Idonotmeanthisasparadoxical，orevenassymbolical；itissimplytameandtrue。ThemodernEnglishrichknownothingaboutthings，notevenaboutthethingstowhichtheyappeal。Comparedwiththem，thepoorareprettysuretogetsomeenlightenment，eveniftheycannotgetliberty；
theymustatleastbetechnical。Anoldapprenticelearntatrade，evenifhismastercamelikeanyTurkandbangedhimmostseverely。Theoldhousewifeknewwhichsideherbreadwasbuttered，evenifitweresothinastobealmostimperceptible。Theoldsailorknewtheropes；evenifheknewtherope\'send。Consequently，whenanyoftheserevolted，theywereconcernedwiththingstheyknew，pains，practicalimpossibilities，orthepersonalrecord。
ButTheyKnowTheapprenticecried\"Clubs？\"andcrackedhisneighbours\'headswiththeprecisionandfinenessoftouchwhichonlymanualcraftsmanshipcangive。
Thehousewiveswhoflatlyrefusedtocookthehotdinnerknewhowmuchorhowlittle，coldmeattherewasinthehouse。ThesailorwhodefieddisciplinebymutinyingattheNoredidnotdefydisciplineinthesenseoffallingofftheriggingorlettingthewaterintothehold。Similarlythemodernproletariat，howeverlittleitmayknow，knowswhatitistalkingabout。
Butthecuriousthingabouttheeducatedclassisthatexactlywhatitdoesnotknowiswhatitistalkingabout。Imeanthatitisstartlinglyignorantofthosespecialthingswhichitissupposedtoinvokeandkeepinviolate。Thethingsthatworkmeninvokemaybeuglier，moreacrid，moresordid；buttheyknowallaboutthem。Theyknowenougharithmetictoknowthatpriceshaverisen；thekindLevantinegentlemanisalwaystheretomakethemfullyunderstandthemeaningofaninterestsum；andthelandlordwilldefineRentasrigidlyasRicardo。ThedoctorscanalwaystellthemtheLatinforanemptystomach；andwhenthepoormanistreatedforthetimewithsomehumanrespectbytheCoronetitalmostseemsapityheisnotalivetohearhowlegallyhedied。
Againstthisbittershrewdnessandbleakrealisminthesufferingclassesitiscommonlysupposedthatthemoreleisuredclassesstandforcertainlegitimateideaswhichalsohavetheirplaceinlife；suchashistory，reverence，theloveoftheland。Well，itmightbenobadthingtohavesomething，evenifitweresomethingnarrow，thattestifiedtothetruthsofreligionorpatriotism。Butsuchnarrowthingsinthepasthavealwaysatleastknowntheirownhistory；thebigotknewhiscatechism；thepatriotknewhiswayhome。Theastonishingthingaboutthemodernrichistheirrealandsincereignorance——especiallyofthethingstheylike。
No!
Takethemosttopicalcaseyoucanfindinanydrawing-room:Belfast。
Ulsterismostassuredlyamatterofhistory；andthereisasenseinwhichOrangeresistanceisamatterofreligion。ButgoandaskanyofthefivehundredflutteringladiesatagardenpartywhofindCarsonsosplendidandBelfastsothrillingwhatitisallabout，whenitbegan，whereitcamefrom，whatitreallymaintains？WhatwasthehistoryofUlster？WhatisthereligionofBelfast？DoanyofthemknowwhereUlstermenwereinGrattan\'stime；doanyofthemknowwhatwasthe\"Protestantism\"thatcamefromScotlandtothatisle；couldanyofthemtellwhatpartoftheoldCatholicsystemitreallydenied？
ItwasgenerallysomethingthattheflutteringladiesfindintheirownAnglicanchurcheseverySunday。ItwerevaintoaskthemtostatethedoctrinesoftheCalvinistcreed；theycouldnotstatethedoctrinesoftheirowncreed。ItwerevaintotellthemtoreadthehistoryofIreland；theyhaveneverreadthehistoryofEngland。Itwouldmatteraslittlethattheydonotknowthesethings，asthatIdonotknowGerman；
butthenGermanisnottheonlythingIamsupposedtoknow。Historyandritualaretheonlythingsaristocratsaresupposedtoknow；andtheydon\'tknowthem。
SmileandSmileIamnotfedonturtlesoupandTokaybecauseofmyexquisiteintimacywiththestyleandidiomofHeineandRichter。TheEnglishgoverningclassisfedonturtlesoupandTokaytorepresentthepast，ofwhichitisliterallyignorant，asIamofGermanirregularverbs；andtorepresentthereligioustraditionsoftheState，whenitdoesnotknowthreewordsoftheology，asIdonotknowthreewordsofGerman。
Thisisthelastinsultofferedbytheproudtothehumble。Theyrulethembythesmilingterrorofanancientsecret。Theysmileandsmile；
buttheyhaveforgottenthesecret。
THESYMBOLISMOFKRUPP
ThecuriouspositionoftheKruppfirmintheawfulstorydevelopingaroundusisnotquitesufficientlygrasped。Thereisakindofacademicclarityofdefinitionwhichdoesnotseetheproportionsofthingsforwhicheverythingfallswithinadefinition，andnothingeverbreaksbeyondit。Tothistypeofmindwhichisvaluablewhensettoitsspecialandnarrowworkthereisnosuchthingasanexceptionthatprovestherule。
IfIvoteforconfiscatingsomeusurer\'smillionsIamdoing，theysay，preciselywhatIshouldbedoingifItookpenniesoutofablindman\'shat。Theyarebothdenialsoftheprincipleofprivateproperty，andareequallyrightandequallywrong，accordingtoourviewofthatprinciple。
Ishouldfindagreatmanydistinctionstodrawinsuchamatter。First，Ishouldsaythattakingausurer\'smoneybyproperauthorityisnotrobbery，butrecoveryofstolengoods。Second，Ishouldsaythateveniftherewerenosuchthingaspersonalproperty，therewouldstillbesuchathingaspersonaldignity，anddifferentmodesofrobberywoulddiminishitinverydifferentways。Similarly，thereisatruth，butonlyahalf-truth，inthesayingthatallmodernPowersalikerelyontheCapitalistandmakewaronthelinesofCapitalism。Itistrue，anditisdisgraceful。Butitis_not_equallytrueandequallydisgraceful。ItisnottruethatMontenegroisasmuchruledbyfinanciersasPrussia，justasitisnottruethatasmanymenintheKaiserstrasse，inBerlin，wearlongknivesintheirbeltsaswearthemintheneighbourhoodoftheBlackMountain。ItisnottruethateverypeasantfromoneoftheoldRussiancommunesistheimmediateservantofarichman，asiseveryemployeeofMr。Rockefeller。ItisasfalseasthestatementthatnopoorpeopleinAmericacanreadorwrite。ThereisanelementofCapitalisminallmoderncountries，asthereisanelementofilliteracyinallmoderncountries。Therearesomewhothinkthatthenumberofourfellow-citizenswhocansigntheirnamesoughttocomfortusfortheextremefewnessofthosewhohaveanythinginthebanktosignitfor，butIamnotoneofthese。
