known\"thieves\"who，beforeThermidor，weresomany\"littleRobespierres，\"eachinhisowncanton，\"thepatriots\"who，aroundOrleans，\"builtpalaces，\"who，\"exclusives\"atValenciennes，\"havingwastedbothpublicandprivatefunds，possessthehousesandpropertyofemigrants，knockeddowntothematahundredtimeslessthantheirvalue。\"[135]Onthisside，theiroutstretchedfingersshamelesslyclutchalltheycangetholdof；fortheobligationofeacharrestedpartytodeclarehisname，qualityandfortune，asitnowisandwasbeforetheRevolution，giveslocalcupidityaknown，sure，directandpalpableobject。—AtToulouse，saysaprisoner，[136]\"thedetailsandvalueofanobjectweretakendownasifforasuccession，\"whilethecommissionerswhodrewupthestatement，\"ourassassins，proceeded，beforehandandalmostunderoureyes，totaketheirshare，disputingwitheachotheronthechoiceandsuitablenessofeachobject，comparingthecostofadjudicationwiththemeansoflesseningit，discussingthecertainprofitsofsellingagainandofthetransfer，andconsuminginadvancethepickingsarisingfromsalesandleases。\"—InProvence，wherethingsaremoreadvancedandcorruptionisgreaterthanelsewhere，wherethepurportandaimsoftheRevolutionwerecomprehendedatthestart，itisstillworse。NowheredidJacobinrulersdisplaytheirrealcharactermoreopenly，andnowhere，from1789to1799，wasthischaractersowellmaintained。AtToulon，thedemagoguesintheyearV。，asintheyearII。，are[137]
\"formerworkmenandclerksintheArsenalwhohadbecome’bosses’byactingasinformersandthroughterrorism，gettingpropertyfornothing，orataninsignificantprice，andplottingsalesofnationalpossessions，pettytradersfromallquarterswithstocksofgoodsacquiredinallsortsofways，throughrobberies，throughpurchasesofstolengoodsfromservantsandemployeesinthecivil，warandnavydepartments，andthroughabandonedorbought—upclaims；inaword，menwho，havingrunawayfromothercommunes，passtheirdaysincoffee—
housesandtheirnightsinhousesofill—fame。\"—AtDraguignan，Brignolles，Vidauban，Fréjus，atMarseilles，afterThermidor，theintermittentreturnstoTerrorismalwaysrestorethesamequarriesofthejusticiaryandthepolicetooffice。[138]\"Artisans，onceuseful，butnowtiredofworking，andwhomtheprofessionofpaidclubbists，idleguardians，\"andpaidlaborers\"hastotallydemoralized，\"
scoundrelsinleaguewitheachotherandmakingmoneyoutofwhatevertheycanlaytheirhandson，likethievesatafair，habituallylivingattheexpenseofthepublic，\"bestowingthefavorsofthenationonthosewhosharetheirprinciples，harboringandaidingmanywhoareunderthebanofthelawandcallingthemselvesmodelpatriots，[139]
thatis，inthepayofgamblinghellsandhousesofprostitution。\"—
Intheruraldistricts，theoldbands\"consistingofhordesofhomelessbrigands\"whoworkedsowellduringtheanarchyoftheConstituentandLegislativeassemblies，formanewduringtheanarchyoftheDirectory；theymaketheirappearanceinthevicinityofApt\"commencingwithpettyrobberiesandthen，strongintheimpunityandtitleofsans—culottes，breakintofarm—houses，robandmassacretheinmates，striptravelers，puttoransomallwhohappentocrosstheirpath，forceopenandpillagehousesinthecommuneofGorges，stopwomeninthestreets，tearofftheirringsandcrosses，\"andattackthehospital，sackingitfromtoptobottom，whilethetownandmilitaryofficers，justlikethem，allowthemtogoon。[140]—JudgebythisoftheirperformancesinthetimeofRobespierre，whenthevendorsandadministratorsofthenationalpossessionsexercisedundisputedcontrol。Everywhere，atthattime，inthedepartmentsofVar，Bouches—du—Rh？ne，andVaucluse，\"aclubofwould—bepatriots\"hadlongpreparedthewayfortheirexactions。Ithad\"paidappraisersfordepreciatingwhateverwasputupforsale，andfalsenamesforconcealingrealpurchasers；\"apersonnotoftheirclique，wasexcludedfromtheauction—room；ifhepersistedincomingintheywould，atonetime，puthimundercontributionfortheprivilegeofbidding，\"and，atanothertime，makehimpromisenottobidabovethepricefixedbytheleague，while，toacquirethedomain，theypaidhimabonus。Consequently，\"nationalproperty\"wasgivenaway\"foralmostnothing，\"theswindlerswhoacquireditneverbeingwithoutasatisfactorywarrantforthisintheirowneyes。Intowhosehandscouldthepropertyofanti—revolutionistsbetterfallthanintothoseofpatriots？AccordingtoMarat，themartyrapostleandcanonisedsaintoftheRevolution，whatistheobjectoftheRevolutionbuttogivetothelowlythefortunesofthegreat？[141]Inallnationalsaleseverywhere，inguardingsequestrations，inallrevolutionaryransoms，taxes，loansandseizures，thesameexcellentargumentprevails；nowhere，inprinteddocumentsorinmanuscripts，doIfindanyrevolutionarycommitteewhichisatonceterroristandhonest。
Only，itisraretofindspecificandindividualdetailsregardingallthemembersofthesamecommittee。—Here，however，isonecase，where，owingtotheluckyaccidentofanexaminationgivenindetail，onecanobserveinonenest，everyvarietyofthespeciesandofitsappetites，thedozenorfifteentypesoftheJacobinhornet，eachabstractingwhatsuitshimfromwhateverhelightson，eachindulginginhisfavoritesortofrapine。—AtNantes，\"Pinard，thegreatpurveyoroftheCommittee，[142]orderseverythingthateachmemberneedsforhisdailyusetobecarriedtohishouse。\"—\"Galloutakesoilandbrandy，\"andespecially\"severalbarrelsfromcitizenBissonneau’shouse。\"—\"Durassiermakesdomiciliaryvisitsandexactscontributions；\"amongothers\"hecompelscitizenLemoinetopaytwenty—fivehundredlivres，tosavehimfromimprisonment。\"—\"Naudaffixesandremovessealsinthehousesoftheincarcerated，makesnocturnalvisitstothedwellingsoftheaccusedandtakeswhatsuitshim。\"—\"Grandmaisonappropriatesplateundersequestration，andBachelierplategivenasapresent。\"—\"Jolysuperintendsexecutionsandtakesallhecanfind，plate，jewelry，preciousobjects。\"—
\"Bologniéforcesthereturnofabondoftwentythousandlivresalreadypaidtohim。\"—PerrochauxdemandsofcitoyenneOllemard—Dudan\"fiftythousandlivres，topreventherimprisonment，\"andconfiscatesforhisownbenefitsixtythousandlivresworthoftobacco，inthehouseofthewidowDaigneau—Mallet，who，claimingitback，isledoffbyhimtoprisonunderthepretextofintercedingforher。—Chauxfrightensoffbyterrorismhiscompetitorsatauctionsales，hasallthesmallfarmsontheBaroissièredomainknockeddowntohim，andexclaimsconcerningaplacewhichsuitshim:\"Iknowhowtogetit！
I’llhavetheownerarrested。He’llbeverygladtoletmehavehisgroundtogetoutofprison。’\"—Thecollectioniscomplete，andgatheredonatable，itoffersspecimenswhichcanbefoundscatteredalloverFrance。
VII。TheArmedForces。
TheArmedForce，theNationalGuardandtheGendarmerie。—Itspurgationandcomposition。—TheRevolutionaryArmiesinParisandinthedepartments。—Qualityoftherecruits。—Theiremployment。
—Theirexpeditionsintothecountrysideandthetowns。—TheirexploitsinthevicinityofParisandLyons。—ThecompanyofMaratists，theAmericanHussarsandtheGermanLegionatNantes。—
GeneralcharacteroftheRevolutionarygovernmentandoftheadministrativestaffoftheReignofTerror。
Thelastmanipulatorsofthesystemremain，thehandswhichseize，thearmedforcewhichtakesbodilyholdofmenandthings。—ThefirstwhoareemployedforthispurposearetheNationalGuardandtheordinarygendarmerie。Since1790，thesebodiesareofcourseconstantlyweededoutuntilonlyfanaticsandrobotsareleft；[143]
nevertheless，theweeding—outcontinuesasthesystemdevelopsitself。
AtStrasbourg，[144]onBrumaire14，therepresentativeshavedismissed，arrestedandsenttoDijontheentirestaffoftheNationalGuardtoserveashostagesuntilpeaceissecured；threedaysafterwards，consideringthatthecavalryofthetownhadbeenmountedandequippedatitsownexpense，theydeemitaristocratic，bourgeois，and\"suspect，\"andseizethehorsesandputtheofficersinarrest。—
