第10章
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  Ontheotherhand,hehasinthehighestdegreethepowerofsingle-mindeddevotion,whichispre-eminently,thoughnotexclusively,afemininequality。Hisintellectfittedhimforabstractspeculation,ratherthanforimmediatepracticalapplications。Buthewasfromhisyouthupwardsdevotedtothespreadofprincipleswhichheheldtobeessentialtohumanhappiness。Nophilanthropistorreligiousteachercouldlabourmoreenergeticallyandunremittinglyforthegoodofmankind。Heneverforgetsthebearingofhisspeculationsuponthisultimateend。Whateverhislimitations,hebroughtthewholeenergyofasingularlyclear,comprehensive,andcandidintellecttobearuponthegreatestproblemsofhistime;andworkedatthemwithunflaggingindustryformanyyears。Hewaseminentlyqualifiedtobringoutthereallystrongpointsofhiscreed;whilehisperfectintellectualhonestyforcedhimfranklytodisplayitsweakerside。ThroughMillEnglishUtilitarianismgavethefullestaccountofitsmethodanditspresuppositions。Insummarisinghiswork,ImustdwelllessthanIhavehithertodoneuponsurroundingconditions;andtakehisbooks,nearlyintheorderofpublication,asrepresentingthefinaloutcomeofUtilitarianism。HevirtuallyanswersintheLogicthequestion,whataretheultimateprinciplesbywhichtheUtilitarianshadmoreorlessunconsciouslybeenguided。Ishallfirstdealwiththis。IshallthentakehisPoliticalEconomy,asshowinghowtheseprinciplesappliedtosociology,whichought,uponhisshowing,tobethecrowningscience。ThenIshalltakethepoliticalspeculations,whichareafurtherapplicationofthesameprinciples;and,finally,dealwithhisviewsinethicsandinphilosophygenerally。

  NOTES:

  1。Mill’sAutobiography1873isthemainauthority。ProfessorBain’sJohnStuartMill:aCriticismwithPersonalRecollections1882,isanecessarysupplement,andgivesanexcellentsummary。ThemostinterestinglaterpublicationsarethecorrespondencewithGustaved’Eichthal1898andthecorrespondencewithComte。Comte’sletterswerepublishedbythePositivistSocietyin1877,andthewholeeditedbyM。L関y-Bruhlin1899。TheMemoriesofOldFriends,byCarolineFox1882,givessomeinterestingaccountsofMill’sconversationin1840,etc。

  2。Bentham’sWorks,x,472。

  3。Cf。letterof30thJuly,1819inBain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。6to9。

  4。GiveninDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  5。Autobiography,p。52。

  6。Autobiography,p。30。

  7。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。84。

  8。Mill’sAutobiography,p。43;Bain’sJamesMill,p。90。

  9。Autobiography,p。58。

  10。Milldoesnotheremakeespecialreferencetohisfather,ofwhom,however,hehadsaidbeforethathesharedtheordinaryEnglishweaknessofstarvingthefeelingsfromdislikeofexpressingthem。OnewouldbeinclinedtoguessthatJamesMillexaggeratedratherthansharedthatfeeling。

  11。Autobiography,p。108。

  12。Autobiography,p。66。

  13。ItwasnotnecessaryatthistimeforanundergraduatetosigntheThirty-nineArticlesasBainsupposes。From1773agraduatehadtomakethedeclarationthathewasa’bonafidememberofthechurchofEngland,’whateverthatmaymean,butanyonemightbeamemberoftheUniversityandpasstheexaminations。Sylvester,forexample,thoughaJew,wassecondwranglerin1837。

  14。Dissertations,i。193。

  15。Thenamesoonbecamepopular。Southey,writingtoHenryTaylor12thApril,1827,callthem’Futilitarians’LifeandCorrespondence。Taylorwasonfriendlytermswiththeset,andgivessomeaccountofthemandthelaterdebatingsociety。SeeAutobiography,i。77-95;andCorrespondence,pp。30,72。

  16。Aboutthisperiod,Mill,thenagedseventeenoreighteen,tookpartwithsomefriendsindistributingapamphletcalled’WhatisLove?’advocatingwhatarenowcalledNeo-Malthusianprinciples。Thepoliceinterferred,andsomescandalwascaused。

  Anallusiontothisperformance——whichshowsMill’senthusiasmandhonesty,ifnothisdiscretion——appearedinanarticlebyAbrahamHaywarduponMill’sdeath。HaywardwasattackedbyW。D。

  Christieinanindignantpamphlet,whichgivesasufficientstatementofthefacts。SeeCobden’sPoliticalWorks,vi,421

