。Consequently，theverysameargumentswhichyouadmittedasconclusiveagainsttheSecondaryQualitiesare，withoutanyfartherapplicationofforce，againstthePrimarytoo。Besides，ifyouwilltrustyoursenses，isitnotplainallsensiblequalitiescoexist，ortothemappearasbeinginthesameplace？Dotheyeverrepresentamotion，orfigure，asbeingdivestedofallothervisibleandtangiblequalities？
。Youneedsaynomoreonthishead。Iamfreetoown，iftherebenosecreterrororoversightinourproceedingshitherto，thatallsensiblequalitiesarealiketobedeniedexistencewithoutthemind。But，myfearisthatIhavebeentooliberalinmyformerconcessions，oroverlookedsomefallacyorother。Inshort，Ididnottaketimetothink。
。Forthatmatter，Hylas，youmaytakewhattimeyoupleaseinreviewingtheprogressofourinquiry。Youareatlibertytorecoveranyslipsyoumighthavemade，orofferwhateveryouhaveomittedwhichmakesforyourfirstopinion。
。OnegreatoversightItaketobethis——thatIdidnotsufficientlydistinguishthefromthe。
Now，thoughthislattermaynotexistwithoutthemind，yetitwillnotthencefollowthattheformercannot。
。Whatobjectdoyoumean？theobjectofthesenses？
。Thesame。
。Itisthenimmediatelyperceived？{195}
。Right。
。Makemetounderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatisimmediatelyperceivedandasensation。
。ThesensationItaketobeanactofthemindperceiving；besideswhich，thereissomethingperceived；andthisIcallthe。Forexample，thereisredandyellowonthattulip。Butthentheactofperceivingthosecoloursisinmeonly，andnotinthetulip。
。Whattulipdoyouspeakof？Isitthatwhichyousee？
。Thesame。
。Andwhatdoyouseebesidecolour，figure，andextension？
。Nothing。
。Whatyouwouldsaythenisthattheredandyellowarecoexistentwiththeextension；isitnot？
。Thatisnotall；Iwouldsaytheyhavearealexistencewithoutthemind，insomeunthinkingsubstance。
。ThatthecoloursarereallyinthetulipwhichIseeismanifest。Neithercanitbedeniedthatthistulipmayexistindependentofyourmindormine；but，thatanyimmediateobjectofthesenses，——thatis，anyidea，orcombinationofideas——
shouldexistinanunthinkingsubstance，orexteriorto
minds，isinitselfanevidentcontradiction。NorcanIimaginehowthisfollowsfromwhatyousaidjustnow，towit，thattheredandyellowwereonthetulip，sinceyoudonotpretendtothatunthinkingsubstance。
。Youhaveanartfulway，Philonous，ofdivertingourinquiryfromthesubject。
。Iseeyouhavenomindtobepressedthatway。Toreturnthentoyourdistinctionbetweenand；
ifItakeyouright，youdistinguishineveryperceptiontwothings，theoneanactionofthemind，theothernot。
。True。
。Andthisactioncannotexistin，orbelongto，anyunthinkingthing；but，whateverbesideisimpliedinaperceptionmay？{196}
。Thatismymeaning。
。Sothatiftherewasaperceptionwithoutanyactofthemind，itwerepossiblesuchaperceptionshouldexistinanunthinkingsubstance？
。Igrantit。Butitisimpossiblethereshouldbesuchaperception。
。Whenisthemindsaidtobeactive？
。Whenitproduces，putsanendto，orchanges，anything。
。Canthemindproduce，discontinue，orchangeanything，butbyanactofthewill？
。Itcannot。
。Themindthereforeistobeaccountedinitsperceptionssofarforthasisincludedinthem？
。Itis。
。InpluckingthisflowerIamactive；becauseIdoitbythemotionofmyhand，whichwasconsequentuponmyvolition；
solikewiseinapplyingittomynose。Butiseitherofthesesmelling？
。。
。Iacttooindrawingtheairthroughmynose；
becausemybreathingsoratherthanotherwiseistheeffectofmyvolition。Butneithercanthisbecalled:for，ifitwere，IshouldsmelleverytimeIbreathedinthatmanner？
。True。
。Smellingthenissomewhatconsequenttoallthis？
。Itis。
。ButIdonotfindmywillconcernedanyfarther。
Whatevermorethereis——asthatIperceivesuchaparticularsmell，oranysmellatall——thisisindependentofmywill，andthereinIamaltogetherpassive。Doyoufinditotherwisewithyou，Hylas？
。No，theverysame。
。Then，astoseeing，isitnotinyourpowertoopenyoureyes，orkeepthemshut；toturnthemthisorthatway？
。Withoutdoubt。
。But，dothitinlikemannerdependonwillthatinlookingonthisfloweryouperceiveratherthananyothercolour？Or，directingyouropeneyestowardsyonderpartoftheheaven，canyouavoidseeingthesun？Orislightordarknesstheeffectofyourvolition？
。No，certainly。
。Youarethenintheserespectsaltogetherpassive？
{197}
。Iam。
。Tellmenow，whetherconsistsinperceivinglightandcolours，orinopeningandturningtheeyes？
。Withoutdoubt，intheformer。
。Sincethereforeyouareintheveryperceptionoflightandcoloursaltogetherpassive，whatisbecomeofthatactionyouwerespeakingofasaningredientineverysensation？
And，dothitnotfollowfromyourownconcessions，thattheperceptionoflightandcolours，includingnoactioninit，mayexistinanunperceivingsubstance？Andisnotthisaplaincontradiction？
。Iknownotwhattothinkofit。
。Besides，sinceyoudistinguishtheandineveryperception，youmustdoitinthatofpain。
Buthowisitpossiblethatpain，beitaslittleactiveasyouplease，shouldexistinanunperceivingsubstance？Inshort，dobutconsiderthepoint，andthenconfessingenuously，whetherlightandcolours，tastes，sounds，&c。arenotallequallypassionsorsensationsinthesoul。Youmayindeedcallthem，andgivetheminwordswhatsubsistenceyouplease。But，examineyourownthoughts，andthentellmewhetheritbenotasIsay？