AtTroyes，Rousselin，\"Nationalcivilcommissioner，\"dismisses，forthesamereason，andwithnotlessdispatch，allofthegendarmesatonestroke，exceptfour，and\"putsunderrequisitiontheirhorses，fullyequipped，alsotheirarms，soastoatoncemountwellknownandtriedsans—culottes。\"Onprinciple，thepoorsans—culottes，whoaretrueatheartandindress，alonehavetherighttobeararms，andshouldabourgeoisbeondutyhemusthaveonlyapike，carebeingtakentotakeitawayfromhimthemomenthefinisheshisrounds。[145]
But，alongsideoftheusualarmedforce，thereisstillanother，muchbetterselectedandmoreeffective，thereservegendarmerie，aspecial，and，atthesametime，movableandresidentbody，thatistosay，the\"revolutionaryarmy，\"which，afterSeptember5，1793，thegovernmenthadraisedinParisandinmostofthelargetowns。—ThatofParis，comprisingsixthousandmen，withtwelvehundredcannoneers，sendsdetachmentsintotheprovinces—twothousandmentoLyons，andtwohundredtoTroyes；[146]YsabeauandTallienhaveatBordeauxacorpsofthreethousandmen；Salicetti，AlbitteandGasparin，oneoftwothousandmenatMarseilles；YsoréandDuquesnoy，oneofonethousandmenatLille；Javogues，oneoftwelvehundredatMontbrison。
Others，lessnumerous，rangingfromsixhundreddowntotwohundredmen，holdMoulins，Grenoble，Besan？on，Belfort，Bourg，Dijon，Strasbourg，Toulouse，AuchandNantes。3147When，onMarch27，1794，theCommitteeofPublicSafety，threatenedbyHébert，hasthemdisbandedforbeingHébertists，inanyofthemaretoremainatleastasanucleus，undervariousformsandnames，eitheraskeptbythelocaladministrationunderthetitleof\"paidguards，\"[148]orasdisbandedsoldiers，loiteringaboutanddoingnothing，gettingthemselvesassignedpostsofrankintheNationalGuardoftheirtownonaccountoftheirexploits；inthiswaytheykeepthemselvesinservice，whichisindispensable，foritisthroughthesethattherégimeisestablishedandlasts。\"Therevolutionaryarmy，[149]saytheordersanddecreespromulgated，\"isintendedtorepressanti—revolutionaries，toexecute，wheneveritisfoundnecessary，revolutionarylawsandmeasuresforpublicsafety，\"thatistosay，\"toguardthosewhoareshutup，arrest’suspects，’demolishchateaux，pulldownbelfries，ransackvestriesforgoldandsilverobjects，seizefinehorsesandcarriages，\"andespecially\"toseekforprivatestoresandmonopolies，\"inshort，toexercisemanualconstraintandstrikeeveryoneonthespotwithphysicalterror。—Wereadilyseewhatsortofsoldierstherevolutionaryarmyiscomposedof。
Naturally，asitisrecruitedbyvoluntaryenlistment，andallcandidateshavepassedthepurifyingscrutinyoftheclubs，itcomprisesnonebutultra—Jacobins。Naturally，thepaybeingfortysousaday，itcomprisesnonebuttheverylowestclass。Naturally，astheworkisasloathsomeasitisatrocious，itcomprisesbutfewothers[150]thanthoseoutofemploymentandreducedtoanenlistmenttogetaliving，\"hairdresserswithoutcustomers，lackeyswithoutplaces，vagabonds，wretchesunabletoearnalivingbyhonestlabor，\"
\"thickandhardhitters\"whohaveacquiredthehabitofbullying，knockingdownandkeepinghonestfolksundertheirpikes，agangofconfirmedscoundrelsmakingpublicbrigandageacloakforprivatebrigandage，inhabitantsoftheslumsgladtobringdowntheirformersuperiorsintothemud，andthemselvestakeprecedenceandstrutaboutinordertoprovebytheirarroganceandself—displaythatthey，intheirturn，areprinces。—\"Takeahorse，thenationpaysforit！\"[151]saidthesans—culottesofBordeauxtotheircomradesinthestreet，who，\"inasplendidprocession，\"ofthreecarriages，eachdrawnbysixhorses，escortedbyabodyonhorseback，behind，infront，andeachside，conductingRiouffeandtwoother\"suspects\"totheRéoleprison。ThecommanderofthesquadwhoguardsprisonersonthewaytoParis，andwho\"starvesthemalongtheroadtospeculateonthem，\"isanex—cookofAgen，havingbecomeagendarme；hemakesthemtravelfortyleaguesextra，\"purposelytoglorifyhimself，\"and\"letallAgenseethathehasgovernmentmoneytospend，andthathecanputcitizensinirons。\"Accordingly，inAgen，\"hekeepsconstantlyandneedlesslyinspectingthevehicle，\"winkingatthespectators，\"moretriumphantthanifhehadmadeadozenAustriansprisonersandbroughtthemalonghimself。\"Atlast，toshowthecrowdinthestreettheimportanceofhiscapture，hesummonstwoblacksmithstocomeoutandrivet，onthelegsofeachprisoner，across—barcannon—ballweighingeightypounds。[152]Themoredisplaythesehenchmenmakeoftheirbrutality，thegreatertheythinkthemselves。AtBelfort，apatriotoftheclubdies，andacivicintermenttakesplace；adetachmentoftherevolutionaryarmyjoinstheprocession；themenarearmedwithaxes；onreachingthecemetery，thebettertocelebratethefuneral，\"theycutdownallthecrosses（overthegraves）andmakeabonfireofthem，whilethecarmagnoleendsthisevermemorableday。\"[153]—
Sometimesthescene，theatricalandplayedbythelightofflambeaux，makestheactorsthinkthattheyhaveperformedanextraordinaryandmeritoriousaction，\"thattheyhavesavedthecountry。\"\"Thisverynight，\"writestheagentatBordeaux，[154]nearlythreethousandmenhavebeenengagedinanimportantundertaking，withthemembersoftheRevolutionaryCommitteeandofthemunicipalityattheheadofit。
Theyvisitedeverywholesaledealer’sstoreintownandintheFaubourgdesChartrons，takingpossessionoftheirletter—books，sealinguptheirdesks，arrestingthemerchantsandputtingthemintheSeminiare……Woetotheguilty！\"—Ifthepromptconfinementofanentireclassofindividualsisafinethingforatown，theseizureofawholetownitselfisstillmoreimposing。
LeavingMarseilleswithasmallarmy，[155]commandedbytwosans—
culottes，theysurroundMartigneandenteritasifitwereamill。
Thecatchissuperb；inthistownoffivethousandsoulsthereareonlyseventeenpatriots；therestareFederalistsorModerates。Henceageneraldisarmamentanddomiciliaryvisits。Theconquerorsdepart，carryingoffeveryable—bodiedboy，\"fivehundredladssubjecttotheconscription，andleaveinthetownacompanyofsans—culottestoenforceobedience。\"Itiscertainthatobediencewillbemaintainedandthatthegarrison，joinedtotheseventeenpatriots，willdoastheylikewiththeirconquest。
Ineffect，all，bothbodiesandgoods，areattheirdisposal，andtheyconsequentlybeginwiththesurroundingcountryside，enteringprivatehousestogetattheirstores，alsothefarmhousestohavethegrainthreshed，inordertoverifythedeclarationsoftheirownersandseeifthesearecorrect:ifthegrainisnotthreshedoutatonceitwillbedonesummarilyandconfiscated，whiletheownerwillbesentencedtotwelvemonthsinirons；ifthedeclarationisnotcorrect，heiscondemnedasamonopolistandpunishedwithdeath。Armedwiththisorder，[156]eachbandtakesthefieldandgatherstogethernotonlygrain，butsuppliesofeverydescription。\"ThatofGrenoble，theagentwrites，[157]doeswonderfully；inonelittlecommunealone，fourhundredmeasuresofwheat，twelvehundredeggs，andsixhundredpoundsofbutterhadbeenfound。AllthiswasquicklyonthewaytoGrenoble。\"InthevicinityofParis，theforerunnersofthethrong，provided\"withpitchforksandbayonets，rushtothefarms，takeoxenoutoftheirstalls，grabsheepandchickens，burnthebarns，andselltheirbootytospeculators。\"[158]\"Bacon，eggs，butterandchickens—
thepeasantssurrenderwhateverisdemandedofthem，andthenceforthhavenothingthattheycantaketomarket。TheycursetheRepublicwhichhasbroughtwarandfamineonthem，andneverthelesstheydowhattheyaretold:onbeingaddressed，’Citizenpeasant，Irequireofyouonperilofyourhead，’……itisnotpossibletorefuse。\"[159]—Accordingly，theyareonlytoogladtobeletoffsocheaply。OnBrumaire19，aboutseveno’clockintheevening，atTigery，nearCorbeil，twenty—fivemen\"withsabersandpistolsintheirbelts，mostofthemintheuniformoftheNationalGuardsandcallingthemselvestherevolutionaryarmy，\"enterthehouseofGibbon，anoldploughman，seventy—oneyearsofage，whilefiftyothersguardallegressfromit，sothattheexpeditionmaynotbeinterferedwith。
Turlot，captain，andaid—de—camptoGeneralHenriot，wantstoknowwherethemasterofthehouseis。—\"Inhisbed，\"isthereply。—
