtheseasonabledeathofConstantiusdeliveredtheRomanempirefromthecalamitiesofcivilwar。TheapproachofwintercouldnotdetainthemonarchatAntioch；andhisfavoritesdurstnotopposehisimpatientdesireofrevenge。
Aslightfever，whichwasperhapsoccasionedbytheagitationofhisspirits，wasincreasedbythefatiguesofthejourney；andConstantiuswasobligedtohaltatthelittletownofMopsucrene，twelvemilesbeyondTarsus，whereheexpired，afterashortillness，intheforty—fifthyearofhisage，andthetwenty—fourthofhisreign。^42Hisgenuinecharacter，whichwascomposedofprideandweakness，ofsuperstitionandcruelty，hasbeenfullydisplayedintheprecedingnarrativeofcivilandecclesiasticalevents。Thelongabuseofpowerrenderedhimaconsiderableobjectintheeyesofhiscontemporaries；butaspersonalmeritcanalonedeservethenoticeofposterity，thelastofthesonsofConstantinemaybedismissedfromtheworld，withtheremark，thatheinheritedthedefects，withouttheabilities，ofhisfather。BeforeConstantiusexpired，heissaidtohavenamedJulianforhissuccessor；nordoesitseemimprobable，thathisanxiousconcernforthefateofayoungandtenderwife，whomheleftwithchild，mayhaveprevailed，inhislastmoments，overtheharsherpassionsofhatredandrevenge。
Eusebius，andhisguiltyassociates，madeafaintattempttoprolongthereignoftheeunuchs，bytheelectionofanotheremperor；buttheirintrigueswererejectedwithdisdain，byanarmywhichnowabhorredthethoughtofcivildiscord；andtwoofficersofrankwereinstantlydespatched，toassureJulian，thateveryswordintheempirewouldbedrawnforhisservice。
Themilitarydesignsofthatprince，whohadformedthreedifferentattacksagainstThrace，werepreventedbythisfortunateevent。Withoutsheddingthebloodofhisfellow—citizens，heescapedthedangersofadoubtfulconflict，andacquiredtheadvantagesofacompletevictory。Impatienttovisittheplaceofhisbirth，andthenewcapitaloftheempire，headvancedfromNaissusthroughthemountainsofHaemus，andthecitiesofThrace。WhenhereachedHeraclea，atthedistanceofsixtymiles，allConstantinoplewaspouredforthtoreceivehim；
andhemadehistriumphalentryamidstthedutifulacclamationsofthesoldiers，thepeople，andthesenate。Atinnumerablemultitudepressedaroundhimwitheagerrespectandwereperhapsdisappointedwhentheybeheldthesmallstatureandsimplegarbofahero，whoseunexperiencedyouthhadvanquishedtheBarbariansofGermany，andwhohadnowtraversed，inasuccessfulcareer，thewholecontinentofEurope，fromtheshoresoftheAtlantictothoseoftheBosphorus。^43Afewdaysafterwards，whentheremainsofthedeceasedemperorwerelandedintheharbor，thesubjectsofJulianapplaudedtherealoraffectedhumanityoftheirsovereign。Onfoot，withouthisdiadem，andclothedinamourninghabit，heaccompaniedthefuneralasfarasthechurchoftheHolyApostles，wherethebodywasdeposited:
andifthesemarksofrespectmaybeinterpretedasaselfishtributetothebirthanddignityofhisImperialkinsman，thetearsofJulianprofessedtotheworldthathehadforgottheinjuries，andrememberedonlytheobligations，whichhehadreceivedfromConstantius。^44AssoonasthelegionsofAquileiawereassuredofthedeathoftheemperor，theyopenedthegatesofthecity，and，bythesacrificeoftheirguiltyleaders，obtainedaneasypardonfromtheprudenceorlenityofJulian；
who，inthethirty—secondyearofhisage，acquiredtheundisputedpossessionoftheRomanempire。^45