。Iacknowledge，Philonous，that，uponafairobservationofwhatpassesinmymind，IcandiscovernothingelsebutthatIamathinkingbeing，affectedwithvarietyofsensations；neitherisitpossibletoconceivehowasensationshouldexistinanunperceivingsubstance。Butthen，ontheotherhand，whenIlookonsensiblethingsinadifferentview，consideringthemassomanymodesandqualities，Ifinditnecessarytosupposea，withoutwhichtheycannotbeconceivedtoexist。
。callyouit？Pray，bywhichofyoursensescameyouacquaintedwiththatbeing？
。Itisnotitselfsensible；itsmodesandqualitiesonlybeingperceivedbythesenses。
。Ipresumethenitwasbyreflexionandreasonyouobtainedtheideaofit？
。Idonotpretendtoanyproperpositiveofit。
However，Iconcludeitexists，becausequalitiescannotbeconceivedtoexistwithoutasupport。
。Itseemsthenyouhaveonlyarelativeofit，orthatyouconceiveitnototherwisethanbyconceivingtherelationitbearstosensiblequalities？{198}
。Right。
。Bepleasedthereforetoletmeknowwhereinthatrelationconsists。
。Isitnotsufficientlyexpressedintheterm，or？
。Ifso，thewordshouldimportthatitisspreadunderthesensiblequalitiesoraccidents？
。True。
。Andconsequentlyunderextension？
。Iownit。
。Itisthereforesomewhatinitsownnatureentirelydistinctfromextension？
。Itellyou，extensionisonlyamode，andMatterissomethingthatsupportsmodes。Andisitnotevidentthethingsupportedisdifferentfromthethingsupporting？
。Sothatsomethingdistinctfrom，andexclusiveof，extensionissupposedtobetheofextension？
。Justso。
。Answerme，Hylas。Canathingbespreadwithoutextension？orisnottheideaofextensionnecessarilyincludedin？
。Itis。
。Whatsoeverthereforeyousupposespreadunderanythingmusthaveinitselfanextensiondistinctfromtheextensionofthatthingunderwhichitisspread？
。Itmust。
。Consequently，everycorporealsubstance，beingtheofextension，musthaveinitselfanotherextension，bywhichitisqualifiedtobea:andsoontoinfinity。AndIaskwhetherthisbenotabsurdinitself，andrepugnanttowhatyougrantedjustnow，towit，thatthewassomethingdistinctfromandexclusiveofextension？
。Ayebut，Philonous，youtakemewrong。IdonotmeanthatMatterisinagrossliteralsenseunderextension。
Thewordisusedonlytoexpressingeneralthesamethingwith。
。Wellthen，letusexaminetherelationimpliedintheterm。Isitnotthatitstandsunderaccidents？
。Theverysame。
。But，thatonethingmaystandunderorsupportanother，mustitnotbeextended？
。Itmust。{199}
。Isnotthereforethissuppositionliabletothesameabsurditywiththeformer？
。Youstilltakethingsinastrictliteralsense。Thatisnotfair，Philonous。
。Iamnotforimposinganysenseonyourwords:youareatlibertytoexplainthemasyouplease。Only，Ibeseechyou，makemeunderstandsomethingbythem。YoutellmeMattersupportsorstandsunderaccidents。How!isitasyourlegssupportyourbody？
。No；thatistheliteralsense。
。Prayletmeknowanysense，literalornotliteral，thatyouunderstanditin——HowlongmustIwaitforananswer，Hylas？
。IdeclareIknownotwhattosay。IoncethoughtI
understoodwellenoughwhatwasmeantbyMatter\'ssupportingaccidents。Butnow，themoreIthinkonitthelesscanI
comprehendit:inshortIfindthatIknownothingofit。
。Itseemsthenyouhavenoideaatall，neitherrelativenorpositive，ofMatter；youknowneitherwhatitisinitself，norwhatrelationitbearstoaccidents？
。Iacknowledgeit。
。Andyetyouassertedthatyoucouldnotconceivehowqualitiesoraccidentsshouldreallyexist，withoutconceivingatthesametimeamaterialsupportofthem？
。Idid。
。Thatistosay，whenyouconceivetherealexistenceofqualities，youdowithalconceiveSomethingwhichyoucannotconceive？
。Itwaswrong，Iown。ButstillIfearthereissomefallacyorother。Praywhatthinkyouofthis？Itisjustcomeintomyheadthatthegroundofallourmistakeliesinyourtreatingofeachqualitybyitself。Now，Igrantthateachqualitycannotsinglysubsistwithoutthemind。Colourcannotwithoutextension，neithercanfigurewithoutsomeothersensiblequality。But，astheseveralqualitiesunitedorblendedtogetherformentiresensiblethings，nothinghinderswhysuchthingsmaynotbesupposedtoexistwithoutthemind。
。Either，Hylas，youarejesting，orhaveaverybadmemory。Thoughindeedwewentthroughallthequalitiesbynameoneafteranother，yetmyargumentsorratheryourconcessions，nowheretendedtoprovethattheSecondaryQualitiesdidnotsubsisteachalonebyitself；but，thattheywerenot{200}withoutthemind。Indeed，intreatingoffigureandmotionweconcludedtheycouldnotexistwithoutthemind，becauseitwasimpossibleeveninthoughttoseparatethemfromallsecondaryqualities，soastoconceivethemexistingbythemselves。Butthenthiswasnottheonlyargumentmadeuseofuponthatoccasion。Buttopassbyallthathathbeenhithertosaid，andreckonitfornothing，ifyouwillhaveitsoIamcontenttoputthewholeuponthisissue。Ifyoucanconceiveitpossibleforanymixtureorcombinationofqualities，oranysensibleobjectwhatever，toexistwithoutthemind，thenIwillgrantitactuallytobeso。
。Ifitcomestothatthepointwillsoonbedecided。
Whatmoreeasythantoconceiveatreeorhouseexistingbyitself，independentof，andunperceivedby，anymindwhatsoever？
Idoatthispresenttimeconceivethemexistingafterthatmanner。
。Howsayyou，Hylas，canyouseeathingwhichisatthesametimeunseen？
。No，thatwereacontradiction。
。Isitnotasgreatacontradictiontotalkofathingwhichis？
。Itis。
。The，treeorhousethereforewhichyouthinkofisconceivedbyyou？
。Howshoulditbeotherwise？
。Andwhatisconceivedissurelyinthemind？
。Withoutquestion，thatwhichisconceivedisinthemind。
。Howthencameyoutosay，youconceivedahouseortreeexistingindependentandoutofallmindswhatsoever？
。ThatwasIownanoversight；butstay，letmeconsiderwhatledmeintoit——Itisapleasantmistakeenough。
