IliketothinkofalltheMacintoshes，intheirmackintoshes，descendingonsomedoomedLowlandvillage，theirwetwaterproofsflashinginthesunormoon。Forindeedthisisoneoftherealbeautiesofrainyweather，thatwhiletheamountoforiginalanddirectlightiscommonlylessened，thenumberofthingsthatreflectlightisunquestionablyincreased。
Thereislesssunshine；buttherearemoreshinythings；suchbeautifullyshinythingsaspoolsandpuddlesandmackintoshes。Itislikemovinginaworldofmirrors。
Andindeedthisisthelastandnottheleastgraciousofthecasualworksofmagicwroughtbyrain:thatwhileitdecreaseslight，yetitdoublesit。Ifitdimsthesky，itbrightenstheearth。ItgivestheroadstothesympatheticeyesomethingofthebeautyofVenice。
Shallowlakesofwaterreiterateeverydetailofearthandsky；wedwellinadoubleuniverse。Sometimeswalkinguponbareandlustrouspave-
ments，wetundernumerouslamps，amanseemsablackblotonallthatgoldenlooking-glass，andcouldfancyhewasflyinginayellowsky。Butwherevertreesandtownshangheaddownwardsinapigmypuddle，thesenseofCelestialtopsy-turvydomisthesame。Thisbright，wet，dazzlingconfusionofshapeandshadow，ofrealityandreflection，willappealstronglytoanyonewiththetranscendentalinstinctaboutthisdreamyandduallifeofours。Itwillalwaysgiveamanthestrangesenseoflookingdownattheskies。
THEFALSEPHOTOGRAPHER
When，aslately，eventshavehappenedthatseemtothefancy，atleast
totestifnotstaggertheforceofofficialgovernment，itisamusingtoaskoneselfwhatistherealweaknessofcivilisation，oursespecially，whenitcontendswiththeonelawlessman。Iwasremindedofoneweaknessthismorninginturningoveranolddrawerfulofpictures。
Thisweaknessincivilisationisbestexpressedbysayingthatitcaresmoreforsciencethanfortruth。Itpridesitselfonits\"methods\"morethanitsresults；itissatisfiedwithprecision，discipline，goodcommunications，ratherthanwiththesenseofreality。Butthereareprecisefalsehoodsaswellasprecisefacts。Disciplinemayonlymeanahundredmenmakingthesamemistakeatthesameminute。Andgoodcommunicationsmayinpracticebeverylikethoseevilcommunicationswhicharesaidtocorruptgoodmanners。Broadly，wehavereacheda\"scientificage，\"whichwantstoknowwhetherthetrainisinthetime-
table，butnotwhetherthetrainisinthestation。ItakeoneinstanceinourpoliceinquiriesthatIhappentohavecomeacross:thecaseofphotography。
Someyearsagoapoetofconsiderablegeniustragicallydisappeared，andtheauthoritiesorthenewspaperscirculatedaphotographofhim，sothathemightbeidentified。Thephotograph，asIrememberit，depictedorsuggestedahandsome，haughty，andsomewhatpallidmanwithhisheadthrownback，withlongdistinguishedfeatures，colourlessthinhairandslightmoustache，andthoughconveyedmerelybytheheadandshoulders，adefiniteimpressionofheight。IfIhadgonebythatphotographIshouldhavegoneaboutlookingforalongsoldierlybutlistlessman，withaprofileratherliketheDukeofConnaught\'s。
Only，asithappened，Iknewthepoetpersonally；Ihadseenhimagreatmanytimes，andhehadanappearancethatnobodycouldpossiblyforget，ifseenonlyonce。HehadthemarkofthosedarkandpassionateWestlandScotch，whobeforeBurnsandafterhavegivenmanysuchdarkeyesanddarkemotionstotheworld。Butinhimtheunmistakablestrain，Gaelicorwhateveritis，wasaccentuatedalmosttooddity；andhelookedlikesomeswarthyelf。Hewassmall，withabigheadandacrescentofcoal-
blackhairroundthebackofavastdomeofbaldness。Immediatelyunderhiseyeshischeekboneshadsohighacolourthattheymighthavebeenpaintedscarlet；threeblacktufts，twoontheupperlipandoneunderthelower，seemedtotouchupthefacewiththefiercemoustachesofMephistopheles。Hiseyeshadthat\"dancingmadness\"inthemwhichStevensonsawintheGaeliceyesofAlanBreck；buthesometimesdistortedtheexpressionbyscrewingamonstrousmonocleintooneofthem。
