[Footnote163:HistoirePolitiqueetPhilosophiquedesEtablissemensdesEuropeensdanslesdeuxIndes，tom。i。p。9。]
[Footnote164:AccordingtoEusebius，inVit。Constantin。l。ii。
c。45，theemperorprohibited，bothincitiesandinthecountry，theabominableactsorpartsofidolatry。lSocratesl。i。c。17andSozomenl。ii。c。4，5haverepresentedtheconductofConstantinewithajustregardtotruthandhistory；
whichhasbeenneglectedbyTheodoretl。v。c。21andOrosius，vii。28。TumdeindesaysthelatterprimusConstantinusjustoordineetpiovicemvertitedicto；siquidemstatuitcitraullamhominumcaedem，paganorumtemplaclaudi。]
[Footnote165:SeeEusebiusinVit。Constantin。l。ii。c。56，60。
Inthesermontotheassemblyofsaints，whichtheemperorpronouncedwhenhewasmatureinyearsandpiety，hedeclarestotheidolatersc。xii。thattheyarepermittedtooffersacrifices，andtoexerciseeverypartoftheirreligiousworship。]
[Footnote166:SeeEusebius，inVit。Constantin。l。iii。c。
54—58，andl。iv。c。23，25。TheseactsofauthoritymaybecomparedwiththesuppressionoftheBacchanals，andthedemolitionofthetempleofIsis，bythemagistratesofPaganRome。]
[Footnote167:EusebiusinVit。Constan。l。iii。c。54—58andLibaniusOrat。proTemplis，p。9，10，edit。GothofredbothmentionthepioussacrilegeofConstantine，whichtheyviewedinverydifferentlights。Thelatterexpresslydeclares，that\"hemadeuseofthesacredmoney，butmadenoalterationinthelegalworship；thetemplesindeedwereimpoverished，butthesacredriteswereperformedthere。\"Lardner\'sJewishandHeathenTestimonies，vol。iv。p。140。]
ThesonsofConstantinetrodinthefootstepsoftheirfather，withmorezeal，andwithlessdiscretion。Thepretencesofrapineandoppressionwereinsensiblymultiplied；^168everyindulgencewasshowntotheillegalbehavioroftheChristians；
everydoubtwasexplainedtothedisadvantageofPaganism；andthedemolitionofthetempleswascelebratedasoneoftheauspiciouseventsofthereignofConstansandConstantius。^169
ThenameofConstantiusisprefixedtoaconciselaw，whichmighthavesupersededthenecessityofanyfutureprohibitions。\"Itisourpleasure，thatinallplaces，andinallcities，thetemplesbeimmediatelyshut，andcarefullyguarded，thatnonemayhavethepowerofoffending。Itislikewiseourpleasure，thatalloursubjectsshouldabstainfromsacrifices。Ifanyoneshouldbeguiltyofsuchanact，lethimfeeltheswordofvengeance，andafterhisexecution，lethispropertybeconfiscatedtothepublicuse。Wedenouncethesamepenaltiesagainstthegovernorsoftheprovinces，iftheyneglecttopunishthecriminals。\"^170
Butthereisthestrongestreasontobelieve，thatthisformidableedictwaseithercomposedwithoutbeingpublished，orwaspublishedwithoutbeingexecuted。Theevidenceoffacts，andthemonumentswhicharestillextantofbrassandmarble，continuetoprovethepublicexerciseofthePaganworshipduringthewholereignofthesonsofConstantine。IntheEast，aswellasintheWest，incities，aswellasinthecountry，agreatnumberoftempleswererespected，oratleastwerespared；andthedevoutmultitudestillenjoyedtheluxuryofsacrifices，offestivals，andofprocessions，bythepermission，orbytheconnivance，ofthecivilgovernment。Aboutfouryearsafterthesupposeddateofthisbloodyedict，ConstantiusvisitedthetemplesofRome；andthedecencyofhisbehaviorisrecommendedbyapaganoratorasanexampleworthyoftheimitationofsucceedingprinces。