AsIwasthinkingofatreeinasolitaryplace，wherenoonewaspresenttoseeit，methoughtthatwastoconceiveatreeasexistingunperceivedorunthoughtof；notconsideringthatI
myselfconceiveditallthewhile。ButnowIplainlyseethatallIcandoistoframeideasinmyownmind。Imayindeedconceiveinmyownthoughtstheideaofatree，orahouse，oramountain，butthatisall。AndthisisfarfromprovingthatIcanconceivethem。
。Youacknowledgethenthatyoucannotpossiblyconceivehowanyonecorporealsensiblethingshouldexistotherwisethaninthemind？{201}
。Ido。
。Andyetyouwillearnestlycontendforthetruthofthatwhichyoucannotsomuchasconceive？
。IprofessIknownotwhattothink；butstilltherearesomescruplesremainwithme。IsitnotcertainIadistance？Dowenotperceivethestarsandmoon，forexample，tobeagreatwayoff？Isnotthis，Isay，manifesttothesenses？
。Doyounotinadreamtooperceivethoseorthelikeobjects？
。Ido。
。Andhavetheynotthenthesameappearanceofbeingdistant？
。Theyhave。
。Butyoudonotthenceconcludetheapparitionsinadreamtobewithoutthemind？
。Bynomeans。
。Yououghtnotthereforetoconcludethatsensibleobjectsarewithoutthemind，fromtheirappearance，ormannerwhereintheyareperceived。
。Iacknowledgeit。Butdothnotmysensedeceivemeinthosecases？
。Bynomeans。Theideaorthingwhichyouimmediatelyperceive，neithersensenorreasoninformsyouthatitactuallyexistswithoutthemind。Bysenseyouonlyknowthatyouareaffectedwithsuchcertainsensationsoflightandcolours，&c。
Andtheseyouwillnotsayarewithoutthemind。
。True:but，besideallthat，doyounotthinkthesightsuggestssomethingof？
。Uponapproachingadistantobject，dothevisiblesizeandfigurechangeperpetually，ordotheyappearthesameatalldistances？
。Theyareinacontinualchange。
。Sightthereforedothnotsuggest，oranywayinformyou，thatthevisibleobjectyouimmediatelyperceiveexistsatadistance，orwillbeperceivedwhenyouadvancefartheronward；
therebeingacontinuedseriesofvisibleobjectssucceedingeachotherduringthewholetimeofyourapproach。
。Itdothnot；butstillIknow，uponseeinganobject，whatobjectIshallperceiveafterhavingpassedoveracertaindistance:{202}nomatterwhetheritbeexactlythesameorno:
thereisstillsomethingofdistancesuggestedinthecase。
。GoodHylas，dobutreflectalittleonthepoint，andthentellmewhethertherebeanymoreinitthanthis:fromtheideasyouactuallyperceivebysight，youhavebyexperiencelearnedtocollectwhatotherideasyouwillaccordingtothestandingorderofnaturebeaffectedwith，aftersuchacertainsuccessionoftimeandmotion。
。Uponthewhole，Itakeittobenothingelse。
。Now，isitnotplainthatifwesupposeamanbornblindwasonasuddenmadetosee，hecouldatfirsthavenoexperienceofwhatmaybebysight？
。Itis。
。Hewouldnotthen，accordingtoyou，haveanynotionofdistanceannexedtothethingshesaw；butwouldtakethemforanewsetofsensations，existingonlyinhismind？
。Itisundeniable。
。But，tomakeitstillmoreplain:isnot
alineturnedendwisetotheeye？
。Itis。
。Andcanalinesosituatedbeperceivedbysight？
。Itcannot。
。Dothitnotthereforefollowthatdistanceisnotproperlyandimmediatelyperceivedbysight？
。Itshouldseemso。
。Again，isityouropinionthatcoloursareatadistance？
。Itmustbeacknowledgedtheyareonlyinthemind。
。Butdonotcoloursappeartotheeyeascoexistinginthesameplacewithextensionandfigures？
。Theydo。
。Howcanyouthenconcludefromsightthatfiguresexistwithout，whenyouacknowledgecoloursdonot；thesensibleappearancebeingtheverysamewithregardtoboth？
。Iknownotwhattoanswer。
。But，allowingthatdistancewastrulyandimmediatelyperceivedbythemind，yetitwouldnotthencefollowitexistedoutofthemind。For，whateverisimmediatelyperceivedisanidea:andcananyideaexistoutofthemind？
。Tosupposethatwereabsurd:but，informme，Philonous，canweperceiveorknownothingbesideourideas？
。Asfortherationaldeducingofcausesfromeffects，{203}thatisbesideourinquiry。And，bythesensesyoucanbesttellwhetheryouperceiveanythingwhichisnotimmediatelyperceived。AndIaskyou，whetherthethingsimmediatelyperceivedareotherthanyourownsensationsorideas？Youhaveindeedmorethanonce，inthecourseofthisconversation，declaredyourselfonthosepoints；butyouseem，bythislastquestion，tohavedepartedfromwhatyouthenthought。
。Tospeakthetruth，Philonous，Ithinktherearetwokindsofobjects:——theoneperceivedimmediately，whicharelikewisecalled；theotherarerealthingsorexternalobjects，perceivedbythemediationofideas，whicharetheirimagesandrepresentations。Now，Iownideasdonotexistwithoutthemind；butthelattersortofobjectsdo。IamsorryIdidnotthinkofthisdistinctionsooner；itwouldprobablyhavecutshortyourdiscourse。
。Arethoseexternalobjectsperceivedbysenseorbysomeotherfaculty？
。Theyareperceivedbysense。
。HowlIsthereanythingperceivedbysensewhichisnotimmediatelyperceived？
。Yes，Philonous，insomesortthereis。Forexample，whenIlookonapictureorstatueofJuliusCaesar，Imaybesaidafteramannertoperceivehimthoughnotimmediatelybymysenses。
。Itseemsthenyouwillhaveourideas，whichaloneareimmediatelyperceived，tobepicturesofexternalthings:andthatthesealsoareperceivedbysense，inasmuchastheyhaveaconformityorresemblancetoourideas？
。Thatismymeaning。
。And，inthesamewaythatJuliusCaesar，inhimselfinvisible，isneverthelessperceivedbysight；realthings，inthemselvesimperceptible，areperceivedbysense。
。Intheverysame。
