第41章
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  “NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsTrouvessurleSommetdesVosges“SOC。DESMONUMENTSHISTORIQUESDEL’ALSACE,vol。i。。REV。D’ANTH。,1880,p。295。

  WemayalsomentionthePenRichardinCharenteInferieure,sowelldescribedbyCartailhacinhis“FrancePrehistorique,“p。131。

  Arcelin:“L’AgedePierreetlaClassificationPrehistorique,“

  Paris,1873。Flouest:“NoticesurleCampdeChassey。“Perrault:

  “UnFoyerdel’AgedelaPierrePolieauCampdeChassey“MAT。,1870。Coynart:“FouillesauCampdeChassey“REV。ARCH。,1866

  and1867。

  Ponthieux,“LeCampdeCatenoy“Oise。

  [Hist。Francorum,“booki。,chap。xxxii。

  DeRosemont:“EtudesurlesAntiquitesanterieuresauxRomains。“Desjardins:“LesCampsRetranchesdesEnvironsdeNice。“Riviere:ASS。FRANCAISE,Rheims,1880,p。628。

  Pigorini:“Terramaradell’EtadelBronzoSituatainCastionede’Marchesi。“

  NATURE,1887,secondweek,p。62。

  MemorandareadtotheRoyalSocietyofAntiquariesinLondonARCHAEOLOGIA,vol。xlii。,pp。27——76。LaneFox:BRITISH

  ASSOCIATION,Bristol,1875。Evans:“StoneAge。“

  “Solentetsubterraneosspecusaperire,eosquemultoinsuperfimoonerant,suffugiumhiemietreceptaculumfrugibus““DeMoribusGermanorum,“chap。xvi。。

  AMERICANJOURNALOFARCHAEOLOGY。

  ZEITSCHRIFTFURANTHROPOLOGIE,1874,p。115;1875,p。

  Zaborowski:“MonumentsPrehistoriquesdelaBasseVistule。“

  Ribeiro:“NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsPrehistoriquesduPortugal,“Lisbon,

  “NoticiadeAlgunasEstarveseMonumentosPrehistoricos。“

  H。andL。Siret:“LesPremiersAgesduMetaldansleSud-estdel’Espagne。“

  CONGRESPREHISTORIQUEDECOPENHAGUE,p。118。

  Putnam:“ReportPeabodyMuseum,“vol。iii。,p。348。

  AncientMonumentsoftheMississippiValley。“

  SeeDr。HibbertintheTRANSACTIONSOFTHESOCIETYOF

  ANTIQUARIESOFSCOTLAND,vol。iv。,Appendix,p。

  ZEITSCHRIFTFURETHNOGRAPHIE,p。

  Pomerol:“MuraillesVitrifieesdeChateauneuf,“ASS。FRANC。,Blois。

  CONGRESSOC。SAV。,Sorbonne,1882。

  J。Marion:BUL。DESSOC。SAVANTES,4thseries,vol。iv。Daubree:REV。ARCH。,July,——

  SirJ。LubbockcomparestheruinsofAztalan,inAmerica,withthevitrifiedfortsofScotland;butwethinkthisisamistake,forthewallsofAztalanconsistedofirregularlyshapedmassesofhard,reddishclay,fullofhollows,retainingtheimpressionofthestrawordriedgrasswithwhichtheclaywasmixedbeforeitwassubjectedtotheactionofheat,whethertheapplicationofthatheatwasintentionaloraccidental。Thereisnothingaboutthisatallresemblingthemeltedgraniteofthevitrifiedforts。

  DeCassac:“NotessurlesFortsVitrifiesdelaCreuse。“Thuot:“LaForteresseVitrifieeduPaydeGaudy,“p。102。

  WetakemostofthesedetailsfromanotebyM。A。deMontaiglonpublishedintheBULLETINDESSOCIETESSAVANTES。

  MAT。,1881,p。371。

  BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1884,p。816,etc。

  Fouque,NATURE,1876,secondweek,p。65。

  Bookvi。,chap。xvi。andxx——PlinytheElder,uncleandfatherbyadoptionofPlinytheYounger,losthislifeinthiscatastrophe,whichtookplacein79A。D。

  Cigalla:ACAD。DESSCIENCES,November12,1866。Fouque:

  ACAD。DESSCIENCES,March25,1867。“UnPompeiPrehistorique,“REVUE

  DESDEUX-MONDES,October15,1869。Schliemann:“TroyanditsRemains,“translatedbyPhilipSmith,London,Murray,1875;“IliosVilleetPaysdesTroyens,“

  translatedbyMme。E。Egger,Paris,Hachette,1885;E。Burnouf:

  REVUEDESDEUX-MONDES,January1,1874;Virchow:“AltTrojanischeGraberandSchadel。“

  Iliad,cantov。,v。,。

  EgyptologiststellusthatinthefourthyearofthereignofRamsesII。,oraboutB。C。,theHittitesplacedthemselvesattheheadofacoalitionagainsttheEgyptianPharaoh。WiththeseHittites,orKhittas,whosedescendantsstilldwellinthenorthofSyria,weretheMysians,theLycians,theDardanians,andothertribes。

  “AmeriquePrehistorique“Masson,translatedbyNancyBellN。D’Anvers,andpublishedbyMurray,London;Putnam,NewYork。

  TroyanditsRemains,“plateix。SeealsoexcellentessayonthesamesubjectbyS。Reinach,whichappearedintheREVUE

  ARCHEOLOGIQUEin1885。LaterinvestigationsbyDr。SchliemannalsobroughttolightaremarkableresemblancebetweenthebuildingsatHissarlikandthoseofTiryns。

  TheBritishMuseumcontainsamanuscriptofthefourteenthcentury,inwhichisaletterfromJulian,writtenwhenhewasemperor,betweenandA。D。,andrelatingtohisvisittoIlium-

  Thepotter’swheelwas,however,inuseataveryremoteantiquity。InChinaitsinventionisattributedtothelegendaryEmperorHwang-Ti,whoissupposedtohavelivedabout2697B。C。ThewheelwasalsoknownfromtheveryearliesttimesinEgypt,andHomerIliad,c。xviii。,v。599comparesthelightmotionsofthedancersrepresentedontheshieldofAchillestotherapidrotationofthepotter’swheel——

  Rivett-Carnac:“MemorandumonClayDiscsCalledSpindleWhorlsandVotiveSealsFoundatSankisa“Behar,JOURNALASIATIC

  SOCIETYOFBENGAL,vol。xlix。,p。1。

  “DeSacrisAEdificiis,“ch。ix。,p。128。

  ItisinterestingtonotethediscoveryofurnscloselyresemblingthoseofTroy,andcontaininghumanremains,inPersiaSirW。Ouseley:“TravelsinPersia“,andatTravancore,inthesouthofMalabar,where,accordingtotradition,theywereintendedtoreceivetheremainsofyoungvirginssacrificedinhonorofthegods——

  “SomeVestigesofGirlSacrifices,“JOURN。ANTH。INST。,May,1882。

  Thevulvawassometimesrepresentedbyalargetriangle。Thesamepeculiarityoccursonsomeblackmarblestatuettes,foundinthetombsoftheCycladesandAttica。ThreesuchstatuettesfromtheislandofParosareintheLouvre,andtheBritishMuseumownsarichcollection。Dr。Schliemannalsomentionsafemaleidolmadeinleadofverycoarseworkmanship,inwhichthesexualorgansarerepresentedbyadoublecross。

  ThePHALLUSwas,aswehavealreadystated,thesymbolofgenerativeforce。ItsworshipextendedthroughoutIndiaandSyria;

  agiganticPhallusadornedthetempleofthemotherofthegodsatHierapolis,anditwascarriedintriumphinprocessionsthroughEgyptandGreece。Itisstillworshippedinsomeplacesatthepresentday。NearNiombo,inAfrica,thereisatemplecontainingseveralphallicstatues;atStanley-PoolthefeteofthePHALLUSiscelebratedwithobscenerites。TheKroomenobservesimilarceremoniesatthetimeofthenewmoon,andinJapanoncertainfeteclaysyounggirlsflourishgiganticPHALLIattheendoflongpoles。ThePHALLUS

  isalsooftenrepresentedonthemonumentsofCentralAmerica——onthestonesofthetemplesofIzamalandtheislandofZapatero,forinstance。Possiblytheworshipoftheproductiveandgenerativeforcesofnaturewastheearliestreligionofmanyprimitivepeoples,butallthatissaidonthesubjectmustbesiftedwithconsiderablecare。