Inanycase，thepositionofKrupphascertaininterestingaspects。WhenwetalkofArmycontractorsasamongthebasebutactiveactualitiesofwar，wecommonlymeanthatwhilethecontractorbenefitsbythewar，thewar，onthewhole，rathersuffersbythecontractor。Weregardthisunsoldierlymiddlemanwithdisgust，orgreatanger，orcontemptuousacquiescence，orcommercialdreadandsilence，accordingtoourpersonalpositionandcharacter。Butwenowherethinkofhimashavinganythingtodowithfightinginthefinalsense。Thoseworthyandwealthypersonswhoemploywomen\'slabouratafewshillingsaweekdonotdoittoobtainthebestclothesforthesoldiers，buttomakeasufficientprofitontheworst。Theonlyargumentiswhethersuchclothesarejustgoodenoughforthesoldiers，oraretoobadforanybodyoranything。Wetoleratethecontractor，orwedonottoleratehim；butnooneadmireshimespecially，andcertainlynoonegiveshimanycreditforanysuccessinthewar。
Confessedlyorunconfessedlyweknockhisprofits，notonlyoffwhatgoestothetaxpayer，butwhatgoestothesoldier。WeknowtheArmywillnotfightanybetter，atleast，becausetheclothestheywearwerestitchedbywretchedwomenwhocouldhardlysee；orbecausetheirbootsweremadebyharassedhelots，whoneverhadtimetothink。Inwar-timeitisverywidelyconfessedthatCapitalismisnotagoodwayofrulingapatrioticorself-respectingpeople，andallsortsofotherthings，fromstrictStateorganisationtoquitecasualpersonalcharity，arehastilysubstitutedforit。Itisrecognisedthatthe\"greatemployer，\"ninetimesoutoften，isnomorethantheschoolboyorthepagewhopilferstartsandsweetsfromthedishesastheygoupanddown。Howangryoneiswithhimdependsontemperament，onthestageofthedinner——alsoonthenumberoftarts。
NowherecomesintherealandsinistersignificanceofKrupps。TherearemanycapitalistsinEuropeasrich，asvulgar，asselfish，asrootedlyopposedtoanyfellowshipofthefortunateandunfortunate。Butthereisnoothercapitalistwhoclaims，orcanpretendtoclaim，thathehasveryappreciably_helped_theactivitiesofhispeopleinwar。IwillsupposethatLiptondidnotdeservetheveryseverecriticismsmadeonhisfirmbyMr。JusticeDarling；but，howeverblamelesshewas，nobodycansupposethatBritishsoldierswouldchargebetterwiththebayonetbecausetheyhadsomeparticularkindofgroceriesinsidethem。ButKruppcanmakeaplausibleclaimthatthehugeinfernalmachinestowhichhiscountryowesnearlyallofitssuccessescouldonlyhavebeenproducedundertheequallyinfernalconditionsofthemodernfactoryandtheurbanandproletariancivilisation。ThatiswhythevictoryofGermanywouldbesimplythevictoryofKrupp，andthevictoryofKruppwouldbesimplythevictoryofCapitalism。There，andtherealone，Capitalismwouldbeabletopointtosomethingdonesuccessfullyforawholenation——doneasitwouldcertainlymaintainbetterthansmallfreeStatesornaturaldemocraciescouldhavedoneit。IconfessIthinkthemodernGermansmorallysecond-rate，andIthinkthatevenwar，whenitisconductedmostsuccessfullybymachinery，issecond-ratewar。Butthissecond-ratewarwillbecomenotonlythefirstbuttheonlybrand，ifthecannonofKruppshouldconquer；and，whatisverymuchworse，itwillbetheonlyintelligentanswerthatanycapitalisthasyetgivenagainstourcasethatCapitalismisaswastefulandasweakasitiscertainlywicked。Idonotfearanysuchfinality，forIhappentobelieveinthekindofmenwhofightbestwithbayonetsandwhosefathershammeredtheirownpikesfortheFrenchRevolution。
THETOWEROFBEBEL
AmongthecloudyandsymbolicstoriesinthebeginningoftheBiblethereisoneaboutatowerbuiltwithsuchverticalenergyastotakeaholdonheaven，butruinedandresultingonlyinaconfusionoftongues。Thestorymightbeinterpretedinmanyways——religiously，asmeaningthatspiritualinsolencestartsallhumanseparations；irreligiously，asmeaningthattheinhumanheavensgrudgemanhismagnificentdream；ormerelysatiricallyassuggestingthatallattemptstoreachahigheragreementalwaysendinmoredisagreementthantherewasbefore。ItmightbetakenbythepartiallyintelligentKensititeasajudgmentonLatinChristiansfortalkingLatin。ItmightbetakenbythesomewhatlessintelligentProfessorHarnackasafinalproofthatallprehistorichumanitytalkedGerman。Butwhenallwassaid，thesymbolwouldremainthataplaintower，asstraightasasword，assimpleasalily，didneverthelessproducethedeepestdivisionsthathavebeenknownamongmen。
Inanycaseweoftheworldinrevolt——Syndicalists，Socialists，GuildSocialists，orwhateverwecallourselves——havenoneedtoworryaboutthescriptureortheallegory。Wehavethereality。Forwhateverreason，whatissaidtohavehappenedtothepeopleofShinakhaspreciselyandpracticallyhappenedtous。
NoneofuswhohaveknownSocialistsorrather，tospeakmoretruthfully，noneofuswhohavebeenSocialistscanentertainthefaintestdoubtthatafineintellectualsinceritylaybehindwhatwascalled\"L\'Internationale。\"
ItwasreallyfeltthatSocialismwasuniversallikearithmetic。Itwastootrueforidiomorturnofphrase。IntheformulaofKarlMarxmencouldfindthatfrigidfellowshipwhichtheyfindwhentheyagreethattwoandtwomakefour。Itwasalmostasbroadmindedasareligiousdogma。
