[27]Moniteur，XX。，544。AftertheeffortofL’AdmiralagainstCollotd’Herbois，thelatterappearsinthetribune。\"Theloudestapplausegreetshimfromallsidesofthehouse。\"—Ibid。，XXI。，173。
（Messidor21。）OnthereportofBarèrewhopraisestheconductofJosephLebon，criticizingnothingbut\"somewhatharshformalities，\"adecreeispassedtotheorderoftheday，whichis\"adoptedunanimouslywithgreatapplause。\"
[28]Moniteur，XX。，698，715，716，719。（Prairial22and24。）AfterthespeechesofRobespierreandCouthon\"Loudandrenewedapplause；
theplauditsbeginoveragainandareprolonged。\"Couthon，havingdeclaredthattheCommitteeofPublicSafetywasreadytoresign，\"onallsidestherewerecriesofNo，No。\"—Ibid。，XXI。，268。（Thermidor2。）EulogyoftherevolutionarygovernmentbyBarèreanddecreeofthepolice\"unanimouslyadoptedamidsttheloudestapplause。\"
[29]Moniteur，XXI。，329。
[30]Lafayette，\"Mémoires，\"IV。，330。\"Atlastcamethe9thofThermidor。Itwasnotduetopeopleofcommonsense。Theirterrorwassogreatthatanestimabledeputy，towhomoneofhiscolleaguesputthequestion，nowitnessbeingpresent，’howlongmustweendurethistyranny？’wasupsetbyittosuchadegreeastodenouncehim。\"
[31]Sainte—Beuve，\"CauseriesduLundi，\"V。，209。（Siéyès’
unpublishedpapers。）—Moniteur，XVIII。，631，containinganexampleofboththeterrorandstyleofthemosteminentmen，amongothersofFourcroythecelebratedchemist，thendeputy，andlater，CounselorofStateandMinisterofPublicInstruction。HeisaccusedintheJacobinClub，Brumaire18，yearII。，ofnotaddressingtheConventionoftenenough，towhichhereplies:\"Aftertwentyyears’devotiontothepracticeofmedicineIhavesucceededinsupportingmysans—
culottefatherandmysans—culottessisters……AstothechargemadebyamemberthatIhavegivenmostofmytimetoscience……IhaveattendedtheLycéedesArtsbutthreetimes，andthenonlyforthepurposeofsans—culotteisingit。\"
[32]Michelet，（1798—1874），\"HistoiredelaRévolution，\"V。，prefaceXXX（3rded。）。\"WhenIwasyoungandlookingforajob，IwasreferredtoanesteemedReview，toawell—knownphilanthropist，devotedtoeducation，tothepeople，andtothewelfareofhumanity。
Ifoundaverysmallmanofamelancholic，mildandtameaspect。Wewereinfrontofthefire，onwhichhefixedhiseyeswithoutlookingatme。Hetalkedalongtime，inadidactic，monotonoustoneofvoice。Ifeltillateaseandsickatheart，andgotawayassoonasIcould。Itwasthislittleman，Iafterwardslearned，whohunteddowntheGirondists，andhadthemguillotined，andwhichheaccomplishedattheageoftwenty。\"—Thisman’snamewasJuliendelaDr？me。I（Taine）sawhimoncewhenquiteyoung。Heiswellknown；
first，throughhiscorrespondence，andnext，byhismother’sdiary。
（\"Journald’unebourgeoisependantlaRevolution，\"ed。Locroy。）—WehaveasketchofDavid（\"LaDemagogieàParisen1793，\"byDauban，afac—simileatthebeginningofthevolume），representingQueenMarieAntoinetteledtoexecution。MadameJulienwasatawindowalongwithDavidlookingatthefuneralconvoy，whilsthemadethedrawing。—
MadameJulienwritesinher\"Journal，\"September3，1792:\"Toattainthisendwemustwillthemeans。Nobarbaroushumanity！Thepeoplearearoused，thepeopleareavengingthecrimesofthepastthreeyears。\"—Herson，asortofraw，sentimentalPuritan，fondofbloodshed，wasoneofRobespierre’smostactiveagents。Herememberedwhathehaddone，asisevidentbyMichelet’snarrative，andcasthiseyesdown，wellknowingthathispresentphilanthropycouldnotannihilatepastacts。
[33]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。RegisteroftheActsoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，vol。II。，ordersofAugust3，1793。