。Tellme，Hylas，whenyoubeholdthepictureofJuliusCaesar，doyouseewithyoureyesanymorethansomecoloursandfigures，withacertainsymmetryandcompositionofthewhole？
。Nothingelse。
。AndwouldnotamanwhohadneverknownanythingofJuliusCaesarseeasmuch？{204}
。Hewould。
。Consequentlyhehathhissight，andtheuseofit，inasperfectadegreeasyou？
。Iagreewithyou。
。WhencecomesitthenthatyourthoughtsaredirectedtotheRomanemperor，andhisarenot？Thiscannotproceedfromthesensationsorideasofsensebyyouthenperceived；sinceyouacknowledgeyouhavenoadvantageoverhiminthatrespect。Itshouldseemthereforetoproceedfromreasonandmemory:shoulditnot？
。Itshould。
。Consequently，itwillnotfollowfromthatinstancethatanythingisperceivedbysensewhichisnot，immediatelyperceived。ThoughIgrantwemay，inoneacceptation，besaidtoperceivesensiblethingsmediatelybysense:thatis，when，fromafrequentlyperceivedconnexion，theimmediateperceptionofideasbyonesensetothemindothers，perhapsbelongingtoanothersense，whicharewonttobeconnectedwiththem。Forinstance，whenIhearacoachdrivealongthestreets，immediatelyIperceiveonlythesound；but，fromtheexperienceI
havehadthatsuchasoundisconnectedwithacoach，Iamsaidtohearthecoach。Itisneverthelessevidentthat，intruthandstrictness，nothingcanbe；andthecoachisnotthenproperlyperceivedbysense，butsuggestedfromexperience。Solikewisewhenwearesaidtoseeared-hotbarofiron；thesolidityandheatoftheironarenottheobjectsofsight，butsuggestedtotheimaginationbythecolourandfigurewhichareproperlyperceivedbythatsense。Inshort，thosethingsaloneareactuallyandstrictlyperceivedbyanysense，whichwouldhavebeenperceivedincasethatsamesensehadthenbeenfirstconferredonus。Asforotherthings，itisplaintheyareonlysuggestedtothemindbyexperience，groundedonformerperceptions。But，toreturntoyourcomparisonofCaesar\'spicture，itisplain，ifyoukeeptothat，youmustholdtherealthings，orarchetypesofourideas，arenotperceivedbysense，butbysomeinternalfacultyofthesoul，asreasonormemory。I
wouldthereforefainknowwhatargumentsyoucandrawfromreasonfortheexistenceofwhatyoucall。Or，whetheryouremembertohaveseenthemformerlyastheyareinthemselves；or，ifyouhaveheardorreadofanyonethatdid。{205}
。Isee，Philonous，youaredisposedtoraillery；butthatwillneverconvinceme。
。Myaimisonlytolearnfromyouthewaytocomeattheknowledgeof。Whateverweperceiveisperceivedimmediatelyormediately:bysense，orbyreasonandreflexion。But，asyouhaveexcludedsense，prayshewmewhatreasonyouhavetobelievetheirexistence；orwhatyoucanpossiblymakeuseoftoproveit，eithertomineoryourownunderstanding。
。Todealingenuously，Philonous，nowIconsiderthepoint，IdonotfindIcangiveyouanygoodreasonforit。But，thusmuchseemsprettyplain，thatitisatleastpossiblesuchthingsmayreallyexist。And，aslongasthereisnoabsurdityinsupposingthem，IamresolvedtobelieveasIdid，tillyoubringgoodreasonstothecontrary。
。What!Isitcometothis，thatyouonly
theexistenceofmaterialobjects，andthatyourbeliefisfoundedbarelyonthepossibilityofitsbeingtrue？Thenyouwillhavemebringreasonsagainstit:thoughanotherwouldthinkitreasonabletheproofshouldlieonhimwhoholdstheaffirmative。And，afterall，thisverypointwhichyouarenowresolvedtomaintain，withoutanyreason，isineffectwhatyouhavemorethanonceduringthisdiscourseseengoodreasontogiveup。But，topassoverallthis；ifIunderstandyourightly，yousayourideasdonotexistwithoutthemind，butthattheyarecopies，images，orrepresentations，ofcertainoriginalsthatdo？
。Youtakemeright。
。Theyarethenlikeexternalthings？
。Theyare。
。Havethosethingsastableandpermanentnature，independentofoursenses；oraretheyinaperpetualchange，uponourproducinganymotionsinourbodies——suspending，exerting，oraltering，ourfacultiesororgansofsense？
。Realthings，itisplain，haveafixedandrealnature，whichremainsthesamenotwithstandinganychangeinoursenses，orinthepostureandmotionofourbodies；whichindeedmayaffecttheideasinourminds，butitwereabsurdtothinktheyhadthesameeffectonthingsexistingwithoutthemind。
。Howthenisitpossiblethatthingsperpetuallyfleetingandvariableasourideasshouldbecopiesorimagesofanythingfixedandconstant？Or，inotherwords，sinceallsensible{206}qualities，assize，figure，colour，&c。，thatis，ourideas，arecontinuallychanging，uponeveryalterationinthedistance，medium，orinstrumentsofsensation；howcananydeterminatematerialobjectsbeproperlyrepresentedorpaintedforthbyseveraldistinctthings，eachofwhichissodifferentfromandunliketherest？Or，ifyousayitresemblessomeoneonlyofourideas，howshallwebeabletodistinguishthetruecopyfromallthefalseones？
。Iprofess，Philonous，Iamataloss。Iknownotwhattosaytothis。
。Butneitheristhisall。Whicharematerialobjectsinthemselves——perceptibleorimperceptible？
。Properlyandimmediatelynothingcanbeperceivedbutideas。Allmaterialthings，therefore，areinthemselvesinsensible，andtobeperceivedonlybyourideas。
。Ideasthenaresensible，andtheirarchetypesororiginalsinsensible？
。Right。
。Buthowcanthatwhichissensiblebelikethatwhichisinsensible？Canarealthing，initself，belikea；orarealthing，whichisnot，belikea？Inaword，cananythingbelikeasensationoridea，butanothersensationoridea？
。Imustown，Ithinknot。
。Isitpossiblethereshouldbeanydoubtonthepoint？Do。younotperfectlyknowyourownideas？
。Iknowthemperfectly；sincewhatIdonotperceiveorknowcanbenopartofmyidea。