Yetthisuniversallanguagehasnotsucceeded，atamomentofcrisis，inimposingitselfonthewholeworld。Nay，ithasnot，atthemomentofcrisis，succeededinimposingitselfonitsownprincipalchampions。
HerveisnottalkingEconomicEsperanto；heistalkingFrench。BebelisnottalkingEconomicEsperanto；heistalkingGerman。BlatchfordisnottalkingEconomicEsperanto；heistalkingEnglish，andjollygoodEnglish，too。IdonotknowwhetherFrenchorFlemishwasVandervelde\'snurseryspeech，butIamquitecerrainhewillknowmoreofitafterthisstrugglethanheknewbefore。Inshort，whetherornotherebeanewunionofhearts，therehasreallyandtrulybeenanewdivisionoftongues。
Howarewetoexplainthissingulartruth，evenifwedeploreit？I
dismisswithfittingdisdainthenotionthatitisamereresultofmilitaryterrorismorsnobbishsocialpressure。TheSocialistleadersofmodernEuropeareamongthemostsinceremeninhistory；andtheirNationalistnoteinthisaffairhashadtheringoftheirsincerity。I
willnotwastetimeonthespeculationthatVanderveldeisbulliedbyBelgianpriests；orthatBlatchfordisfrightenedofthehorse-guardsoutsideWhitehall。Thesegreatmensupporttheenthusiasmoftheirconventionalcountrymenbecausetheyshareit；andtheyshareitbecausethereisthoughperhapsonlyatcertaingreatmomentssuchathingaspuredemocracy。
TimourtheTartar，Ithink，celebratedsomevictorywithatowerbuiltentirelyoutofhumanskulls；perhapshethought_that_wouldreachtoheaven。Butthereisnocementinsuchbuilding；theveinsandligamentsthatholdhumanitytogetherhavelongfallenaway；theskullswillrollimpotentlyatatouch；andtenthousandmoresuchtrophiescouldonlymakethetowertallerandcrazier。Ithinkthemodernofficialapparatusof\"votes\"isverylikethattotteringmonument。IthinktheTartar\"countedheads，\"likeanelectioneeringagent。SometimeswhenIhaveseenfromtheplatformofsomepaltrypartymeetingtherowsandrowsofgrinningupturnedfaces，Ihavefeltinclinedtosay，asthepoetdoesinthe\"TheVisionofSin\"-\"Welcomefellow-citizens，Hollowheartsandemptyheads。\"
Notthatthepeoplewerepersonallyholloworempty，buttheyhadcomeonahollowandemptybusiness:tohelpthegoodMr。BinkstostrengthentheInsuranceActagainstthewickedMr。JinkswhowouldonlypromisetofortifytheInsuranceAct。Thatnightitdidnotblowthedemocraticgale。
Yetitcanblowontheseasonothers；andwhenitdoesblowmenlearnmanythings。I，forone，amnotabovelearningthem。
TheMarxiandogmawhichsimplifiesallconflictstotheClassWarissomuchnoblerathingthanthenose-countingoftheparliamentsthatonemustapologiseforthecomparison。Andyetthereisacomparison。WhenweusedtosaythatthereweresomanythousandsofSocialistsinGermany，wewerecountingbyskulls。WhenwesaidthatthemajorityconsistingofProletarianswouldbeeverywhereopposedtotheminority，consistingofCapitalists，wewerecountingbyskulls。Why，yes；ifallmen\'sheadshadbeencutofffromtherestofthem，astheywerebythegoodsenseandforesightofTimourtheTartar；iftheyhadnoheartsorbelliestobemoved；nohandthatfliesuptowardoffaweapon，nofootthatcanfeelafamiliarsoil——ifthingsweresotheMarxiancalculationwouldbenotonlycompletebutcorrect。Asweknowto-day，theMarxiancalculationiscomplete，butitisnotcorrect。
Now，thisistheanswertothequestionsofsomekindcritics，whoseactualwordsIhavenotwithinreachatthemoment，aboutwhethermydemocracymeanttheruleofthemajorityovertheminority。Itmeanstheruleoftherule——theruleoftheruleovertheexception。Whenanationfindsasoulitclothesitwithabody，anddoesverilyactlikeonelivingthing。Thereisnothingtobesaidaboutthosewhoareoutofit，exceptthattheyareoutofit。Aftertalkingaboutitintheabstractfordecades，thisisDemocracy，anditismarvellousinoureyes。Itisnotthedifferencebetweenninetyninepersonsandahundredpersons；itisoneperson——thepeople。IdonotknoworcarehowmanyorhowfewoftheBelgianslikeordislikethepicturesofWiertz。TheycouldnotbeeitherjustifiedorcondemnedbyameremajorityofBelgians。ButIamverycertainthatthedefiancetoPrussiadidnotcomefromamajorityofBelgians。ItcamefromBelgiumoneandindivisible——atheists，priests，princesoftheblood，Frenchifiedshopkeepers，Flemishboors，men，women，andchildren，andthesoonerweunderstandthatthissortofthingcanhappenthebetterforus。ForitisthisspontaneousspiritualfellowshipofcommunitiesundercertainconditionstowhichthefourorfivemostindependentmindsofEuropewillinglybearwitnessto-day。
Butistherenoexception:istherenoonefaithfulamongtheunfaithfulfound？IsnogreatSocialistpoliticianstilluntouchedbythepatriotismofthevulgar？Why，yes；theruggedRamsayMacDonald，scarredwithahundredsavagefightsagainstthecapitalistparties，stillliftsuphishornyhandforpeace。Whatfurtherneedhaveweofwitnesses？I，formypart，amquitesatisfied，anddonotdoubtthatMr。MacDonaldwillbeasindustriousindampingdowndemocracyinthisformasineveryother。
AREALDANGER