\"Thatemperor，\"saysSymmachus，\"sufferedtheprivilegesofthevestalvirginstoremaininviolate；hebestowedthesacerdotaldignitiesonthenoblesofRome，grantedthecustomaryallowancetodefraytheexpensesofthepublicritesandsacrifices；and，thoughhehadembracedadifferentreligion，heneverattemptedtodeprivetheempireofthesacredworshipofantiquity。\"^171Thesenatestillpresumedtoconsecrate，bysolemndecrees，thedivinememoryoftheirsovereigns；andConstantinehimselfwasassociated，afterhisdeath，tothosegodswhomhehadrenouncedandinsultedduringhislife。Thetitle，theensigns，theprerogatives，ofsovereignpontiff，whichhadbeeninstitutedbyNuma，andassumedbyAugustus，wereaccepted，withouthesitation，bysevenChristianemperors；whowereinvestedwithamoreabsoluteauthorityoverthereligionwhichtheyhaddeserted，thanoverthatwhichtheyprofessed。^172
[Footnote168:Ammianusxxii。4speaksofsomecourteunuchswhowerespoliistemplorumpasti。LibaniussaysOrat。proTempl。p。23thattheemperoroftengaveawayatemple，likeadog，orahorse，oraslave，oragoldcup；butthedevoutphilosophertakescaretoobservethatthesesacrilegiousfavoritesveryseldomprospered。]
[Footnote169:SeeGothofred。Cod。Theodos。tom。vi。p。262。
Liban。Orat。Parentalc。x。inFabric。Bibl。Graec。tom。vii。p。
235。]
[Footnote170:Placuitomnibuslocisatqueurbibusuniversisclaudiprotinusempla，etaccessuvetitisomnibuslicentiamdelinquendiperditisabnegari。Volumusetiamcunctosasacrificiisabstinere。Quodsiquisaliquidfortehujusmodiperpetraverit，gladiosternatur:facultatesetiamperemptifiscodecernimusvindicari:etsimiliteradfligirectoresprovinciarumsifacinoravindicareneglexerint。Cod。Theodos。l。xvi。tit。x。
leg。4。Chronologyhasdiscoveredsomecontradictioninthedateofthisextravagantlaw；theonlyone，perhaps，bywhichthenegligenceofmagistratesispunishedbydeathandconfiscation。
M。delaBastieMem。del\'Academie，tom。xv。p。98conjectures，withashowofreason，thatthiswasnomorethantheminutesofalaw，theheadsofanintendedbill，whichwerefoundinScriniisMemoriaeamongthepapersofConstantius，andafterwardsinserted，asaworthymodel，intheTheodosianCode。]
[Footnote171:Symmach。Epistol。x。54。]
[Footnote172:ThefourthDissertationofM。delaBastie，surleSouverainPontificatdesEmpereursRomains，intheMem。del\'Acad。tom。xv。p。75—144，isaverylearnedandjudiciousperformance，whichexplainsthestate，andprovethetoleration，ofPaganismfromConstantinotoGratian。TheassertionofZosimus，thatGratianwasthefirstwhorefusedthepontificalrobe，isconfirmedbeyondadoubt；andthemurmursofbigotryonthatsubjectarealmostsilenced。]
ThedivisionsofChristianitysuspendedtheruinofPaganism；^173andtheholywaragainsttheinfidelswaslessvigorouslyprosecutedbyprincesandbishops，whoweremoreimmediatelyalarmedbytheguiltanddangerofdomesticrebellion。Theextirpationofidolatry^174mighthavebeenjustifiedbytheestablishedprinciplesofintolerance:butthehostilesects，whichalternatelyreignedintheImperialcourtweremutuallyapprehensiveofalienating，andperhapsexasperating，themindsofapowerful，thoughdecliningfaction。