。Consider，therefore，andexaminethem，andthentellmeiftherebeanythinginthemwhichcanexistwithoutthemind:
orifyoucanconceiveanythinglikethemexistingwithoutthemind。
。Uponinquiry，Ifinditisimpossibleformetoconceiveorunderstandhowanythingbutanideacanbelikeanidea。Anditismostevidentthat。
。Youaretherefore，byyourprinciples，forcedtodenytheofsensiblethings；sinceyoumadeittoconsistinanabsoluteexistenceexteriortothemind。Thatistosay，youareadownrightsceptic。SoIhavegainedmypoint，whichwastoshewyourprinciplesledtoScepticism。{207}
。ForthepresentIam，ifnotentirelyconvinced，atleastsilenced。
。Iwouldfainknowwhatmoreyouwouldrequireinordertoaperfectconviction。Haveyounothadthelibertyofexplainingyourselfallmannerofways？Wereanylittleslipsindiscourselaidholdandinsistedon？Orwereyounotallowedtoretractorreinforceanythingyouhadoffered，asbestservedyourpurpose？Hathnoteverythingyoucouldsaybeenheardandexaminedwithallthefairnessimaginable？Inawordhaveyounotineverypointbeenconvincedoutofyourownmouth？And，ifyoucanatpresentdiscoveranyflawinanyofyourformerconcessions，orthinkofanyremainingsubterfuge，anynewdistinction，colour，orcommentwhatsoever，whydoyounotproduceit？
。Alittlepatience，Philonous。Iamatpresentsoamazedtoseemyselfensnared，andasitwereimprisonedinthelabyrinthsyouhavedrawnmeinto，thatonthesuddenitcannotbeexpectedIshouldfindmywayout。Youmustgivemetimetolookaboutmeandrecollectmyself。
。Hark；isnotthisthecollegebell？
。Itringsforprayers。
。Wewillgointhen，ifyouplease，andmeethereagaintomorrowmorning。Inthemeantime，youmayemployyourthoughtsonthismorning\'sdiscourse，andtryifyoucanfindanyfallacyinit，orinventanynewmeanstoextricateyourself。
。Agreed。{208}
THESECONDDIALOGUE
。Ibegyourpardon，Philonous，fornotmeetingyousooner。AllthismorningmyheadwassofilledwithourlateconversationthatIhadnotleisuretothinkofthetimeoftheday，orindeedofanythingelse。
。Iamgladyouweresointentuponit，inhopesiftherewereanymistakesinyourconcessions，orfallaciesinmyreasoningsfromthem，youwillnowdiscoverthemtome。
。IassureyouIhavedonenothingeversinceIsawyoubutsearchaftermistakesandfallacies，and，withthatview，haveminutelyexaminedthewholeseriesofyesterday\'sdiscourse:
butallinvain，forthenotionsitledmeinto，uponreview，appearstillmoreclearandevident；and，themoreIconsiderthem，themoreirresistiblydotheyforcemyassent。
。Andisnotthis，thinkyou，asignthattheyaregenuine，thattheyproceedfromnature，andareconformabletorightreason？Truthandbeautyareinthisalike，thatthestrictestsurveysetsthembothofftoadvantage；whilethefalselustreoferroranddisguisecannotendurebeingreviewed，ortoonearlyinspected。
。Iownthereisagreatdealinwhatyousay。Norcananyonebemoreentirelysatisfiedofthetruthofthoseoddconsequences，solongasIhaveinviewthereasoningsthatleadtothem。But，whentheseareoutofmythoughts，thereseems，ontheotherhand，somethingsosatisfactory，sonaturalandintelligible，inthemodernwayofexplainingthingsthat，I
profess，Iknownothowtorejectit。
。Iknownotwhatwayyoumean。
。Imeanthewayofaccountingforoursensationsorideas。
。Howisthat？
。Itissupposedthesoulmakesherresidenceinsomepartofthebrain，fromwhichthenervestaketheirrise，andarethenceextendedtoallpartsofthebody；andthatoutwardobjects，bythedifferentimpressionstheymakeontheorgansofsense，communicatecertainvibrativemotionstothenerves；andthesebeingfilledwithspiritspropagatethemtothebrain{209}
orseatofthesoul，which，accordingtothevariousimpressionsortracestherebymadeinthebrain，isvariouslyaffectedwithideas。
。Andcallyouthisanexplicationofthemannerwherebyweareaffectedwithideas？
。Whynot，Philonous？Haveyouanythingtoobjectagainstit？
。IwouldfirstknowwhetherIrightlyunderstandyourhypothesis。Youmakecertaintracesinthebraintobethecausesoroccasionsofourideas。Praytellmewhetherbythe
youmeananysensiblething。
。WhatelsethinkyouIcouldmean？
。Sensiblethingsareallimmediatelyperceivable；andthosethingswhichareimmediatelyperceivableareideas；andtheseexistonlyinthemind。Thusmuchyouhave，ifImistakenot，longsinceagreedto。
。Idonotdenyit。
。Thebrainthereforeyouspeakof，beingasensiblething，existsonlyinthemind。Now，Iwouldfainknowwhetheryouthinkitreasonabletosupposethatoneideaorthingexistinginthemindoccasionsallotherideas。And，ifyouthinkso，prayhowdoyouaccountfortheoriginofthatprimaryideaorbrainitself？
。Idonotexplaintheoriginofourideasbythatbrainwhichisperceivabletosense——thisbeingitselfonlyacombinationofsensibleideas——butbyanotherwhichIimagine。
。Butarenotthingsimaginedastruly
asthingsperceived？
。Imustconfesstheyare。
。Itcomes，therefore，tothesamething；andyouhavebeenallthiswhileaccountingforideasbycertainmotionsorimpressionsofthebrain；thatis，bysomealterationsinanidea，whethersensibleorimaginableitmattersnot。
。Ibegintosuspectmyhypothesis。
。Besidesspirits，allthatweknoworconceiveareourownideas。When，therefore，yousayallideasareoccasionedbyimpressionsinthebrain，doyouconceivethisbrainorno？Ifyoudo，thenyoutalkofideasimprintedinanideacausingthatsameidea，whichisabsurd。Ifyoudonotconceiveit，youtalkunintelligibly，insteadofformingareasonablehypothesis。{210}
。Inowclearlyseeitwasameredream。Thereisnothinginit。