Amanmoreunmistakablewouldhavebeenhardtofind。Youcouldhavepickedhimoutinanycrowd——solongasyouhadnotseenhisphotograph。
Butinthisscientificpictureofhimtwentycauses，accidentalandconventional，hadcombinedtoobliteratehimaltogether。Thelimitsofphotographyforbadethestrongandalmostmelodramaticcolouringofcheekandeyebrow。Theaccidentofthelightingtooknearlyallthedarknessoutofthehairandmadehimlookalmostlikeafairman。Theframingandlimitationoftheshouldersmadehimlooklikeabigman；andthedevastatingboreofbeingphotographedwhenyouwanttowritepoetrymadehimlooklikealazyman。Holdinghisheadback，aspeopledowhentheyarebeingphotographedorshot，butashecertainlyneverhelditnormally，accidentallyconcealedthebalddomethatdominatedhisslightfigure。Herewehaveaclockworkpicture，begunandfinishedbyabuttonandaboxofchemicals，fromwhicheveryprojectingfeaturehasbeenmoredelicatelyanddexterouslyomittedthantheycouldhavebeenbythemostnamby-pambyflatterer，paintingintheweakestwater-colours，onthesmoothestivory。
IhappentopossessabookofMr。MaxBeerbohm\'scaricatures，oneofwhichdepictstheunfortunatepoetinquestion。Tosayitrepresentsanutterlyincrediblehobgoblinistoexpressinfaintandinadequatelanguagethelicenseofitssprawlinglines。Theauthoritiesthoughtitstrictlysafeandscientifictocirculatethepoet\'sphotograph。TheywouldhaveclappedmeinanasylumifIhadaskedthemtocirculateMax\'scaricature。Butthecaricaturewouldhavebeenfarmorelikelytofindtheman。
Thisisasmallbutexactsymbolofthefailureofscientificcivilisation。Itissosatisfiedinknowingithasaphotographofamanthatitneveraskswhetherithasalikenessofhim。Thusdeclarations，seeminglymostdetailed，haveflashedalongthewiresoftheworldeversinceIwasaboy。WeweretoldthatinsomerowBoerpolicemenhadshotanEnglishman，aBritishsubject，anEnglishcitizen。AlongtimeafterwardswewerequitecasuallyinformedthattheEnglishcitizenwasquiteblack。Well，itmakesnodifferencetothemoralquestion；blackmenshouldbeshotonthesameethicalprinciplesaswhitemen。Butitmakesonedistrustscientificcommunicationswhichpermittedsostartlinganalterationofthephotograph。Iamsorrywegotholdofaphotographicnegativeinwhichablackmancameoutwhite。LaterweweretoldthatanEnglishmanhadfoughtfortheBoersagainsthisownflag，whichwouldhavebeenadisgustingthingtodo。Later，itwasadmittedthathewasanIrishman；whichisexactlyasdifferentasifhehadbeenaPole。Commonsense，withallthefactsbeforeit，doesseethatblackisnotwhite，andthatanationthathasneversubmittedhasarighttomoralindependence。Butwhydoesitsoseldomhaveallthefactsbeforeit？Whyarethebigaggressivefeatures，suchasblacknessortheCelticwrath，alwaysleftoutinsuchofficialcommunications，astheywereleftoutinthephotograph？MyfriendthepoethadhairasblackasanAfricanandeyesasfierceasanIrishman；whydoesourcivilisationdropallfourofthefacts？Itserroristoomitthearrestingthing——whichmightreallyarrestthecriminal。Itstrikesfirstthechillingnoteofscience，demandingaman\"abovethemiddleheight，chinshaven，withgraymoustache，\"etc。，whichmightmeanMr。BalfourorSirRedversBuller。
Itdoesnotseizethefirstfactofimpression，asthatamanisobviouslyasailororaJeworadrunkardoragentlemanoraniggeroranalbinooraprize-fighteroranimbecileoranAmerican。Thesearetherealitiesbywhichthepeoplereallyrecogniseeachother。Theyarealmostalwaysleftoutoftheinquiry。，THESULTAN
ThereisonedeepdefectinourextensionofcosmopolitanandImperialcultures。Thatis，thatinmosthumanthingsifyouspreadyourbutterfaryouspreaditthin。Butthereisanodderfactyet:rootedinsomethingdarkandirrationalinhumannature。Thatis，thatwhenyoufindyourbutterthin，youbegintospreadit。Anditisjustwhenyoufindyourideaswearingthininyourownmindthatyoubegintospreadthemamongyourfellow-creatures。Itisaparadox；butnotmyparadox。