Everymotiveofauthorityandfashion，ofinterestandreason，nowmilitatedonthesideofChristianity；buttwoorthreegenerationselapsed，beforetheirvictoriousinfluencewasuniversallyfelt。ThereligionwhichhadsolongandsolatelybeenestablishedintheRomanempirewasstillreveredbyanumerouspeople，lessattachedindeedtospeculativeopinion，thantoancientcustom。ThehonorsofthestateandarmywereindifferentlybestowedonallthesubjectsofConstantineandConstantius；andaconsiderableportionofknowledgeandwealthandvalorwasstillengagedintheserviceofpolytheism。Thesuperstitionofthesenatorandofthepeasant，ofthepoetandthephilosopher，wasderivedfromverydifferentcauses，buttheymetwithequaldevotioninthetemplesofthegods。Theirzealwasinsensiblyprovokedbytheinsultingtriumphofaproscribedsect；andtheirhopeswererevivedbythewell—groundedconfidence，thatthepresumptiveheiroftheempire，ayoungandvalianthero，whohaddeliveredGaulfromthearmsoftheBarbarians，hadsecretlyembracedthereligionofhisancestors。
[Footnote173:AsIhavefreelyanticipatedtheuseofpagansandpaganism，Ishallnowtracethesingularrevolutionsofthosecelebratedwords。1。intheDoricdialect，sofamiliartotheItalians，signifiesafountain；andtheruralneighborhood，whichfrequentedthesamefountain，derivedthecommonappellationofpagusandpagans。Festussubvoce，andServiusadVirgil。
Georgic。ii。382。2。Byaneasyextensionoftheword，paganandruralbecamealmostsynonymous，Plin。Hist。Natur。xxviii。5；
andthemeanerrusticsacquiredthatname，whichhasbeencorruptedintopeasantsinthemodernlanguagesofEurope。3。
Theamazingincreaseofthemilitaryorderintroducedthenecessityofacorrelativeterm，Hume\'sEssays，vol。i。p。555；
andallthepeoplewhowerenotenlistedintheserviceoftheprincewerebrandedwiththecontemptuousepithetsofpagans。
Tacit。Hist。iii。24，43，77。Juvenal。Satir。16。TertulliandePallio，c。4。4。TheChristianswerethesoldiersofChrist；
theiradversaries，whorefusedhissacrament，ormilitaryoathofbaptismmightdeservethemetaphoricalnameofpagans；andthispopularreproachwasintroducedasearlyasthereignofValentinianA。D。365intoImperiallawsCod。Theodos。l。xvi。
tit。ii。leg。18andtheologicalwritings。5。Christianitygraduallyfilledthecitiesoftheempire:theoldreligion，inthetimeofPrudentiusadvers。Symmachum，l。i。adfin。andOrosius，inPraefat。Hist。，retiredandlanguishedinobscurevillages；andthewordpagans，withitsnewsignification，revertedtoitsprimitiveorigin。6。SincetheworshipofJupiterandhisfamilyhasexpired，thevacanttitleofpaganshasbeensuccessivelyappliedtoalltheidolatersandpolytheistsoftheoldandnewworld。7。TheLatinChristiansbestowedit，withoutscruple，ontheirmortalenemies，theMahometans；andthepurestUnitarianswerebrandedwiththeunjustreproachofidolatryandpaganism。SeeGerardVossius，EtymologiconLinguaeLatinae，inhisworks，tom。i。p。420；Godefroy\'sCommentaryontheTheodosianCode，tom。vi。p。250；andDucange，MediaeetInfimaeLatinitat。Glossar。]
[Footnote174:InthepurelanguageofIoniaandAthenswereancientandfamiliarwords。Theformerexpressedalikeness，anapparitionHomer。Odys。xi。601，arepresentation，animage，createdeitherbyfancyorart。Thelatterdenotedanysortofserviceorslavery。TheJewsofEgypt，whotranslatedtheHebrewScriptures，restrainedtheuseofthesewordsExod。xx。4，5tothereligiousworshipofanimage。ThepeculiaridiomoftheHellenists，orGrecianJews，hasbeenadoptedbythesacredandecclesiasticalwritersandthereproachofidolatryhasstigmatizedthatvisibleandabjectmodeofsuperstition，whichsomesectsofChristianityshouldnothastilyimputetothepolytheistsofGreeceandRome。]
ChapterXXII:JulianDeclaredEmperor。
PartI
JulianIsDeclaredEmperorByTheLegionsOfGaul。—HisMarchAndSuccess。—TheDeathOfConstantius。—CivilAdministrationOfJulian。