[34]Ontheconcentrationandaccumulationofbusiness，cf。ArchivesNationales，ibid。，actsofAug。4，5，6，1793；andAF。II。，23，actsofBrumaireIand15，yearII。—OnthedistributionanddispatchofbusinessintheCommitteeandthehoursdevotedtoit，seeActsofApril6，June13，17，18，Aug。3，1793，andGerminal27，yearII。—
AfterAugust3，twosessionswerehelddaily，from8o’clockinthemorningto1o’clockintheafternoon，andfrom7to10o’clockintheevening；at10o’clock，theExecutiveCouncilmetwiththeCommitteeofPublicSafety，andpapersweresignedabout2or3o’clockinthemorning。—ThefilesofAF。II。，23to42，containanaccountofthedoingsoftheCommittee，theminutesofitsmeetingsandofitscorrespondence。AperusalofthesefurnishesfulldetailsconcerningtheinitiativeandresponsibilityoftheCommittee。Forexample，（Niv？se4，yearII。，letterstoFreronandBarras，atMarseilles，）
\"TheCommitteecommendthevigorousmeasuresyouhavesanctionedinyourordersatMarseilles。—Marseilles，throughyou，affordsagreatexample。Accustomed，asyouare，towieldingthunderbolts，youarebestcalculatedforstillgoverningit……Howglorious，citizencolleagues，tobeablelikeyou，afterlongcontinuedlaborsandimmortalfame，howgratifying，undersuchauspices，toreturntothebosomoftheNationalConvention！\"—（AF。II。，36，Pluvi？se7，yearII。，lettertotherepresentativesonmissionatBordeaux，approvingoftheordersissuedbythemagainstmerchants。）\"concealedbehindtheobscurityofitscomplots，mercantilismcannotsupporttheardent，invigoratingatmosphereofLiberty；SybariticindolencequailsbeforeSpartanvirtue。\"—（AF。II。，37，Pluvi？se20，lettertoPrieurdelaMarne，senttoNantestoreplaceCarrier。）\"Carrier，perhaps，hasbeenbadlysurrounded；……hiswaysareharsh，themeansheemploysarenotwellcalculatedtowinrespectforthenationalauthority；……heisusedupinthatcity。Heistoleaveandgoelsewhere。\"—（AF。II。，36，Niv？se21，lettertoFouché，Laporte，andAlbitte，atCommune—affranchie，signedbyBillaud—Varennesandcomposedbyhim。）\"Theconvention，Niv？seI，hasapprovedoftheordersandothermeasurestakenbyyou。Wecanaddnothingtoitsapproval。TheCommitteeofPublicSafetysubjectsalloperationstothesameprinciples，thatistosay，itconformstoyoursandactswithyou。\"
[35]Sainte—Beuve，\"NouveauxLundis，\"VIII。，105。（UnpublishedreportbyVice—admiralVillaret—Joyeuse，May28，1794。）
[36]Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。，107。
[37]Ibid。，I。，450，523，527，\"weoftenateonlyamorselofdrybreadontheCommittee’stable。\"
[38]Moniteur，XXI。，362。（SpeechbyCambon，SessionofThermidor11，yearII。）
[39]Beugnot，\"Mémoires，\"II。，15。（StatedbyJeanBonhimselfinaconversationatMayencein1813。）
[40]Gaudia，ducdeGaéte，\"Mémoires，\"I。，16，28。\"IowedmylifetoCambonpersonally，while，throughhisfirmness，hepreservedthewholeTreasurydepartment，continuallyattackedbytheall—powerfulJacobinclub。\"—Onthe8thofThermidor，Robespierrewas\"verysevereontheadministrationoftheTreasury，whichheaccusedofanaristocraticandanti—revolutionaryspirit……Underthispretext，itwasknownthattheoratormeanttoproposeanactofaccusationagainsttherepresentativechargedwithitssurveillance，aswellasagainstthesixcommissioners，andbringthembeforetheRevolutionaryTribunal，whoseverdictcouldnotbedoubtful。\"—BuchezetRoux，XXXIII。，431，436，441。SpeechbyRobespierre，Thermidor8，yearII……\"。
Machiavelliandesignsagainstthesmallfund—holdersoftheState……Acontemptiblefinancialsystem，wasteful，irritating，devouring，absolutelyindependentofyoursupremeoversight……