\"Wakehimup。\"—Theoldmanrises。—Giveupyourarms。\"—Hiswifehandsoverafowling—piece，theonlyarmonthepremises。Thebandimmediatelyfallsonthepoorman，\"strikeshimdown，tieshishands，andputsasackoverhishead，\"andthesamethingisdonetohiswifeandtoeightmaleandtwofemaleservants。\"Now，giveusthekeysofyourclosets；\"theywanttobesurethattherearenofleur—de—lysorotherillegalarticles。Theysearchtheoldman’spockets，takehiskeys，and，todispatchbusiness，breakintothechestsandseizeorcarryoffalltheplate，\"twenty—sixtable—dishes，threesoup—ladles，threegoblets，twosnuff—boxes，fortycounters，twowatches，anothergoldwatchandagoldcross。\"\"Wewilldrawupaprocès—verbalofallthisatourleisureinMeaux。Now，where’syoursilver？Ifyoudon’tsaywhereitis，theguillotineisoutsideandIwillbeyourexecutioner。\"Theoldmanyieldsandmerelyrequeststobeuntied。
Butitisbettertokeephimbound，\"soastomakehim’sing。’\"Theycarryhimintothekitchenand\"puthisfeetintoaheatedbrazier。\"
Heshoutswithpain，andindicatesanotherchestwhichtheybreakopenandthencarryoffwhattheyfindthere，\"seventy—twofrancsincoinandfiveorsixthousandlivresinassignats，whichGibbonhadjustreceivedfortherequisitionsmadeonhimforcorn。\"Next，theybreakopenthecellardoors，setacaskofvinegarrunning，carrywineupstairs，eatthefamilymeal，getdrunkand，atlast，clearout，leavingGibbonwithhisfeetburnt，andgarroted，aswellastheotherelevenmembersofhishousehold，quitecertainthattherewillbenopursuit。[160]—Inthetowns，especiallyinfederalistdistricts，however，theserobberiesarecomplicatedwithotherassaults。AtLyons，whilsttheregulartroopsarelodgedinbarracks，therevolutionaryarmyisbilletedonthehouseholders，twothousandvile，sanguinaryblackguardsfromParis，andwhomtheirgeneral，Ronsinhimself，calls\"scoundrelsandbrigands，\"alleging，inexcuseforthis，that\"honestfolkscannotbefoundforsuchbusiness。\"Howtheytreattheirhost，hiswifeandhisdaughtersmaybeimagined；
contemporariesglideovertheseoccurrencesand，throughdecencyordisgust，avoidgivingdetails。[161]Somesimplyusebrutalforce；
othersgetridofatroublesomehusbandbytheguillotine；inthemostexceptionalcasestheybringtheirwenchesalongwiththem，whilethehousekeeperhastoarouseherselfatoneo’clockatnightandlightafirefortheofficerwhocomesinwiththejollycompany。—Andyet，thereareothersstillworse，fortheworstattracteachother。WehaveseentherevolutionarycommitteeatNantes，alsotherepresentativeonmissioninthesamecity；nowheredidtherevolutionarySabbatragesofuriously，andnowherewastheresuchatrafficinhumanlives。Withsuchband—leadersasCarrierandhistoolsontheCommittee，onemaybesurethattheinstrumentalistswillbeworthy。
Accordingly，severalmembersoftheCommitteethemselvesoverseeexecutionsandlendahandinthemassacres。—Oneofthese，Goullin，acreolefromSt。Domingo，sensualandnervous，accustomedtotreatingaNegroasananimalandaFrenchmanasawhiteNegro，aSeptembriseuronprinciple，chiefinstigatoranddirectorofthe\"drownings，\"goesinpersontoemptytheprisonofBouffay，and，verifyingthatdeath，thehospitalorreleases，hadremovedtheimprisonedforhim，adds，ofhisownauthority，fifteennames，takenhaphazard，toreachhisfigures。—Joly，acommissionerontheCommittee，veryexpertintheartofgarroting，tiesthehandsofprisonerstogethertwoandtwoandconductsthemtotheriver。[162]—
Grand—maison，anothermemberoftheCommittee，aformerdancing—
master，convictedoftwomurdersandpardonedbeforetheRevolution，strikesdownwithhissabertheimploringhandsstretchedouttohimovertheplanksofthelighter。[163]—Pinard，anotherCommittee—
commissioner，ransoms，stealsoffintothecountryandhimselfkills，throughpreference，womenandchildren。[164]Naturally，thethreebandswhichoperatealongwiththem，orundertheirorders，compriseonlymenoftheirspecies。Inthefirstone，calledtheMaratcompany，eachofthesixtymembersswears，onjoiningit，toadoptMarat’sprinciplesandcarryoutMarat’sdoctrine。Goullin，[165]oneofthefounders，demandsinrelationtoeachmember，\"Isn’ttheresomeonestillmorerascally？Forwemusthavethatsorttobringthearistocratstoreason！\"[166]AfterFrimaire5\"theMaratists\"boastoftheirarmsbeing\"tiredout\"withstrikingprisonerswiththeflatoftheirsaberstomakethemmarchtotheLoire，[167]andweseethat，notwithstandingthisfatigue，thebusinesssuitedthem，astheirofficerstriedtoinfluenceCarriertobedetailedonthe\"drowning\"
serviceandbecauseitwaslucrative。Themenandwomensentencedtodeath，werefirststrippedoftheirclothesdowntotheshirt，andeventheshift；itwouldbeapitytoletvaluableobjectsgotothebottomwiththeirowners，andthereforethedrownersdividetheseamongstthemselves；awardrobeinthehouseoftheadjutantRichardisfoundfullofjewelryandwatches。[168]Thiscompanyofsixtymusthavemadehandsomeprofitsoutofthefourorfivethousanddrowned。—
Thesecondband，called\"theAmericanHussars，\"andwhooperatedintheoutskirts，wascomposedofblacksandmulattos，numerousenoughinthistownofprivateers。Itistheirbusinesstoshootwomen，whomtheyfirstviolate；\"theyareourslaves，\"theysay；\"wehavewonthembythesweatofourbrows。\"\"Thosewhohavethemisfortunetobespared，becomeintheirhandsmadinacoupleofdays；inanyeventtheyarere—arrestedshortlyafterwardsandshot。—Thelastband，whichisstyled\"TheGermanLegion，\"isformedoutofGermandesertersandmercenariesspeakinglittleornoFrench。TheyareemployedbytheMilitaryCommissiontodispatchtheVendeanspickedupalongthehighways，andwhoareusuallyshotingroupsoftwentyfive。\"I
came，\"saysaneye—witness，[169]\"toasortofgorgewheretherewasasemi—circularquarry；there，Inoticedthecorpsesofseventy—fivewomennakedandlyingontheirbacks。\"Thevictimsofthatdayconsistedofgirlsfromsixteentoeighteenyearsofage。Oneofthemsaystoherconductor，\"Iamsureyouaretakingustodie，\"andtheGermanrepliesinhisbrokenjargon，probablywithacoarselaugh，\"
No，itisforachangeofair。Theyareplacedinarowinfrontofthebodiesofthepreviousdayandshot。Thosewhodonotfall，seethegunsreloaded；theseareagainshotandthewoundeddispatchedwiththebuttendsofthemuskets。SomeoftheGermansthenriflethebodies，whileothersstripthemand\"placethemontheirbacks。\"—Tofindworkmenforthistask，itisnecessarytodescend，notonlytothelowestwretchesinFrancebut，again，tothebrutesofaforeignraceandtongue，andyetlowerstill，toaninferiorracedegradedbyslaveryandpervertedbylicense。
Such，fromthetoptothebottomoftheladder，ateverystageofauthorityandobedience，istherulingstaffoftherevolutionarygovernment。[170]Throughitsrecruitsanditswork，throughitsmoralsandmodesofproceeding，itevokesthealmostforgottenimageofitspredecessors，forthereisanimageofitintheperiodfromthefourteenthtotheseventeenthcentury。Atthattimealso，societywasfrequentlyovercomeandravagedbybarbarians；dangerousnomads，malevolentoutcasts，banditsturnedintosoldierssuddenlypounceddownonanindustriousandpeacefulpopulation。SuchwasthecaseinFrancewiththe\"Routiers\"andthe\"Tard—venus，\"atRomewiththearmyoftheConstableofBourbon，inFlanderswiththebandsoftheDukeofAlbaandtheDukeofParma，inWestphaliaandinAlsace，withWallenstein’sveterans，andthoseofBernardofSaxe—Weimar。Theyliveduponatownorprovinceforsixmonths，fifteenmonths，twoyears，untilthetownorprovincewasexhausted。Theyalonewerearmed，masteroftheinhabitants，usingandabusingthingsandpersonsaccordingtotheircaprices。Buttheyweredeclaredbandits，callingthemselvesscorchers，（ecorcheurs）ridersandadventurers，andnotpretendingtobehumanitarianphilosophers。Moreover，beyondanimmediateandpersonalenjoyment，theydemandednothing；theyemployedbrutalforceonlytosatiatetheirgreed，theircruelty，theirlust。
