[100]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，59。（MemorialsdatedMessidor28，yearII。，byanemissaryoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，senttoTroyes，Prairial29，toreportonthesituationofthingsandonthetroublesinTroyes。）—AlbertBabeau，II。，203，205and112，122。
—Cf。179。\"Gachez，intoxicated，abouteleveno’clockatnight，withseveralwomenasdrunkashimself，compelledthekeeperoftheTempleofReasontoopenthedoors，threateninghimwiththeguillotine。\"—
Ibid。，166。Headdressedthesans—culottesinthepopularclub:\"Nowisthetimetoputyourselvesintheplaceoftherich。Strike，anddon’tputitoff！\"—Ibid。，165。\"42633livreswereplacedinthehandsofGachezandthecommittee，assecretrevolutionaryservicemoney……BetweenDecember4and10Gachezreceived20000
livres，inthreeorders，forrevolutionaryexpensesandprovisionalaid……Theleadersofthepartydisposedofthesesumswithoutcontroland，itmaybeadded，withoutscruple；Gachezhandsoveronlyfourthousandlivrestothesectionalpoor—committee。OnNiv？se12，thereremainsinthetreasuryofthepoorfundonly3738livres，12
000havingbeendivertedorsquandered。\"
[101]\"Frochot，\"byLouisPassy，172。（LetterofPajot，memberoftherevolutionarycommitteeofAignay—le—Duc。）\"Denunciationsoccupiedmostofthetimeatourmeetings，anditistherethatonecouldseethehatredsandvengeanceofthecolleagueswhoruledus。\"
[102]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，No。4。Thefollowingisasampleamongothersoftheimpositionsoftherevolutionarycommittees。
（ComplaintofMariotte，proprietor，formermayorofChatillon—sur—
Seine，Floréal27，yearII。）\"OnBrumaire23，yearII。，IwasstoppedjustasIwastakingpostatMussy，travellingonbusinessfortheRepublic，andprovidedwithacommissionandpassportfromtheMinisterofwar……Iwassearchedinthemostshamefulmanner；
citizenMénétrier，memberofthecommittee，usedtowardsmethefoulestlanguage……Iwasconfinedinatavern；insteadoftwogendarmeswhichwouldhavebeenquitesufficienttoguardme，I
hadthewholebrigade，whopassedthatnightandthenextdaydrinking，until，inwineandbrandythechargeagainstmeinthetavernamountedtosixtyfrancs。Andworsestill，twomembersofthesamecommitteepassedanightguardingmeandmademepayforit。Addtothis，theysaidopenlybeforemethatIwasagoodpigeontopluck……Theygavemetheescortofastatecriminalofthehighestimportance，threenationalgendarmes，mounted，sixNationalGuards，andeventotheCommandantoftheNationalGuard；citizenMièdan，memberoftherevolutionarycommittee，puthimselfattheheadofthecortege，tenmentoconductone！……Iwasobligedtopaymytorturers，fiftyfrancstothecommandant，andsixtytohismen。\"
[103]Moniteur，XXI。，261。（SpeechbyaninhabitantofTroyesintheJacobinClub，Paris，Messidor26，yearII。）
[104]AlbertBabeau，II。，164。（Depositionsofthetavern—keeperandofthecommissioner，Garnier。）
[105]\"Frochot，\"byLouisPassy，170，172。（LetterbyPajotandpetitionoftheAignaymunicipality，March10，1795。）—BibliothequeNationale，L。，41。No。1802。（DenunciationbysixsectionsofthecommuneofDijontotheNationalConvention。）
[106]\"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquessurlaRévolutiondeStrasbourg，\"I。，187，andletterofBurger，Thermidor25，yearII。
[107]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，6（file37）—LetterofthemembersoftheStrasbourgrevolutionarycommittee，Vent？se13，yearIII。，indicatingtothemayorandmunicipalofficersofChalons—sur—MarnecertainJacobinsofthetownassuitablemembersofthePropagandaatStrasbourg。
[108]\"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquesconcernantlaRévolutionà
Strasbourg，\"I。，71。DepositionoftherecorderWeisonthecircuitoftheRevolutionaryTribunal，composedofSchneider，ClavelandTaffin。
\"Thejudgesneverleftthetablewithouthavingbecomeintoxicatedwitheverythingofthefinest，and，inthisstate，theygatheredinthetribunalandcondemnedtheaccusedtodeath。\"—Freelivingand\"extravagantexpenditure\"werecommoneven\"amongtheemployeesofthegovernment。\"\"Iencountered，\"saysMeissner，\"governmentcartersservedwithchickens，pastryandgame，whilstatthetraveler’stabletherewassimplyanoldlegofmuttonandafewpoorside—dishes。\"
（\"VoyageenFrance，\"towardtheendof1795，p。371。）
[109]Someofthem，nevertheless，arenotugly，butmerelysots。Thefollowingisaspecimen。AcertainVelu，abornvagabond，formerlyinthealms—houseandbroughtupthere，thenashoemakeroracobbler，afterwardsteachingschoolinthefaubourgdeVienne，andatlastaharanguerandproposeroftyrannicidemotions，short，stoutandasrubicundashiscap，ismadePresidentofthePopularclubatBlois，thendelegatefordomiciliaryvisits，and，throughoutthereignofTerror，heisaprincipalpersonageinthetown，districtanddepartment。（DufortdeCheverney，\"Mémoires，\"（MS。）March21，1793
andJune，1793。）InJune，1793，thisVeluisorderedtovisitthechateaudeCheverney，toverifythesurrenderofallfeudaldocuments。
Hearrivesunexpectedly，meetsthesteward，Bambinet，entersthemayor’shouse，whokeepsaninn，anddrinkscopiously，whichgivesBambinettimetowarnM。DufortdeCheverneyandhavethesuspiciousregistersconcealed。—Thisdone，\"Veluisobligedtoleavehisbottleandmarchtothechateau。—Heassumedhaughtinessandaimedatfamiliarity；hewouldputhishandonhisbreastand，takingyours，addressyou:\"Goodday，brother。\"—Hecamethereatnineo’clockinthemorning，advanced，tookmyhandandsaid:\"Good—day，brother，howareyou？\"\"Verywell，citizen，andhowareyou？\"\"Youdonottutoyer—
youarenotuptotheRevolution？\"We’llsee—willyoustepintheparlor？\"\"Yes，brother，I’llfollowyou。\"—Weenter；heseesmywifewho，Imaysay，hasanimposingair。Heboldlyembracesherand，repeatinghisgestureonthebreast，takesherhandandsays:\"Good—
day，sister。\"\"Come，\"Iinterpose，\"letustakebreakfast，and，ifyouplease，youshalldinewithme。\"\"Yes，butononecondition，thattumetutoie。\"\"Iwilltry，butIamnotinthehabitofit。\"Afterwarminguphisintellectandheartwithabottleofwine，wegetridofhimbysendinghimtoinspectthearchives—room，alongwithmysonandBambinet。Itisamusing，forhecanonlyreadprint……
Bambinet，andtheprocureur，readthetitlesaloud，andpassoverthefeudalisms。Veludoesnotnoticethisandalwaystellsthemtogoon。
—Afteranhour，tiredout，hecomesback:\"Allright，\"hesays，\"nowletmeseeyourchateau，whichisafineone。\"Hehadheardaboutaroomwheretherewerefantocini，intheattic。Hegoesup，openssomeplay—books，and，seeingonthelistsofcharactersthenameofKingandPrince，he，saystome:\"Youmustscratchthoseout，andplayonlyrepublicanpieces。\"Thedescentisbyaback—stairs。Onthewaydownheencountersamaidofmywife’s，whoisverypretty；hestopsand，regardingmyson，says:\"YoumustasagoodRepublican，sleepwiththatgirlandmarryher。\"Ilookathimandreply:\"MonsieurVelu，listen；wearewellbehavedhere，andsuchlanguagecannotbeallowed。
Youmustrespecttheyoungpeopleinmyhouse。\"Alittledisconcerted，hetamesdownandisquitedeferentialtoMadamedeCheverney。—\"Youhavepenandinkonyourtable，\"hesays，\"bringthemhere。\"\"Whatfor，\"Iask，\"totakemyinventory？\"\"No，butImustmakeaprocès—
verbal。Youhelpme；itwillbebetterforyou，asyoucanfixittosuityou\"Thiswasnotbadlydone，toconcealhiswantofknowledge。
—Wegointodinner。Myservantswaitedonthetable；Ihadnotyieldedtothesystemofageneraltableforallofus，whichwouldnothavepleasedmyservantsanymorethanmyself。Curiosityledthemalltocomeinandseeusdiningtogether。—\"Brother，\"saysVelutome，\"don’tthesepeopleeatwithyou？\"（Hesawthetablesetforonlyfourpersons。）Ireply:\"Brother，thatwouldnotbeanymoreagreeabletothemthantomyself。Askthem。\"—Heatelittle，dranklikeanogre，andwastalkativeabouthisamours；gettingcarriedawayhegotsoclosetobeingnaughtythatheupsetmywife，withoutactuallygoingtofar。AproposoftheRevolution，andthedangerweincurred，hesaidinnocently:\"Don’tIrunasmuchriskasanybody？Itismyopinionthat，inthreemonths，Ishallhavemyheadoff！Butwemustalltakeourchance！\"—Nowandthen，heindulgedinsans—
culottisms。Heseizedtheservant’shand，whochangedhisplate:
\"Brother，Ibegyoutotakemyplace，andletmewaitonyouinmyturn\"—Hedrankthecordials，andfinallyleft，pleasedwithhisreception。—Returningtotheinn，hestaysuntilnineo’clockatnightandstuffshimself，butisnotintoxicated。Onebottlehadnoeffectonhim；hecouldemptyacaskandshownosignsofit。
[110]Moniteur，XXII。，425。（SessionofBrumaire13，yearIII。）
Cambon，inrelationtotherevolutionarycommittees，says:\"IwouldobservetotheAssemblythattheywereneverpaid。\"Amemberreplies:
\"Theytooktheirpaythemselves。\"（\"Yes，yes。\"—Applause。）
[111]Moniteu，XXII。，711。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）
—Cambonstated，indeed，Frimaire26，yearII。，（Moniteur，XVIII。，680），concerningthesetaxes\"Notoneword，notonesouhasyetreachedtheTreasury；theywanttooverridetheConventionwhichmadetheRevolution。\"
[112]Ibid。，720。\"Thebalancesreported，ofwhichthelargestportionisalreadypaidintothevaultsoftheNationalTreasury，amounttotwentymillionsonehundredandsixty—sixthousandthreehundredandthirtylivres。\"—AtParis，Marseilles，andBordeaux，inthe3largetownswheretensofmillionswereraisedinthree—quartersofthedistricts，Cambon，threemonthsafterThermidor，couldnotyetobtain，Iwillnotsaythereturns，butastatementofthesumsraised。Thenationalagentseitherdidnotreplytohim，ordiditvaguely，orstatedthatintheirdistrictstherewasneithercivicdonationnorrevolutionarytax，andparticularlyatMarseilles，whereaforcedloanhadbeenmadeoffourmillions。—Cf。DeMartel，\"
Fouché，\"P。245。（MemorialofthecentraladministrationofNièvre，Prairial19，yearIII。）\"TheaccountreturnedbythecityofNeversamountstoeightythousandfrancs，theuseofwhichhasneverbeenverified……Thistax，inpartpaymentofthewarsubsidy，wassimplyatraplaidbythepoliticalactorsinordertolevyacontributiononhonest，credulouscitizens。\"—Ibid。，217。Onvoluntarygiftsandforcedtaxationcf。atNantes，theusemadeofrevolutionarytaxes，broughtoutonthetrialoftherevolutionarycommittee。
[113]LudovicSciout，IV。，19。ReportofRepresentativeBecker。
（JournaldesDébatsetDécrets，p。743，Prairial，yearIII。）HereturnsfromamissiontoLandauandrendersanaccountoftheexecutionscommittedbytheJacobinagentsintheRhenishprovinces。Theyleviedtaxes，swordinhand，andthreatenedtherefractorywiththeguillotineatStrasbourg。Thereceiptswhichpassedunderthereporter’seyes\"presentedthesumofthreemillionsthreehundredandforty—fivethousandsevenhundredandeighty—fivelivres，twodeniers，whilstourcolleague，Cambon，reportsonlyonehundredandthirty—
eightthousandpaidin。\"
[114]Moniteur，XXII。，754。（ReportofGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）\"Rascallery—thiswordrecallstheoldrevolutionarycommittees，mostofwhichformedthescumofsocietyandwhichshowedsomanyaptitudesforthedoublefunctionofrobberandpersecutor。\"
[115]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，107。（OrdersofRepresentativesYsabeauandTallien，Bordeaux，Brumaire11and17，yearII。）—Thirdorder，promulgatedbythesameparties，Frimaire2，yearII。，replacingthiscommitteebyanotheroftwelvemembersandsixdeputies，eachattwohundredfrancsamonth。Fourthorder，Pluvi？se16，yearII。，dismissingthemembersoftheforegoingcommittee，asexagérésanddisobedient。Itisbecausetheyregardtheirlocalroyaltyinquiteaseriouslight。—Ibid。，AF。，II。，46。（\"ExtractsfromtheminutesofthemeetingsoftherevolutionarycommitteeofBordeaux，\"Prairial，yearII。）Thisextract，consistingofeighteenpages，showsindetailtheinsideworkingsofarevolutionarycommitteethenumberofarrestedgoesonincreasing；onthe27thofPrairialthereare1524。Thecommitteeisessentiallyapoliceoffice；itdeliverscertificatesofcivism，issueswarrantsofarrest，correspondswithothercommittees，evenveryremote，atLimoges，andClermont—Ferrand，delegatesanyofitsmemberstomakeinvestigationsordomicialiarysearches，toaffixseals，anditreceivesandtransmitsdenunciations，summonsthedenouncedtoappearbeforeit，readsinterrogations，writestotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，etc。
Thefollowingaresamplesofitswarrantsofarrest:\"Muller，ariding—master，willbeconfinedintheformerPetitSeminaire，undersuspicionofaristocracy，accordingtopublicopinion。\"—Anotherexample，（ArchivesNationales，F。7，2475。Registeroftheprocès—
verbauxoftherevolutionarycommitteeofthePiquessection，Paris，June3，1793。）WarrantofarrestagainstBoucher，grocer，rueNeuveduLuxembourg，\"suspect\"ofincivismeand\"havingcherishedwickedandperfidiousintentionsagainsthiswife。\"Boucher，arrested，declaresthat，\"whathesaidanddidinhisownhouse，concernednobodybuthimself。\"Onwhichhewasledtoprison。
[116]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，30（No。105）。ExaminationofJeanDavilliers，andotherransomedparties。
[117]BerryatSaint—Prix，313。（TrialofLacombeandhisaccomplicesafterThermidor。）
[118]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，46。（LetterofJulientotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Bordeaux，Messidor12，yearII。）—
Moniteur，XXII。，713。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）AtVerins，citizenswereimprisonedandthensetatliberty\"onconsiderationofafee。\"—AlbertBabeau，II。，164，165，206。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearII。）\"Citoyenne（madame）Deguerrois，havingcometoprocurethereleaseofherhusband，apublicfunctionarydemandedofhertenthousandlivres，whichhereducedtosixthousandfordoingwhatshedesired。\"—\"OnedocumentatteststhatMasseypaidtwothousandlivres，andwidowDelaportesixhundredlivres，togetoutofprison。\"
[119]Mallet—Dupan，\"FirstlettertoaGenoamerchant，\"（MarchI，1796），pp。33—35。\"OneofthewondersofthereignofTerroristheslightattentiongiventothetraffickinginlifeanddeath，characteristicofterrorism……Wescarcelyfindawordonthecountlessbargainsthroughwhich’suspect’citizensboughtthemselvesoutofcaptivity，andimprisonedcitizensboughtofftheguillotine……Dungeonsandexecutionswereasmuchmattersoftradeasthepurchaseofcattleatafair。\"Thistraffic\"wascarriedoninallthetowns，bourgsanddepartmentssurrenderedtotheConventionandRevolutionaryCommittees。\"……\"Ithasbeenestablishedsincethe10thofAugust。\"\"IwillonlyciteamongamultitudeofinstancestheunfortunateDucduChatelet:neverdidanybodypaymoreforhisexecution！\"—Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalRevolutionnairedeParis，\"
VI。，88。（DenunciationofFouquier—Tinville，signedSaulnie。）
AccordingtoSaulniehedinedregularlytwiceaweekatNo6rueSerpente，withoneDemay，callinghimselfalawyerandlivingwithawomannamedMartin。Inthisdeath—trap，inthemiddleoforgies，thefreedomordeathofthoseinprisonwasbargainedforinmoneywithimpunity。Oneheadalone，belongingtothehouseofBoufflers，escapingthescaffoldthroughtheintriguesofthesevampires，wasworthtothemthirtythousandlivres，ofwhichonethousandwerepaiddownandabondgivenfortherest，payableonbeingsetatliberty。
—Morellet，\"Memoires，\"II。，32。TheagentofMesdamesdeBouffierswasAbbéChevalier，whohadformerlyknownFouquier—TinvilleintheofficeofaprocureuranParliamentandwho，renewingtheacquaintance，cameanddrankwithFouquier。\"HesucceededinhavingthepapersoftheladiesBouffiers，whichwerereadytobesenttotheTribunal，placedatthebottomofthefile。\"—Mallet—Dupan，\"
Memoires，\"II。，495。\"Fouquier—TinvillereceivedapensionofonethousandcrownsamonthfromMesdamesdeBouffiers；theransomincreasedonequartereachmonthonaccountoftheatrocityofthecircumstances。Thismethodsavedtheseladies，whilstthosewhopaidasumingrosslosttheirlives……ItwasDuVaucel，fermier—
general，whosavedthePrincessofTarente……forfivehundredlouis，afterhavingsavedtwootherladiesforthreehundredlouis，giventooneoftheJacobinleaders。\"
[120]\"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，\"324。Coudert，oftheMunicipalCouncil，shoemaker，chargedwiththedutyoftakingsilver—
