Ontheotherhand,hehasinthehighestdegreethepowerofsingle-mindeddevotion,whichispre-eminently,thoughnotexclusively,afemininequality。Hisintellectfittedhimforabstractspeculation,ratherthanforimmediatepracticalapplications。Buthewasfromhisyouthupwardsdevotedtothespreadofprincipleswhichheheldtobeessentialtohumanhappiness。Nophilanthropistorreligiousteachercouldlabourmoreenergeticallyandunremittinglyforthegoodofmankind。Heneverforgetsthebearingofhisspeculationsuponthisultimateend。Whateverhislimitations,hebroughtthewholeenergyofasingularlyclear,comprehensive,andcandidintellecttobearuponthegreatestproblemsofhistime;andworkedatthemwithunflaggingindustryformanyyears。Hewaseminentlyqualifiedtobringoutthereallystrongpointsofhiscreed;whilehisperfectintellectualhonestyforcedhimfranklytodisplayitsweakerside。ThroughMillEnglishUtilitarianismgavethefullestaccountofitsmethodanditspresuppositions。Insummarisinghiswork,ImustdwelllessthanIhavehithertodoneuponsurroundingconditions;andtakehisbooks,nearlyintheorderofpublication,asrepresentingthefinaloutcomeofUtilitarianism。HevirtuallyanswersintheLogicthequestion,whataretheultimateprinciplesbywhichtheUtilitarianshadmoreorlessunconsciouslybeenguided。Ishallfirstdealwiththis。IshallthentakehisPoliticalEconomy,asshowinghowtheseprinciplesappliedtosociology,whichought,uponhisshowing,tobethecrowningscience。ThenIshalltakethepoliticalspeculations,whichareafurtherapplicationofthesameprinciples;and,finally,dealwithhisviewsinethicsandinphilosophygenerally。
NOTES:
1。Mill’sAutobiography1873isthemainauthority。ProfessorBain’sJohnStuartMill:aCriticismwithPersonalRecollections1882,isanecessarysupplement,andgivesanexcellentsummary。ThemostinterestinglaterpublicationsarethecorrespondencewithGustaved’Eichthal1898andthecorrespondencewithComte。Comte’sletterswerepublishedbythePositivistSocietyin1877,andthewholeeditedbyM。L関y-Bruhlin1899。TheMemoriesofOldFriends,byCarolineFox1882,givessomeinterestingaccountsofMill’sconversationin1840,etc。
2。Bentham’sWorks,x,472。
3。Cf。letterof30thJuly,1819inBain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。6to9。
4。GiveninDictionaryofNationalBiography。
5。Autobiography,p。52。
6。Autobiography,p。30。
7。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。84。
8。Mill’sAutobiography,p。43;Bain’sJamesMill,p。90。
9。Autobiography,p。58。
10。Milldoesnotheremakeespecialreferencetohisfather,ofwhom,however,hehadsaidbeforethathesharedtheordinaryEnglishweaknessofstarvingthefeelingsfromdislikeofexpressingthem。OnewouldbeinclinedtoguessthatJamesMillexaggeratedratherthansharedthatfeeling。
11。Autobiography,p。108。
12。Autobiography,p。66。
13。ItwasnotnecessaryatthistimeforanundergraduatetosigntheThirty-nineArticlesasBainsupposes。From1773agraduatehadtomakethedeclarationthathewasa’bonafidememberofthechurchofEngland,’whateverthatmaymean,butanyonemightbeamemberoftheUniversityandpasstheexaminations。Sylvester,forexample,thoughaJew,wassecondwranglerin1837。
14。Dissertations,i。193。
15。Thenamesoonbecamepopular。Southey,writingtoHenryTaylor12thApril,1827,callthem’Futilitarians’LifeandCorrespondence。Taylorwasonfriendlytermswiththeset,andgivessomeaccountofthemandthelaterdebatingsociety。SeeAutobiography,i。77-95;andCorrespondence,pp。30,72。
16。Aboutthisperiod,Mill,thenagedseventeenoreighteen,tookpartwithsomefriendsindistributingapamphletcalled’WhatisLove?’advocatingwhatarenowcalledNeo-Malthusianprinciples。Thepoliceinterferred,andsomescandalwascaused。
Anallusiontothisperformance——whichshowsMill’senthusiasmandhonesty,ifnothisdiscretion——appearedinanarticlebyAbrahamHaywarduponMill’sdeath。HaywardwasattackedbyW。D。
Christieinanindignantpamphlet,whichgivesasufficientstatementofthefacts。SeeCobden’sPoliticalWorks,vi,421