Therearenumerouscasesinhistory；butIthinkthestrongestcaseisthis。ThatwehaveImperialisminallourclubsattheverytimewhenwehaveOrientalisminallourdrawing-rooms。
ImeanthatthecolonialidealofsuchmenasCecilRhodesdidnotariseoutofanyfreshcreativeideaoftheWesterngenius，itwasafad，andlikemostfadsanimitation。ForwhatwaswrongwithRhodeswasnotthat，likeCromwellorHildebrand，hemadehugemistakes，noreventhathecommittedgreatcrimes。Itwasthathecommittedthesecrimesanderrorsinordertospreadcertainideas。Andwhenoneaskedfortheideastheycouldnotbefound。CromwellstoodforCalvinism，HildebrandforCatholicism:butRhodeshadnoprincipleswhatevertogivetotheworld。
Hehadonlyahastybutelaboratemachineryforspreadingtheprinciplesthathehadn\'tgot。WhathecalledhisidealswerethedregsofaDarwinismwhichhadalreadygrownnotonlystagnant，butpoisonous。Thatthefittestmustsurvive，andthatanyonelikehimselfmustbethefittest；thattheweakestmustgotothewall，andthatanyonehecouldnotunderstandmustbetheweakest；thatwasthephilosophywhichhelumberinglybelievedthroughlife，likemanyanotheragnosticoldbacheloroftheVictorianera。AllhisviewsonreligionreverentlyquotedintheReviewofReviewsweresimplythestalestideasofhistime。Itwasnothisfault，poorfellow，thathecalledahighhillsomewhereinSouthAfrica\"hischurch。”Itwasnothisfault，Imean，thathecouldnotseethatachurchalltooneselfisnotachurchatall。
Itisamadman\'scell。Itwasnothisfaultthathe\"figuredoutthatGodmeantasmuchoftheplanettobeAnglo-Saxonaspossible。”Manyevolutionistsmuchwiserhad\"figuredout\"thingsevenmorebabyish。Hewasanhonestandhumblerecipientoftheploddingpopularscienceofhistime；hespreadnoideasthatanycockneyclerkinStreathamcouldnothavespreadforhim。Butitwasexactlybecausehehadnoideastospreadthatheinvokedslaughter，violatedjustice，andruinedrepublicstospreadthem。
Butthecaseisevenstrongerandstranger。FashionableImperialismnotonlyhasnoideasofitsowntoextend；butsuchideasasithasareactuallyborrowedfromthebrownandblackpeoplestowhomitseekstoextendthem。TheCrusadingkingsandknightsmightberepresentedasseekingtospreadWesternideasintheEast。ButallthatourImperialistaristocratscoulddowouldbetospreadEasternideasintheEast。ForthatverygoverningclasswhichurgesOccidentalImperialismhasbeendeeplydiscolouredwithOrientalmysticismandCosmology。
ThesamesocietyladywhoexpectstheHindoostoacceptherviewofpoliticshasherselfacceptedtheirviewofreligion。Shewantsfirsttostealtheirearth，andthentosharetheirheaven。ThesameImperialcynicwhowishestheTurkstosubmittoEnglishsciencehashimselfsubmittedtoTurkishphilosophy，toawhollyTurkishviewofdespotismanddestiny。
ThereisanobviousandamusingproofofthisinarecentlifeofRhodes。
ThewriteradmitswithproperImperialgloomthefactthatAfricaisstillchieflyinhabitedbyAfricans。HesuggestsRhodesintheSouthconfrontingsavagesandKitchenerintheNorthfacingTurks，Arabs，andSoudanese，andthenhequotesthisremarkofCecilRhodes:\"Itisinevitablefatethatallthisshouldbechanged；andIshouldliketobetheagentoffate。”ThatwasCecilRhodes\'sonesmallgenuineidea；anditisanOrientalidea。
HerewehaveevidentalltheultimateidiocyofthepresentImperialposition。RhodesandKitcheneraretoconquerMoslembedouinsandbarbarians，inordertoteachthemtobelieveonlyininevitablefate。