platefromtheaccused，didnotknowhow，orwasunwilling，todrawupanyotherthananirregularandvaluelessprocès—verbal。Onthis，anaccusedpartyobjectedandrefusedtosign。\"Takecare，you，\"
exclaimsCoudertinarage，\"withyourdamnedcleverness，youareplayingthestubborn。Youarenothingbutabloodyfool！Youaregettingintoabadbox！Ifyoudon’tsign，I’llhaveyouguillotined。\"
Frequently，therearenopapersatall。（DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"p。236。
MemorialbytheauthoritiesofAllier，addressedtotheConvention，document9。）October30，1793。Orderoftherevolutionarycommitteeenjoiningnocturnalvisitsinall\"suspect\"housesinMoulins，toremoveallgold，silverandcopper。\"Elevenpartiesaremadeup……eachtovisiteightortenhouses。Eachbandisheadedbyoneofthecommittee，withonemunicipalofficer，accompaniedbylocksmithsandarevolutionaryguard。Thedwellingsoftheaccusedandotherprivateindividualsaresearched。Theyforcesecretariesandwardrobesofwhichtheydonotfindthekeys。Theypillagethegoldandsilvercoin。Theycarryoffplate，jewels，copperutensilsandothereffects，bed—clothes，docks，vehicles，etc。Noreceiptisgiven。Nostatementismadeofwhatiscarriedoff。Theyrestcontentbyattheendofthemonth，reporting，inasortofprocès—
verbaldrawnupatameetingofthecommittee，that，accordingtoreturnsofthevisitsmade，verylittleplatewasfound，andonlyalittlemoneyingoldandsilver，allwithoutanycalculationorenumeration。\"—\"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，\"p。93。
（February25，1795。）Themeetingsofthepopularclub\"werelargelydevotedtoreadingtheinfamousdoingsandrobberiesoftherevolutionarycommittee……Thememberswhodesignated’suspects’oftenarrestedthemthemselves，anddrewupaprocès—verbalinwhichtheyomittedtostatethejewelsandgoldtheyfound。\"
[121]Ibid。，461。（Vendemaire24，yearIII。VisitofRepresentativeMalarmé。）TheformerDucdeNarbonne—Lorraagedeighty—four，saystoMalarmé:\"Citizenrepresentative，excusemeifIkeepmycapon；I
lostmyhairinthatprison，withouthavingbeenabletogetpermissiontohaveawigmade；itisworsethanbeingrobbedontheroad。\"\"Didtheystealanythingfromyou？\"\"Theystoleonehundredandfortyfivelouisd’orandpaidmewithanacquittanceforataxforthesans—culottes，whichisanotherrobberydonetothecitizensofthiscommunewhereIhaveneitherhomenorpossessions。\"\"Whocommittedthisrobbery？\"\"ItwasCitizenBerger，ofthemunicipalcouncil。\"\"Wasnothingelsetakenfromyou？\"\"Theytookasilvercoffee—pot，twosoap—casesandasilvershaving—dish\"\"Whotookthosearticles？\"\"ItwasCitizenMiot（anotableofthecouncil）。\"MiotconfessestohavingkepttheseobjectsandnottakenthemtotheMint。—Ibid。，178。（Vent？se20，yearII。）Prisonersallhavetheirshoestaken，eventhosewhohadbutonepair，apromisebeingmadethattheyshouldhavesabotsinexchange，whichtheynevergot。Theircloaksalsoweretakenwithapromisetopayforthem，whichwasneverdone。—\"SouvenirsetJournald’unBourgeoisd’Evreux，\"p。92。
（February25，1795。）Thesessionsofthepopularclubwerelargelydevotedtoreadingtheinfamiesandrobberiesoftherevolutionarycommittee。Itsmembers，whodesignatedthesuspects，oftenarrestedthemthemselves；theymadeleviesandreportsoftheseinwhichtheyomittedthegoldandjewelsfound。\"
[122]Moniteur，XXII。133。（SessionofVendémiaireII，yearIII。）
ReportbyThibaudeau。\"Thesesevenindividualsarereprobateswhoweredismissedbythepeople’srepresentativesforhavingstolentheeffectsofpersonsarrested。Adocumentisonrecordinwhichtheymakeadeclarationthat，notrememberingthevalueoftheeffectsembezzled，theyagreetopaydamagestothenationoftwenty—twofrancseach。\"
[123]BerryatSaint—Prix，447。JudgeRagotwasformerlyajoineratLyons，andViot，thepublicprosecutor，aformerdeserterfromthePenthièvreregiment。\"Otheraccusedpersonsweredespoiled。Littlewasleftthemotherthantheirclothes，whichwereinabadstate。
Nappier，thebailiff，was，later，（Messidor，yearIII。），condemnedtoironsforhavingappropriatedapartoftheeffects，jewelsandassignatsbelongingtopersonsunderaccusation。\"
[124]ThewordsofCamilleDesmoulinsin\"LaFranceLibre，\"（August，1782）。
[125]DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"362。—Ibid。，，132，162，179，427，443。—
Lecarpentier，inLaManche，constantlystated:\"ThosewhodonotliketheRevolution，mustpaythosewhomakeit。\"
[126]MarcelinBoudet，175。（AddressofMonestiertothepopularclubsofPuy—de—Dome，February23，1793。）
[127]AlexandrinedesEcherolles，\"UnefamillenoblesouslaTerreur。\"
[128]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，65。（LetterofGeneralKermorvantothepresidentofthecommitteeofPublicSafety，Valenciennes，Fructidor12，yearIII。）
[129]ReportbyCourtois，\"SurlespapiersdeRobespierre，\"（Piecesjustificatives，pp。312—324），LettersofReverchon，Germinal29，Floréal7and23，andbyLaPorte，Germinal24，yearII。
[130]Ibid。LetterbyLaPorte\"Idonotknowwhatfatalityinducespatriotsherenottotoleratetheirbrethrenwhomtheycallstrangers……Theyhavedeclaredtousthattheywouldnotsufferanyofthemtoholdoffice。\"Therepresentativesdaredarrestbuttworobbersanddespoilers，whoarenowfreeanddeclaimingagainstthematParis。
\"Countlessgraveandevenatrociouscircumstancesaredailypresentedtousonwhichwehesitatetoact，lestweshouldstrikepatriots，orthosewhocallthemselvessuch……Horribledepredationsarecommitted。\"
[131]Ibid。LetterbyReverchon:\"ThesefanaticsallwanttheRepublicsimplyforthem—selves。\"……\"Theycallthemselvespatriotsonlytocutthethroatsoftheirbrethrenandgetrich。\"—
GuillondeMontléon，\"HistoiredelavilledeLyonsPendantlaRévolutionIII。，166。（ReportbyFouché，April，1794。）\"Innocentpersons，acquittedbytheterribletribunaloftheRevolutionarycommittee，wereagainconsignedtothedungeonsofcriminalsthroughthedespoticordersofthethirty—twocommittees，becausetheyweresounfortunateastocomplainthat，onreturninghome，theycouldnotfindthestrictlynecessaryobjectstheyhadleftthere。\"
[132]Meissner，\"VoyageenFrancedanslesDerniersMoisde1795，\"
p。343。\"Acertaindomainwashandedovertooneoftheircreaturesbytherevolutionarydepartmentsforalmostnothing，lessthantheproceedsofthefirstcutofwood。\"—Moniteur，XXIII。，397。（SpeechbyBourdondel’Oise，May6，1795。）\"Acertainfarmerpaidforhisfarmworthfivethousandfrancsbythesaleofonehorse。\"
[133]Moniteur，XXII。，82。（ReportbyGrégoire，Fructidor14，yearII。）Ibid。，775。（ReportbyGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）
[134]\"RecueildePiècesAuthentiquessurlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，\"
II。，p。I。（Procès—verbal，drawnupinthepresenceoftheelderMouetandsignedbyhim。）
[135]Moniteur，XXII。，775。（ReportofGrégoire，Frimaire24，yearIII。）—Ibid。，711。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearIII。）—
ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，65。（LetterofGeneralKermorvan，Valenciennes，Fructidor12，yearIII。）
[136]\"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，\"184。（VisitofVent？se27，yearII。）
[137]ArchivesNationales，F。7，7164。（DepartmentofVar\"Ideé
généraleetappréciationavecdétailssurchaquecanton，\"yearV。）
[138]Ibid。，F。7，7171（No。7915）。—（DepartmentofBouches—du—Rh？ne，\"Ideégénérale，\"yearV。）—（LettersofMiollis，commissioneroftheDirectoryinthedepartment，Vent？se14and16，yearV。LetterofGen。WillottotheMinister，Vent？se10，andofGen。MerletoGen。
Willot，Vent？se17，yearV。）\"Severalsectionsofanarchiststravelfromonecommunetoanotherexcitingweakcitizenstoriotsandgettingthemtotakepartinthehorrorstheyaremeditating。\"—Ibid。，F7，7164。LetterofGen。WillottotheMinister，Aries，Pluvi？se12，yearV。，withsupportingdocuments，andespeciallyaletterofthedirectorofthejury，ontheviolencecommittedby，andthereignof，theJacobinsinAries。）Theirparty\"iscomposedofthevilestartisansandnearlyallthesailors。\"Themunicipalityrecruitedamongstformerterrorists，\"hasenforcedforayearbacktheagrarianlaw，devastationoftheforests，pillageofthewheat—crops，bybandsofarmedmenunderpretextoftherightofgleaning，therobberyofanimalsattheploughaswellasoftheflocks，\"etc。