  August1824,forareferencetothisaffair。

  17。BainthinksthatJ。S。MillwrotethearticleintheReviewupontheCarlileprosecutioninJuly1824。Icannotadmitthisopinion。Ifso,Millwasamorecapablejournalistthantheotherarticleswouldimply。But——apartfromquestionsofstyle——I

  cannotthingthatMillwouldhavegoneoutofhiswaytoavowabeliefinChristianity,asisdonebythewriterofthearticle。

  18。InthecollectiveeditionofBentham’sWorksthetreatiseoccupiesabout900double-columnpagesofsome500wordstoacolumn。If500daysweregiventothetask,thiswouldmeananaverageoutputof1500wordsaday。

  19。Autobiography,p。133。

  20。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。43,45,90,95。

  21。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。30。

  22。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。147。TheStSimoniansexcitedsomeinterestinEnglandatthetime,See,e。g。,Carlyle’sSartorResartus,bookii,ch。12。Carlyle’sCorrespondencewithGoethe,214,226,258;Tennyson’sLife,i。99。Todhunter’sWhewell,i。

  240;Holder’sShaftesbury,i。126。Shaftesbury’snoticewascalledtoStSimonianismbySouthey,whowroteanarticleuponitintheQuarterlyforJuly1831——amereshriekofalarm。

  23。Autobiography,p。168。

  24。SevenarticlesappearedfromJanuarytoMay1831。AsMillsaysinhisAutobiography,p。175theyare’lumberinginstyle’

  andofnogreatinterestinsubstance,exceptasshowingtheStSimonianinfluence。

  25。CorrespondencewithComte,p。169-70。

  26。Autobiography,p。198。

  27。Autobiography,pp。199,206,220;Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。58。

  MillatfirstsupervisedratherthaneditedtheReview。Hissub-editorswereThomasFalconerandafterwardsJohnRobertson。

  28。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。160quotationfromFonblanque。Seealsopp。56,82。

  29。Autobiography,pp。114-17。

  30。SeearticlesinWestminsterReview,Oct。1837,’PartiesandtheMinistry’;Jan。1838,’RadicalisminCanada’;April1839,’ReorganisationoftheRadicalparty。’

  31。’PartiesandtheMinistry’。

  32。’MinistersandParties’。

  33。’ClaimsofLabour’inDissertationsii。192。

  34。August1838,andMarch1840。

  35。Browningbelievedthathehadwrittenin1833areviewofPaulineforTait’sMagazine,where,however,itwassupplantedbyalessfavourablenotice——MrsOrr’sLifeofBrowning,p。59。

  36。Autobiography,p。217。

  37。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。59。

  38。Autobiography,p。191。

  39。Froude’sCarlyle,FirstFortyYears,ii。360。Thelettersareinexistencebuthavenotbeenpublished。MrA。Carlylehaskindlyallowedmetoreadthem。

  40。’NegroQuestion’inFraser’sMagazine,Feb。1849。

  41。Afriendlymessage,astheCarlylelettersshow,passedbetweenthemin1869。

  42。Autobiography,pp。175-76。

  43。A’drysalter’or’wholesaledruggistinMarkLane’,accordingtoBain,164n。

  44。Autobiography,p。185。

  45。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。172。

  46。Leader’sRoebuck,p。39;andMill’sAutobiography,p。150。

  47。Autobiography,p。227。

  48。Autobiography,pp。122,159,181,209,221。

  49。Logic,bk。vi。ch。v。sec。4。

  50。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。70。TherewasareviewofComtebyBrewsterintheEdinburghReviewforAugust1838。G。H。LewesspokefavourablyofComtetowhomhehadbeenpersonallyintroducedbyMillinanarticleupon’ModernFrenchPhilosophy’

  intheForeignQuarterlyin1843。HislateraccountsofComteintheBiographicalHistoryofPhilosophy1stedition,1845-46,andinletterspublishedintheLeaderin1852,andafterwardscollectedasComte’sPhilosophyoftheSciencesarealsonoticeable。MissMartineau’sabridgedtranslationappearedin1853。

  51。Correspondence,pp。2,3。

  52。Ibid。,p。29,cf。414。

  53。Ibid。,p。77。

  54。Ibid。p。135。

  55。Correspondence,p。273。

  56。Ibid。,p。206。

  57。Correspondence,p。402。

  58。SeeBain’sJ。S。Mill,p。72,foranaccountofthechanges。

  59。Autobiography,p。235。Mil,aswehaveseen,spokeofthePoliticalEconomytoComteinApril1844。Possibly,therefore,somepreparationmayhavebeenmadeforitintheintervalbeforetheautumnof1845。

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