WearetowreckprovincesandpourbloodlikeNiagara，allinordertoteachaTurktosay\"Kismet\"；whichhehassaidsincehiscradle。WearetodenyChristianjusticeanddestroyinternationalequality，allinordertoteachanArabtobelieveheis\"anagentoffate，\"whenhehasneverbelievedanythingelse。IfCecilRhodes\'svisioncouldcometruewhichfortunatelyisincreasinglyimprobable，suchcountriesasPersiaorArabiawouldsimplybefilledwithuglyandvulgarfatalistsinbilly-
cocks，insteadofwithgracefulanddignifiedfatalistsinturbans。ThebestWesternidea，theideaofspirituallibertyanddanger，ofadoubtfulandromanticfutureinwhichallthingsmayhappen——thisessentialWesternideaCecilRhodescouldnotspread，becauseashesayshimselfhedidnotbelieveinit。
ItwasanOrientalwhogavetoQueenVictoriathecrownofanEmpressinadditiontothatofaQueen。HedidnotunderstandthatthetitleofKingishigherthanthatofEmperor。ForintheEasttitlesaremeanttobevastandwild；tobeextravagantpoems:theBrotheroftheSunandMoon，theCaliphwholivesforever。ButaKingofEnglandatleastinthedaysofrealkingsdidnotbearamerelypoeticaltitle；butratherareligiousone。Hebelongedtohispeopleandnotmerelytheytohim。
Hewasnotmerelyaconqueror，butafather——yes，evenwhenhewasabadfather。Butthissortofsolidsanctityalwaysgoeswithlocalaffectionsandlimits:andtheCecilRhodesImperialismsetupnottheKing，buttheSultan；withallthetypicallyEasternideasofthemagicofmoney，ofluxurywithoutuproar；ofprostrateprovincesandachosenrace。IndeedCecilRhodesillustratedalmosteveryqualityessentialtotheSultan，fromtheloveofdiamondstothescornofwoman。
THEARCHITECTOFSPEARS
Theotherday，inthetownofLincoln，IsufferedanopticalillusionwhichaccidentallyrevealedtomethestrangegreatnessoftheGothicarchitecture。Itssecretisnot，Ithink，satisfactorilyexplainedinmostofthediscussionsonthesubject。ItissaidthattheGothiceclipsestheclassicalbyacertainrichnessandcomplexity，atoncelivelyandmysterious。Thisistrue；butOrientaldecorationisequallyrichandcomplex，yetitawakensawidelydifferentsentiment。NomanevergotoutofaTurkeycarpettheemotionsthathegotfromacathedraltower。OveralltheexquisiteornamentofArabiaandIndiathereisthepresenceofsomethingstiffandheartless，ofsomethingtorturedandsilent。Dwarfedtreesandcrookedserpents，heavyflowersandhunchbackedbirdsaccentuatebytheverysplendourandcontrastoftheircolourtheservilityandmonotonyoftheirshapes。Itislikethevisionofasneeringsage，whoseesthewholeuniverseasapattern。CertainlynooneeverfeltlikethisaboutGothic，evenifhehappenstodislikeit。
Or，again，somewillsaythatitisthelibertyoftheMiddleAgesintheuseofthecomicoreventhecoarsethatmakestheGothicmoreinterestingthantheGreek。Thereismoretruthinthis；indeed，thereisrealtruthinit。FewoftheoldChristiancathedralswouldhavepassedtheCensorofPlays。Wetalkoftheinimitablegrandeuroftheoldcathedrals；butindeeditisrathertheirgaietythatwedonotdaretoimitate。Weshouldberathersurprisedifachoristersuddenlybegansinging\"BillBailey\"inchurch。Yetthatwouldbeonlydoinginmusicwhatthemediaevalsdidinsculpture。TheyputintoaMiserereseattheveryscenesthatweputintoamusichallsong:comicdomesticscenessimilartothespillingofthebeerandthehangingoutofthewashing。
ButthoughthegaietyofGothicisoneofitsfeatures，italsoisnotthesecretofitsuniqueeffect。Weseeadomestictopsy-turvydominmanyJapanesesketches。Butdelightfulastheseare，withtheirfairytree-tops，paperhouses，andtoddling，infantileinhabitants，thepleasuretheygiveisofakindquitedifferentfromthejoyandenergyofthegargoyles。Somehaveevenbeensoshallowandilliterateastomaintainthatourpleasureinmedievalbuildingisamerepleasureinwhatisbarbaric，inwhatisrough，shapeless，orcrumblingliketherocks。Thiscanbedismissedafterthesamefashion；SouthSeaidols，withpaintedeyesandradiatingbristles，areadelighttotheeye；buttheydonotaffectitinatallthesamewayasWestminsterAbbey。