[139]Ibid。，F。7，7171。\"Thesecommissioners（ofthequarter）notifytheexclusives，andevenswindlers，whenwarrantsareoutagainstthem……Thesamemeasurescarriedoutintheprimaryassembliesonthe1stofThermidorlast，intheselectionofmunicipalofficers，havebeensuccessfullyrevivedintheorganizationoftheNationalGuard—threats，insults，shouting，assaults，compulsoryejectionfrommeetingsthengovernedbytheamnestied，finally，theappointmentofthelattertotheprincipaloffices。Ineffect，all，beginningwiththeplacesofbattalionleadersandreachingtothoseofcorporals，areexclusivelyfilledbytheirpartisans。Theresultisthatthehonest，towhomservingwithmenregardedbythemwithaversionisrepugnant，employsubstitutesinsteadofmountingguardthemselves，thesecurityofthetownbeinginthehandsofthosewhothemselvesoughttobewatched。\"
[140]ArchivesNationales，F。7，3273。（LetterofMérard，formeradministratorandjudgein1790and1791，inyearsIII。，IV。andV。，totheMinister，Apt，Pluvi？se15，yearIII。，withpersonalreferencesanddocumentaryevidence。）\"Icannolongerrefrainatthesightofsomanyhorrors……Thejusticesofthepeaceandthedirectorofthejuryexcusethemselvesonthegroundthatnodenunciationsorwitnessesarebroughtforward。Whowoulddareappearagainstmenarrogatingtothemselvesthetitleofsuperiorpatriots，foremostineveryrevolutionarycrisis，andwithfriendsineverycommuneandprotectorsinallhighplaces？ThefavortheyenjoyedwassuchthatthecommuneofGordeswasfreeofanylevyofconscriptsandfromallrequisitions。Peoplethusdisposed，theysaid，tosecondcivicandadministrativeviews，couldnotbehumoredtoomuch……Thisdiscouragingstateofthingssimplyresultsfromtheweakness，inexperience，ignorance，apathyandimmoralityofthepublicfunctionarieswho，sincethe18thofFructidor，yearV。，swarm，withafewexceptionsonly，amongtheconstitutedauthorities。Whateverismostfoulandincompetentisinoffice，everygoodcitizenbeingfrightenedtodeath。\"—Ibid。（LetterofMontauban，directoroftheregistrysince1793totheMinisteroftheInterior，acompatriot，Avignon，Pluvi？se7，yearVII。）\"Honestfolksareconstantlyannoyedandputdownbytheauthorsandmanagersofthe’Glaciere’……bythetoolsofthebloodytribunalofOrangeandtheincendiariesofBedouim。\"Heenjoinssecrecyonthisletter，which，\"ifknowntotheGlacièrists，orOrangeists，wouldcosthimhislife。\"
[141]Ibid。，F。7，7164。（DepartmentofVar，yearV。，\"Ideé
Générale。\"）\"Nationalcharacterisgone；itisevendemoralized:anoffice—holderwhohasnotmadehisfortunequicklyisregardedasafool。\"
[142]Moniteur，XXII。，240。（IndictmentofthefourteenmembersoftheRevolutionarycommitteeofNantes，andthesumming—upoftheexamination，Vendémiaire23，yearII。）Whenthereisnospecialinformationconcerningtheothercommitteestheverdict，onthewhole，isnearlyalwaysasoverwhe1ming。—Ibid。（SessionofVendémiaire12，yearIII。complaintofadeputationfromFerney—Voltaire。）\"TheGexdistrictwas，foroverayear，apreytofiveorsixscoundrelswhotookrefugethere。Underthemaskofpatriotismtheysucceededingettingpossessionofalltheoffices。Vexationsofeverykind，robberiesofprivatehouses，squanderingofpublicmoney，werecommittedbythesemonsters。\"（TheFerneydeputiesbroughtwiththemthetestimonyofwitnesses。）—Ibid。，290。（LettersofRepresentativeGoupilleau，Beziers，Vendémiaire28，yearIII。ontheterroristsofVaucluse。）\"Thesecarnivorousfellows，regrettingthetimeswhentheycouldrobandmassacrewithimpunity……Who，sixmonthsago，werestarvingandwhonowliveinthemostscandalousopulence……
Squanderersofthepublicfunds，robbersofprivatefortunes……
Guiltyofrapine，offorcedcontributions，ofextortions，\"etc。—
Prudhomme，\"LescrimesdelaRévolution，\"VI。，79。（OntheRevolutionarycommitteeinstalledbyFouchéatNevers。）Thelocalinvestigationshowsthattheelevenleadersweremenofvilecharacter，unfrockedanddisreputablepriests，lawyersandnotariesdrivenoutoftheirprofessionalbodies，andevenfromthepopularclubs，onaccountoftheirdishonesty，pennilessactors，surgeonswithoutpatients，depraved，ruined，incapablemen，andtwojail—birds。
[143]Beaulieu，III。，754。—Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"vol。II。，ch。
I。，§9。
[144]\"RecueildepiècesauthentiquessurlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，\"
I。，21。—ArchivesNationalesD。，I。，§6。（OrdersbyRousselin，FrimaireII，yearII。）
[145]\"UnSejourenFrancede1792à1795，\"p。409。
[146]Ihavenotfoundacompletelistofthetownsanddepartmentswhichhadarevolutionaryarmy。Thecorrespondenceofrepresentativesonmissionandpublisheddocumentsverifythepresenceofrevolutionaryarmiesinthetownsmentioned。
[147]DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"338。（TextoftheordersofthecommissionersofPublicSafety。）ThedetachmentsenttoLyonscomprisestwelvehundredfusiliers，sixhundredgunners，onehundredandfiftyhorses。Threehundredthousandlivresareremittedastravelingexpensestothecommissary，fiftythousandtoCollotd’Herbois，andnineteenthousandtwohundredtotheJacobinciviliansaccompanyingthem。
[148]Moniteur。（SessionofBrumaire17yearIII。）LetterofRepresentativeCalèstotheConvention。\"Underthepretextofguardingtheprisons，themunicipality（ofDijon）hadarevolutionaryarmywhichIbrokeuptwodaysago，asitcostsixthousandfrancsamonth，andwouldnotobeythecommanderofthearmedforce，andservedasasupporttointriguers。Thesesoldiers，whowereallworkmenoutofemployment，donothingbutpostthemselvesinthetribunesoftheclubs，wherethey，withthewomentheybringalongwiththem，applaudtheleaders，andsothreatencitizenswhoaredisposedtocombatthem，andforcethesetokeeptheirmouthsshut。\"？？DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"
425。\"Javogues，toeludeadecreeoftheConvention（Frimaire14）
suppressingtherevolutionaryarmyinthedepartments，convertedthetwelvehundredmenhehadembodiedinitintheLoireintopaidsoldiers。\"？Ibid。，132。（LetterofGoulin，Bourg，Frimaire23。）
\"Yesterday，atBourg—Régeriéré，IfoundJavogueswithaboutfourhundredmenoftherevolutionaryarmywhomhehadbroughtwithhimonthe20thinstant。\"
[149]BuchezetRoux，XXIX。，45。—Moniteur，XX。，67。（ReportofBarère，Germinal7。）—Sauzay，IV。，303。（OrdersofRepresentativeBassalatBésan？on。）
[150]WeseebyBarère’sreport（Germinal7，yearII。）thattherevolutionaryarmyofParis，insteadofbeingsixthousandmen，wasonlyfourthousand，whichiscreditabletoParis。—Mallet—Dupan，II。，52。（cf。\"TheRevolution，\"II。，353。）—GouvionSt。Cyr，I。，137。\"Inthesetimes，therepresentativeshadorganizedinHaut—Rhinwhattheycalledarevolutionaryarmy，composedofdesertersandallthevagabondsandscampstheycouldpickupwhohadbelongedtothepopularclub；theydraggedalongafteritwhattheycalledjudgesandaguillotine。\"—\"Hua，\"Souvenirsd’unAvocat，\"196。
[151]Riouffe，\"Memoiresd’undeténue。\"P。31。
[152]Ibid。，\"Theseballswerebroughtoutostentatiouslyandshowntothepeoplebeforehand。Thetyingofourhandsandpassingthreeropesaroundourwaistsdidnotseemtohimsufficient。Wekepttheseironsontherestoftheroute，andtheyweresoheavythat，ifthecarriagehadtiltedtooneside，weshouldinevitablyhavehadourlegsbroken。
Thegate—keepersoftheconciergerieofParis，whohadheldtheirplacesnine—teenyears，wereastonishedatit。\"
[153]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。331。（LetterofHaupt，Belfort，Frimaire13，yearII。）
[154]Ibid。（LetterbyDesgranges，Bordeaux，Frimaire10。）
[155]Ibid。，vol。332。（LetterofThiberge，Marseilles，Frimaire14。）
\"Isurroundedthetownwithmysmallarmy。\"
[156]Ibid。，331。（OrdersofRepresentativeBassal，Besan？onFrimaire5。）\"Nocitizenshallkeepinhishousemorethanfourmonths’