Anti—revolutionexistsinthefinancialdepartment……Whoareitsheadadministrators？Brissotins，Feuillants，aristocratsandwell—
knownknaves—theCambons，theMallarmés，theRamels！\"
[41]Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。，425。
[42]Moniteur，XXIV。，47，50。（SessionofGerminal2，yearII。）
SpeechesbyLindetandCarnotwithconfirmatorydetails。—Lindetsaysthathehadsignedtwentythousandpapers。—Ibid。，XXXIII。，591。（SessionofVent？se12，yearIII。SpeechbyBarère。）\"ThelaboroftheCommitteewasdividedamongstthedifferentmemberscomposingit，butall，withoutdistinction，signedeachother’swork。I，myself，knowingnothingofmilitaryaffairs，haveperhaps，inthismatter，givenfourthousandsignatures。\"—Ibid。，XXIV。，74。（SessionofGerminal6，yearIII。）SpeechofLavesseur，witnessofananimatedscenebetweenCarnotandRobespierreconcerningtwoofCarnot’sclerks，arrestedbyorderofRobespierre。—Carnotadds\"Ihadmyselfsignedthisorderofarrestwithoutknowingit。\"—Ibid。，XXII。，116。（SessionofVendémiaire8，yearII。，speechbyCarnotinnarratingthearrestofGeneralHuchetforhiscrueltiesinVendée。）
OnappearingbeforethecommitteeofPublicSafety，Robespierredefendedhimandhewassentbacktothearmyandpromotedtoahigherrank；Iwasobligedtosigninspiteofmyopposition。\"
[43]Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。，572。（SpeechbyCarnot，Germinal2，yearIII。）
[44]Sénart，\"Mémoires，\"145，153。（DetailsonthemembersofthetwoCommittees。）
[45]ReportsbyBillaudontheorganizationoftherevolutionarygovernment，November18，1793andonthetheoryofdemocraticgovernment，April20，1794。—ReportsbyRobespierreonthepoliticalsituationoftheRepublic，November17，1793；andontheprinciplesofrevolutionarygovernment，December5，1793。—Informationonthegeniusofrevolutionarylaws，signedprincipallybyRobespierreandBillaud，November29，1793。—ReportsbyRobespierreontheprinciplesofpoliticalmoralitywhichoughttogoverntheConvention，February5，1794；andontherelationshipbetweenreligiousandmoralideasandrepublicanprinciples，May7，1794。
[46]BillaudnolongergoesonmissionafterhebecomesoneoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety。Robespierreneverwent。Barère，whoisofdailyservice，islikewiseretainedatParis。—Alltheothersserveonthemissionsandseveralrepeatedly，andforalongtime。
[47]Moniteur，XXIV。，60。ThewordsofCarnot，sessionofGerminal2，yearIII。—Ibid。，XXII。，138，wordsofCollot，sessionofVendémiaire12，yearIII。\"Billaudandmyselfhavesentintothedepartmentsthreehundredthousandwrittendocuments，andhavemadeatleasttenthousandminutes（ofmeetings）withourownhand。\"
[48]Dussault\"Fragmentpourserviràl’histoiredelaConvention。\"
[49]Thibaudeau，I。，49。
[50]Arnault，\"Souvenirsd’unSexagenaire，\"II。，78。
[51]\"Mémoiresd’unBourgeoisdeParis，\"byVeron，II。，14。（July7，1815。）
[52]Cf。Thibaudeau，\"Mémoires，\"I。，46。\"Itseemed，then，thattoescapeimprisonment，orthescaffold，therewasnootherwaythantoputothersinyourplace。\"
[53]Carnot，\"Mémoires。\"I。，508。
[54]Carnot，I。，527。（WordsofPrieurdelaC？ted’Or。）
[55]Carnot，ibid。，527。（ThewordsofPrieur。）
[56]\"LaNouvelleMinerve，\"I。，355，（NotesbyBillaud—Varennes，inditedatSt。DomingoandcopiedbyDr。Chervin。）\"WecametoadecisiononlyafterbeingweariedoutbythenightlymeetingsofourCommittee。\"
[57]DecreeofSeptember17，1793，on\"Suspects。\"OrdinanceoftheParisCommune，October10，1793，extendingitsoastoinclude\"thosewho，havingdonenothingagainsttheRevolution，donothingforit。\"—