。Youneednotbemuchconcernedatit；forafterall，thiswayofexplainingthings，asyoucalledit，couldneverhavesatisfiedanyreasonableman。Whatconnexionistherebetweenamotioninthenerves，andthesensationsofsoundorcolourinthemind？Orhowisitpossibletheseshouldbetheeffectofthat？
。ButIcouldneverthinkithadsolittleinitasnowitseemstohave。
。Wellthen，areyouatlengthsatisfiedthatnosensiblethingshavearealexistence；andthatyouareintruthanarrantsceptic？
。Itistooplaintobedenied。
。Look!arenotthefieldscoveredwithadelightfulverdure？Istherenotsomethinginthewoodsandgroves，intheriversandclearsprings，thatsoothes，thatdelights，thattransportsthesoul？Attheprospectofthewideanddeepocean，orsomehugemountainwhosetopislostintheclouds，orofanoldgloomyforest，arenotourmindsfilledwithapleasinghorror？Eveninrocksanddesertsistherenotanagreeablewildness？Howsincereapleasureisittobeholdthenaturalbeautiesoftheearth!Topreserveandrenewour，relishforthem，isnottheveilofnightalternatelydrawnoverherface，anddothshenotchangeherdresswiththeseasons？Howaptlyaretheelementsdisposed!Whatvarietyanduse[inthemeanestproductionsofnature]![4]Whatdelicacy，whatbeauty，whatcontrivance，inanimalandvegetablebodiesIHowexquisitelyareallthingssuited，aswelltotheirparticularends，astoconstituteoppositepartsofthewholeIAnd，whiletheymutuallyaidandsupport，dotheynotalsosetoffandillustrateeachother？Raisenowyourthoughtsfromthisballofearthtoallthosegloriousluminariesthatadornthehigharchofheaven。Themotionandsituationoftheplanets，aretheynotadmirableforuseandorder？Werethosemiscalledglobesonceknowntostray，intheirrepeatedjourneysthroughthepathlessvoid？
Dotheynotmeasureareasroundthesuneverproportionedtothetimes？Sofixed，soimmutablearethelawsbywhichtheunseenAuthorofnatureactuatestheuniverse。{211}Howvividandradiantisthelustreofthefixedstars!Howmagnificentandrichthatnegligentprofusionwithwhichtheyappeartobescatteredthroughoutthewholeazurevault!Yet，ifyoutakethetelescope，itbringsintoyoursightanewhostofstarsthatescapethenakedeye。Heretheyseemcontiguousandminute，buttoanearerviewimmenseorbsoffightatvariousdistances，farsunkintheabyssofspace。Nowyoumustcallimaginationtoyouraid。Thefeeblenarrowsensecannotdescryinnumerableworldsrevolvingroundthecentralfires；andinthoseworldstheenergyofanall-perfectMinddisplayedinendlessforms。But，neithersensenorimaginationarebigenoughtocomprehendtheboundlessextent，withallitsglitteringfurniture。Thoughthelabouringmindexertandstraineachpowertoitsutmostreach，therestillstandsoutungraspedasurplusageimmeasurable。Yetallthevastbodiesthatcomposethismightyframe，howdistantandremotesoever，arebysomesecretmechanism，someDivineartandforce，linkedinamutualdependenceandintercoursewitheachother；
evenwiththisearth，whichwasalmostsliptfrommythoughtsandlostinthecrowdofworlds。Isnotthewholesystemimmense，beautiful，gloriousbeyondexpressionandbeyondthought!Whattreatment，then，dothosephilosophersdeserve，whowoulddeprivethesenobleanddelightfulscenesofall？HowshouldthosePrinciplesbeentertainedthatleadustothinkallthevisiblebeautyofthecreationafalseimaginaryglare？Tobeplain，canyouexpectthisScepticismofyourswillnotbethoughtextravagantlyabsurdbyallmenofsense？
。Othermenmaythinkastheyplease；butforyourpartyouhavenothingtoreproachmewith。Mycomfortis，youareasmuchascepticasIam。
。There，Hylas，Imustbegleavetodifferfromyou。
。What!Haveyouallalongagreedtothepremises，anddoyounowdenytheconclusion，andleavemetomaintainthoseparadoxesbymyselfwhichyouledmeinto？Thissurelyisnotfair。
。denythatIagreedwithyouinthosenotionsthatledtoScepticism。Youindeedsaidtheofsensiblethingsconsistedin，ordistinctfromtheirbeingperceived。Andpursuanttothisnotionofreality，areobligedtodenysensiblethingsany{212}realexistence:thatis，accordingtoyourowndefinition，youprofessyourselfasceptic。ButIneithersaidnorthoughttherealityofsensiblethingswastobedefinedafterthatmanner。Tomeitisevidentforthereasonsyouallowof，thatsensiblethingscannotexistotherwisethaninamindorspirit。WhenceIconclude，notthattheyhavenorealexistence，butthat。，seeingtheydependnotonmythought，andhaveallexistencedistinctfrombeingperceivedbyme，。Assure，therefore，asthesensibleworldreallyexists，sosureisthereaninfiniteomnipresentSpiritwhocontainsandsupportsit。
。What!ThisisnomorethanIandallChristianshold；
nay，andallotherstoowhobelievethereisaGod，andthatHeknowsandcomprehendsallthings。
。Aye，buthereliesthedifference。MencommonlybelievethatallthingsareknownorperceivedbyGod，becausetheybelievethebeingofaGod；whereasI，ontheotherside，immediatelyandnecessarilyconcludethebeingofaGod，becauseallsensiblethingsmustbeperceivedbyHim。
。But，solongasweallbelievethesamething，whatmatterisithowwecomebythatbelief？
。Butneitherdoweagreeinthesameopinion。Forphilosophers，thoughtheyacknowledgeallcorporealbeingstobeperceivedbyGod，yettheyattributetothemanabsolutesubsistencedistinctfromtheirbeingperceivedbyanymindwhatever；whichIdonot。Besides，istherenodifferencebetweensaying，，；