HeavenforbidthatIshouldoncemorewadeinthoseswampsoflogomachyandtautologyinwhichtheoldguardoftheDeterministsstillseemtobefloundering。ThequestionofFateandFreeWillcanneverattaintoaconclusion，thoughitmayattaintoaconviction。Theshortestphilosophicsummaryisthatbothcauseandchoiceareultimateideaswithinus，andthatifonemandenieschoicebecauseitseemscontrarytocause，theothermanhasquiteasmuchrighttodenycausebecauseitseemscontrarytochoice。TheshortestethicalsummaryisthatDeterminismeitheraffectsconductoritdoesnot。Ifitdoesnot，itismorallynotworthpreaching；ifitdoes，itmustaffectconductinthedirectionofimpotenceandsubmission。Awriterinthe\"Clarion\"saysthatthereformercannothelptryingtoreform，northeConservativehelphisConservatism。ButsupposethereformertriestoreformtheConservativeandturnhimintoanotherreformer？Eitherhecan，inwhichcaseDeterminismhasmadenodifferenceatall，orhecan\'t，inwhichcaseitcanonlyhavemadereformersmorehopelessandConservativesmoreobstinate。Andtheshortestpracticalandpoliticalsummaryisthatworkingmen，mostprobably，willsoonbemuchtoobusyusingtheirFreeWilltostoptoprovethattheyhavegotit。Nevertheless，IliketowatchtheDeterministinthe\"Clarion\"Cockpiteveryweek，asbusyasasquirrel——inacage。Butbeingmyselfasquirrelleapinglightlyfromboughtoboughandpreferringtheformofactivitywhichoccasionallyendsinnuts，Ishouldnotinterveneinthematterevenindirectly，exceptuponapracticalpoint。AndthepointIhaveinmindispracticaltotheextentofdeadlyperil。Itisanotherofthenumerousnewwaysinwhichtherestlessrich，nowwalkingtheworldwithanawfulinsomnia，maymanagetocatchusnapping。
MustBeaMysteryTherearetwolettersinthe\"Clarion\"thisweekwhichinvariouswaysinterestmeverymuch。OneisconcernedtodefendDarwinagainstthescientificrevoltagainsthimthatwasledbySamuelButler，andamongotherthingsitcallsBernardShawabacknumber。Well，mostcertainly\"TheOriginofSpecies\"isabacknumber，insofarasanyhonestandinterestingbookevercanbe；butinpurephilosophynothingcanbeoutofdate，sincetheuniversemustbeamysteryeventothebeliever。Thereis，however，oneconditionofthingsinwhichIdocallitrelevanttodescribesomebodyasbehindthetimes。Thatiswhenthemaninquestion，thinkingofsomestateofaffairsthathaspassedaway，isreallyhelpingtheverythingshewouldliketohinder。Theprinciplescannotalter，buttheproblemscan。Thus，Ishouldcallamanbehindthetimeswho，intheyear1872，pleadedforthepeacefulGermanpeasantsagainstthetriumphantmilitarismofNapoleon。OrIshouldcallamanoutofdatewho，intheyear1892，wishedforastrongerNavytocompetewiththeNavyofHolland，becauseithadonceswepttheseaandsaileduptheThames。AndI
certainlycallamanoramovementoutofdatethat，intheyear1914，whenwefewarefightingagiantmachine，strengthenedwithallmaterialwealthandworkedwithallthematerialsciences，thinksthatourchiefdangerisfromanexcessofmoralandreligiousresponsibility。HeremindsmeofMr。Snodgrass，whohadthepresenceofmindtocallout\"Fire!\"whenMr。Pickwickfellthroughtheice。
Theotherletterconsistsoftheusualwiredrawnargumentforfatalism。
Mancannotimaginetheuniversebeingcreated，andthereforeis\"compelledbyhisreason\"tothinktheuniversewithoutbeginningorend，whichI
mayremarkhecannotimagineeither。Buttheletterendswithsomethingmuchmoreominousthanbadmetaphysics。Here，inthemiddleofthe\"Clarion，\"inthecentreofacleanandcombativedemocraticsheet，Imeetagainmydeplorableoldacquaintance，thescientificcriminologist。\"Theso-calledevil-doershouldnotbepunishedforhisacts，butrestrained。\"
Inforty-eighthoursIcouldprobablygetapetitiontothateffectsignedbymillionaires。AshorttimeagoaBillwasintroducedtoholdirresponsibleand\"restrain\"awholenewclassofpeople，whowere\"incapableofmanagingtheiraffairswithprudence。\"Readthesupporters\'
namesonthebackofthatBill，andseewhatsortofdemocratstheywere。
Now，clearingourheadsofwhatiscalledpopularsciencewhichmeansgoingtosleeptoalullabyoflongwords，letususeourownbrainsalittle，andaskourselveswhatistherealdifferencebetweenpunishingamanandrestraininghim。Thematerialdifferencemaybeanyornone；forpunishmentmaybeverymild，andrestraintmaybeveryruthless。Theman，ofcourse，mustdislikeoneasmuchastheother，oritwouldnotbenecessarytorestrainhimatall。AndIassureyouhewillgetnogreatglowofcomfortoutofyourcallinghimirresponsibleafteryouhavemadehimimpotent。Amandoesnotnecessarilyfeelmorefreeandeasyinastraightwaistcoatthaninastonecell。Themoraldifferenceisthatamancanbepunishedforacrimebecauseheisbornacitizen；whilehecanbeconstrainedbecauseheisbornaslave。Butonearrestingandtremendousdifferencetowersoverallthesedoubtfulorarguabledifferences。Thereisonerespect，vitaltoallourlibertiesandallourlives，inwhichthenewrestraintwouldbedifferentfromtheoldpunishment。Itisofthisthattheplutocratswilltakeadvantage。
ThePlainDifferenceTheperfectlyplaindifferenceisthis。Allpunishment，eventhemosthorrible，proceedsupontheassumptionthattheextentofthe。evilisknown，andthatacertainamountofexpiationgoeswithit。Evenifyouhangtheman，youcannothanghimtwice。Evenifyouburnhim，youcannotburnhimforamonth。Andinthecaseofallordinaryimprisonments，thewholeaimoffreeinstitutionsfromthebeginningoftheworldhasbeentoinsistthatamanshallbeconvictedofadefinitecrimeandconfinedforadefiniteperiod。Butthemomentyouadmitthisnotionofmedicalrestraint，youmustinfairnessadmitthatitmaygoonaslongastheauthoritieschoosetothinkorsaythatitoughttogoon。Theman\'spunishmentreferstothepast，whichissupposedtohavebeeninvestigated，andwhich，insomedegreeatleast，hasbeeninvestigated。Buthisrestraintreferstothefuture，whichhisdoctors，keepers，andwardenshaveyettoinvestigate。Thesimpleresultwillbethat，inthescientificUtopiaofthe\"Clarion，\"menlikeMannorSymeorLarkinwillnotbeputinprisonbecauseofwhattheyhavedone。Theywillbekeptinprisonbecauseofwhattheymightdo。Indeed，thebuildersofthenewtyrannyhavealreadycomeveryneartoavowingthisscientificandfuturistmethod。Whenthelawyerstriedtostopthe\"Suffragette\"fromappearingatall，theypracticallysaid:\"Wedonotknowyournextweek\'scrime，becauseitisn\'tcommittedyet；butwearescientificallycertainyouhavethecriminaltype。Andbythesublimeandunalterablelawsofheredity，allyourpoorlittlepaperswillinheritit。\"
