第136章
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  [Footnote163:HistoirePolitiqueetPhilosophiquedesEtablissemensdesEuropeensdanslesdeuxIndes,tom。i。p。9。]

  [Footnote164:AccordingtoEusebius,inVit。Constantin。l。ii。

  c。45,theemperorprohibited,bothincitiesandinthecountry,theabominableactsorpartsofidolatry。lSocratesl。i。c。17andSozomenl。ii。c。4,5haverepresentedtheconductofConstantinewithajustregardtotruthandhistory;

  whichhasbeenneglectedbyTheodoretl。v。c。21andOrosius,vii。28。TumdeindesaysthelatterprimusConstantinusjustoordineetpiovicemvertitedicto;siquidemstatuitcitraullamhominumcaedem,paganorumtemplaclaudi。]

  [Footnote165:SeeEusebiusinVit。Constantin。l。ii。c。56,60。

  Inthesermontotheassemblyofsaints,whichtheemperorpronouncedwhenhewasmatureinyearsandpiety,hedeclarestotheidolatersc。xii。thattheyarepermittedtooffersacrifices,andtoexerciseeverypartoftheirreligiousworship。]

  [Footnote166:SeeEusebius,inVit。Constantin。l。iii。c。

  54—58,andl。iv。c。23,25。TheseactsofauthoritymaybecomparedwiththesuppressionoftheBacchanals,andthedemolitionofthetempleofIsis,bythemagistratesofPaganRome。]

  [Footnote167:EusebiusinVit。Constan。l。iii。c。54—58andLibaniusOrat。proTemplis,p。9,10,edit。GothofredbothmentionthepioussacrilegeofConstantine,whichtheyviewedinverydifferentlights。Thelatterexpresslydeclares,that\"hemadeuseofthesacredmoney,butmadenoalterationinthelegalworship;thetemplesindeedwereimpoverished,butthesacredriteswereperformedthere。\"Lardner\'sJewishandHeathenTestimonies,vol。iv。p。140。]

  ThesonsofConstantinetrodinthefootstepsoftheirfather,withmorezeal,andwithlessdiscretion。Thepretencesofrapineandoppressionwereinsensiblymultiplied;^168everyindulgencewasshowntotheillegalbehavioroftheChristians;

  everydoubtwasexplainedtothedisadvantageofPaganism;andthedemolitionofthetempleswascelebratedasoneoftheauspiciouseventsofthereignofConstansandConstantius。^169

  ThenameofConstantiusisprefixedtoaconciselaw,whichmighthavesupersededthenecessityofanyfutureprohibitions。\"Itisourpleasure,thatinallplaces,andinallcities,thetemplesbeimmediatelyshut,andcarefullyguarded,thatnonemayhavethepowerofoffending。Itislikewiseourpleasure,thatalloursubjectsshouldabstainfromsacrifices。Ifanyoneshouldbeguiltyofsuchanact,lethimfeeltheswordofvengeance,andafterhisexecution,lethispropertybeconfiscatedtothepublicuse。Wedenouncethesamepenaltiesagainstthegovernorsoftheprovinces,iftheyneglecttopunishthecriminals。\"^170