—Thelatteraddtoprivateappetitesafargreaterdevastation，thesystematicandgratuitousravagesenforceduponthembythesuperficialtheorywithwhichtheyareimbued。
Notes:
[1]\"TheRevolution，\"II。，pp。298—304，andp。351。
[2]\"TheRevolution，\"II。，pp。298—304，andp。351。Shouldtheforegoingtestimonybedeemedinsufficient，thefollowing，bythoseforeignerswhohadgoodopportunitiesforjudging，maybeadded:
（GouverneurMorris，letterofDecember3，1794。）\"TheFrenchareplungedintoanabyssofpovertyandslavery，aslaveryallthemoredegradingbecausethemenwhohaveplungedthemintoitmerittheutmostcontempt。\"—Meissner，\"VoyageàParis，\"（attheendof1795，）
p。160。\"The（revolutionary）armyandtherevolutionarycommitteeswerereallyassociationsorganizedbycrimeforcommittingeveryspeciesofinjustice，murder，rapine，andbrigandagewithimpunity。
Thegovernmenthaddeprivedallmenofanytalentorintegrityoftheirplacesandgiventhesetoitscreatures，thatistosay，tothedregsofhumanity。\"—BaronBrinckmann，Chargéd’AffairesfromSweden。
（LetterofJuly11，1799。）\"IdonotbelievethatthedifferentclassesofsocietyinFrancearemorecorruptthanelsewhere；butI
trustthatnopeoplemayeverberuledbyasimbecileandcruelscoundrelsasthosethathaveruledFrancesincetheadventofitsnewstateoffreedom……Thedregsofthepeople，stimulatedfromabovebysuddenandviolentexcitement，haveeverywherebroughttothesurfacethescumofimmorality。\"
[3]Fleury，\"Babeuf，\"139，150。—GranierdeCassagnac，\"HistoireduDirectoire，\"II。，24—170。—（TrialofBabeuf，passim。）TheabovequotationsarefromdocumentsseizedinBabeuf’shouse，alsofromaffidavitsmadebywitnesses，andespeciallybycaptainGrizel。
[4]Moniteur，sessionofSeptember5，1793。\"Sinceourvirtue，ourmoderation，ourphilosophicideas，areofnousetous，letusbebrigandsforthegoodofthepeople；letusbebrigands！\"
[5]Babeuf，\"LeTribunduPeuple，\"No。40。ApologiaforthemenofSeptember，\"whohaveonlybeenthepriests，thesacrificersofajustimmolationforpublicsecurity。IfanythingistoberegretteditisthatalargerandmoregeneralSecondofSeptemberdidnotsweepawayallstarversandalldespoilers。\"
[6]GranierdeCassagnac，II。，90。（DepositionofGrisel。）Rossignolsaid，\"Thatsnuff—boxisallIhaveleft，hereitissothatImayexist。\"—\"Massardownedapairofbootswhichhecouldnotcollectbecausehehadnomoneywithwhichtopaytheshoemaker。\"
[7]ArchivesNationales，Cf。31167。（ReportofRobin，Niv？se9。）:
\"ThewomenalwayshadadeliberativevoiceinthepopularassembliesofthePantheonsection，\"andinalltheotherclubstheyattendedthemeetings。
[8]Moniteur，XIX。，103。（MeetingoftheJacobinclub，Dec。28，1793。）Dubois—Crancéintroducesthefollowingquestiontoeachmemberwhoissubjectedtotheweeding—outvote:\"Whathaveyoudonethatwouldgetyouhungincaseofacounterrevolution？\"
[9]Ibid。，XVII。，410。（SpeechbyMaribon—Montaut，Jacobinclub，Brumaire21，yearII。）
[10]Dauban，\"Parisin1794，\"142。（PolicereportofVent？se13，yearII。）
[11]Morellet，\"Mémoires，\"II。449。
[12]Dauban，ib。，，35。（NotedrawnupinJanuary，1794，probablybythephysicianQuêvremontdeLamotte。）—Ibid。，82。—Cf。Morellet，II。，434—470。（Detailsontheissueofcertificatesofcivism，inSeptember，1793。）
[13]ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportbyLatour—Lamontagne，Vent？se1，yearII。）:\"Itisgivingtheseassociationstoomuchinfluence；itisdestroyingthejurisdictionofthegeneralassemblies（ofthesection。）Wefindaccordingly，thatthesearebeingdesertedandthattheplottersandintriguerssucceedinmakingpopularclubsthecentersofpublicbusinessinordertocontrolaffairsmoreeasily。\"
[14]Dauban，ibid。，203。（ReportbyBacon—Tacon，Ventose19。）\"InthegeneralassemblyoftheMaisonCommunesectionallcitizensofanyrankinthecompanieshavebeenweededout。Theslighteststainofincivism，theslightestnegligenceintheservice，causedtheirrejection。Outoftwenty—fivewhopassedcensorship—nineteenatleastwererejected……Mostofthemduetotheirtradesuchaseating—
housekeeper，shoe—maker，cook，carpenter，tailoretc。\"
[15]Ibid。，141。（ReportbyCharmont，Vent？se12。）—Ibid，140。
\"Thereisonlyoneway，itissaidattheCafédesGrandsHommes，ontheboulevard，tokeepfrombeingarrested，andthatistoschemeforadmissionintothecivilandrevolutionarycommitteeswhentherehappenstobeavacancy。Beforesalarieswereattachedtotheseplacesnobodywantedthem；sincethat，therearedisputesastowhoshallbeappointed。\"
[16]Ibid。，307。（ReportofGerminal7。）
[17]Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalRevolutionaire，\"IV。，129。
[18]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，46。（ActoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Prairial15。）:\"CitizensPillon，GousteandNé，membersoftheRevolutionarycommitteeoftheMaratsection，areremoved。
TheirdutieswillbeperformedbycitizensMartin，MajonandMirel。
Mauvielle，ruedelaLiberté，No。32，isappointedonthesaidRevolutionaryCommitteetocompleteit，asitwasonlycomposedofelevenmembers。\"—Andothersimilaracts。
[19]Duverger，decreeofFrimaire14，yearII。\"Theapplicationofrevolutionarylawsandmeasuresofgeneralsecurityandpublicsafetyisconfidedtothemunicipalitiesandrevolutionarycommittees。\"See，inchapterII。，theextentofthedomainthusdefined。Itembracesnearlyeverything。Itsufficestorunthroughtheregistersofafewoftherevolutionarycommittees，toverifythisenormouspowerandseehowtheyinterfereineverydetailofindividuallife[20]ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（Report，Niv？se1，yearII。，byLeharival。）
[21]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"307。（ReportofMarch29，1794。）Ithererelatestothe\"Piques\"Section，PlaceVendome。
[22]Dauban，ib。，308。（NotefoundamongDanton’spapersandprobablywrittenbythephysician，QuevremontdeLamotte。）
[23]Dauban，ib。，125。（ReportofBérard，Vent？se10。）InthewordsofawomanbelongingtotheBonne—Novellesection:\"Myhusbandhasbeeninprisonfourmonths。Andwhatfor？HewasoneofthefirstattheBastille；hehasalwaysrefusedplacessothatthegoodsans—
culottesmighthavethem，and，ifhehasmadeenemies，itwasbecausehewasunwillingtoseethesefilledbyignoramusesornew—comers，who，vociferatingandapparentlythirstingforblood，havecreatedabarrierofpartisansaroundthem。\"
[24]Dauban，ibid。，307。（ReportofMarch29，1794。）
[25]Ibid。，150。（ReportofVent？se14。）—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportsofNiv？se9and25。）:\"Agreatmanycitizensarefoundinthesectionswhoarecalledoutafterthemeeting，togetfortysous。Inoticethatmostofthemaremasons，andevenafewcoachdriversbelongingtothenation，whocandowithoutthenation’sindemnity，whichmerelyservesthemfordrinktomakethemverynoisy。\"—\"Thepeoplecomplain，becausethepersonstowhomthefortysousaregiven，toattendthesectionassembliesdonothingallday，beingabletoworkatdifferenttrades……andtheyrelayuponthesefortysous。\"
[26]Dauban，ibid。，312。（NotebyQuevremont。）—Moniteur，XVIII。，568，（Meetingofthecommune，Frimaire11，yearII。）:\"TheBeaurepairesectionadvertisesthatwishingtoputastoptothecupidityofthewine—dealersofthearrondissement，ithasputsealsonalltheircellars。\"
[27]Dauban，ibid。，345。（OrderofthedaybyHenriot，Floreal9。）
[28]Mallet—Dupan，II。，56。（March，1794。）
[29]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。，10。（SpeechbyBarbaroux，May14，1793。）
—ReportonthepapersfoundinRobespierre’sapartmentbyCourtois，285。（LetterbyCollotd’HerboisFrimaire3，yearII。，demandingthatParisJacobinsbesenttohimatLyons。）\"IfIcouldhaveaskedforouroldonesIshouldhavedone……buttheyarenecessaryatParis，almostallofthemhavingbeenmademayors。\"
[30]Meissner，\"VoyageàParis，\"（attheendof1795，）160。\"Personswhocanneitherreadnorwriteobtaintheplacesofaccountantsofmoreorlessimportance。\"？ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。
324。（DenunciationsofPiototheclub，againsthiscolleagues。）—