[Footnote42:HisdeathandcharacterarefaithfullydelineatedbyAmmianus，xxi。14，15，16；andweareauthorizedtodespiseanddetestthefoolishcalumnyofGregory，Orat。iii。p。68，
whoaccusesJulianofcontrivingthedeathofhisbenefactor。
Theprivaterepentanceoftheemperor，thathehadsparedandpromotedJulian，p。69，andOrat。xxi。p。389，isnotimprobableinitself，norincompatiblewiththepublicverbaltestamentwhichprudentialconsiderationsmightdictateinthelastmomentsofhislife。
Note:Wagnerthinksthissuddenchangeofsentimentaltogetherafictionoftheattendantcourtiersandchiefsofthearmy。whouptothistimehadbeenhostiletoJulian。NoteinlocoAmmian。—M。]
[Footnote43:IndescribingthetriumphofJulian，Ammianusxxii。l，2assumestheloftytoneofanoratororpoet；whileLibaniusOrat。Parent，c。56，p。281sinkstothegravesimplicityofanhistorian。]
[Footnote44:ThefuneralofConstantiusisdescribedbyAmmianus，xxi。16。GregoryNazianzen，Orat。iv。p。119，
Mamertinus，inPanegyr。Vet。xi。27，Libanius，Orat。Parent。
c。lvi。p。283，andPhilostorgius，l。vi。c。6，withGodefroy\'sDissertations，p。265。Thesewriters，andtheirfollowers，Pagans，Catholics，Arians，beheldwithverydifferenteyesboththedeadandthelivingemperor。]
[Footnote45:ThedayandyearofthebirthofJulianarenotperfectlyascertained。ThedayisprobablythesixthofNovember，andtheyearmustbeeither331or332。Tillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。693。Ducange，Fam。Byzantin。p。
50。Ihavepreferredtheearlierdate。]
ChapterXXII:JulianDeclaredEmperor。
PartIII。
PhilosophyhadinstructedJuliantocomparetheadvantagesofactionandretirement；buttheelevationofhisbirth，andtheaccidentsofhislife，neverallowedhimthefreedomofchoice。
Hemightperhapssincerelyhavepreferredthegrovesoftheacademy，andthesocietyofAthens；buthewasconstrained，atfirstbythewill，andafterwardsbytheinjustice，ofConstantius，toexposehispersonandfametothedangersofImperialgreatness；andtomakehimselfaccountabletotheworld，andtoposterity，forthehappinessofmillions。^46JulianrecollectedwithterrortheobservationofhismasterPlato，^47
thatthegovernmentofourflocksandherdsisalwayscommittedtobeingsofasuperiorspecies；andthattheconductofnationsrequiresanddeservesthecelestialpowersofthegodsorofthegenii。Fromthisprinciplehejustlyconcluded，thatthemanwhopresumestoreign，shouldaspiretotheperfectionofthedivinenature；thatheshouldpurifyhissoulfromhermortalandterrestrialpart；thatheshouldextinguishhisappetites，enlightenhisunderstanding，regulatehispassions，andsubduethewildbeast，which，accordingtothelivelymetaphorofAristotle，^48seldomfailstoascendthethroneofadespot。ThethroneofJulian，whichthedeathofConstantiusfixedonanindependentbasis，wastheseatofreason，ofvirtue，andperhapsofvanity。Hedespisedthehonors，renouncedthepleasures，anddischargedwithincessantdiligencetheduties，ofhisexaltedstation；andtherewerefewamonghissubjectswhowouldhaveconsentedtorelievehimfromtheweightofthediadem，hadtheybeenobligedtosubmittheirtimeandtheiractionstotherigorouslawswhichthatphilosophicemperorimposedonhimself。