WhiletheRomanslanguishedundertheignominioustyrannyofeunuchsandbishops，thepraisesofJulianwererepeatedwithtransportineverypartoftheempire，exceptinthepalaceofConstantius。ThebarbariansofGermanyhadfelt，andstilldreaded，thearmsoftheyoungCaesar；hissoldierswerethecompanionsofhisvictory；thegratefulprovincialsenjoyedtheblessingsofhisreign；butthefavorites，whohadopposedhiselevation，wereoffendedbyhisvirtues；andtheyjustlyconsideredthefriendofthepeopleastheenemyofthecourt。
AslongasthefameofJulianwasdoubtful，thebuffoonsofthepalace，whowereskilledinthelanguageofsatire，triedtheefficacyofthoseartswhichtheyhadsooftenpractisedwithsuccess。Theyeasilydiscovered，thathissimplicitywasnotexemptfromaffectation:theridiculousepithetsofahairysavage，ofanapeinvestedwiththepurple，wereappliedtothedressandpersonofthephilosophicwarrior；andhismodestdespatcheswerestigmatizedasthevainandelaboratefictionsofaloquaciousGreek，aspeculativesoldier，whohadstudiedtheartofwaramidstthegrovesoftheacademy。^1Thevoiceofmaliciousfollywasatlengthsilencedbytheshoutsofvictory；
theconqueroroftheFranksandAlemannicouldnolongerbepaintedasanobjectofcontempt；andthemonarchhimselfwasmeanlyambitiousofstealingfromhislieutenantthehonorablerewardofhislabors。Intheletterscrownedwithlaurel，which，accordingtoancientcustom，wereaddressedtotheprovinces，thenameofJulianwasomitted。\"Constantiushadmadehisdispositionsinperson；hehadsignalizedhisvalorintheforemostranks；hismilitaryconducthadsecuredthevictory；andthecaptivekingofthebarbarianswaspresentedtohimonthefieldofbattle，\"fromwhichhewasatthattimedistantaboutfortydays\'journey。^2Soextravagantafablewasincapable，however，ofdeceivingthepubliccredulity，orevenofsatisfyingtheprideoftheemperorhimself。SecretlyconsciousthattheapplauseandfavoroftheRomansaccompaniedtherisingfortunesofJulian，hisdiscontentedmindwaspreparedtoreceivethesubtlepoisonofthoseartfulsycophants，whocoloredtheirmischievousdesignswiththefairestappearancesoftruthandcandor。^3InsteadofdepreciatingthemeritsofJulian，theyacknowledged，andevenexaggerated，hispopularfame，superiortalents，andimportantservices。Buttheydarklyinsinuated，thatthevirtuesoftheCaesarmightinstantlybeconvertedintothemostdangerouscrimes，iftheinconstantmultitudeshouldprefertheirinclinationstotheirduty；orifthegeneralofavictoriousarmyshouldbetemptedfromhisallegiancebythehopesofrevengeandindependentgreatness。ThepersonalfearsofConstantiuswereinterpretedbyhiscouncilasalaudableanxietyforthepublicsafety；whilstinprivate，andperhapsinhisownbreast，hedisguised，underthelessodiousappellationoffear，thesentimentsofhatredandenvy，whichhehadsecretlyconceivedfortheinimitablevirtuesofJulian。
[Footnote1:Omnesquipluspoterantinpalatio，adulandiprofessoresjamdocti，recteconsulta，prosperequecompletavertebantinderidiculum:taliasinemodostrepentesinsulse；inodiumvenitcumvictoriissuis；capella，nonhomo；uthirsutumJulianumcarpentes，appellantesqueloquacemtalpam，etpurpuratamsimiam，etlitterionemGraecum:ethiscongruentiaplurimaatquevernaculaprincipiresonantes，audirehaectaliaquegestienti，virtutesejusobruereverbisimpudentibusconabantur，etsegnemincessentesettimidumetumbratilem，gestaquesecusverbiscomptioribusexornantem。Ammianus，s。xvii。11。