Thisisapurelypracticalquestion；andthatiswhyIinsistonit，eveninsuchstrenuoustimes。Thewritersonthe\"Clarion\"haveaperfectrighttothinkChristianityisthefoeoffreedom，oreventhatthestupidityandtyrannyofthepresentGovernmentisduetothemonkishmysticismofLordMorleyandMr。JohnM。Robertson。TheyhavearighttothinkthetheoryofDeterminismastrueasCalvinthoughtit。ButIdonotlikeseeingthemwalkstraightintotheenormousirontrapsetopenbytheCapitalists，whofinditconvenienttomakeourlawevenmorelawlessthanitis。Therichmenwantascientisttowritethema_lettredecachet_asadoctorwritesaprescription。Andsotheywishtosealupinapublicgaolthescandalsofaprivateasylum。Yes；thewritersonthe\"Clarion\"areindeedclaimingirresponsibilityforhumanbeings。Butitisthegovernmentsthatwillbeirresponsible，notthegoverned。
ButIwilltellthemonesmallsecretinconclusion。ThereisnothingwhateverwrongintheancientanduniversalideaofPunishment——exceptthatwearenotpunishingtherightpeople。
THEDREGSOFPURITANISM
Onepeculiarityofthegenuinekindofenemyofthepeopleisthathisslightestphraseisclamorouswithallhissins。Pride，vain-glory，andhypocrisyseempresentinhisverygrammar；inhisveryverbsoradverbsorprepositions，aswellasinwhathesays，whichisgenerallybadenough。
ThusIseethataNonconformistpastorinBromleyhasbeentalkingaboutthepatheticlittlepresentsoftobaccosenttothecommonsoldiers。Thisishowhetalksaboutit。Heisreportedashavingsaid，\"BythehelpofGod，theywantedthiscigarettebusinessstopped。\"Howonecouldwriteavolumeonthatsentence，agreatthickvolumecalled\"TheDeclineoftheEnglishMiddleClass。\"Intaste，instyle，inphilosophy，infeeling，inpoliticalproject，thehorrorsofitareasunfathomableashell。
First，tobeginwiththetrifle，notesomethingslipshodandvagueinthemereverbiage，typicalofthosewhopreferacatchwordtoacreed。\"Thiscigarettebusiness\"mightmeananything。ItmightmeanMessrs。SalmonandGluckstein\'sbusiness。ButthepastoratBromleywillnotinterferewiththat，fortheindignationofhisschoolofthought，evenwhenitissincere，alwaysinstinctivelyandunconsciouslyswervesasidefromanythingthatisrichandpowerfullikethepartnersinabigbusiness，andstrikesinsteadsomethingthatispoorandnamelesslikethesoldiersinatrench。Nordoestheexpressionmakeclearwho\"they\"are——whethertheinhabitantsofBritainortheinhabitantsofBromley，ortheinhabitantsofthisonecrazytabernacleinBromley；norisitevidenthowitisgoingtobestoppedorwhoisbeingaskedtostopit。Allthesethingsaretriflescomparedtothemoreterribleoffencesofthephrase；
buttheyarenotwithouttheirsocialandhistoricalinterest。AboutthebeginningofthenineteenthcenturythewealthyPuritanclass，generallytheclassoftheemployersoflabour，tookalineofargumentwhichwasnarrow，butnotnonsensical。Theysawtherelationofrichandpoorquitecoldlyasacontract，buttheysawthatacontractholdsbothways。ThePuritansofthemiddleclass，inshort，didinsomesensestarttalkingandthinkingforthemselves。Theyarestilltalking。Theyhavelongagoleftoffthinking。Theytalkabouttheloyaltyofworkmentotheiremployers，andGodknowswhatrubbish；andthefirstsmallcertaintyaboutthereverendgentlemanwhosesentenceIhavequotedisthathisbrainstoppedworkingasaclockstops，yearsandyearsago。
Second，considerthequalityofthereligiousliterature!ThesepeoplearealwaystellingusthattheEnglishtranslatedBibleissufficienttrainingforanyoneinnobleandappropriatediction；andsoitis。Why，then，aretheynottrained？TheyarealwaystellingusthatBunyan，therudeMidlandtinker，isasmuchworthreadingasChaucerorSpenser；andsoheis。Why，then，havetheynotreadhim？Icannotbelievethatanyonewhohadseen，eveninanightmareofthenursery，Apollyonstraddlingoverthewholebreadthofthewaycouldreallywritelikethataboutacigarette。BythehelpofGod，theywantedthiscigarettebusinessstopped。Therefore，withangelsandarchangelsandthewholecompanyofHeaven，withSt。Michael，smiterofSatanandCaptainoftheChivalryofGod，withalltheardouroftheseraphsandtheflamingpatienceofthesaints，wewillhavethiscigarettebusinessstopped。
Wherehasallthetraditionofthegreatreligiousliteraturesgonetothatamanshouldcomeonsuchabathoswithsuchabump？
Thirdly，ofcourse，thereisthelackofimaginativeproportion，whichrisesintoasortoftoweringblasphemy。Anenormousnumberofliveyoungmenarebeinghurtbyshells，hurtbybullets，hurtbyfeverandhungerandhorrorofhopedeferred；hurtbylancebladesandswordbladesandbayonetbladesbreakingintothebloodyhouseoflife。ButMr。PriceI
thinkthat\'shisnameisstillanxiousthattheyshouldnotbehurtbycigarettes。ThatisthesortofmaniacalisolationthatcanbefoundinthedesertsofBromley。Thatcigarettesarebadforthehealthisaverytenableopiniontowhichtheministerisquiteentitled。IfhehappenstothinkthattheyouthofBromleysmoketoomanycigarettes，andthathehasanyinfluenceinurgingonthemtheunhealthinessofthehabit，Ishouldnotblamehimifhegavesermonsorlecturesaboutitwithmagic-lanternslides，solongasitwasinBromleyandaboutBromley。Cigarettesmaybebadforthehealth:bombsandbayonetsandevenbarbedwirearenotgoodforthehealth。Inevermetadoctorwhorecommendedanyofthem。