supplies……Everycitizenwithmorethanthiswilldepositthesurplusinthegranary’d’abondance’providedforthepurpose……Immediatelyonreceiptofthepresentorder，themunicipalitywillsummonallcitizensthatcanthreshandproceedimmediately，withoutdelay，tothethreshing—ground，underpenaltyofbeingprosecutedasrefractorytothelaw……Therevolutionaryarmyisspeciallychargedwiththeexecutionofthearticlesofthisorder，andtherevolutionarytribunals，followingthisarmywiththeenforcementofthepenaltiesinflictedaccordingtothisorder。\"—Otherdocumentsshowusthattherevolutionaryarmy，organizedinthedepartmentofDoubsandinthefiveneighboringdepartments，comprises，inall，twothousandfourhundredmen。（Ibid。，vol。，1411。LetterofMeyenfeldtoMinisterDesforges，Brumaire27，yearII。）—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，111。（OrderofCouthon，Maignet，Chateauneuf，Randon，LaPorteandAlbitte，Commune—Affranchie，Brumaire9，yearII。，establishinginthetensurroundingdepartmentsarevolutionaryarmyofonethousandmenperdepartment，fortheconscriptionofgrain。
Eacharmyistobedirectedbycommissioners，strangerstothedepartment，andistooperateinotherdepartmentsthanintheonewhereitisraised。）
[157]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，331。（LetterofChépy，FrimaireII。）—Writingonemonthbeforethis，（Brumaire6）hesays:
\"Thefarmersshowthemselvesveryhostileagainstthetownsandthelawofthemaximum。Nothingcanbedonewithoutarevolutionaryarmy。\"
[158]Mercier，\"ParisPendantlaRévolution，\"I。，357。
[159]Hua，197。Idonotfindinanyprintedormanuscriptdocumentbutonecaseofresistance，thatofthebrothersChaperon，inthehamletofLeges，nearSens，whodeclarethattheyhavenowheatexceptfortheirownuse，andwhodefendthemselvesbytheuseofagun。Thegendarmerienotbeingstrongenoughtoovercomethem，thetocsinissoundedandtheNationalGuardofSensandtheneighborhoodissummoned；bringingcannon，theaffairendswiththeburningofthehouse。Thetwobrothersarekilled。Beforebeingovercome，however，theyhadstruckdownthecaptainoftheNationalGuardofSensandkilledorwoundednearlyfortyoftheirassailants。Asurvivingbrotherandasisterareguillotined。（June，1794。Wallon，IV。，352。）
[160]Moniteur，XVIII。，663。（SessionofFrimaire24，reportbyLecointre。）\"ThecommunesofThieux，Jullyandmanyotherswerevictimstotheirbrigandage。\"—\"Thestuporinthecountryissuchthatthepoorsufferersdarenotcomplainofthesevexationsbecause，theysay，theyareonlytooluckytohaveescapedwiththeirlives。\"—
Thistime，however，thesepublicbrigandsmadeamistake。Gibbon’ssonhappenstobeLecointre’stenantfarmer。Moreover，itisonlyaccidentallythathementionsthecircumstancetohislandlord；\"hecametoseehimforanotherpurpose。\"—Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"vol。
II。，302。（ThereisasimilarsceneinthehouseofoneRuelle，afarmer，inthecommuneofLisse。）
[161]PassimAlfredLallier，\"Lesans—culotteGoullin。\"—Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalrévolutionnairedeParis，\"V。，368。（DepositionofLacaille。）—Inadditiontothis，themostextraordinarymonstersaremetwithinotheradministrativebodies，forexample，inNantes，aJeand’Héron，tailor，whobecomesinspectorofmilitarystores。
\"AftertheroutatClisson，saysthewomanLaillet，heappearedinthepopularclubwithabrigand’searattachedtohishatbywayofcockade。Hispocketswerefullofears，whichhetookdelightinmakingthewomenkiss。HeexposedotherthingswhichhemadethemkissandthewomanLailletaddscertaindetailswhichIdarenottranscribe。\"（\"Lepatrioted’Héron，\"byL。delaSicotière，pp。9and10。DepositionofthewomanLaillet，fish—dealer，alsothetestimonyofMellinet，vol。VIII。，p。256。）
[162]Wallon，V。，368。（DepositionofdeLaillet。）
[163]Ibid。，V。，37’。（DepositionofTabouret。）
[164]Ibid。，V。，373。（DepositionofMariotte。）
[165]Monieur，XXII。，321。（DepositionofPhilippeTroncjolly。）—
BerryatSaint—Prix，\"LaJusticeRévolutionnaire，\"39。
[166]Campardon，\"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionnaire，\"II。，30。
Theyhavetenfrancsaday，andfullpowersconferredonthem。
（OrdersofCarrierandFrancastel，October28，1793。）\"Therepresentatives……confercollectivelyandindividually，oneachmemberoftherevolutionarycompany，therightofsurveillanceoverall’suspect’citizensinNantes，overstrangerswhocometoorresidethere，overmonopolistsofeverysort……Therighttomakedomiciliaryvisitswherevertheymaydeemitadvisable……
Thearmedforcewilleverywhererespondtothedemandsmadeuponitinthenameofthecompany，orofanyindividualmembercomposingit。\"—
BerryatSaint—Prix，p。42。—AlfredLallier，\"LesNoyadesdeNantes，\"p。20。（DepositionofGauthier。）Ibid。，p。22。\"Damn，\"
exclaimsCarrier，\"IkeptthatexecutionforLamberty。I’msorrythatitwasdonebyothers。\"
[167]AlfredLallier，ibid。，pp。21and90。—Cf。Moniteur，XXII。，331。（DepositionofVictoireAbraham。）\"Thedrownersmadequitefreewiththewomen，evenusingthemfortheirownpurposeswhenpleasedwiththem，whichwomen，intokenoftheirkindness，enjoyedthepreciousadvantageofnotbeingdrowned。\"
[168]Campardon，II。，8。（DepositionofCommeret。）—BerryatSaint—
Prix，p。42。—Ibid。，p。28。OtheragentsofCarrier，FouquetandLamberty，werecondemnedspecially，\"forhavingsavedfromnationalvengeanceMadamedeMartillyandhermaid……TheysharedthewomanMartillyandthemaidbetweenthem。\"Inconnectionwiththe\"daintytaste\"ofJacobinsforsilkdressesM。BerryatSaint—PrixcitesthefollowinganswerofaJacobinof1851tothejudged’instructionofRheims；ontheobjectionbeingmadetohimthattheRepublic，asheunderstoodit，couldnotlastlong，hereplied:
\"Possibly，butsayitlaststhreemonths。That’slongenoughtofillone’spocketandbellyandrumplesilkdresses？\"Anotherofthesamespeciessaidin1871:\"Weshallanyhowhaveaweek’suseofit。\"
ObserversofhumannaturewillfindanalogousdetailsinthehistoryoftheSepoyrebellioninIndiaagainsttheEnglishin1803，alsointhehistoryoftheIndiansintheUnitedStates。TheSeptembermassacresinParisandthehistoryofthecombatof1791and1792havealreadyprovideduswiththesamecharacteristicdocuments。
[169]AlfredLallier，\"LesFusilladesdeNantes，\"P。23。（DepositionsofPicard，commanderoftheNationalGuardsoftheescort。—Cf。thedepositionsofJeanJounet，paver，andofHenriFerdinand，joiner。）
[170]Sauzay，\"HistoiredelaPersécutionRévolutionnairedansleDépartementduDoubs，\"VII。，687。（LetterofGrégoire，December24，1796。）\"Anapproximativecalculationmakesthenumberoftheauthorsofsomanycrimesthreehundredthousand，forineachcommunetherewereaboutfiveorsixoftheseferociousbruteswho，namedBrutus，perfectedtheartofremovingseals，drowningandcuttingthroats。
Theyconsumedimmenseamountsinconstructing’Mountains，’inreveling，andinfeteseverythreemonthswhich，afterthefirstparade，becameparodies，representedbythreeorfouractorsinthem，andwithnoaudience。Theseconsisted，finally，ofadrum—beaterandthemusicalofficer；andthelatter，ashamedofhimself，oftenconcealedhisscarfinhispocket，onhiswaytotheTempleofReason……Butthese300000brigandshad2or300directors，membersoftheNationalconvention，whocannotbecalledanythingbutscoundrels，sincethelanguageprovidesnootherepithetsoforcible。\"
BOOKFOURTH。TheGoverned。
CHAPTERI。TheOppressed。
I。RevolutionaryDestruction。
Magnitudeofrevolutionarydestructiveness。—Thefourwaysofeffectingit。—Expulsionfromthecountrythroughforcedemigrationandlegalbanishment。—Numberofthoseexpelled。—Privationofliberty。—Differentsortsofimprisonment。—Numberandsituationofthoseimprisoned。—Murdersafterbeingtried，orwithouttrial。
—Numberofthoseguillotinedorshotaftertrial。—Indicationofthenumberofotherlivesdestroyed。—Necessityandplanforwiderdestruction。—Spoliation。—Itsextent。—Squandering。—Utterlosses。—RuinofindividualsandtheState。—TheNotablesthemostoppressed。
TheobjectoftheJacobin，firstofall，isthedestructionofhisadversaries，avowedorpresumed，probableorpossible。Fourviolentmeasuresconcur，togetherorinturn，tobringaboutthephysicalorsocialexterminationofallFrenchmenwhonolongerbelongtothesectortheparty。
Thefirstoperationconsistsinexpellingthemfromtheterritory。—
Since1789，theyhavebeenchasedoffthroughaforcedemigration；