  Butthereisthestrongestreasontobelieve,thatthisformidableedictwaseithercomposedwithoutbeingpublished,orwaspublishedwithoutbeingexecuted。Theevidenceoffacts,andthemonumentswhicharestillextantofbrassandmarble,continuetoprovethepublicexerciseofthePaganworshipduringthewholereignofthesonsofConstantine。IntheEast,aswellasintheWest,incities,aswellasinthecountry,agreatnumberoftempleswererespected,oratleastwerespared;andthedevoutmultitudestillenjoyedtheluxuryofsacrifices,offestivals,andofprocessions,bythepermission,orbytheconnivance,ofthecivilgovernment。Aboutfouryearsafterthesupposeddateofthisbloodyedict,ConstantiusvisitedthetemplesofRome;andthedecencyofhisbehaviorisrecommendedbyapaganoratorasanexampleworthyoftheimitationofsucceedingprinces。\"Thatemperor,\"saysSymmachus,\"sufferedtheprivilegesofthevestalvirginstoremaininviolate;hebestowedthesacerdotaldignitiesonthenoblesofRome,grantedthecustomaryallowancetodefraytheexpensesofthepublicritesandsacrifices;and,thoughhehadembracedadifferentreligion,heneverattemptedtodeprivetheempireofthesacredworshipofantiquity。\"^171Thesenatestillpresumedtoconsecrate,bysolemndecrees,thedivinememoryoftheirsovereigns;andConstantinehimselfwasassociated,afterhisdeath,tothosegodswhomhehadrenouncedandinsultedduringhislife。Thetitle,theensigns,theprerogatives,ofsovereignpontiff,whichhadbeeninstitutedbyNuma,andassumedbyAugustus,wereaccepted,withouthesitation,bysevenChristianemperors;whowereinvestedwithamoreabsoluteauthorityoverthereligionwhichtheyhaddeserted,thanoverthatwhichtheyprofessed。^172

  [Footnote168:Ammianusxxii。4speaksofsomecourteunuchswhowerespoliistemplorumpasti。LibaniussaysOrat。proTempl。p。23thattheemperoroftengaveawayatemple,likeadog,orahorse,oraslave,oragoldcup;butthedevoutphilosophertakescaretoobservethatthesesacrilegiousfavoritesveryseldomprospered。]

  [Footnote169:SeeGothofred。Cod。Theodos。tom。vi。p。262。

  Liban。Orat。Parentalc。x。inFabric。Bibl。Graec。tom。vii。p。

  235。]

  [Footnote170:Placuitomnibuslocisatqueurbibusuniversisclaudiprotinusempla,etaccessuvetitisomnibuslicentiamdelinquendiperditisabnegari。Volumusetiamcunctosasacrificiisabstinere。Quodsiquisaliquidfortehujusmodiperpetraverit,gladiosternatur:facultatesetiamperemptifiscodecernimusvindicari:etsimiliteradfligirectoresprovinciarumsifacinoravindicareneglexerint。Cod。Theodos。l。xvi。tit。x。

  leg。4。Chronologyhasdiscoveredsomecontradictioninthedateofthisextravagantlaw;theonlyone,perhaps,bywhichthenegligenceofmagistratesispunishedbydeathandconfiscation。

  M。delaBastieMem。del\'Academie,tom。xv。p。98conjectures,withashowofreason,thatthiswasnomorethantheminutesofalaw,theheadsofanintendedbill,whichwerefoundinScriniisMemoriaeamongthepapersofConstantius,andafterwardsinserted,asaworthymodel,intheTheodosianCode。]

  [Footnote171:Symmach。Epistol。x。54。]

  [Footnote172:ThefourthDissertationofM。delaBastie,surleSouverainPontificatdesEmpereursRomains,intheMem。del\'Acad。tom。xv。p。75—144,isaverylearnedandjudiciousperformance,whichexplainsthestate,andprovethetoleration,ofPaganismfromConstantinotoGratian。TheassertionofZosimus,thatGratianwasthefirstwhorefusedthepontificalrobe,isconfirmedbeyondadoubt;andthemurmursofbigotryonthatsubjectarealmostsilenced。]

  ThedivisionsofChristianitysuspendedtheruinofPaganism;^173andtheholywaragainsttheinfidelswaslessvigorouslyprosecutedbyprincesandbishops,whoweremoreimmediatelyalarmedbytheguiltanddangerofdomesticrebellion。Theextirpationofidolatry^174mighthavebeenjustifiedbytheestablishedprinciplesofintolerance:butthehostilesects,whichalternatelyreignedintheImperialcourtweremutuallyapprehensiveofalienating,andperhapsexasperating,themindsofapowerful,thoughdecliningfaction。