Oneofhismostintimatefriends，^49whohadoftensharedthefrugalsimplicityofhistable，hasremarked，thathislightandsparingdietwhichwasusuallyofthevegetablekindlefthismindandbodyalwaysfreeandactive，forthevariousandimportantbusinessofanauthor，apontiff，amagistrate，ageneral，andaprince。Inoneandthesameday，hegaveaudiencetoseveralambassadors，andwrote，ordictated，agreatnumberofletterstohisgenerals，hiscivilmagistrates，hisprivatefriends，andthedifferentcitiesofhisdominions。Helistenedtothememorialswhichhadbeenreceived，consideredthesubjectofthepetitions，andsignifiedhisintentionsmorerapidlythantheycouldbetakeninshort—handbythediligenceofhissecretaries。Hepossessedsuchflexibilityofthought，andsuchfirmnessofattention，thathecouldemployhishandtowrite，hiseartolisten，andhisvoicetodictate；andpursueatoncethreeseveraltrainsofideaswithouthesitation，andwithouterror。Whilehisministersreposed，theprinceflewwithagilityfromonelabortoanother，and，afterahastydinner，retiredintohislibrary，tillthepublicbusiness，whichhehadappointedfortheevening，summonedhimtointerrupttheprosecutionofhisstudies。Thesupperoftheemperorwasstilllesssubstantialthantheformermeal；hissleepwasnevercloudedbythefumesofindigestion；andexceptintheshortintervalofamarriage，whichwastheeffectofpolicyratherthanlove，thechasteJulianneversharedhisbedwithafemalecompanion。^50Hewassoonawakenedbytheentranceoffreshsecretaries，whohadslepttheprecedingday；andhisservantswereobligedtowaitalternatelywhiletheirindefatigablemasterallowedhimselfscarcelyanyotherrefreshmentthanthechangeofoccupation。ThepredecessorsofJulian，hisuncle，hisbrother，andhiscousin，indulgedtheirpueriletasteforthegamesoftheCircus，underthespeciouspretenceofcomplyingwiththeinclinationsofthepeople；andtheyfrequentlyremainedthegreatestpartofthedayasidlespectators，andasapartofthesplendidspectacle，tilltheordinaryroundoftwenty—fourraces^51wascompletelyfinished。Onsolemnfestivals，Julian，whofeltandprofessedanunfashionabledisliketothesefrivolousamusements，condescendedtoappearintheCircus；andafterbestowingacarelessglanceatfiveorsixoftheraces，hehastilywithdrewwiththeimpatienceofaphilosopher，whoconsideredeverymomentaslostthatwasnotdevotedtotheadvantageofthepublicortheimprovementofhisownmind。^52
Bythisavariceoftime，heseemedtoprotracttheshortdurationofhisreign；andifthedateswerelesssecurelyascertained，weshouldrefusetobelieve，thatonlysixteenmonthselapsedbetweenthedeathofConstantiusandthedepartureofhissuccessorforthePersianwar。TheactionsofJuliancanonlybepreservedbythecareofthehistorian；buttheportionofhisvoluminouswritings，whichisstillextant，remainsasamonumentoftheapplication，aswellasofthegenius，oftheemperor。
TheMisopogon，theCaesars，severalofhisorations，andhiselaborateworkagainsttheChristianreligion，werecomposedinthelongnightsofthetwowinters，theformerofwhichhepassedatConstantinople，andthelatteratAntioch。
[Footnote46:Julianhimselfp。253—267hasexpressedthesephilosophicalideaswithmucheloquenceandsomeaffectation，inaveryelaborateepistletoThemistius。TheAbbedelaBleterie，tom。ii。p。146—193，whohasgivenaneleganttranslation，isinclinedtobelievethatitwasthecelebratedThemistius，whoseorationsarestillextant。]
[Footnote47:Julian。adThemist。p。258。Petaviusnot。p。95
observesthatthispassageistakenfromthefourthbookDeLegibus；buteitherJulianquotedfrommemory，orhisMSS。weredifferentfromoursXenophonopenstheCyropaediawithasimilarreflection。]