handedovertojacqueries，orpopularuprisings，inthecountry，andtoinsurrectionsinthecities，[1]defenselessandnotallowedtodefendthemselves，three—fourthsofthemhaveleftFrance，simplytoescapepopularbrutalitiesagainstwhichneitherthelawnorthegovernmentaffordedthemanyprotection。Accordingasthelawandtheadministration，inbecomingmoreJacobin，becamemorehostiletothem，sodidtheyleaveingreatercrowds。Afterthe10thofAugustand2ndofSeptember，theflightnecessarilywasmoregeneral；for，henceforth，ifanyonepersistedinremainingafterthatdateitwaswiththealmostpositivecertaintythathewouldbeconsignedtoaprison，toawaitamassacreortheguillotine。Aboutthesametime，thelawaddedtothefugitivethebanished，allunswornpriests，almostanentireclassconsistingofnearly40000persons。[2]Itiscalculatedthat，onissuingfromthereignofTerror，thetotalnumberoffugitivesandbanished）amountedto150000[3]thelistwouldhavebeenstilllarger，hadnotthefrontierbeenguardedbypatrolsandonehadtocrossitattheriskofone’slife；andyet，manydorisktheirlivesinattemptingtocrossit，indisguise，wanderingaboutatnight，inmid—winter，exposedtogunshots，determinedtoescapecostwhatitwill，intoSwitzerland，Italy，orGermany，andevenintoHungary，inquestofsecurityandtherightofprayingtoGodasonepleases。[4]—Ifanyexiledordeportedpersonventurestoreturn，heistrackedlikeawildbeast，and，assoonastaken，heisguillotined。[5]Forexample，M。deChoiseul，andotherunfortunates，wreckedandcastashoreonthecoastofNormandy，arenotsufficientlyprotectedbythelawofnations。Theyarebroughtbeforeamilitarycommission；savedtemporarilythroughpubliccommiseration，theyremaininprisonuntiltheFirstConsulintervenesbetweenthemandthehomicidallawandconsents，throughfavor，todeportthemtotheDutchfrontier。—IftheyhavetakenuparmsagainsttheRepublictheyarecutofffromhumanity；aPandour[6]takenprisoneristreatedasaman；anémigrémadeprisoneristreatedlikeawolf—theyshoothimonthespot。Insomecases，eventhepettiestlegalformalitiesaredispensedwith。
\"WhenIamluckyenoughtocatch’em，\"writesGen。Vandamme，\"Idonottroublethemilitarycommissiontotrythem。Theyarealreadytried—mysaberandpistolsdotheirbusiness。\"[7]
Thesecondoperationconsistsindepriving\"suspects\"oftheirliberty，ofwhichdeprivationthereareseveraldegrees；therearevariouswaysofgettingholdofpeople。—Sometimes，the\"suspect\"is\"adjourned，\"thatistosay，theorderofarrestissimplysuspended；
helivesunderaperpetualmenacethatisgenerallyfulfilled；heneverknowsinthemorningthathewillnotsleepinaprisonthatnight。Sometimes，heisputonthelimitsofhiscommune。Sometimes，heisconfinedtohishousewithorwithoutguards，and，intheformercase，heisobligedtopaythem。Again，finally，andwhichoccursmostfrequently，heisshutupinthisorthatcommonjail。—InthesingledepartmentofDoubs，twelvehundredmenandwomenare\"adjourned；\"threehundredputonthelimitsofthecommune，fifteenhundredconfinedtotheirhouses，andtwentytwohundredimprisoned。[8]InParis，thirty—sixsuchprisonsandmorethan\"violins\"，ortemporaryjails，soonfilledbytherevolutionarycommittees，donotsufficefortheservice。[9]Itisestimatedthat，inFrance，notcountingmorethan40，000provisionaljails，twelvehundredprisons，fullandrunningover，containeachmorethantwohundredinmates。[10]AtParis，notwithstandingthedailyvoidcreatedbytheguillotine，thenumberoftheimprisonedonFloréal9，yearII。，amountsto7，840；and，onMessidor25following，notwithstandingthelargebatchesof50and60personsledinoneday，andeveryday，tothescaffold，thenumberisstill7，502。[11]TherearemorethanonethousandpersonsintheprisonsofArras，morethanonethousandfivehundredinthoseofToulouse，morethanthreethousandinthoseofStrasbourg，andmorethanthirteenthousandinthoseofNantes。InthetwodepartmentsaloneofBouchesdu—Rh？neandVaucluse，RepresentativeMaignet，whoisonthespot，reportsfrom12，000to15，000arrests。[12]\"AlittlebeforeThermidor，\"saysRepresentativeBeaulieu，\"thenumberofincarceratedarosetonearly400，000，asisapparentonthelistsandregistersthenbeforetheCommitteeofGeneralSecurity。\"[13]—Amongthesepoorcreatures，therearechildren，andnotaloneintheprisonsofNanteswheretherevolutionarysearcheshavecollectedthewholeoftheruralpopulation；intheprisonsofArras，amongtwentysimilarcases，I
findacoal—dealerandhiswifewiththeirsevensonsanddaughters，fromseventeendowntosixyearsofage；awidowwithherfourchildrenfromnineteendowntotwelveyearsofage；anothernoblewidowwithherninechildren，fromseventeendowntothreeyearsofage，andsixchildren，withoutfatherormother，fromtwenty—threedowntonineyearsofage。[14]—TheseprisonersofStateweretreated，almosteverywhere，worsethanrobbersandassassinsundertheancientrégime。Theybeganbysubjectingthemtorapiotage，thatistosay，strippingthemnakedor，atbest，feelingtheirbodiesundertheirshirts；womenandyounggirlsfaintedawayunderthisexamination，formerlyconfinedtoconvictsonenteringthebagnio。[15]
—Frequently，beforeconsigningthemtotheirdungeonsorshuttingthemupintheircells，theywouldbelefttwoorthreenightspell—
mellinalowerhallonbenches，orinthecourtonthepavement，\"withoutbedsorstraw。\"\"Thefeelingsarewoundedinalldirections，everypointofsensibility，sotosay，beingplayedupon。Theyaredeprivedoneaftertheotheroftheirproperty，assignats，furniture，andfood，ofdaylightandlamp—light，oftheassistancewhichtheirwantsandinfirmitiesdemand，ofaknowledgeofpublicevents，ofallcommunication，eitherimmediateorwritten，withfathers，sonsandhusbands。\"[16]Theyareobligedtopayfortheirlodgings，theirkeepers，andforwhattheyeat；theyarerobbedattheirverydoorsofthesuppliestheysendforoutside；theyarecompelledtoeatatamess—table；theyarefurnishedwithscantandnauseousfood，\"spoiltcodfish，putridherringsandmeat，rottenvegetables，allthisaccompaniedwithamugofSeinewatercoloredredwithsomedrugorother。\"[17]Theystarvethem，bullythem，andvexthempurposelyasiftheymeanttoexhausttheirpatienceanddrivethemintoarevolt，soastogetridoftheminamass，or，atleast，tojustifytheincreasingrapidstrokesoftheguillotine。Theyarehuddledtogetherintens，twentiesandthirties，inoneroomatLaForce，\"eightinachamber，fourteenfeetsquare，\"whereallthebedstouch，andmanyoverlapeachother，wheretwooutoftheeightinmatesareobligedtosleeponthefloor，whereverminswarm，wheretheclosedsky—lights，thestandingtub，andthecrowdingtogetherofbodiespoisonstheatmosphere。—Inmanyplaces，theproportionofthesickanddyingisgreaterthanintheholdofaslave—ship。\"OfninetyindividualswithwhomIwasshutuptwomonthsago，\"writesaprisoneratStrasbourg，\"sixty—sixweretakentothehospitalinthespaceofeightdays。\"[18]
IntheprisonsofNantes，3000out13，000prisonersdieoftyphoidfeverandoftherotintwomonths。[19]400priests[20]confinedonavesselbetweendecks，intheroadsteadofAix，stowedontopofeachother，wastedwithhunger，eatenupbyvermin，suffocatedforlackofair，half—frozen，beaten，mockedat，andconstantlythreatenedwithdeath，sufferstillmorethanNegroesinaslave—hold；for，throughinterestinhisfreight，thecaptainoftheslavertriestokeephishumanconsignmentingoodhealth，whilst，throughrevolutionaryfanaticism，thecrewoftheAixvesseldetestsitscargoof\"black—
frocks\"andwouldgladlysendthemtothebottom。—Accordingtothissystem，which，uptoThermidor9，growsworseandworse，imprisonmentbecomesatorture，oftentimesmortal，slowerandmorepainfulthantheguillotine，andtosuchanextentthat，toescapeit，ChampfortopenshisveinsandCondorcetswallowspoison。[21]Thethirdexpedientconsistsofmurder，withorwithouttrial。—178tribunals，ofwhich40areambulatory，pronounceineverypartoftheterritorysentencesofdeathwhichareimmediatelyexecutedonthespot。[22]BetweenApril6，1793，andThermidor9，yearII。，（July27th，1794）thatofParishas2，625personsguillotined，[23]whiletheprovincialjudgesdoasmuchworkastheParisjudges。InthesmalltownofOrangealone，theyguillotine331persons。InthesingletownofArrastheyhave299menand93womenguillotined。AtNantes，therevolutionarytribunalsandmilitarycommitteeshave，ontheaverage，100personsadayguillotined，orshot，inall1，971。InthecityofLyonstherevolutionarycommitteeadmit1，684，whileCadillot，oneofRobespierre’scorrespondents，adviseshimof6，000。[24]—Thestatementofthesemurdersisnotcomplete，but17，000havebeenenumerated，[25]\"mostofthemeffectedwithoutanyformality，evidenceordirectcharge，\"amongothersthemurderof\"morethan1200women，severalofwhomwereoctogenariansandinfirm；\"[26]particularlythemurderof60womenoryounggirls，condemnedtodeath，saythewarrants，forhavingattendedtheservicesofunswornpriests，orforhavingneglectedtheservicesofaswornpriest。