  Everymotiveofauthorityandfashion,ofinterestandreason,nowmilitatedonthesideofChristianity;buttwoorthreegenerationselapsed,beforetheirvictoriousinfluencewasuniversallyfelt。ThereligionwhichhadsolongandsolatelybeenestablishedintheRomanempirewasstillreveredbyanumerouspeople,lessattachedindeedtospeculativeopinion,thantoancientcustom。ThehonorsofthestateandarmywereindifferentlybestowedonallthesubjectsofConstantineandConstantius;andaconsiderableportionofknowledgeandwealthandvalorwasstillengagedintheserviceofpolytheism。Thesuperstitionofthesenatorandofthepeasant,ofthepoetandthephilosopher,wasderivedfromverydifferentcauses,buttheymetwithequaldevotioninthetemplesofthegods。Theirzealwasinsensiblyprovokedbytheinsultingtriumphofaproscribedsect;andtheirhopeswererevivedbythewell—groundedconfidence,thatthepresumptiveheiroftheempire,ayoungandvalianthero,whohaddeliveredGaulfromthearmsoftheBarbarians,hadsecretlyembracedthereligionofhisancestors。

  [Footnote173:AsIhavefreelyanticipatedtheuseofpagansandpaganism,Ishallnowtracethesingularrevolutionsofthosecelebratedwords。1。intheDoricdialect,sofamiliartotheItalians,signifiesafountain;andtheruralneighborhood,whichfrequentedthesamefountain,derivedthecommonappellationofpagusandpagans。Festussubvoce,andServiusadVirgil。

  Georgic。ii。382。2。Byaneasyextensionoftheword,paganandruralbecamealmostsynonymous,Plin。Hist。Natur。xxviii。5;

  andthemeanerrusticsacquiredthatname,whichhasbeencorruptedintopeasantsinthemodernlanguagesofEurope。3。

  Theamazingincreaseofthemilitaryorderintroducedthenecessityofacorrelativeterm,Hume\'sEssays,vol。i。p。555;

  andallthepeoplewhowerenotenlistedintheserviceoftheprincewerebrandedwiththecontemptuousepithetsofpagans。

  Tacit。Hist。iii。24,43,77。Juvenal。Satir。16。TertulliandePallio,c。4。4。TheChristianswerethesoldiersofChrist;

  theiradversaries,whorefusedhissacrament,ormilitaryoathofbaptismmightdeservethemetaphoricalnameofpagans;andthispopularreproachwasintroducedasearlyasthereignofValentinianA。D。365intoImperiallawsCod。Theodos。l。xvi。

  tit。ii。leg。18andtheologicalwritings。5。Christianitygraduallyfilledthecitiesoftheempire:theoldreligion,inthetimeofPrudentiusadvers。Symmachum,l。i。adfin。andOrosius,inPraefat。Hist。,retiredandlanguishedinobscurevillages;andthewordpagans,withitsnewsignification,revertedtoitsprimitiveorigin。6。SincetheworshipofJupiterandhisfamilyhasexpired,thevacanttitleofpaganshasbeensuccessivelyappliedtoalltheidolatersandpolytheistsoftheoldandnewworld。7。TheLatinChristiansbestowedit,withoutscruple,ontheirmortalenemies,theMahometans;andthepurestUnitarianswerebrandedwiththeunjustreproachofidolatryandpaganism。SeeGerardVossius,EtymologiconLinguaeLatinae,inhisworks,tom。i。p。420;Godefroy\'sCommentaryontheTheodosianCode,tom。vi。p。250;andDucange,MediaeetInfimaeLatinitat。Glossar。]

  [Footnote174:InthepurelanguageofIoniaandAthenswereancientandfamiliarwords。Theformerexpressedalikeness,anapparitionHomer。Odys。xi。601,arepresentation,animage,createdeitherbyfancyorart。Thelatterdenotedanysortofserviceorslavery。TheJewsofEgypt,whotranslatedtheHebrewScriptures,restrainedtheuseofthesewordsExod。xx。4,5tothereligiousworshipofanimage。ThepeculiaridiomoftheHellenists,orGrecianJews,hasbeenadoptedbythesacredandecclesiasticalwritersandthereproachofidolatryhasstigmatizedthatvisibleandabjectmodeofsuperstition,whichsomesectsofChristianityshouldnothastilyimputetothepolytheistsofGreeceandRome。]