August1824,forareferencetothisaffair。
17。BainthinksthatJ。S。MillwrotethearticleintheReviewupontheCarlileprosecutioninJuly1824。Icannotadmitthisopinion。Ifso,Millwasamorecapablejournalistthantheotherarticleswouldimply。But——apartfromquestionsofstyle——I
cannotthingthatMillwouldhavegoneoutofhiswaytoavowabeliefinChristianity,asisdonebythewriterofthearticle。
18。InthecollectiveeditionofBentham’sWorksthetreatiseoccupiesabout900double-columnpagesofsome500wordstoacolumn。If500daysweregiventothetask,thiswouldmeananaverageoutputof1500wordsaday。
19。Autobiography,p。133。
20。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。43,45,90,95。
21。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。30。
22。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。147。TheStSimoniansexcitedsomeinterestinEnglandatthetime,See,e。g。,Carlyle’sSartorResartus,bookii,ch。12。Carlyle’sCorrespondencewithGoethe,214,226,258;Tennyson’sLife,i。99。Todhunter’sWhewell,i。
240;Holder’sShaftesbury,i。126。Shaftesbury’snoticewascalledtoStSimonianismbySouthey,whowroteanarticleuponitintheQuarterlyforJuly1831——amereshriekofalarm。
23。Autobiography,p。168。
24。SevenarticlesappearedfromJanuarytoMay1831。AsMillsaysinhisAutobiography,p。175theyare’lumberinginstyle’
andofnogreatinterestinsubstance,exceptasshowingtheStSimonianinfluence。
25。CorrespondencewithComte,p。169-70。
26。Autobiography,p。198。
27。Autobiography,pp。199,206,220;Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。58。
MillatfirstsupervisedratherthaneditedtheReview。Hissub-editorswereThomasFalconerandafterwardsJohnRobertson。
28。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。160quotationfromFonblanque。Seealsopp。56,82。
29。Autobiography,pp。114-17。
30。SeearticlesinWestminsterReview,Oct。1837,’PartiesandtheMinistry’;Jan。1838,’RadicalisminCanada’;April1839,’ReorganisationoftheRadicalparty。’
31。’PartiesandtheMinistry’。
32。’MinistersandParties’。
33。’ClaimsofLabour’inDissertationsii。192。
34。August1838,andMarch1840。
35。Browningbelievedthathehadwrittenin1833areviewofPaulineforTait’sMagazine,where,however,itwassupplantedbyalessfavourablenotice——MrsOrr’sLifeofBrowning,p。59。
36。Autobiography,p。217。
37。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。59。
38。Autobiography,p。191。
39。Froude’sCarlyle,FirstFortyYears,ii。360。Thelettersareinexistencebuthavenotbeenpublished。MrA。Carlylehaskindlyallowedmetoreadthem。
40。’NegroQuestion’inFraser’sMagazine,Feb。1849。
41。Afriendlymessage,astheCarlylelettersshow,passedbetweenthemin1869。
42。Autobiography,pp。175-76。
43。A’drysalter’or’wholesaledruggistinMarkLane’,accordingtoBain,164n。
44。Autobiography,p。185。
45。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。172。
46。Leader’sRoebuck,p。39;andMill’sAutobiography,p。150。
47。Autobiography,p。227。
48。Autobiography,pp。122,159,181,209,221。
49。Logic,bk。vi。ch。v。sec。4。
50。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。70。TherewasareviewofComtebyBrewsterintheEdinburghReviewforAugust1838。G。H。LewesspokefavourablyofComtetowhomhehadbeenpersonallyintroducedbyMillinanarticleupon’ModernFrenchPhilosophy’
intheForeignQuarterlyin1843。HislateraccountsofComteintheBiographicalHistoryofPhilosophy1stedition,1845-46,andinletterspublishedintheLeaderin1852,andafterwardscollectedasComte’sPhilosophyoftheSciencesarealsonoticeable。MissMartineau’sabridgedtranslationappearedin1853。
51。Correspondence,pp。2,3。
52。Ibid。,p。29,cf。414。
53。Ibid。,p。77。
54。Ibid。p。135。
55。Correspondence,p。273。
56。Ibid。,p。206。
57。Correspondence,p。402。
58。SeeBain’sJ。S。Mill,p。72,foranaccountofthechanges。
59。Autobiography,p。235。Mil,aswehaveseen,spokeofthePoliticalEconomytoComteinApril1844。Possibly,therefore,somepreparationmayhavebeenmadeforitintheintervalbeforetheautumnof1845。