\"Theaccused，rangedinorder，werecondemnedatsight。Hundredsofdeath—sentencestookaboutaminuteperhead。Childrenofseven，fiveandfouryearsofage，weretried。Afatherwascondemnedfortheson，andthesonforthefather。Adogwassentencedtodeath。A
parrotwasbroughtforwardasawitness。Numbersofaccusedpersonswhosesentencescouldnotbewrittenoutwereexecuted。\"
AtAngers，thesentencesofoverfourhundredmenandthreehundredandsixtywomen，executedforthepurposeofrelievingtheprisons，werementionedontheregisterssimplybythelettersSorG（shotorguillotined）。[27]AtParis，asintheprovinces，theslightestpretext[28]servedtoconstituteacrime。Thedaughterofthecelebratedpainter，JosephVernet，[29]wasguillotinedforbeinga\"
receiver，\"forhavingkeptfiftypoundsofcandlesinherhouse，distributedamongtheemployeesofLaMuettebytheliquidatorsofthecivillist。YoungdeMaillé，[30]agedsixteenyears，wasguillotinedasaconspirator，\"forhavingthrownarottenherringinthefaceofhisjailer，whohadservedittohimtoeat。\"MadamedePuy—Verinwasguillotinedas\"guilty\"becauseshehadnottakenawayfromherdeaf，blindandsenilehusbandabagofcard—counters，markedwiththeroyaleffigy。—Indefaultofanypretext，[31]therewasthesuppositionofaconspiracy；blanklistsweregiventopaidemissaries，whoundertooktosearchthevariousprisonsandselecttherequisitenumberofheads；theywrotenamesdownonthemaccordingtotheirfancy，andtheseprovidedthebatchesfortheguillotine。
\"Asformyself，\"saidthejurymanVilate，\"Iamneverembarrassed。I
amalwaysconvinced。Inarevolution，allwhoappearbeforethistribunaloughttobecondemned。\"—
AtMarseilles，theBrutusCommission，[32]\"sentencingwithoutpublicprosecutororjurymen，senttotheprisonsforthoseitwishedtoputtodeath。Afterhavingdemandedtheirnames，professionsandwealththeyweresentdowntoacartstandingatthedoorofthePalaisdeJustice；thejudgesthensteppedoutonthebalconyandpronouncedthedeath—sentence。\"ThesameproceedingstookplaceatCambrai，Arras，Nantes，LeMans，Bordeaux，N？mes，Lyons，Strasbourg，andelsewhere。—
Evidently，thejudicialcomedyissimplyaparade；theymakeuseofitasoneoftherespectablemeans，amongotherslessrespectable，toexterminatepeoplewhoseopinionsarenotwhattheyshouldbe，orwhobelongtotheproscribedclasses；[33]Samson，atParis，andhiscolleaguesintheprovinces，theexecution—platoonsofLyonsandNantes，aresimplythecollaboratorsofmurderersproperlysocalled，whilelegalmassacrescompleteothermassacrespureandsimple。
Ofthislatterdescription，thefusilladesofTouloncomefirst，wherethenumberofthosewhoareshotlargelysurpassesonethousand；[34]
nextthegreatdrowningsofNantes，inwhich4，800men，womenandchildrenperished，[35]theotherdrownings，forwhichnofiguresmaybegiven；[36]thenthecountlesspopularmurderscommittedinFrancebetweenJuly14，1789，andAugust10，1792；themassacreofone1，300
prisonersinParis，inSeptember，1792；thelongtrainofassassinationswhich，inJuly，AugustandSeptember，1789，extendsovertheentireterritory；finally，thedispatchoftheprisoners，eithershotorsabered，withouttrialatLyonsandintheWest。Evenexceptingthosewhohaddiedfightingorwho，takenwitharmsintheirhands，wereshotdownorsaberedonthespot，therewere10，000
personsslaughteredwithouttrialintheprovinceofAnjoualone:[37]
accordingly，theinstructionsoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，alsothewrittenordersofCarrierandFrancastel，directgeneralsto\"bleedfreely\"theinsurgentdistricts，[38]andsparenotalife:itisestimatedthat，intheelevenwesterndepartments，thedeadofbothsexesandofallagesexceeded400，000。[39]—ConsideringtheprogramandprinciplesoftheJacobinsectthisisnogreatnumber；theymighthavekilledagoodmanymore。Buttimewaswanting；duringtheirshortreigntheydidwhattheycouldwiththeinstrumentintheirhands。Lookattheirmachine，thegradualconstructionofitsparts，thesuccessivestagesofitsoperationfromitsstartinguptoThermidor9，andseehowlimitedtheperiodofitsoperationwas。
OrganizedMarch30andApril6，1793，theRevolutionaryCommitteesandtheRevolutionaryTribunalhadbutseventeenmonthsinwhichtodotheirwork。TheydidnotdriveaheadwithalltheirmightuntilafterthefalloftheGirondists，andespeciallyafterSeptember，1763thatistosayforaperiodofelevenmonths。ItsloosewheelswerenotscrewedupandthewholewasnotinrunningorderundertheimpulseofthecentralmotoruntilafterDecember，1793，thatistosayduringeightmonths。PerfectedbythelawofPrairial22，itworksforthepasttwomonths，fasterandbetterthanbefore，withanenergyandrapiditythatincreasefromweektoweek。—Atthatdate，andevenbeforeit，thetheoristshavetakenthebearingsoftheirdestiniesandacceptedtheconditionsoftheirundertaking。Beingsectarians，theyhaveafaith，andasorthodoxytoleratesnoheresy，andastheconversionofhereticsisneversincereordurable，heresycanbesuppressedonlybysuppressingheretics。\"Itisonlythedead，\"saidBarère，Messidor16，\"whoneverreturn。\"Onthe2ndand3rdofThermidor，[40]theCommitteeofPublicSafetysendstoFouquier—
Tinvillealistoffourhundredandseventy—eightaccusedpersonswithorders\"tobringthepartiesnamedtotrialatonce。\"BaudotandJeanBonSt。Andre，Carrier，AntonelleandGuifroy，hadalreadyestimatedthelivestobetakenatseveralmillionsand，accordingtoCollotd’
Herbois，whohadalivelyimagination，\"thepoliticalperspirationshouldgoonfreely，andnotstopuntilfromtwelvetofifteenmillionFrenchmenhadbeendestroyed。\"[41]
Tomakeamends，inthefourthandlastdivisionoftheirwork，thatistosay，inspoliation，theywenttothelastextreme:theydidallthatcouldbedonetoruinindividuals，familiesandtheState；
whatevercouldbetaken，theytook。—TheConstituentandLegislativeAssemblieshad，ontheirside，begunthebusinessbyabolishingtithesandallfeudalrightswithoutindemnity，andbyconfiscatingallecclesiasticalproperty；theJacobinoperatorscontinueandcompletethejob；wehaveseenbywhatdecreesandwithwhathostilityagainstcollectiveandindividualproperty，whethertheyattributetotheStatethepossessionofallcorporationswhatever，evenlaic，suchascolleges，schoolsandscientificorliterarysocieties，hospitalsandcommunes，orwhethertheydespoilindividuals，indirectlythroughassignatsandthemaximum，ordirectlythroughtheforcedloan，revolutionarytaxes，[42]seizuresofgoldandsilvercoin，requisitionsofcommonusefulutensils，[43]sequestrationsofprisoners’property，confiscationsofthepossessionsofemigrantsandexilesandofthosedeportedorcondemnedtodeath。Nocapitalinvestedinrealorpersonalproperty，noincomeinmoneyorproduce，whateveritssource，whetherleases，mortgages，privatecredits，pensions，agricultural，industrialorcommercialgains，thefruitsofeconomyorlabor，fromthefarmers’，themanufacturers’andthemerchant’sstorestotherobes，coats，shirtsandshoes，eventothebedsandbed—roomsofprivateindividuals—nothingescapestheirrapaciousgrasp:inthecountry，theycarryoffevenseedreservedforplanting；atStrasbourgandintheUpperRhine，allkitchenutensils；
inAuvergneandelsewhere，eventheshepherd’spots。Everyobjectofvalue，eventhosenotinpublicuse，comesunderrequisition:forinstance，[44]theRevolutionaryCommitteeofBayonneseizesalotof\"cottonclothandmuslin，\"underthepretextofmaking\"breechesforthecountry’sdefenders。\"Onusefulobjectsbeingtakenitisnotalwayscertainthattheywillbeutilized；betweentheirseizureandputtingthemtoservice，robberyandwasteintervene。AtStrasbourg，[45]onarequisitionbeingthreatenedbytherepresentatives，theinhabitantsstripthemselvesand，inafewdays，bringtothemunicipality\"6，879coats，breechesandvests，4，767