Cf。\"PapersseizedinRobespierre’sapartments，\"II。，370，letterofPayan。\"EverymanwhohasnotbeenfortheRevolutionhasbeenagainstit，forhehasdonenothingforthecountry……Inpopularcommissions，individualhumanity，themoderationwhichassumestheveilofjustice，iscriminal。\"
[58]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，394，andfollowingpages；414andfollowingpages，（onthesuccessivemembersofthetwoCommittees）。
[59]Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionaire，\"III。，129—131。
HéraultdeSechelles，alliedwithDanton，andaccusedofbeingindulgent，hadjustgivenguarantees，however，andappliedtherevolutionaryregimeinAlsacewithaseverityworthyofBillaud。
（ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。V。，141。）\"InstructionsforcivilcommissionersbyHérault，representativeofthepeople，\"
（Colmar，Frimaire2，yearII。，）withsuggestionsastothecategoriesofpersonsthataretobe\"soughtfor，arrestedandimmediatelyputinjail，\"probablyembracingnineteen—twentiethsoftheinhabitants。
[60]Dauban，\"Parisen1794，285，andfollowingpages。（PoliceReports，Germinal，yearII。）ArrestofHébertandassociates\"Nothingwastalkedaboutthewholemorningbuttheatrociouscrimesoftheconspirators。TheywereregardedasathousandtimesmorecriminalthanCapetandhiswife。Theyoughttobepunishedathousandtimesover……ThepopularhatredofHébertisatitsheight……ThepeoplecannotforgiveHébertforhavingdeceivedthem……
Popularrejoicingswereuniversalonseeingtheconspiratorsledtothescaffold。\"
[61]Moniteur，XXIV。，53。（SessionofGerminal2，yearIII。）WordsofPrieurdelaC？te—d’Or:\"ThefirstquarrelthatoccurredintheCommitteewasbetweenSaint—JustandCarnot；thelattersaystotheformer，’IseethatyouandRobespierreareafteradictatorship。’\"—
Ibid。，74。Levasseurmakesasimilarstatement。—Ibid。，570。（SessionofGerminal2，yearIII。，wordsofCarnot）:\"IhadarighttocallRobespierreatyranteverytimeIspoketohim。IdidthesamewithSaint—JustandCouthon。\"
[62]Carnot，I。，525。（TestimonyofPrieur。）Ibid。，522。Saint—JustsaystoCarnot:\"Youareinleaguewiththeenemiesofthepatriots。
Itiswellforyoutoknowthatafewlinesfrommecouldsendyoutotheguillotineintwodays。\"
[63]BuchezetRoux，XXX。，185。（ReplyofBillaud，Collot，VadierandBarèretotherenewedchargesagainstthembyLecointre。）—Moniteur，XXIV。，84。（SessionofGerminal7，yearIII。）WordsofBarère:\"Onthe4thofThermidor，intheCommittee，Robespierrespeakslikeamanwhohadorderstogiveandvictimstopointout。\"—\"Andyou，Barère，\"hereplies，\"rememberthereportyoumadeonthe2ndofThermidor，\"
[64]Heraclitus（c。540—480BC）pre—Socraticphilosopher，whobelievedinacosmicjusticewheresinnerswouldbepunishedandhauntedbytheErinyes，（thefuries）thehandmaidsofjustice。（SR）。
[65]Saint—Just，reportontheGirondists，July8，1793；onthenecessityofimprisoningpersonsinimicaltotheRevolution，Feb。26，1794；ontheHébertists，March13；onthearrestofHerault—SéchellesandSimond，March17；onthearrestofDantonandassociatesMarch31；
onageneralpolicy，April15。—Cf。，likewise，hisreportondeclaringthegovernmentrevolutionaryuntilpeaceisdeclared，Oct。
10，1793，andhisreportofthe9thofThermidor，yearII。
[66]BuchezetRoux，XXXI。，346。（ReportofMarch13，1794。）—
XXXII。，314。（ReportofApril15。）
[67]See\"TheRevolution，\"II。，313。
[68]Asinglephraseoftensufficestogivethemeasureofaman’sintellectandcharacter。ThefollowingbySaint—Justhasthismerit。
（AproposofLouisXVI。who，refrainingfromdefendinghimself，lefttheTuileriesandtookrefugeintheAssemblyonthe10thofAugust。）