Someagaingoingtoanotherandalmostequallyfoolishextremeignorethecoarseandcomicinmediaevalism；andpraisethepointedarchonlyforitsutterpurityandsimplicity，asofasaintwithhishandsjoinedinprayer。Here，again，theuniquenessismissed。ThereareRenaissancethingssuchastheetherealsilverydrawingsofRaphael，thereareevenpaganthingssuchasthePrayingBoywhichexpressasfreshandaustereapiety。Noneoftheseexplanationsexplain。AndIneversawwhatwastherealpointaboutGothictillIcameintothetownofLincoln，andsawitbehindarowoffurniture-vans。
Ididnotknowtheywerefurniture-vans；atthefirstglanceandinthesmokydistanceIthoughttheywerearowofcottages。Alowstonewallcutoffthewheels，andthevansweresomewhatofthesamecolourastheyellowishclayorstoneofthebuildingsaroundthem。IhadcomeacrossthatinterminableEasternplainwhichisliketheopensea，andallthemoresobecausetheonesmallhillandtowerofLincolnstandsupinitlikealight-house。Ihadclimbedthesharp，crookedstreetsuptothisecclesiasticalcitadel；justinfrontofmewasaflourishingandrichlycolouredkitchengarden；beyondthatwasthelowstonewall；beyondthattherowofvansthatlookedlikehouses；andbeyondandabovethat，straightandswiftanddark，lightasaflightofbirds，andterribleastheTowerofBabel，LincolnCathedralseemedtoriseoutofhumansight。
AsIlookedatitIaskedmyselfthequestionsthatIhaveaskedhere；
whatwasthesoulinallthosestones？Theywerevaried，butitwasnotvariety；theyweresolemn，butitwasnotsolemnity；theywerefarcical，butitwasnotfarce。Whatisitinthemthatthrillsandsoothesamanofourbloodandhistory，thatisnotthereinanEgyptianpyramidoranIndiantempleoraChinesepagoda？AllofasuddenthevansIhadmistakenforcottagesbegantomoveawaytotheleft。InthestartthisgavetomyeyeandmindIreallyfanciedthattheCathedralwasmovingtowardstheright。Thetwohugetowersseemedtostartstridingacrosstheplainlikethetwolegsofsomegiantwhosebodywascoveredwiththeclouds。ThenIsawwhatitwas。
ThetruthaboutGothicis，first，thatitisalive，andsecond，thatitisonthemarch。ItistheChurchMilitant；itistheonlyfightingarchitecture。Allitsspiresarespearsatrest；andallitsstonesarestonesasleepinacatapult。Inthatinstantofillusion，Icouldhearthearchesclashlikeswordsastheycrossedeachother。Themightyandnumberlesscolumnsseemedtogoswingingbylikethehugefeetofimperialelephants。Thegravenfoliagewreathedandblewlikebannersgoingintobattle；thesilencewasdeafeningwithailtheminglednoisesofamilitarymarch；thegreatbellshookdown，astheorganshookupitsthunder。Thethirsty-throatedgargoylesshoutedliketrumpetsfromalltheroofsandpinnaclesastheypassed；andfromthelecterninthecoreofthecathedraltheeagleoftheawfulevangelistclashedhiswingsofbrass。
AndamidallthenoisesIseemedtohearthevoiceofamanshoutinginthemidstlikeoneorderingregimentshitherandthitherinthefight；
thevoiceofthegreathalf-militarymaster-builder；thearchitectofspears。Icouldalmostfancyheworearmourwhilehemadethatchurch；
andIknewindeedthat，underascripturalfigure，hehadborneineitherhandthetrowelandthesword。
IcouldimagineforthemomentthatthewholeofthathouseoflifehadmarchedoutofthesacredEast，aliveandinterlocked，likeanarmy。
SomeEasternnomadhadfounditsolidandsilentintheredcircleofthedesert。Hehadsleptbyitasbyaworld-forgottenpyramid；andbeenwokeatmidnightbythewingsofstoneandbrass，thetrampingofthetallpillars，thetrumpetsofthewaterspouts。Onsuchanighteverysnakeorsea-beastmusthaveturnedandtwistedineverycryptorcornerofthearchitecture。Andthefiercelycolouredsaintsmarchingeternallyintheflamboyantwindowswouldhavecarriedtheirgloriolesliketorchesacrossdarklandsanddistantseas；tillthewholemountainofmusicanddarknessandlightsdescendedroaringonthelonelyLincolnhill。SoforsomehundredandsixtysecondsIsawthebattle-beautyoftheGothic；