pairsofstockings，16，921pairsofshoes，863pairsofboots，1351
cloaks，20，518shirts，4，524hats，523pairsofgaiters，143skinvests，2，673，900blankets，besides29quintalsoflint，21quintalsofoldlinen，andalargenumberofotherarticles。\"
But\"mostofthesearticlesremainpiledupinthestorehouses，partofthemrotten，oreatenbyrats，therestbeingabandonedtothefirst—comer……Theendofspoliationwasattained。\"—Utterlosstoindividualsandnogain，ortheminimumofagain，totheState。Suchisthenetresultoftherevolutionarygovernment。Afterhavinglaiditshandonthree—fifthsofthelandedpropertyofFrance；
afterhavingwrestedfromcommunitiesandindividualsfromtentotwelvebillionsofrealandpersonalestate；afterhavingincreased，throughassignatsandterritorialwarrants，thepublicdebt，whichwasnotfivebillionsin1789，tomorethanfiftybillions；[46]nolongerabletopayitsemployees；reducedtosupportingitsarmiesaswellasitselfbyforcedcontributionsonconqueredterritories，itendsinbankruptcy；itrepudiatestwo—thirdsofitsdebt，anditscreditissolowthattheremainingthirdwhichithasconsolidatedandguaranteedafresh，loseseighty—threepercent。theverynextday。Initshands，theStatehasitselfsufferedasmuchastheprivateindividuals。—Ofthelatter，morethan1200000havesufferedphysically:severalmillions，allwhoownedanything，greatorsmall，havesufferedthroughtheirproperty。[47]But，inthismultitudeoftheoppressed，itisthenotableswhoarechieflyaimedatandwho，intheirpossessionsaswellasintheirpersons，havesufferedthemost。
II。TheValueofNotablesinSociety。
VariouskindsanddegreesofNotablesin1789。—Thegreatsocialstaff。—Menoftheworld。—Theirbreeding。—Theirintellectualculture。—Theirhumanityandphilanthropy。—Theirmoraltemper。—
Practicalmen。—Whererecruited，—Theirqualifications。—Theiractivebenevolence。—Scarcityofthemandtheirworthtoacommunity。
Onestimatingthevalueofaforestyoubeginbydividingitsvegetationintotwoclasses；ontheonehandthefull—growntrees，thelargeormedium—sizedoaks，beechesandaspens，and，ontheother，thesaplingsandtheundergrowth。Inlikemanner，inestimatingsociety，youdividetheindividualscomposingitintotwogroups，oneconsistingofitsnotablesofeverykindanddegree，andtheother，ofthecommonrunofmen。Iftheforestisanoldoneandhasnotbeentoobadlymanaged，nearlythewholeofitsseculargrowthisfoundinitsclustersoffull—growntrees。Nearlyalltheusefulwoodistobefoundinthematureforest。Afewthousandlargehandsometreesandthethreeorfourhundredthousandsaplings，youngandold，ofthereserve，containmoreusefulandvaluablewoodthanthetwentyorthirtymillionsshrubs，bushesandheathersputtogether。Itisthesameinacommunitywhichhasexistedforalongtimeunderatolerablystrictsystemofjusticeandpolice；almosttheentiregainofasecularcivilizationisfoundconcentratedinitsnotables，which，takingitallinall，wasthestateofFrenchsocietyin1789。[48]
Letusfirstconsiderthemostprominentpersonages。—Itiscertain，that，amongthearistocracy，thewealthiestandmostconspicuousfamilieshadceasedtorenderservicesproportionatetothecostoftheirmaintenance。MostoftheseigniorsandladiesoftheCourt，theworldlybishops，abbés，andparliamentariansofthedrawing—room，knewbutlittlemorethanhowtosolicitwithaddress，makeagracefulparadeofthemselvesandspendlavishly。Anill—
understoodsystemofculturehaddivertedthemfromtheirnaturalavocations，andconvertedthemintoshowyandagreeablespecimensofvegetation，oftenhollow，blighted，saplessandover—pruned，besidesbeingverycostly，over—manuredandtoofreelywatered；andtheskillfulgardeningwhichshaped，groupedandarrangedtheminartificialformsandbouquets，renderedtheirfruitabortivethatflowersmightbemultiplied。—Buttheflowerswereexquisite，andeveninamoralist’seyes，suchfloweringcountsforsomething。Onthesideofcivility，good—breedinganddeportment，themannersandcustomsofhighlifehadreachedadegreeofperfection，whichnever，inFranceorelsewhere，hadbeenattainedbefore，andwhichhasneversincebeenrevived；[49]andofalltheartsthroughwhichmenhaveemancipatedthemselvesfromprimitivecoarseness，thatwhichteachesthemmutualconsiderationis，perhaps，themostprecious。Theobservanceofthis，notaloneinthedrawing—room，butinthefamily，inbusiness，inthestreet，withregardtorelatives，inferiors，servantsandstrangers，givesdignity，aswellasacharm，tohumanintercourse。Delicateregardforwhatisproperbecomesahabit，aninstinct，asecondnature，whichnature，superimposedontheoriginalnature，isthebest，inasmuchastheinternalcodewhichgovernseachdetailofactionandspeech，prescribesthestandardofbehaviorandrespectforoneself，aswellasrespectandrefinedbehaviortowardsothers。—Tothismerit，addmentalculture。Neverwasthereanaristocracysointerestedingeneralideasandrefinementofexpression；itwaseventoomuchso；literaryandphilosophicalpreoccupationexcludedallothersofthepositiveandpracticalorder；
theytalked，insteadofacting。But，inthislimitedcircleofspeculativereasonandofpureliteraryforms，itexcelled；writingsandhowtowritefurnishedtheordinaryentertainmentofpolitesociety；everyideautteredbyathinkercausedexcitementinthedrawing—room:thetalentandstyleofauthorswereshapedbyitstaste；[50]itwasinthedrawing—roomsthatMontesquieu，Voltaire，Rousseau，d’Alembert，theEncyclopedists，greatandlittle，Beaumarchais，BernardindeSaint—Pierre，Champfort，andRivarol，involuntarilysoughtlistenersandfoundthem，notmerelyadmirersandentertainers，butfriends，protectors，patrons，benefactorsandfollowers。—Undertheinstructionofthemasters，thediscipleshadbecomephilanthropists；moreover，theamenitiesofmannersdevelopedinallsoulscompassionandbenevolence:\"Nothingwasmoredreadedbyopulentmenthantoberegardedasinsensitive。\"[51]Theyconcernedthemselveswithchildren，withthepoor，withthepeasantry，settingtheirwitstoworktoaffordthemrelief；theirzealwasarousedagainstoppression，theirpitywasexcitedforeverymisfortune。Eventhosewhosedutiescompelledthemtoberigidtemperedtheirrigiditywithexplanationsorconcessions。
\"TenyearsbeforetheRevolution，\"saysR？derer，[52]\"thecriminalcourtsofFrancewerenolongerlikebefore……Theirattitudehadchanged……Alltheyoungmagistrates，andthisIcanbearwitnessto，forIwasonemyself，pronouncedjudgmentsmoreinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofBeccaria，[53]thanaccordingtolaw。\"—
Astothemeninauthority，militaryadministratorsandcommandants，itwasimpossibletobemorepatient，moremindfulofhumanblood。
Theirqualitiesturnedalsohereintodefects，for，throughexcessofhumanity，theywereunabletomaintainorder，asisevidentwhenfacingtheinsurrectionsthattookplacebetween1789and1792。Evenwiththeforceintheirownhands，amidstgrossinsultsandextremedangers，theydreadedtomakeuseofit；theycouldnotbringthemselvestorepressingbrutes，rascalsandmaniacs:followingtheexampleofLouisXVI。，theyconsideredthemselvesasshepherdsofthepeople，andletthemselvesbetrampleduponratherthanfireupontheirflock。—Inreality，theyhadnoble，andevengenerousandbighearts:inthebailiwickassemblies，inMarch，1789，longbeforethenightofAugust4，theyvoluntarilysurrenderedeverypecuniaryprivilege；underseveretrials，theircourage，heightenedbypolishedmanners，addseventotheirheroism，elegance，tactandgaiety。Themostcorrupt，aDukeofOrleans，themostfrivolousandthemostblasé，aDucdeBiron，meetdeathwithstoicalcoolnessanddisdain。[54]Delicatewomenwhocomplainofadraughtintheirdrawing—rooms，makenocomplaintofastrawmattressinadamp，gloomydungeon，wheretheysleepintheirclothessothattheymaynotwakeupstiffened，andtheycomedownintothecourtoftheConciergeriewiththeiraccustomedcheerfulness。Menandwomen，inprison，dressthemselvesasformerly，withthesamecare，thattheymaymeetandtalktogetherwiththesamegraceandspirit，inacorridorwithanirongratingwithinastepoftherevolutionaryTribunal，andontheeveofthescaffold。[55]——Thismoraltemperisevidentlyoftherarest；ifiterrsoneithersideitisonthatofbeingtoorefined，badforuse，goodforornament。