Butthetroublewiththissortofmanisthathecannotadjusthimselftothescaleofthings。Hewoulddoverygoodserviceifhewouldgoamongthericharistocraticladiesandtellthemnottotakedrugsinachronicsense，aspeopletakeopiuminChina。Buthewouldbedoingverybadserviceifheweretogoamongthedoctorsandnursesonthefieldandtellthemnottogivedrugs，astheygivemorphiainahospital。Butitisthewholehypothesisofwar，itisitsverynatureandfirstprinciple，thatthemaninthetrenchisalmostasmuchasufferingandabnormalpersonasthemaninthehospital。Hitorunhit，conquerororconquered，heis，bynatureofthecase，havinglesspleasurethanisproperandnaturaltoaman。
FourthforIneednotdwellhereonthemerediabolicalidiocythatcanregardbeerortobaccoasinsomewayevilandunseemlyinthemselves，thereisthemostimportantelementinthisstrangeoutbreak；atleast，themostdangerousandthemostimportantforus。Thereisthatmainfeatureinthedegradationoftheoldmiddleclass:theutterdisappearanceofitsoldappetiteforliberty。Herethereisnoquestionofwhetherthemenaretosmokecigarettes，orthewomenchoosetosendcigarettes，oreventhattheofficersordoctorschoosetoallowcigarettes。Thethingistocease，andwemaynoteoneofthemostrecurrentideasoftheservileState:itismentionedinthepassivemood。
Itmustbestopped，andwemustnotevenaskwhohasstoppedit!
THETYRANNYOFBADJOURNALISM
TheamazingdecisionoftheGovernmenttoemploymethodsquitealientoEngland，andratherbelongingtothepoliceoftheContinent，probablyarisesfromtheappearanceofpaperswhicharelucidandfighting，likethepapersoftheContinent。Thebusinessmaybeputinmanyways。Butonewayofputtingitissimplytosaythatamonopolyofbadjournalismisresistingthepossibilityofgoodjournalism。Journalismisnotthesamethingasliterature；butthereisgoodandbadjournalism，asthereisgoodandbadliterature，asthereisgoodandbadfootball。ForthelasttwentyyearsorsotheplutocratswhogovernEnglandhaveallowedtheEnglishnothingbutbadjournalism。Verybadjournalism，simplyconsideredasjournalism。
Italwaystakesaconsiderabletimetoseethesimpleandcentralfactaboutanything。AllsortsofthingshavebeensaidaboutthemodernPress，especiallytheYellowPress；thatitisJingoorPhilistineorsensationalorwronglyinquisitiveorvulgarorindecentortrivial；butnoneofthesehaveanythingreallytodowiththepoint。
ThepointaboutthePressisthatitisnotwhatitiscalled。Itisnotthe\"popularPress。\"ItisnotthepublicPress。Itisnotanorganofpublicopinion。Itisaconspiracyofaveryfewmillionaires，allsufficientlysimilarintypetoagreeonthelimitsofwhatthisgreatnationtowhichwebelongmayknowaboutitselfanditsfriendsandenemies。Theringisnotquitecomplete；thereareold-fashionedandhonestpapers:butitissufficientlyneartocompletiontoproduceontheordinarypurchaserofnewsthepracticaleffectsofacornerandamonopoly。Hereceivesallhispoliticalinformationandallhispoliticalmarchingordersfromwhatisbythistimeasortofhalf-conscioussecretsociety，withveryfewmembers，butagreatdealofmoney。
Thisenormousandessentialfactisconcealedforusbyanumberoflegendsthathavepassedintocommonspeech。ThereisthenotionthatthePressisflashyortrivial_because_itispopular。Inotherwords，anattemptismadetodiscreditdemocracybyrepresentingjournalismasthenaturalliteratureofdemocracy。Allthisiscoldrubbish。Thedemocracyhasnomoretodowiththepapersthanithaswiththepeerages。
Themillionairenewspapersarevulgarandsillybecausethemillionairesarevulgarandsilly。Itistheproprietor，nottheeditor，notthesub-editor，leastofallthereader，whoispleasedwiththismonotonousprairieofprintedwords。Thesameslanderondemocracycanbenoticedinthecaseofadvertisements。ThereismanyatenderoldToryimaginationthatvaguelyfeelsthatourstreetswouldbehungwithescutcheonsandtapestries，ifonlytheprofanevulgarhadnothungthemwithadvertisementsofSapolioandSunlightSoap。Butadvertisementdoesnotcomefromtheunletteredmany。Itcomesfromtherefinedfew。DidyoueverhearofamobrisingtoplacardtheTownHallwithproclamationsinfavourofSapolio？Didyoueverseeapoor，raggedmanlaboriouslydrawingandpaintingapictureonthewallinfavourofSunlightSoap——simplyasalabouroflove？Itisnonsense；thosewhohangourpublicwallswithuglypicturesarethesameselectfewwhohangtheirprivatewallswithexquisiteandexpensivepictures。Thevulgarisationofmodernlifehascomefromthegoverningclass；fromthehighlyeducatedclass。MostofthepeoplewhohavepostersinCamberwellhavepeeragesatWestminster。Butthestrongestinstanceofallisthatwhichhasbeenunbrokenuntillately，andstilllargelyprevails；theghastlymonotonyofthePress。
Thencomesthatotherlegend；thenotionthatmenlikethemastersoftheNewspaperTrusts\"givethepeoplewhattheywant。\"Why，itisthewholeaimanddefinitionofaTrustthatitgivesthepeoplewhatitchooses。
Intheolddays，whenParliamentswerefreeinEngland，itwasdiscoveredthatonecourtierwasallowedtosellallthesilk，andanothertosellallthesweetwine。AmemberoftheHouseofCommonshumorouslyaskedwhowasallowedtosellallthebread。Ireallytrembletothinkwhatthatsarcasticlegislatorwouldhavesaidifhehadbeenputoffwiththemodernnonsenseabout\"gaugingthepublictaste。\"Supposethefirstcourtierhadsaidthat，byhisshrewd，self-madesense，hehaddetectedthatpeoplehadavaguedesireforsilk；andevenadeep，dimhumandesiretopaysomuchayardforitlSupposethesecondcourtiersaidthathehad，byhisownruggedintellect，discoveredageneraldesireforwine:andthatpeopleboughthiswineathisprice——whentheycouldbuynoother!