thenthelastfurniture-vanshifteditselfaway；andIsawonlyachurchtowerinaquietEnglishtown，roundwhichtheEnglishbirdswerefloating。
THEMANONTOP
Thereisafactattherootofallrealitiesto-daywhichcannotbestatedtoosimply。Itisthatthepowersofthisworldarenownottrustedsimplybecausetheyarenottrustworthy。Thiscanbequiteclearlyseenandsaidwithoutanyreferencetoourseveralpassionsorpartisanships。Itdoesnotfollowthatwethinksuchadistrustawisesentimenttoexpress；itdoesnotevenfollowthatwethinkitagoodsentimenttoentertain。Butsuchisthesentiment，simplybecausesuchisthefact。Thedistinctioncanbequiteeasilydefinedinanexample。
Idonotthinkthatprivateworkersoweanindefiniteloyaltytotheiremployer。ButIdothinkthatpatrioticsoldiersoweamoreorlessindefiniteloyaltytotheirleaderinbattle。Buteveniftheyoughttotrusttheircaptain，thefactremainsthattheyoftendonottrusthim；
andthefactremainsthatheoftenisnotfittobetrusted。
MostoftheemployersandmanyoftheSocialistsseemtohavegotaverymuddledethicaboutthebasisofsuchloyalty；andperpetuallytrytoputemployersandofficersuponthesamedisciplinaryplane。Ishouldhavethoughtmyselfthatthedifferencewasalphabeticalenough。Ithasnothingtodowiththeidealisingofwarorthematerialisingoftrade；
itisadistinctionintheprimarypurpose。TheremightbemuchmoreeleganceandpoetryinashopunderWilliamMorristhaninaregimentunderLordKitchener。Butthedifferenceisnotinthepersonsortheatmosphere，butintheaim。TheBritishArmydoesnotexistinordertopayLordKitchener。WilliamMorris\'sshop，howeverartisticandphilanthropic，didexisttopayWilliamMorris。Ifitdidnotpaytheshopkeeperitfailedasashop；butLordKitchenerdoesnotfailifheisunderpaid，butonlyifheisdefeated。TheobjectoftheArmyisthesafetyofthenationfromoneparticularclassofperils；therefore，sinceallcitizensoweloyaltytothenation，allcitizenswhoaresoldiersoweloyaltytotheArmy。Butnobodyhasanyobligationtomakesomeparticularrichmanricher。Amanisbound，ofcourse，toconsidertheindirectre-suitsofhisactioninastrike；butheisboundtoconsiderthatinaswing，oragiddy-go-round，orasmokingconcert；inhiswildestholidayorhismostprivateconversation。Butdirectresponsibilitylikethatofasoldierhehasnone。Heneednotaimsolelyanddirectlyatthegoodoftheshop；forthesimplereasonthattheshopisnotaimingsolelyanddirectlyatthegoodofthenation。
Theshopmanis，underdecentrestraints，letushope，tryingtogetwhathecanoutofthenation；theshopassistantmay，underthesamedecentrestraints，getwhathecanoutoftheshopkeeper。Allthisdistinctionisveryobvious。AtleastIshouldhavethoughtso。
ButtheprimarypointwhichImeanisthis。Thatevenifwedotakethemilitaryviewofmercantileservice，evenifwedocalltherebelliousshopassistant\"disloyal\"——thatleavesexactlywhereitwasthequestionofwhetherheis，inpointoffact，inagoodorbadshop。GrantedthatallMr。Poole\'semployeesareboundtofollowforevertheclovenpennonofthePerfectPairofTrousers，itisallthemoretruethatthepennonmay，inpointoffact，becomeimperfect。GrantedthatallBarneyBarnato\'sworkersoughttohavefollowedhimtodeathorglory，itisstillaPerfectlylegitimatequestiontoaskwhichhewaslikelytoleadthemto。GrantedthatDr。Sawyer\'sboyoughttodieforhismaster\'smedicines，wemaystillholdaninquesttofindoutifhediedofthem。
Whileweforbidthesoldiertoshootthegeneral，wemaystillwishthegeneralwereshot。
Thefundamentalfactofourtimeisthefailureofthesuccessfulman。
Somehowwehavesoarrangedtherulesofthegamethatthewinnersareworthlessforotherpurposes；theycansecurenothingexcepttheprize。