  ChapterXXII:JulianDeclaredEmperor。

  PartI

  JulianIsDeclaredEmperorByTheLegionsOfGaul。—HisMarchAndSuccess。—TheDeathOfConstantius。—CivilAdministrationOfJulian。

  WhiletheRomanslanguishedundertheignominioustyrannyofeunuchsandbishops,thepraisesofJulianwererepeatedwithtransportineverypartoftheempire,exceptinthepalaceofConstantius。ThebarbariansofGermanyhadfelt,andstilldreaded,thearmsoftheyoungCaesar;hissoldierswerethecompanionsofhisvictory;thegratefulprovincialsenjoyedtheblessingsofhisreign;butthefavorites,whohadopposedhiselevation,wereoffendedbyhisvirtues;andtheyjustlyconsideredthefriendofthepeopleastheenemyofthecourt。

  AslongasthefameofJulianwasdoubtful,thebuffoonsofthepalace,whowereskilledinthelanguageofsatire,triedtheefficacyofthoseartswhichtheyhadsooftenpractisedwithsuccess。Theyeasilydiscovered,thathissimplicitywasnotexemptfromaffectation:theridiculousepithetsofahairysavage,ofanapeinvestedwiththepurple,wereappliedtothedressandpersonofthephilosophicwarrior;andhismodestdespatcheswerestigmatizedasthevainandelaboratefictionsofaloquaciousGreek,aspeculativesoldier,whohadstudiedtheartofwaramidstthegrovesoftheacademy。^1Thevoiceofmaliciousfollywasatlengthsilencedbytheshoutsofvictory;

  theconqueroroftheFranksandAlemannicouldnolongerbepaintedasanobjectofcontempt;andthemonarchhimselfwasmeanlyambitiousofstealingfromhislieutenantthehonorablerewardofhislabors。Intheletterscrownedwithlaurel,which,accordingtoancientcustom,wereaddressedtotheprovinces,thenameofJulianwasomitted。\"Constantiushadmadehisdispositionsinperson;hehadsignalizedhisvalorintheforemostranks;hismilitaryconducthadsecuredthevictory;andthecaptivekingofthebarbarianswaspresentedtohimonthefieldofbattle,\"fromwhichhewasatthattimedistantaboutfortydays\'journey。^2Soextravagantafablewasincapable,however,ofdeceivingthepubliccredulity,orevenofsatisfyingtheprideoftheemperorhimself。SecretlyconsciousthattheapplauseandfavoroftheRomansaccompaniedtherisingfortunesofJulian,hisdiscontentedmindwaspreparedtoreceivethesubtlepoisonofthoseartfulsycophants,whocoloredtheirmischievousdesignswiththefairestappearancesoftruthandcandor。^3InsteadofdepreciatingthemeritsofJulian,theyacknowledged,andevenexaggerated,hispopularfame,superiortalents,andimportantservices。Buttheydarklyinsinuated,thatthevirtuesoftheCaesarmightinstantlybeconvertedintothemostdangerouscrimes,iftheinconstantmultitudeshouldprefertheirinclinationstotheirduty;orifthegeneralofavictoriousarmyshouldbetemptedfromhisallegiancebythehopesofrevengeandindependentgreatness。ThepersonalfearsofConstantiuswereinterpretedbyhiscouncilasalaudableanxietyforthepublicsafety;whilstinprivate,andperhapsinhisownbreast,hedisguised,underthelessodiousappellationoffear,thesentimentsofhatredandenvy,whichhehadsecretlyconceivedfortheinimitablevirtuesofJulian。

  [Footnote1:Omnesquipluspoterantinpalatio,adulandiprofessoresjamdocti,recteconsulta,prosperequecompletavertebantinderidiculum:taliasinemodostrepentesinsulse;inodiumvenitcumvictoriissuis;capella,nonhomo;uthirsutumJulianumcarpentes,appellantesqueloquacemtalpam,etpurpuratamsimiam,etlitterionemGraecum:ethiscongruentiaplurimaatquevernaculaprincipiresonantes,audirehaectaliaquegestienti,virtutesejusobruereverbisimpudentibusconabantur,etsegnemincessentesettimidumetumbratilem,gestaquesecusverbiscomptioribusexornantem。Ammianus,s。xvii。11。