Dauban，ibid。，35。（NotebyQuevremont，Jan。，1794。）:\"Thehonestmanwhoknowshowtoworkcannotgetintotheministerialbureaux，especiallythoseoftheWarandNavydepartments，aswellasthoseoftheCommuneandoftheDepartments，withouthavingalumpinhisthroat。—OfficesaremostlyfilledbycreaturesoftheCommunewhoveryoftenhaveneithertalentnorintegrity。Again，thedenunciations，alwayswelcomed，howeverfrivolousandbaselesstheymaybe，turneverythingupsidedown。
[31]Moniteur，XXIV。，397（SpeechofDubois—CrancéintheConventionFloréal16，yearIII。）—ArchivesNationales，F。7，31167。（ReportbyRolin，Niv？se7，yearII。）\"ThesamecomplaintsareheardagainstthecivilCommissionersofthesection，mostofwhomareunintelligent，notevenknowinghowtoread。\"
[32]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（August，1793。）
\"Planadopted\"fortheorganizationofthePolice，\"exceptingexecutivemodifications。\"Infact，somemonthslater，thenumberofclaqueurs，maleandfemale，ismuchgreater，andfinallyreachesathousand。（Beaulieu，\"Essais，\"V。，l10。）—Thesameplancomprehendsfifteenagentsattwothousandfourhundredfrancs，\"selectedfromthefrequentersoftheclubs，\"torevisethedailymorninglists；thirtyatonethousandfrancs，forwatchingpopularclubs，andninetytotwelvehundredfrancsforwatchingthesectionassemblies。
[33]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4436。（LetterofBouchotte，Ministerofwar，Prairial5，yearII。）\"TheappointmentofRonsin，aswellasofallhisstaff，againexcitedpublicopinion。TheCommittee，toassureitself，sentthelisttotheJacobinclub，wheretheywereaccepted。\"—Ibid。，AF。，II。，58。\"Paris，BrumaireII，yearII。，cluboftheFriendsofLibertyandEquality，insessionattheformerJacobinclub，rueSt。Honoré。ListofthecitizenswhoaretosetoutforLyonsandactasnationalcommissioners。（Herefollowtheirnames。）Allthecitizensdesignatedhaveundergonetheinspectionofthesaidclub，atitsmeetingthisday。\"（HerefollowthesignaturesofthePresidentandthreesecretaries。）—\"JournaldesDébatsetCorrespondencedelaSociétédesJacobins，No。543，5thdayofthe3rdmonthoftheyearII。—InrelationtotheformationofanewCentralclub，\"Terrassonisofopinionthatthisclubmaybecomeliberticide，anddemandsacommitteetoexamineintoitandsecureitsextinction。
ThecommitteedemandedbyTerrassonisappointed。\"—Itisevidentthattheyholdonenergeticallytothismonopoly。—Cf。Moniteur，XIX。，637。（Vent？se13。）MotionadoptedintheJacobinclub，obligingtheministerstoturnoutofofficeanyindividualexcludedfromtheclub。
[34]Dauban，ibid。，307。（ReportofGerminal9。）
[35]Moniteur，XXII。353。（SessionofBrumaire20，yearIII。
ReclamationmadebyM。BélangeratthebaroftheConvention。）
[36]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，40。（ActspassedbytheCommitteeofPublicSafetyatthedatesindicated。）Beaulieu，\"Essais，\"v。，200。
（Ibid。）TheregistersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafetycontainanumberofsimilargratuitiespaidtoprovincialclubsandpatriots，forinstance，AF。，II。58，（Brumaire8），fiftythousandfrancstoLaplanche，and，（Brumaire9），fiftythousandfrancstoCouthon，\"tomaintainpublicspiritinCalvados，torevivepublicspiritinLyons，toaid，asrequired，thelesssuccessfulpatriotswhozealouslydevotetheirtimetotheserviceoftheircountry。\"
[37]Dauban，ibid。，171，（reportofVent？se17），and243，（reportofVent？se25），onthecivil—committeesandrevolutionarycommittees，whoordermeatservedtothembeforeservingittothesick，andwholikewiseservethegoodfriendsoftheirwives。？Ibid。，146。（ReportofVent？se10。）……ArchivesNationalesF。7，2475。（RegisterofthedeliberationsoftherevolutionarycommitteeofthePiquessections，Brumaire27，yearII。）\"TheCommitteeordersthatthetwo—
horsecabbelongingtoLemarchebehenceforthattheserviceofthesectionandoftheCommitteewhenmeasuresofsecurityareconcerned。\"
Inthisregister，andothersofthesameseries，weclearlyseetheinsideofacommitteeanditsvastdespotism。Styleandorthography，withalmostall，areofthesameloworder。
[38]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（ReportofAug。21
and22，1793。）\"GeneralHenriotsentmeseveral……whomadeuseoftheauthorityoftheCommitteeofPublicSafetyandGeneralSecurity，aswellasofthatwhichhedelegatedtome，tomakedomiciliaryvisitsatthehousesofindividualswhowerenotassuredpatriots；butthatdidnotwarranttheirreceivingmoneyandevenabstractingit。\"
[39]Dauban，ibid。，36and48。（CaseoftheNotary，Brichard。）
[40]Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"II。，302，303。—Mercier，\"ParispendantlaRevolution，\"I。，151。—Moniteur，XVIII。，660。（SessionofFrimaire24，speechbyLecomtreintheConvention。）—Onrobberiesandthebribespaid，see，amongotherdocuments，\"MémoiressurlesPrisons，\"I。，290。（EightythousandfrancsofbribesgiventotheheadofthepoliceforcebyPerisial，keeperofaneating—house，fortheprivilegeoffeedingprisonersinSt。Lazare。）
[41]BuchezetRoux，XXXV。，77。（TrialofFouquier—Tinville。）
TestimonyofRobillard:\"Anotherday，inthegeneralassembly，hestruckacitizenwithhissaber。\"
[42]BuchezetRoux，XXXV。，407。（ListsinRobespierre’shandwriting。）
[43]MiotdeMelito，\"Mémoires，\"I。，46—51。—BuchotisnottheonlyoneofhisspeciesintheministryofForeignAffairs。Inthearchivesofthisministry，vol。324，maybefoundthesayingsanddoingsofacertainPio，anItalianrefugeewhoslippedintotheplace，simulatingpoverty，anddisplayingpatriotism，andwhodenounceshischiefandcolleagues。—Theex—notaryPigeot，condemnedtotwentyyearsinironsandputinthepillory，Frimaire9，yearIII。，willcometothesurface；heisencounteredundertheDirectoryasintroducerofambassadors。—ConcerningoneoftheenvoysoftheDirectorytoSwitzerland，hereisanoteb~Mallet—Dupan。（\"Anecdotesmanuscrites，\"October，1797。）\"TheDirectonalambassador，whohascometoexactfromtheSwisstheexpulsionofthebody—guard，isnamedMingot，ofBelfort，arelationofReubell’s，formerbody—guardtoM。
leComted’Artois。—HecametoZurichwithaprostitute，aseamstressofZurich，establishedinBerne。HewaslivingwithherattheexpenseoftheZurichgovernment。Havinginvitedthefamilyofthiscreature，thatistosayacommonhorse—driverwithhiswifeandsomeotherpersons，todinner，theydrankandcommittedsuchexcessesthatthedriver’swife，whowasbigwithchild，gavebirthtoitinthemidstofthebanquet。ThiscreaturegaveMingotadiseasewhichhaslaidhimupatBasle。\"
[44]\"TheRevolution，\"II。，338，348，354。
[45]Martel，\"TypesRévolutionnaires，\"136—144。—TheMinisterofWarappointsHenriotbrigadier—general，July3，1793，andmajor—generalonthe19thofSeptember，andsaysinapostscript，\"Pleasecommunicateyourservicerecordtome，\"unknownintheministrybecausetheywereofnoaccount。—OntheorgiesatChoisy—sur—Seine，V。（Archives，W2，500—501），seeinvestigationofThermidor18and19，yearII。，madeatBoisy—sur—SeinebyBlache，agentofthecommitteeofGeneralSecurity。Boulanger，brigadier—general，andHenriot’sfirstlieutenant，wasanex—companionjeweller。
[46]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。OrdersofthedaybyHenriot，September16，Vendémiaire29，yearII。，andBrumaire19，yearII。ManyoftheseordersofthedayarepublishedinDauban，（\"Parisen1794\"），p。33。\"Letourenemiespileuptheirproperty，buildhousesandpalaces，letthemhavethem，whatdowecare，werepublicans，wedonotwantthem！Allweneedtoshelterusisacabin，andasforwealth，simplythehabits，thevirtuesandtheloveofourcountry。Headquarters，etc。\"—P。43:\"YesterdayeveningafirebrokeoutintheGrandAugustins……Everybodyworkedatitanditwasputoutinaveryshorttime。Undertheancientregimethefirewouldhavelastedfordays。Underthesystemoffreementhefirelastedonlyanhour。Whatadifference！……Headquarters，etc[47]Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionnairedeParis，\"V。252，420。（NamesandqualificationsofthemembersoftheCommuneofParis，guillotinedThermidor10and11。）TheprofessionsandqualificationsofsomeofitsmembersaregiveninLymery’sBiographicalDictionary，inMorellet’sMemoirsandinArnault’sSouvenirs。？？Moniteur？？XVI。，719。（VerdictsoftheRevolutionaryTribunal，Fructidor15，yearII。）Forty—threemembersofthecivilorrevolutionarycommittees，sectionalcommissioners，officersoftheNationalGuardandofthecannoneers，signedthelistofthecouncil—