andsaying，；，，:？Thisfurnishesyouwithadirectandimmediatedemonstration，fromamostevidentprinciple，ofthe。Divinesandphilosophershadprovedbeyondallcontroversy，fromthebeautyandusefulnessoftheseveralpartsofthecreation，thatitwastheworkmanshipofGod。Butthat——settingasideallhelpofastronomyandnaturalphilosophy，allcontemplationofthecontrivance，order，andadjustmentofthings——aninfiniteMindshouldbenecessarilyinferredfromthebare，isanadvantagetothemonlywhohavemadethiseasyreflexion:thatthesensibleworldisthatwhichweperceivebyourseveralsenses；andthatnothingisperceivedbythesensesbesideideas；andthatno{213}ideaorarchetypeofanideacanexistotherwisethaninamind。Youmaynow，withoutanylaborioussearchintothesciences，withoutanysubtletyofreason，ortediouslengthofdiscourse，opposeandbafflethemoststrenuousadvocateforAtheism。Thosemiserablerefuges，whetherinaneternalsuccessionofunthinkingcausesandeffects，orinafortuitousconcourseofatoms；thosewildimaginationsofVanini，Hobbes，andSpinoza:inaword，thewholesystemofAtheism，isitnotentirelyoverthrown，bythissinglereflexionontherepugnancyincludedinsupposingthewhole，oranypart，eventhemostrudeandshapeless，ofthevisibleworld，toexistwithoutamind？Letanyoneofthoseabettorsofimpietybutlookintohisownthoughts，andtheretryifhecanconceivehowsomuchasarock，adesert，achaos，orconfusedjumbleofatoms；howanythingatall，eithersensibleorimaginable，canexistindependentofaMind，andheneedgonofarthertobeconvincedofhisfolly。Cananythingbefairerthantoputadisputeonsuchanissue，andleaveittoamanhimselftoseeifhecanconceive，eveninthought，whatheholdstobetrueinfact，andfromanotionaltoallowitarealexistence？
。Itcannotbedeniedthereissomethinghighlyserviceabletoreligioninwhatyouadvance。Butdoyounotthinkitlooksverylikeanotionentertainedbysomeeminentmoderns，of？
。Iwouldgladlyknowthatopinion:prayexplainittome。
。Theyconceivethatthesoul，beingimmaterial，isincapableofbeingunitedwithmaterialthings，soastoperceivetheminthemselves；butthatsheperceivesthembyherunionwiththesubstanceofGod，which，beingspiritual，isthereforepurelyintelligible，orcapableofbeingtheimmediateobjectofaspirit\'sthought。BesidestheDivineessencecontainsinitperfectionscorrespondenttoeachcreatedbeing；andwhichare，forthatreason，propertoexhibitorrepresentthemtothemind。
。Idonotunderstandhowourideas，whicharethingsaltogetherpassiveandinert，canbetheessence，oranypartorlikeanypartoftheessenceorsubstanceofGod，whoisan{214}impassive，indivisible，pure，activebeing。Manymoredifficultiesandobjectionstherearewhichoccuratfirstviewagainstthishypothesis；butIshallonlyaddthatitisliabletoalltheabsurditiesofthecommonhypothesis，inmakingacreatedworldexistotherwisethaninthemindofaSpirit。
Besidesallwhichithaththispeculiartoitself；thatitmakesthatmaterialworldservetonopurpose。And，ifitpassforagoodargumentagainstotherhypothesesinthesciences，thattheysupposeNature，ortheDivinewisdom，tomakesomethinginvain，ordothatbytediousroundaboutmethodswhichmighthavebeenperformedinamuchmoreeasyandcompendiousway，whatshallwethinkofthathypothesiswhichsupposesthewholeworldmadeinvain？
。Butwhatsayyou？ArenotyoutooofopinionthatweseeallthingsinGod？IfImistakenot，whatyouadvancecomesnearit。
。[Fewmenthink；yetallhaveopinions。Hencemen\'sopinionsaresuperficialandconfused。Itisnothingstrangethattenetswhichinthemselvesareeversodifferent，shouldneverthelessbeconfoundedwitheachother，bythosewhodonotconsiderthemattentively。IshallnotthereforebesurprisedifsomemenimaginethatIrunintotheenthusiasmofMalebranche；
thoughintruthIamveryremotefromit。Hebuildsonthemostabstractgeneralideas，whichIentirelydisclaim。Heassertsanabsoluteexternalworld，whichIdeny。Hemaintainsthatwearedeceivedbyoursenses，and，knownottherealnaturesorthetrueformsandfiguresofextendedbeings；ofallwhichIholdthedirectcontrary。SothatuponthewholetherearenoPrinciplesmorefundamentallyoppositethanhisandmine。Itmustbeownedthat][5]IentirelyagreewithwhattheholyScripturesaith，\"ThatinGodweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing。\"ButthatweseethingsinHisessence，afterthemannerabovesetforth，Iamfarfrombelieving。Takehereinbriefmymeaning:——
ItisevidentthatthethingsIperceivearemyownideas，andthatnoideacanexistunlessitbeinamind:norisitlessplainthattheseideasorthingsbymeperceived，eitherthemselvesortheirarchetypes，existindependentlyofmymind，sinceIknowmyselfnottobetheirauthor，itbeingoutofmypowertodetermineatpleasurewhatparticularideasIshallbeaffectedwithuponopeningmyeyesorears:theymustthereforeexistinsomeotherMind，whose{215}Willitistheyshouldbeexhibitedtome。Thethings，Isay，immediatelyperceivedareideasorsensations，callthemwhichyouwill。Buthowcananyideaorsensationexistin，orbeproducedby，anythingbutamindorspirit？Thisindeedisinconceivable。Andtoassertthatwhichisinconceivableistotalknonsense:isitnot？
。Withoutdoubt。
。But，ontheotherhand，itisveryconceivablethattheyshouldexistinandbeproducedbyaspirit；sincethisisnomorethanIdailyexperienceinmyself，inasmuchasIperceivenumberlessideas；and，byanactofmywill，canformagreatvarietyofthem，andraisethemupinmyimagination:though，itmustbeconfessed，thesecreaturesofthefancyarenotaltogethersodistinct，sostrong，vivid，andpermanent，asthoseperceivedbymysenses——whichlatterarecalled。
FromallwhichIconclude，。
，fromthevariety，order，andmannerofthese，Iconclude，，，。itwell；Idonotsay，IseethingsbyperceivingthatwhichrepresentsthemintheintelligibleSubstanceofGod。ThisIdonotunderstand；butIsay，thethingsbymeperceivedareknownbytheunderstanding，andproducedbythewillofaninfiniteSpirit。Andisnotallthismostplainandevident？Isthereanymoreinitthanwhatalittleobservationinourownminds，andthatwhichpassethinthem，notonlyenablesustoconceive，butalsoobligesustoacknowledge。