Supposeathirdcourtierhadjumpedupandsaidthatpeoplealwaysboughthisbreadwhentheycouldgetnoneanywhereelse。
Well，thatisaperfectparallel。\"Afterbread，theneedofthepeopleisknowledge，\"saidDanton。Knowledgeisnowamonopoly，andcomesthroughtothecitizensinthinandselectedstreams，exactlyasbreadmightcomethroughtoabesiegedcity。Menmustwishtoknowwhatishappening，whoeverhastheprivilegeoftellingthem。Theymustlistentothemessenger，evenifheisaliar。Theymustlistentotheliar，evenifheisabore。Theofficialjournalistforsometimepasthasbeenbothaboreandaliar；butitwasimpossibleuntillatelytoneglecthissheetsofnewsaltogether。LatelythecapitalistPressreallyhasbeguntobeneglected；becauseitsbadjournalismwasoverpoweringandappalling。
Latelywehavereallybeguntofindoutthatcapitalismcannotwrite，justasitcannotfight，orpray，ormarry，ormakeajoke，ordoanyotherstrickenhumanthing。Butthisdiscoveryhasbeenquiterecent。Thecapitalistnewspaperwasneveractuallyunreaduntilitwasactuallyunreadable。
IfyouretaintheservilesuperstitionthatthePress，asrunbythecapitalists，ispopularinanysenseexceptthatinwhichdirtywaterinadesertispopular，considerthecaseofthesolemnarticlesinpraiseofthemenwhoownnewspapers——menofthetypeofCadburyorHarmsworth，menofthetypeofthesmallclubofmillionaires。DidyoueverhearaplainmaninatramcarortraintalkingaboutCarnegie\'sbrightgenialsmileorRothschild\'ssimple，easyhospitality？DidyoueverhearanordinarycitizenaskwhatwastheopinionofSirJosephLyonsaboutthehopesandfearsofthis，ournativeland？Thesefewsmall-mindedmenpublish，paperstopraisethemselves。Youcouldnomoregetanintelligentpoormantopraiseamillionaire\'ssoul，exceptforhire，thanyoucouldgethimtosellamillionaire\'ssoap，exceptforhire。AndI
repeatthat，thoughthereareotheraspectsofthematterofthenewplutocraticraid，oneofthemostimportantismerejournalisticjealousy。
TheYellowPressisbadjournalism:andwishestostoptheappearanceofgoodjournalism。
ThereisnoaveragememberofthepublicwhowouldnotprefertohaveLloydGeorgediscussedaswhatheis，aWelshmanofgeniusandideals，strangelyfascinatedbybadfashionandbadfinance，ratherthandiscussedaswhatneitherhenoranyoneelseeverwas，aperfectdemocratoranutterlydetestabledemagogue。Thereisnoreaderofadailypaperwhowouldnotfeelmoreconcern——andmorerespect——forSirRufusIsaacsasamanwhohasbeenastockbroker，thanasamanwhohappenstobeAttorney-General。ThereisnomaninthestreetwhoisnotmoreinterestedinLloydGeorge\'sinvestmentsthaninhisLandCampaign。ThereisnomaninthestreetwhocouldnotunderstandandlikeRufusIsaacsasaJewbetterthanhecanpossiblylikehimasaBritishstatesman。
ThereisnosanejournalistalivewhowouldsaythattheofficialaccountofMarconiswouldbebetter\"copy\"thanthetrueaccountthatsuchpapersasthishavedraggedout。Wehavecommittedonecrimeagainstthenewspaperproprietorwhichhewillneverforgive。Wepointoutthathispapersaredull。Andweproposetoprintsomepapersthatareinteresting。
THEPOETRYOFTHEREVOLUTION
Everyonebutaconsistentandcontentedcapitalist，whomustbesomethingprettyneartoaSatanist，mustrejoiceatthespiritandsuccessoftheBattleofthe\'Buses。Butonethingaboutitwhichhappenstopleasemeparticularlywasthatitwasfought，inoneaspectatleast，onapointsuchastheplutocraticfoolcallsunpractical。Itwasfoughtaboutasymbol，abadge，athingattendedwithnokindofpracticalresults，liketheflagsforwhichmenallowthemselvestofalldowndead，ortheshrinesforwhichmenwillwalksomehundredsofmilesfromtheirhomes。Whenamanhasaneyeforbusiness，allthatgoesononthisearthinthatstyleissimplyinvisibletohim。Butletusbecharitabletotheeyeforbusiness；theeyehasbeenprettywellblackedthistime。
ButIwishtoinsistherethatitisexactlywhatiscalledtheunpracticalpartofthethingthatisreallythepractical。Thechiefdifferencebetweenmenandtheanimalsisthatallmenareartists；thoughtheoverwhelmingmajorityofusarebadartists。Astheoldfabletrulysays，lionsdonotmakestatues；eventhecunningofthefoxcangonofurtherthantheaccomplishmentofleavinganexactmodelofthevulpinepaw:andeventhatisanaccomplishmentwhichhewisheshehadn\'tgot。
ThereareChryselephantinestatues，butnopurelyelephantineones。And，thoughwespeakinageneralwayofanelephanttrumpeting，itisonlybyhumanblandishmentsthathecanbeinducedtoplaythedrum。Butman，savageorcivilised，simpleorcomplexalwaysdesirestoseehisownsouloutsidehimself；insomematerialembodiment。Healwayswishestopointtoatableinatemple，oraclothonastick，orawordonascroll，orabadgeonacoat，andsay:\"Thisisthebestpartofme。Ifneedbe，itshallbetherestofmethatshallperish。\"Thisisthemethodwhichseemssounbusinessliketothemenwithaneyetobusiness。Thisisalsothemethodbywhichbattlesarewon。