generalofthecommuneaspresentonthe9thofThermidorandareputontrialasRobespierre’sadherents。Buttheypromptlywithdrewtheirsignatures，allbeingacquittedexceptone。TheyareleadersintheJacobinquarterandareofthesamesortaridconditionastheirbrethrenoftheH？tel—de—ville。Oneonly，anex—collectorofrentes，mayhavehadaneducation；therestarecarpenters，floor—tilers，shoemakers，tailors，wine—dealers，eating—housekeepers，cartmen，bakers，hair—dressers，andjoiners。Amongthemwefindoneex—stone—
cutter，oneex—officerunner，oneex—domesticandtwosonsofSamsontheexecutioner。
[48]Morellet，\"Mémoires，\"I。，436—472。
[49]OntheascendancyofthetalkersofthisclassseeDauban（\"Parisen1794，\"pp。118—143）。Detailsonanall—powerfulclothes—dealerintheLombardsSection。IfwemaybelievethefemalecitizensoftheAssembly\"hesaideverywherethatwhoeverwasdisagreeabletohimshouldbeturnedoutofthepopularclub。\"（Vent？se13，yearII。）
[50]Arnault，\"Souvenirsd’unSexagénaire，\"III。，111。Detailsonanothermemberofthecommune，Bergot，ex—employeeattheHalle—aux—
Cuirsandpoliceadministrator，maybefoundin\"MémoiresdesPrisons，\"I。，232，239，246，289，290。Nobodytreatedtheprisonersmorebrutally，whoprotestedagainstthefoulfoodservedouttothem，thanhe。\"Itistoogoodforbastardswhoaregoingtobeguillotined。\"……\"Hegotdrunkwiththeturnkeysandwiththecommissionersthemselves。Onedayhestaggeredinwalking，andspokeonlyinhiccoughs:hewouldgointhatcondition。Thehouse—guardrefusedtorecognizehim；hewasarrested\"andtheconciergehadtorepeatherdeclarationstomaketheofficerofthepost\"giveupthehog。\"
[51]\"MémoiressurlesPrisons，\"I。，211。（\"TableauHistoriquedeSt。Lazare。\"）ThenarratorisputintoprisonintheruedeSèvresinOctober，1793。—II。，186。（\"AnhistoricalaccountofthejailintheruedeSèvres。\"）ThenarratorwasconfinedthereduringthelastmonthsoftheReignofTerror。
[52]Agameofchance。
[53]\"UnSéjourenFrancede1792à1795，\"281。\"WehadanappointmentintheafternoonwithapersonemployedbythecommitteeonNationalDomains；hewastohelpmyfriendwithherclaims。ThismanwasoriginallyavalettotheMarquise’sbrother；ontheoutbreakoftheRevolutionhesetupashop，failedandbecamearabidJacobin，and，atlast，memberofarevolutionarycommittee。Assuch，hefoundaway……tointimidatehiscreditorsandobtaintwodischargesofhisindebtednesswithouttakingtheleasttroubletopayhisdebts。\"……\"Iknowanoldladywhowaskeptinprisonthreemonthsforhavingdemandedfromoneofthesepatriotsthreehundredlivreswhichheowedher。\"（June3，1795。）\"IhavegenerallynoticedthattherepublicansareeitherofthekindIhavejustindicated，coffee—housewaiters，jockeys，gamblers，bankrupts，andlowscribblers，ormanuallaborersmoreearnestintheirprinciples，moreignorantandmorebrutal，allspendingwhattheyhaveearnedinvulgarindulgence。\"
[54]Schmidt，\"TableauxHistoriquesdelaRevolutionFran？aise，\"II。，248，249。（Agent’sreports，Frimaire8，year111。）\"TheprosecutionofCarrierisapprovedbythepublic，likewisethecondemnationoftheformerrevolutionarycommitteecalledthe\"BonnetRouge。\"Tenofitsmembersarecondemnedtotwentyyearsinirons。Thepublicisoverjoyed。\"—Ibid。，（Frimaire9），\"ThepeoplerushedincrowdstothesquareoftheoldcommunebuildingtoseethemembersoftheformerrevolutionarycommitteeoftheBonnet—Rougesections，whoremainedseatedonthebenchuntilsixo’clock，inthelightofflambeaux。
Theyhadtoputupwithmanyreproachesandmuchhumiliation。\"—\"UnSejourenFrance，\"286，（June6，1795）。\"Ihavejustbeeninterruptedbyaloudnoiseandcriesundermywindow；IheardthenamesScipioandSolondistinctlypronouncedinajeeringandinsultingtoneofvoice。IsentAngeliquetoseewhatwasthematterandshetellsmethatitisacrowdofchildrenfollowingashoemakeroftheneighborhoodwhowasmemberofarevolutionarycommittee……andhadcalledhimselfScipioSolon。AshehadbeencaughtinseveraleffortsatstealinghecouldnolongerleavehisshopwithoutbeingreviledforhisrobberiesandhootedatunderhisGreekandRomannames。\"
[55]Barère，\"Mémoires，\"II。，324。
[56]Montieur，XXII。，742。（ReportbyCambon，Frimaire6，yearII。）？？Ibid。，22。—ReportbyLindet，September20，1794）:\"Thelandandnavyforces，warandotherservices，depriveagriculturalpursuitsandotherprofessionsofmorethanonemillionfivehundredthousandcitizens。ItwouldcosttheRepubliclesstosupportsixmillionmeninallthecommunes。\"—\"LeDepartementdesAffairesétrangères，\"byFr。Masson，382。（Accordingto\"Parisàlafindudix—huitiemesiecle，\"byPujoulx，yearIX。）:\"AtParisalonetherearemorethanthirtythousand（government）clerks；sixthousandatthemostdothenecessarywriting；therestcutawayquills，consumeinkandblackenpaper。Inoldtimes，thereweretoomanyclerksinthebureauxrelativelytothework；now，therearethreetimesasmany，andtherearesomewhothinkthattherearenotenough。\"
[57]\"SouvenirsdeM。Hua，\"aparliamentaryadvocate，p。96。（AveryaccuratepictureofthesmalltownCoucy—le—Chateau，inAisne，from1792to1794。）—\"ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，\"vol。334。（Letteroftheagents，Thionville，Vent？se24，yearII。）ThedistrictofThionvilleisverypatriotic，submitstothemaximumandrequisitions，butnottothelawsprohibitingoutsideworshipandreligiousassemblies。\"TheapostlesofReasonpreachedinvaintothepeople，tellingthemthat，uptothistime，theyhadbeendeceivedandthatnowwasthetimetothrowofftheyokeofprejudice:’wearewillingtobelievethat，thusfar，wehavebeendeceived，butwhowillguaranteeusthatyouwillnotdeceiveusinyourturn？’\"
[58]Lagros:\"LaRévolutiontellequ’elleest。\"（UnpublishedcorrespondenceofthecommitteeofPublicSafety，I。，366。LetterofPrieurdelaMarne。）\"Ingeneral，thetownsarepatriotic；buttheruraldistrictsareahundredleaguesremovedfromtheRevolution……GreateffortswillbenecessarytobringthemuptotheleveloftheRevolution。\"
[59]Accordingtothestatisticsof1866（publishedin1869）adistrictofonethousandsquarekilometrescontainsonanaverage，thirty—threecommunesabovefivehundredsouls，twenty—threefromfivehundredtoonethousand，seventeenbourgsandsmalltownsfromonethousandtofivethousand，andoneaveragetown，orverylargeone，aboutfivethousand。Takingintoaccountthechangesthathavetakenplaceinseventyyears，onemayjudgefromthesefiguresofthedistributionofthepopulationin1793。Thisdistributionexplainswhy，insteadofforty—fivethousandrevolutionarycommittees，therewereonlytwenty—onethousandfivehundred。
[60]\"SouvenirsdesM。Hua，\"179。\"Thiscountry（Coucy—le—Chateau）
protectedbyitsbadroadsandstillmorebyitsnullity，belongedtothatsmallnumberinwhichtherevolutionaryturmoilwasleastfelt。\"
[61]AmongotherdocumentsofuseincomposingthispictureImustcite，asfirstinimportance，thefivefilescontainingallthedocumentsreferringtothemissionoftherepresentativeAlbert，inAisneandMarne。（Vent？seandGerminal，yearIII。）Nowheredowefindmoreprecisedetailsofthesentimentsofthepeasant，ofthecommonlaborerandofthelowerbourgeoisfrom1792to1795。（ArchivesNationales，D。§§2to5。）
[62]Daubari，\"LaDemagogieen1793，\"XII。（Theexpressionofanoldpeasant，nearSaint—émilion，toM。VatelengagedincollectinginformationonthelastdaysofPetion，GuadetandBuzot。）
[63]ArchivesNationales，D。§I。，5。（PetitionofClaudeDefert，miller，andnationalagentofTurgy。）Numbersofmayors，municipalofficers，nationalagents，administratorsandnotablesofdistrictsanddepartmentssolicitsuccessors，andAlbertcompelsmanyofthemtoremaininoffice。—（JointletteroftheentiremunicipalityofLandreville；letterofCharles，stone—cutter，mayorofTrannes；ClaudeDefert，miller，nationalagentofTurgy；ofElegny，meat—dealer；ofawine—grower；municipalofficialatMerrex，etc。）Thelatterwrites:
\"TheRepublicisgreatandgenerous；itdoesnotdesirethatitschildrenshouldruinthemselvesinattendingtoitsaffairs；onthecontrary，itsobjectistogivesalaried（emolumentaires）placestothosewhohavenothingtoliveon。—Another，Mageure，appointedmayorofBar—sur—Seinewrites，Pluvi？se29，yearIII。:\"Ilearnedyesterdaythatsomepersonsofthiscommunitywouldliketoprocureformetheinsidiousgiftofthemayoralty，\"andhebegsAlberttoturnasidethiscup。
[64]\"SouvenirsdeM。Hua，\"178—205。\"M。P……，mayorofCrépy—au—
Mont，knewhowtorestrainsomelowfellowswhowouldhavebeenonlytoogladtorevolutionizehisvillage……Andyethewasarepublican……Oneday，speakingoftherevolutionarysystem，hesaid:’Theyalwayssaythatitwillnotholdon；meanwhile，itstickslikelice。’\"—\"AgeneralassemblyoftheinhabitantsofCoucyanditsoutskirtswasheld，inwhicheverybodywasobligedtoundergoanexamination，statinghisname，residence，birth—place，presentoccupation，andwhathehaddoneduringtheRevolution。\"HuaavoidstellingthathehadbeenarepresentativeintheLegislativeAssembly，arecognizedfactintheneighborhood:\"Notavoicewasraisedtocompromiseme。\"—Ibid。，183。（ReplyoftheCoucyRevolutionaryCommitteetothatofMeaux。）
[65]\"Frochot，\"byLouisPassy，175。（LetterofPajot，memberoftheRevolutionarycommitteeofTroyes，Vendémiaire，yearIII。）—ArchivesNationales，F。7，4421。（RegisteroftheRevolutionarycommitteeofTroyes。）Brumaire27，yearII。Incarcerationofvarioussuspects，amongothersof\"Lerouge，formerlawyer，undersuspicionofhavingconstantlyandobstinatelyrefusedrevolutionaryoffices。\"Also，apersonnamedCorps，for\"havingrefusedthepresidencyofthedistricttribunalatthetimeofitsorganization，underthepretextofconsultingtheChambredesComptes；alsoforbeingthefriendofsuspects，andforhavingacceptedofficeonlyaftertheRevolutionhadassumedanimposingcharacter。\"
[66]MarcelinBoudet，\"Lesconventionnelsd’Auvergne，\"161。
（JustificationofEtienneBonarmé，thelastmonthsof1794。）
[67]Pans，\"HistoiredeJosephLebon，\"II。，92。（DeclarationbyGuérard，lawyer，appointedjudgeatCambrai，bytheCambraiRevolutionarycommittee。）—Ibid。，54。（DeclarationbyLemerre，appointedjurymanwithouthisknowledge，intheCambraicourt。）\"Whatwasmysurprise，I，whoneverwasonajuryinmylife！Thesummonswasbroughttomeataquartertoeleven（àonzeheurmoinuncar—
specimenoftheorthography）andIhadtogoatelevenwithouthavingtimetosaygood—bytomyfamily。\"
[68]ReportbyCourtoisonthepapersfoundinRobespierre’sdomicile，370。（LetterofMaignettoPayan，administratorofthedepartmentofDr？me，Germinal20，yearII。）\"Youknowthedearthofsubjectshere……Givemethenamesofadozenoutspokenrepublicans……Ifyoucannotfindtheminthisdepartment（Vaucluse）huntforthemeitherintheDr？meortheIsère，orinanyother。Ishouldlikethoseadaptedtoarevolutionarytribunal。Ishouldevenlike，incaseofnecessity，tohavesomethatarequalifiedtoactasnationalagents。\"
[69]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vols。322to334，and1409to1411。—TheseagentsresideinN？mes，Marseilles，Toulouse，Tarbes，Bordeaux，Auch，Rochefort，Brest，Bergues，Givet，Metz，Thionville，Strasbourg，Colmar，BelfortandGrenoble，andoftenbetakethemselvestotownsinthevicinity。—ThefullestreportsarethoseofChepy，atGrenoble，whosecorrespondenceisworthyofpublication；althoughanultraJacobin，hewasbroughtbeforetherevolutionaryTribunalasamoderate，inVent？se，yearII。Havingsurvived（theRevolution）hebecameundertheEmpireageneralcommissaryofPoliceatBrest。
AlmostallofthemareveritableJacobins，absolutistatbottom，andtheybecameexcellentdespotictools。
[70]BuchezetRoux，XXX。，425。—Twenty—fourcommissioners，drawnbylotfromtheJacobinsofParis，areassociatedwithCollotd’Herbois。
Oneofthem，Marino，becomespresidentofthetemporaryCommitteeofSurveillance，atLyons。Another，Parrien，ismadepresidentoftheRevolutionaryCommittee。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，59。
（DeliberationsintheParisJacobinclub，appointingthreeoftheirnumbertogotoTonnerreandrequesttheCommitteeofPublicSafety\"togivethemthenecessarypower，touseitascircumstancesmayrequire，forthebestgoodoftheRepublic。\"Frimaire6，yearII。）—
OrderoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，allowingtwothousandfrancstothesaidpartiesfortheirtravelingexpenses。\"—ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。333。TheagentssenttoMarseillesaffixtheirsignatures，\"sans—culottes，ofParis，\"andoneofthem，Brutus，becomespresidentoftheMarseillesrevolutionarytribunal。
[71]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，49。PapersrelatingtotherevolutionarytaxofBelfort，givingalltheamountsandnames。
（Brumaire30，yearII。）Hereistheformula:\"citizenX……（maleorfemale）willpayinonehourthesumof——，underpenaltyofbeingconsideredsuspectandtreatedassuch。\"—\"RecueildesPiècesAuthentiquesconcernantlaRévolutionàStrasbourg，\"I。，128，187。
（ExpressionsoftherepresentativeBaudotinaletterdatedBrumaire29，yearII。）
[72]ArchivesNationales:theactsandlettersoftherepresentativesonmissionareclassedbydepartments。—Onthedelegatesoftherepresentativesonmission，Iwillcitebutonetext。（ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。333，letterofGarrigues，Auch，Pluvi？se24，yearII。）:\"AdelegateofDartigoytegoestol’Isleand，inthepopularclub，wantsthecuréoftheplacetogetridofhispriestlyattributes。Themananswers，sotheytellme，thathewouldcheerfullyabstainfromhisduties，butthat，if，inadditiontothis，theyusedforcehewouldappealtotheconvention，whichhadnoideaofinterferingwithfreedomofopinion。’Verywell，’repliedDartigoyteemissary，’Iappealtoagendarme，’andheatonceorderedhisarrest。\"
[73]Lallier，\"UnecommissionD’énqueteetdePropagande，\"p。7。（Itiscomposedoftwelvemembers，selectedbytheclubofNantes，whooverrunthedistrictofAncenis，sixthousandfrancsoffeesbeingallowedit。）—Babeau，II。，280。（Dispatchofsixtycommissioners，eachatsixfrancsadaybytheTroyesadministration，toascertainthestateofthesuppliesonhand，Prairial，yearII。）
[74]Forexample，atBordeauxandatTroyes。—ArchivesNationalesF7，4421。RegisteroftheRevolutionarycommitteeofTroyes，fol。
164。TwomembersofthecommitteetraveltothecommuneofLusigny，dismissthemayorandjustice，andappointintheplaceofthelatter\"theformercuréofthecountry，who，sometimeago，abjuredsacerdotalfanaticism。\"—ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。332。
（LetterofDesgranges，Bordeaux，Brumaire15，yearII。）Therepresentativeshavejustinstituted\"arevolutionarycommitteeofsurveillancecomposedoftwelvemembers，selectedwiththegreatestcircumspection。Allthecommitteesestablishedinthedepartmentareobligedtocorrespondwithit，andfulfillitsrequisitions。\"
[75]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II，58。（LetterofJavoguestoCollotd’Herbois，Brumaire28，yearII。）
[76]\"RecueildesPiècesAuthentiques，\"etc。，I。，195。（ActspassedJan。21，1793。）
[77]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。326。（LettersfromBrutus，September24；fromTopino—Lebrun，jr。，September25andOctober6，1793。—Vol。330。LettersfromBrutus，Niv？se6，yearII。）Thecharacteroftheagentisoftenindicatedorthographically。
Forexample，vol。334，letterfromGalon—Boyer，Brumaire18，yearII。
\"Thepublicspiritisgenerallybad。Thosewhoclaimtobepatriotsknownorestraint。Therestarelethargicandfederalismappearsinnate。\"
[78]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（LetterofHaupt，Brumaire26，yearII。）—Vol。333。（LetterofBlessmanandHaüser，Pluvi？se4，yearII。）
[79]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。333。（LetterofChartresandofCaillard，CornmuneAifranchie，Niv？se21。）—Vol。331。