  Note:Thephilosophersretaliatedonthecourtiers。MariussaysEunapiusinanewly—discoveredfragmentwaswonttocallhisantagonistSyllaabeasthalflionandhalffox。Constantiushadnothingofthelion,butwassurroundedbyawholelitteroffoxes。Mai。Script。Byz。Nov。Col。ii。238。Niebuhr。Byzant。

  Hist。66。—M。]

  [Footnote2:Ammian。xvi。12。TheoratorThemistiusiv。p。56,57believedwhateverwascontainedintheImperialletters,whichwereaddressedtothesenateofConstantinopleAureliusVictor,whopublishedhisAbridgmentinthelastyearofConstantius,ascribestheGermanvictoriestothewisdomoftheemperor,andthefortuneoftheCaesar。Yetthehistorian,soonafterwards,wasindebtedtothefavororesteemofJulianforthehonorofabrassstatue,andtheimportantofficesofconsularofthesecondPannonia,andpraefectofthecity,Ammian。xxi。10。]

  [Footnote3:Callidonocendiartificio,accusatoriamdiritatemlaudumtitulisperagebant……Haevocesfueruntadinflammandaodiaprobriaomnibuspotentiores。SeeMamertin,inActioneGratiaruminVetPanegyr。xi。5,6。]

  TheapparenttranquillityofGaul,andtheimminentdangeroftheeasternprovinces,offeredaspeciouspretenceforthedesignwhichwasartfullyconcertedbytheImperialministers。

  TheyresolvedtodisarmtheCaesar;torecallthosefaithfultroopswhoguardedhispersonanddignity;andtoemploy,inadistantwaragainstthePersianmonarch,thehardyveteranswhohadvanquished,onthebanksoftheRhine,thefiercestnationsofGermany。WhileJulianusedthelaborioushoursofhiswinterquartersatParisintheadministrationofpower,which,inhishands,wastheexerciseofvirtue,hewassurprisedbythehastyarrivalofatribuneandanotary,withpositiveorders,fromtheemperor,whichtheyweredirectedtoexecute,andhewascommandednottooppose。Constantiussignifiedhispleasure,thatfourentirelegions,theCeltae,andPetulants,theHeruli,andtheBatavians,shouldbeseparatedfromthestandardofJulian,underwhichtheyhadacquiredtheirfameanddiscipline;

  thatineachoftheremainingbandsthreehundredofthebravestyouthsshouldbeselected;andthatthisnumerousdetachment,thestrengthoftheGallicarmy,shouldinstantlybegintheirmarch,andexerttheirutmostdiligencetoarrive,beforetheopeningofthecampaign,onthefrontiersofPersia。^4TheCaesarforesawandlamentedtheconsequencesofthisfatalmandate。Mostoftheauxiliaries,whoengagedtheirvoluntaryservice,hadstipulated,thattheyshouldneverbeobligedtopasstheAlps。ThepublicfaithofRome,andthepersonalhonorofJulian,hadbeenpledgedfortheobservanceofthiscondition。Suchanactoftreacheryandoppressionwoulddestroytheconfidence,andexcitetheresentment,oftheindependentwarriorsofGermany,whoconsideredtruthasthenoblestoftheirvirtues,andfreedomasthemostvaluableoftheirpossessions。Thelegionaries,whoenjoyedthetitleandprivilegesofRomans,wereenlistedforthegeneraldefenceoftherepublic;butthosemercenarytroopsheardwithcoldindifferencetheantiquatednamesoftherepublicandofRome。Attached,eitherfrombirthorlonghabit,totheclimateandmannersofGaul,theylovedandadmiredJulian;theydespised,andperhapshated,theemperor;theydreadedthelaboriousmarch,thePersianarrows,andtheburningdesertsofAsia。Theyclaimedastheirownthecountrywhichtheyhadsaved;andexcusedtheirwantofspirit,bypleadingthesacredandmoreimmediatedutyofprotectingtheirfamiliesandfriends。

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