。IthinkIunderstandyouveryclearly；andowntheproofyougiveofaDeityseemsnolessevidentthanitissurprising。But，allowingthatGodisthesupremeanduniversalCauseofanthings，yet，maytherenotbestillaThirdNaturebesidesSpiritsandIdeas？Maywenotadmitasubordinateandlimitedcauseofourideas？Inaword，maytherenotforallthatbe？
。HowoftenmustIinculcatethesamething？Youallowthethingsimmediatelyperceivedbysensetoexistnowherewithoutthemind；butthereisnothingperceivedbysensewhichisnotperceivedimmediately:thereforethereisnothingsensiblethatexistswithoutthemind。TheMatter，therefore，whichyoustillinsistonissomethingintelligible，Isuppose；somethingthatmaybediscoveredbyreason，andnotbysense。
。Youareintheright。{216}
。PrayletmeknowwhatreasoningyourbeliefofMatterisgroundedon；andwhatthisMatteris，inyourpresentsenseofit。
。Ifindmyselfaffectedwithvariousideas，whereofI
knowIamnotthecause；neitheraretheythecauseofthemselves，orofoneanother，orcapableofsubsistingbythemselves，asbeingaltogetherinactive，fleeting，dependentbeings。Theyhavethereforecausedistinctfrommeandthem:ofwhichIpretendtoknownomorethanthatitis。Andthisthing，whateveritbe，IcallMatter。
。Tellme，Hylas，hatheveryonealibertytochangethecurrentpropersignificationattachedtoacommonnameinanylanguage？Forexample，supposeatravellershouldtellyouthatinacertaincountrymenpassunhurtthroughthefire；and，uponexplaininghimself，youfoundhemeantbythewordfirethatwhichotherscall。Or，ifheshouldassertthattherearetreesthatwalkupontwolegs，meaningmenbytheterm。
Wouldyouthinkthisreasonable？
。No；Ishouldthinkitveryabsurd。Commoncustomisthestandardofproprietyinlanguage。Andforanymantoaffectspeakingimproperlyistoperverttheuseofspeech，andcanneverservetoabetterpurposethantoprotractandmultiplydisputes，wherethereisnodifferenceinopinion。
。Anddothnot，inthecommoncurrentacceptationoftheword，signifyanextended，solid，moveable，unthinking，inactiveSubstance？
。Itdoth。
。And，hathitnotbeenmadeevidentthatno
substancecanpossiblyexist？And，thoughitshouldbeallowedtoexist，yethowcanthatwhichisbea；orthatwhichisbea？Youmay，indeed，ifyouplease，annextothewordacontrarymeaningtowhatisvulgarlyreceived；andtellmeyouunderstandbyit，anunextended，thinking，activebeing，whichisthecauseofourideas。Butwhatelseisthisthantoplaywithwords，andrunintothatveryfaultyoujustnowcondemnedwithsomuchreason？
Idobynomeansfindfaultwithyourreasoning，inthatyoucollectacausefromthe:Idenythat
causededuciblebyreasoncanproperlybetermedMatter。
。Thereisindeedsomethinginwhatyousay。ButIam{217}afraidyoudonotthoroughlycomprehendmymeaning。IwouldbynomeansbethoughttodenythatGod，oraninfiniteSpirit，istheSupremeCauseofallthings。AllIcontendforis，that，subordinatetotheSupremeAgent，thereisacauseofalimitedandinferiornature，whichintheproductionofourideas，notbyanyactofwill，orspiritualefficiency，butbythatkindofactionwhichbelongstoMatter，viz。。
。Ifindyouareateveryturnrelapsingintoyouroldexplodedconceit，ofamoveable，andconsequentlyanextended，substance，existingwithoutthemind。What!Haveyoualreadyforgottenyouwereconvinced；orareyouwillingIshouldrepeatwhathasbeensaidonthathead？Intruththisisnotfairdealinginyou，stilltosupposethebeingofthatwhichyouhavesooftenacknowledgedtohavenobeing。But，nottoinsistfartheronwhathasbeensolargelyhandled，Iaskwhetherallyourideasarenotperfectlypassiveandinert，includingnothingofactioninthem。
。Theyare。
。Andaresensiblequalitiesanythingelsebutideas？
。HowoftenhaveIacknowledgedthattheyarenot。
。Butisnotasensiblequality？
。Itis。
。Consequentlyitisnoaction？
。Iagreewithyou。AndindeeditisveryplainthatwhenIstirmyfinger，itremainspassive；butmywillwhichproducedthemotionisactive。
。Now，Idesiretoknow，inthefirstplace，whether，motionbeingallowedtobenoaction，youcanconceiveanyactionbesidesvolition:and，inthesecondplace，whethertosaysomethingandconceivenothingbenottotalknonsense:and，lastly，whether，havingconsideredthepremises，youdonotperceivethattosupposeanyefficientoractiveCauseofourideas，otherthan，ishighlyabsurdandunreasonable？
。Igiveupthepointentirely。But，thoughMattermaynotbeacause，yetwhathindersitsbeingan，subservienttothesupremeAgentintheproductionofourideas？
。Aninstrumentsayyou；praywhatmaybethefigure，springs，wheels，andmotions，ofthatinstrument？
。ThoseIpretendtodeterminenothingof，boththesubstanceanditsqualitiesbeingentirelyunknowntome。
。What？Youarethenofopinionitismadeupof{218}
unknownparts，thatithathunknownmotions，andanunknownshape？
。Idonotbelievethatithathanyfigureormotionatall，beingalreadyconvinced，thatnosensiblequalitiescanexistinanunperceivingsubstance。
。Butwhatnotionisitpossibletoframeofaninstrumentvoidofallsensiblequalities，evenextensionitself？
。Idonotpretendtohaveanynotionofit。
。Andwhatreasonhaveyoutothinkthisunknown，thisinconceivableSomewhatdothexist？IsitthatyouimagineGodcannotactaswellwithoutit；orthatyoufindbyexperiencetheuseofsomesuchthing，whenyouformideasinyourownmind？
。Youarealwaysteasingmeforreasonsofmybelief。
Praywhatreasonshaveyounottobelieveit？