（LettersofDesgranges，atBordeaux，Brumaire8andFrimaire3。）\"Theofferingsinplateandcoinmultiplyindefinitely；allgoesright。
Thecourt—martialhascondemnedDudontodeath，sonoftheex—
procureur—généralintheformerparliamentatBordeaux，Roullat，procureur—syndicofthedepartment，Sallenave，merchant。Theseexecutionsexcitesympathy，butnobodymurmurs。\"
[80]Ibid。，vol。333。（LetterofCuny，sr。，Niv？se20。）Vols。331，332。（LettersofChepy，passim，andespeciallythosedatedFrimaireII。）—Vol。329。（LetterofChépy，August24，1793。）\"AtAnnecy，thewomenhavecutdowntheliberty—poleandburntthearchivesoftheclubandofthecommune。AtChambéry，thepeoplewantedtodothesamething。\"—Ibid。（September18，1793。）\"TheinhabitantsaroundMontBlancshowneitherspiritnorcourage；thetruthis，ananti—
revolutionaryspiritanimatesallminds。\"—Ibid。（LetterofAugust8，1793。）\"NotonlyhavethecitizensofGrenoble，whoweredrawnbylot，notsetoutontheexpeditiontoLyons，but，evenofthosewhohaveobeyedthelaws，severalhavereturnedwiththeirarmsandbaggage。NocommunebetweenSt。LaurentandLyonswouldmarch。Theruralmunicipalities，badlytaintedwiththefederalmalady，venturedtogivethetroopsverybadquarters，especiallythosewhohadbeendrafted。\"
[81]Ibid。（LetterofCuny，jr。，Brest，Brumaire6。）\"Thereare，ingeneral，veryfewpatriotsatBrest；theinhabitantsarenearlyallmoderates。\"—（LetterofGadolle，Dunkirk，July26，1793。）—（LetterofSimon，Metz，Niv？se，yearII。）\"Yesterday，onthenewsofthecaptureofToulonbeingannouncedinthetheatre，……Inoticedthatonlyaboutone—thirdofthespectatorsgavewaytopatrioticenthusiasm；theothertwo—thirdsremainedcold，orputonalongface。\"
[82]Ibid。（LetterofHaupt，Belfort，September1，1793。）
[83]ReportbyCourtoisonthepapersfoundinRobespierre’sdomicile，p。274。（LetterofDarthé，Vent？se29，yearII。）
[84]\"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，\"bycitizenPescayre（publishedinyearIII。），p。101。
[85]ArchivesNationales，F。7，4421。（RegisteroftheRevolutionaryCommittee，establishedatTroyes，BrumaireII，yearII。）—AlbertBabeau，vol。II。，passim。—ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。
332，Chépy（letter，Brumaire6，Grenoble）。\"Thesectionshadappointedsevencommitteesofsurveillance。Althoughweededoutbytheclub，theyneverthelessalarmedthesans—culottes……
RepresentativePetit—Jeanhasissuedanorder，directingthatthereshallbebutonecommitteeatGrenoblecomposedoftwenty—onemembers。
Thismeasureisexcellentandensuresthetriumphofsans—culotteism。\"
—ArchivesNationales，F。7，4434。（LetterofPérrieutoBrissot，Bordeaux，March9，1793。）BeforeJune2，thenationalclub\"ofBordeaux，composedofMaratists，didnotcomprisemorethaneightortenindividualsatmost。\"—Moniteur，XXII。，133。（SpeechbyThibeaudeauonthepopularclubofPoitiers，VendémiaireII，yearIII。）—Ibid。（SessionofBrumaire5，yearIII。，letterofCalès，andsessionofBrumaire17，yearIII。，reportbyCalès。）\"ThepopularclubofDijonmadeallneighboringadministrativebodies，citizensanddistrictstremble。Allweresubjecttoitslaws，andthreeorfourmeninitmadethem。Thisclubandthemunicipalitywereonebody。\"
\"TheTerrorpartydoesnotexisthere，or，ifitdoesexist，itdoesnotamounttomuch:outoftwentythousandinhabitantstherearenotsixwhocanlegitimatelybesuspectedofbelongingtoit。\"
[86]Baroly，\"LesJacobinsDemasqués，\"（IV。8vo。，of8pp。，yearII）。
\"TheJacobinclub，withitsfourhundredactivemembersatParis，andthefourthousandothersintheprovinces，notlessdevoted，representthelivingforceoftheRevolution。\"
[87]ArchivesNationales，D。§I。，10。（OrdersofrepresentativesDelacroix，Louchet，andLegendre，Niv？se12，yearII。）\"OnthepetitionoftheCommitteeofSurveillanceofEvreux，whichsetsforththatallitsmembersarewithoutmeans，andthatitwillbeimpossibleforthemtocontinuetheirdutiessincetheyarewithoutresourcesforsupportingtheirfamilies，\"therepresentativesallowthreeofthemtwohundredandseventyfrancseach，andafourthonehundredandeightyfrancs，asagratuity（outsideofthethreefrancsaday。）
[88]Ibid。AF。，II。，111。（OrderofAlbitteandLaPorte，Prairial18，yearII。）
[89]AlbertBabeau，II。，154—157。—Moniteur，XXII。425。（SessionofBrumaire13，yearIII。SpeechbyCambon。）\"Agovernmentwasorganizedinwhichsurveillancealonecost591millionsperannum。
Everymanwhotilledthegroundorworkedinashop，atonceabandonedhispursuitforaplaceontheRevolutionaryCommittees……wherehegotfivefrancsaday。\"
[90]\"TableaudesPrisonsdeToulouse，\"bycitizenPescare，162，166，435。
[91]BerryatSaint—Prix，\"LaJusticeRévolutionaire，\"（secondedition）
p。XIX。—Ibid。，XIV。AtRochefortthereisontherevolutionarytribunalamason，ashoemaker，acaulker，andacook；atBordeaux，onthemilitarycommission，anactor，awine—clerk，adruggist，abaker，ajourneyman—gilder，andlater，acooperandaleather—dresser。
[92]Iheardtheseexpressionsduringmyconversationswitholdpeasants。—ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，111。（OrderoftheRepresentativeIchon，Messidor18，yearII。）\"ThepopularclubofChinonwillbeimmediatelyregenerated。Citizens（Iomittheirnames），thefollowingshowingtheiroccupations:shoemaker，policeman。
sabot—maker，cooper，carter，shoemaker，joiner，butchercarpenterandmason，willformthecommitteewhichistodotheweeding—outandchoosesuccessorsamongthosethatoffertobecomemembersoftheclub。\"？Ibid。，D。，§I，10。（OrdersoftheRepresentativesDelacroix，LouchetandLegendre，onmissioninthedepartmentofSeine—Inférieureforthepurposeofremoving，atConchez，theentireadministration，andforformingthereanewrevolutionarycommittee，withfullpowers，Frimaire9，yearII。）Themembersofthecommittee，thenatureofwhichisindicated，aretwocoopers，onegardener，twocarpenters，onemerchant，acoach—driverandatailor。（Onefindsinthearchives，inthecorrespondenceoftherepresentatives，plentyofordersappointingauthoritiesofthesamesort。）
[93]AlbertBabeau，II。，296。
[94]TheFrenchtextreads:\"SaprofessionestfamedePaillot—
Montabert；sonrevenuestvivredesesrevenus；cesrelationsond’unefamenousnyportonspointd’atantion；cesopignonsnouslesprésumonssemblableàceuxdesonmary。\"
[95]ArchivesNationales，F7，4421。OrderoftheCommitteeofSurveillanceofthethirdsectionofTroyes，refusingciviccertificatestoseventy—twopersons，orsendingthembeforethecentralcommitteeas\"marchandsd’argant，aristocrate，douteux，modére，intrigant，egoistefanatique。Faitetaretéparnous，membreduComité。—Ib。，MémoiredesCommissairesdela5eseiscionditedelaliberténomméparlecitoyendeBaris（Paris）pourfairelesvisitedel’argenterichélescitoyensdelalistefaitparlescitoyensDiotetBaillyetJaquinsavoirdepencedu13et14et15Frimairepourleurnourituredutroyesjourmonteà24fr。
[96]AlbertBabeau，II。，154。
[97]ArchivesNationales，D。，§I，5。（MissionofRepresentativeAlbert，inAubeandinMarne。）—Thesenotesaremadeonthespot，withathoroughknowledgeofthesituation，byzealousrepublicanswhoarenotwithoutcommon—senseandofaveragehonesty，（chieflyinPluvi？seandVent？se，yearIII）。—LetterofAlberttothedirectoriesofthetwodepartments，Prairial3，yearII。\"Iamsatisfied，duringthecourseofmymission，ofthenecessityofreorganizingthemunicipalitiesthroughoutbothdepartments。\"
[98]Ibid。OrdersofAlbert，Vent？se5，andPluvi？se29，yearIII。，reorganizingthecourtsandadministrationsinthedistrictsofErvy，ArcisandNogent—sur—Seine，withatabularstatementofthenamesofthoseremovedandthereasonsforsodoing。
[99]PetitionofJeanNicolasAntoine，formermemberoftheDirectoryofthedistrictofTroyesfortwenty—eightmonths。（Ventose9，yearIII。）ShutupinTroyes，heaskspermissiontogotoParis，\"IhaveasmalllotofgoodswhichitisnecessaryformetosellinParis。ItismynativetownandIknowmorepeopletherethananywhereelse。\"—
Ibid。InformationfurnishedonAntoinebytheConseil—generaloftheCommuneofTroyes。