  SimilarhatchetsofpurecopperFig。2havebeenfoundinHungary,andButler“PrehistoricWisconsin“speaksofthemalsoasbeingfoundinNorthAmerica。

  ThetinusedismakingbronzeprobablycamefromSpainorCornwall,perhapsalsofromtheCaucasus,wheresmallquantitiesofitarestillfound。ItwasdoubtlessimportedbythePhoenicians,thegreatnavigatorsofantiquity。SeeRudolfVirchow’s“DasGruberfeldVonKobanimLaudederOsseten,“Berlin,1883。

  Thisideagainsprobabilityfromthefactthattheremainsofakeywerepickedupnearthetreasure,whichwehavereasontosupposebelongedtoPriam。

  ThegoldmayhavecomefromtheminesofAstyra,notfarfromTroy。

  [Electrumwastheancientnameforamber,butwasalsogiventoanalloyofgoldandsilver,theyellowcolorofwhichresemblesthatofamber。

  Dr。Schliemanngivesaverycarefuldescriptionofalltheseobjects。See“TroyanditsRemains,“Figs。174to497,pp。

  Theqr’hdemnonordiademofthewifeofMenelausisanarrowfilletfromwhichhangseverallittlechainsformedoflinksalternatingwithsmallleaves,andendinginratherlargerleaves,theseleavesallrepresentingthewomanwiththeowl’shead,socharacteristicofTrojanart。Thegoldenobjectsareallsolderedwiththesamemetals,whichmoderngoldsmithsseemunabletodo。AtTiryns,whichwebelievetohavebeencontemporarywithTroy,theartofsolderingwasunknown,andornamentsweremerelyscrewedtogether。

  Bastian,ZEITSCHRIFTDERBERLINERGESELLSCHAFTFURERDKUNDE,vol。xiii。,plates1and2。

  Ifweaccept1200B。C。asthedateoftheTrojanwarandtheeighthcenturyasthatofthefoundationofIlium,thetownsthatsucceededeachotheronthehillofHissarlikonlylastedfourcenturiesaltogether。

  IntheVedasthewordSWASTIisoftenusedinthesenseofhappinessorgood-fortune。

  ComteGobletd’Auriella,BUL。ACAD。ROYALEDEBELGIQUE,1889。

  G。Atkinson,CONGRESPREHISTORIQUE,Lisbon,1880,p。

  AgesPrehistoriquesenEspagneetPortugal,“figs

  Aussland,1883。ZEITSCHRIFTFURMUSEOLOGIEANDANTEQUATEN

  KUNDE,1884。Musoeon,1888and1889。

  Virchow,whovisitedtheremainsatHissarlik,treatsthisideaasFURCHTBARENUNSINNridiculousnonsense。

  ThetruenameofthiscaveistheBETCHEAUXROCHES。Averyexcellentessayonthesubjectwasreadbytheexplorers,MM。dePuydtandLohest,inAugust,1886,totheHistoricSocietyofBelgium,and“LesFouillesdeSpy,“byDr。Collignon,publishedintheREVUE

  D’ANTHROPOLOGIE,1887,mayalsobeconsulted。Excavationswerealsocarriedoninthesamecavein1879byM。BucquoyBUL。SOC。ANTH。DE

  BELGIQUE,1887。HedistinguishedfiveossiferouslevelsandpickedupsomeflintsoftheMousterientype,andevensomeChelleenhatchets,towhichhegavethenameofcoupsDEPOING——FraipontandLohest;

  “RecherchessurlesOssementsHumainsDecouvertesdanslesDepotsQuaternairesd’ungrotteaSpy。“——

  WeborrowthesedetailsfromavaluableworkbyCartailhacMAL。,1886,p。441;REV。D’ANTH。,1886,p。448。TheconclusionsofourlearnedcolleaguearethatwereallyknownothingofthefuneralritesofthemenofChellesandMoustier,andthatitistotheSolutreenperiodthatwemustassignthefirstreallyauthenticatedtombs。Cartailhac’sadmirablebook,“LaFrancePrehistorique,“p。,shouldalsobeconsulted。

  IpuiAntichiSepolcridellItalia。“

  [ARCHAEOLOGICALJOURNAL,vol。xxii。

  MATERIAUX,

  ThisdolmenwascarefullyexcavatedbyMM。HahnandMillescamps,BUL。SOC。ANTH。,

  Riviere;CONGRESDESSCIENCESGEOGRAPHIQUES,Paris,

  ATTIDELLAR。ACAD。DEILINCEI,1879——1880。Pigorini:

  BUL。DEPAL。ITALIANA,1880,p。SOC。ANTH。DEMUNICH,

  SOC。ANTH。DELYON,1889。

  “HistoireduTravailenGaule,“p……

  Troyon:“Del’AttitudeReplieedanslaSepultureAntique,“

  REVUEARCH。,1864。

  MATERIAUX,1875,p。

  BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1876,p。191。Grad:NATURE,1877,1stweek,p。314。

  MEMORIESULLESCOPERTEPALEOETHNOLOGICHEDELLACAMPAGNA

  ROMANA。Pigoriniaddsinhisturn:“ICADAVERIERANOABITUALMENTE

  ADAGIATISULFIANCOSINISTRO,COLCRANIOAPPOGIATOSULLAMANOSINISTRE

  ELEGINOCCHIAALQUANTOPIEGATEINGUISACHETAVOLTASITROVARONOLE

  TIBIEASSAIPROSSIMEALLACASSATORACICA。“

  Pallery:“Mon。MegalithiquesdeMascara,“BUL。SOC。ETHN。,1887。

  Bancroft:“TheNativeRacesofthePacific,“vol。i。,pp。365,etc。Moreno:“LesParaderosdelaPatagonie,“REV。D’ANTH。,1874。

  “NecropoledeColonna,prov。deGrosseto,“R。ACAD。DEI

  LINCEI,Roma,1885。

  BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1880,p。895。

  AbbeBaudryetBallereau:“LesPuitsFunerairesduBernard,“

  LaRoche-sur-Yon,1873。

  RenseignementssuruneAncienneNecropoleManzabotta,presdeBologna,“Bologna,1871。

  Gross:“LesProto-Helvetes。“Morel-Fatio:“SepulturesdesPopulationsLacustresdeChamblandes。“AsatAuvernier,agreatmanybears’tuskswerefoundlyingnearthedead,whichmaypossiblyalsohavehadsomethingtodowithafuneralrite。

  D。Charnay:NORTHAMERICANREVIEW,January,1881。

  Stuart:“TheEarlyModesofBurial。“

  VidalSeneze;BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1877,p。561。

  “HistoiredesIncas,“Paris,1744,chap。xviii。

  Conestabile:“Del’incinerationchezlesEtrusques。“

  A。Bertrand:“Arch。CeltiqueetGauloise,“Introduction。ASS。FRANCAISE,Nantes,1875;Havre,1877。

  Luco:“ExpositiondeTroisMonumentsQuadrilateresparfeuJamesMiln,“Vannes,1883。

  P。duChatellier:“Mem。Soc。d’EmulationdesCotes-du-Nord,“

  SaintBrieuc,1883。

  PROCEEDINGSSOC。ANTH。OFSCOTLAND,January11,1886。

  “OntheAncientModesofSepulchreintheOrkneys“BRITISH

  ASSOCIATION,1877。

  KohnandMehlis:“ZurVorgeschichtedesMenschenimOstlichenEuropa,“Iena,1879。

  Hochstetter:“DieneuesteGraberFundevonWatsch。undS。MargarethenundderKulturKreissderHallstadterPeriod,“Wien,1883。Siebenter:“BerichtderPrehistorischenCommission,“Wien,1884。

  thesetombswerefound61goldobjects,5,574bronze,593iron,270amber,73glass,and1,813terra-cotta。A。Bertrand:

  REV。DETHNOGRAPHIE,1883。

  SMITHSONIANREPORT,1881。

  Putnam,xii。andXX。REPORTSOFTHEPEABODYMUSEUM。

  “DeBelloGallico,“bookvi。,cap。xix。ConsultalsoPomponiusMela:“DeSituOrbis,“bookiii。,cap。ii。

  [318]——InhisfruitfulexcavationsofGallic,Gallo-Roman,andMerovingiantombs,Moreaucollectednolessthan31,515flintceltsorhatchets,whichhadevidentlybeenvotiveofferings。SeeAlbumdeCaranda:“FouillesdeSainteRestitute,deTrugny,d’Armentiere,d’Arcy,deBrenny,“etc。

  End

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