TheSymbolismoftheBadgeThebadgeonaTradeUnionist\'scoatisapieceofpoetryinthegenuine，lucid，andlogicalsenseinwhichMiltondefinedpoetryandheoughttoknowwhenhesaidthatitwassimple，sensuous，andpassionate。Itissimple，becausemanyunderstandtheword\"badge，\"whomightnotevenunderstandtheword\"recognition。\"Itissensuous，becauseitisvisibleandtangible；itisincarnate，asallthegoodGodshavebeen；anditispassionateinthisperfectlypracticalsense，whichthemanwithaneyetobusinessmaysomedaylearnmorethoroughlythanhelikes，thattherearemenwhowillallowyoutocrossawordoutinatheoreticaldocument，butwhowillnotallowyoutopullabigbuttonofftheirbodilyclothing，merelybecauseyouhavemoremoneythantheyhave。NowIthinkitisthissensuousness，thispassion，and，aboveall，thissimplicitythataremostwantedinthispromisingrevoltofourtime。Forthissimplicityisperhapstheonlythinginwhichthebesttypeofrecentrevolutionistshavefailed。IthasbeenoursorrowlatelytosalutethesunsetofoneoftheveryfewcleanandincorruptiblecareersinthemostcorruptiblephaseofChristendom。ThedeathofQuelchnaturallyturnsone\'sthoughtstothoseextremeMarxiantheorists，who，whateverwemayholdabouttheirphilosophy，havecertainlyheldtheirhonourlikeiron。Andyet，eveninthisinstantofinstinctivereverence，Icannotfeelthattheywerepoeticalenough，thatischildishenough，tomakearevolution。Theyhadalltheaudacityneededforspeakingtothedespot；butnotthesimplicityneededforspeakingtothedemocracy。Theywerealwaysaccusedofbeingtoobitteragainstthecapitalist。Butitalwaysseemedtomethattheywerequiteunconsciously，ofcoursemuchtookindtohim。Theyhadafatalhabitofusinglongwords，evenonoccasionswhenhemightwithproprietyhavebeendescribedinveryshortwords。TheycalledhimaCapitalistwhenalmostanybodyinChristendomwouldhavecalledhimacad。
And\"cad\"isawordfromthepoeticvocabularyindicatingratherageneralandpowerfulreactionoftheemotionsthanastatusthatcouldbedefinedinaworkofeconomics。Thecapitalist，asleepinthesun，letsuchlongwordscrawlalloverhim，likesomanylong，soft，furrycaterpillars。Caterpillarscannotstinglikewasps。And，inrepeatingthattheoldMarxianshavebeen，perhaps，thebestandbravestmenofourtime，Isayalsothattheywouldhavebeenbetterandbraverstilliftheyhadneverusedascientificword，andneverreadanythingbutfairytales。
TheBeastlyIndividualistSupposeIgoontoaship，andtheshipsinksalmostimmediately；butI
likethepeopleintheBabBallads，byreasonofmyclingingtoamast，uponadesertislandameventuallycast。Orrather，supposeIamnotcastonit，butamkeptbobbingaboutinthewater，becausetheonlymanontheislandiswhatsomecallanIndividualist，andwillnotthrowmearope；
thoughcoilsofropeofthemostannoyingelaborationandneatnessareconspicuousbesidehimashestandsupontheshore。Now，itseemstome，thatif，inmyeffortstoshoutatthisfellow-creatureacrossthecrashingbreakers，Icallhispositionthe\"insularisticposition，\"andmyposition\"thesemi-amphibianposition，\"muchvaluabletimemaybelost。I
amnotanamphibian。Iamadrowningman。Heisnotaninsularist，oranindividualist。Heisabeast。Orrather，heisworsethananybeastcanbe。Andif，insteadoflettingmedrown，hemakesmepromise，whileI
amdrowning，thatifIcomeonshoreitshallbeashisbodilyslave，havingnohumanclaimshenceforwardforever，then，bythewholetheoryandpracticeofcapitalism，hebecomesacapitalist，healsobecomesacad。
Now，thelanguageofpoetryissimplerthanthatofprose；asanyonecanseewhohasreadwhattheold-fashionedprotestantusedtocallconfidently\"his\"Bible。And，beingsimpler，itisalsotruer；and，beingtruer，itisalsofiercer。And，formostoftheinfamiesofourtime，thereisreallynothingplainenough，excepttheplainlanguageofpoetry。
Take，letussay，theeaseoftherecentrailwaydisaster，andtheacquittalofthecapitalists\'interest。Itisnotascientificproblemforustoinvestigate。Itisacrimecommittedbeforeoureyes；committed，perhaps，byblindmenormaniacs，ormenhypnotised，ormeninsomeotherwaysunconscious；butcommittedinbroaddaylight，sothatthecorpseisbleedingonourdoor-step。Goodliveswerelost，becausegoodlivesdonotpay；andbadcoalsdopay。Itseemssimplyimpossibletogetanyothermeaningoutofthematterexceptthat。And，ifinhumanhistorytherebeanythingsimpleandanythinghorrible，itseemstohavebeenpresentinthismatter。If，evenaftersomestudyandunderstandingoftheoldreligiouspassionswhichweretheresurrectionofEurope，wecannotenduretheextremeinfamyofwitchesandhereticsliterallyburnedalive——well，thepeopleinthisaffairwerequiteasliterallyburnedalive。If，whenwehavereallytriedtoextendourcharitybeyondthebordersofpersonalsympathy，toallthecomplexitiesofclassandcreed，westillfeelsomethinginsolentaboutthetriumphantandacquittedmanwhoisinthewrong，herethemenwhoareinthewrongaretriumphantandacquitted。Itisnosubjectforscience。Itisasubjectforpoetry。
Butforpoetryofaterriblesort。