Note:Thephilosophersretaliatedonthecourtiers。MariussaysEunapiusinanewly—discoveredfragmentwaswonttocallhisantagonistSyllaabeasthalflionandhalffox。Constantiushadnothingofthelion，butwassurroundedbyawholelitteroffoxes。Mai。Script。Byz。Nov。Col。ii。238。Niebuhr。Byzant。
Hist。66。—M。]
[Footnote2:Ammian。xvi。12。TheoratorThemistiusiv。p。56，57believedwhateverwascontainedintheImperialletters，whichwereaddressedtothesenateofConstantinopleAureliusVictor，whopublishedhisAbridgmentinthelastyearofConstantius，ascribestheGermanvictoriestothewisdomoftheemperor，andthefortuneoftheCaesar。Yetthehistorian，soonafterwards，wasindebtedtothefavororesteemofJulianforthehonorofabrassstatue，andtheimportantofficesofconsularofthesecondPannonia，andpraefectofthecity，Ammian。xxi。10。]
[Footnote3:Callidonocendiartificio，accusatoriamdiritatemlaudumtitulisperagebant……Haevocesfueruntadinflammandaodiaprobriaomnibuspotentiores。SeeMamertin，inActioneGratiaruminVetPanegyr。xi。5，6。]
TheapparenttranquillityofGaul，andtheimminentdangeroftheeasternprovinces，offeredaspeciouspretenceforthedesignwhichwasartfullyconcertedbytheImperialministers。
TheyresolvedtodisarmtheCaesar；torecallthosefaithfultroopswhoguardedhispersonanddignity；andtoemploy，inadistantwaragainstthePersianmonarch，thehardyveteranswhohadvanquished，onthebanksoftheRhine，thefiercestnationsofGermany。WhileJulianusedthelaborioushoursofhiswinterquartersatParisintheadministrationofpower，which，inhishands，wastheexerciseofvirtue，hewassurprisedbythehastyarrivalofatribuneandanotary，withpositiveorders，fromtheemperor，whichtheyweredirectedtoexecute，andhewascommandednottooppose。Constantiussignifiedhispleasure，thatfourentirelegions，theCeltae，andPetulants，theHeruli，andtheBatavians，shouldbeseparatedfromthestandardofJulian，underwhichtheyhadacquiredtheirfameanddiscipline；
thatineachoftheremainingbandsthreehundredofthebravestyouthsshouldbeselected；andthatthisnumerousdetachment，thestrengthoftheGallicarmy，shouldinstantlybegintheirmarch，andexerttheirutmostdiligencetoarrive，beforetheopeningofthecampaign，onthefrontiersofPersia。^4TheCaesarforesawandlamentedtheconsequencesofthisfatalmandate。Mostoftheauxiliaries，whoengagedtheirvoluntaryservice，hadstipulated，thattheyshouldneverbeobligedtopasstheAlps。ThepublicfaithofRome，andthepersonalhonorofJulian，hadbeenpledgedfortheobservanceofthiscondition。Suchanactoftreacheryandoppressionwoulddestroytheconfidence，andexcitetheresentment，oftheindependentwarriorsofGermany，whoconsideredtruthasthenoblestoftheirvirtues，andfreedomasthemostvaluableoftheirpossessions。Thelegionaries，whoenjoyedthetitleandprivilegesofRomans，wereenlistedforthegeneraldefenceoftherepublic；butthosemercenarytroopsheardwithcoldindifferencetheantiquatednamesoftherepublicandofRome。Attached，eitherfrombirthorlonghabit，totheclimateandmannersofGaul，theylovedandadmiredJulian；theydespised，andperhapshated，theemperor；theydreadedthelaboriousmarch，thePersianarrows，andtheburningdesertsofAsia。Theyclaimedastheirownthecountrywhichtheyhadsaved；andexcusedtheirwantofspirit，bypleadingthesacredandmoreimmediatedutyofprotectingtheirfamiliesandfriends。