\"Hecameamongstyou；heforcedhiswayhere……Heresortedtothebosomofthelegislature；hissoldiersburstintotheasylum……Hemadehisway，sotosay，byswordthrustsintothebowelsofhiscountrythathemightfindaplaceofconcealment。\"
[69]ParticularlyinthelongreportonDantoncontainingahistoricsurveyofthefactions，（BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，76，）andthereportonthegeneralpolice，（Ibid。，304，）withanotherhistoricdocumentofthesameorder。\"BrissotandRonsin（were）recognizedroyalists……SinceNeckerasystemoffaminehasbeendevised……
NeckerhadahandintheOrleansfaction……Doublerepresentation（oftheThirdEstate）wasproposedforit。\"AmongotherchargesmadeagainstDanton；afterthefusilladeontheChampdeMarsinJuly，1791\"YouwenttopasshappydaysatArcis—sur—Aube，ifitispossibleforaconspiratoragainsthiscountrytobehappy……
Whenyouknewthatthetyrant’sfallwaspreparedandinevitableyoureturnedtoParisonthe9thofAugust。Youwantedtogotobedonthatevilnight……Hatred，yousaid，isinsupportabletomeand（yet）yousaidtous’IdonotlikeMarat，’etc。\"ThereisanapostropheofnineconsecutivepagesagainstDanton，whoisabsent。
[70]BuchezetRoux，Ibid。，312。\"Libertyemanatedfromthebosomoftempests；itsorigindateswiththatoftheworldissuingoutofchaosalongwithman，whoisborndissolvedintears。\"（Applause。）—Ibid。，308。Cf。hisportrait，gotupforeffect，ofthe\"revolutionarywhois\"atreasureofgoodsenseandprobity。\"
[71]Ibid。，312。\"Libertyisnotthechicaneryofapalace；itisrigiditytowardsevil。\"
[72]Barère，\"Mémoires，\"I。347。\"Saint—Just……discussedlikeavizier。\"
[73]BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，314。\"Arethelessonsfurnishedbyhistory，theexamplesaffordedbyallgreatmen，losttotheuniverse？
Theseallcounselustoleadobscurelives；thelowlycotandvirtueformthegrandeursofthisworld。Letusseekourhabitationsonthebanksofstreams，rockthecradlesofourchildrenandeducatetheminDisinterestednessandIntrepidity。\"—Astohispoliticaloreconomiccapacityandgeneralideas，readhisspeechesandhis\"Institutions，\"
（BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，133；XXX。，305，XXXV。，369，）amassofchemicalandabstractrant。
[74]Carnot，I。，527。（NarratedbyPrieur。）\"OftenwhenhurriedlyeatingabitofdrybreadattheCommitteetable，Barèrewithajest，broughtasmileonourlips。\"
[75]Veron，II。，14。—Arnault，II。，74。—Cf。，passim，\"MémoiresdeBarère，\"andtheessayonBarèrebyMacaulay。
[76]Vilate，BarèreEdition，184，186，244。\"Fickle，frank，affectionate，fondofsociety，especiallythatofwomen，inquestofluxuriesandknowinghowtospendmoney。\"—Carnot，II。511。InPrieur’seyes，Barèrewassimply\"agoodfellow。\"
[77]Moniteur，XXI。，173。（JustificationofJosephLebonand\"hissomewhatharshways。\"）\"TheRevolutionistobespokenofwithrespect，andrevolutionarymeasureswithdueregard。Libertyisavirgin，toraisewhoseveilisacrime。\"—Andagain:\"ThetreeofLibertygrowswhenwateredwiththebloodoftyrants。\"
[78]Moniteur，XX。，580，582，583，587。—\"CampagnesdelaRévolutionFran？aisedanslesPyrénées—Orientales，\"byFervel，II。，36andfollowingpages。—GeneralDugommier，afterthecaptureofToulouse，sparedtheEnglishgeneralO’Hara，takenprisonerinspiteoftheordersoftheConvention。andreceivedthefollowingletterfromthecommitteeofPublicSafety。\"TheCommitteeacceptsyourvictoryandyourwoundascompensations。\"Onthe24thofDecember，Dugommier，thathemaynotbepresentattheToulonmassacres，askstoreturntotheconventionandisorderedofftothearmyoftheeasternPyrenees。—
In1797，therewerethirtythousandFrenchprisonersinEngland。
[79]Moniteur，XVIII。，291。（SpeechbyBarère，sessionofBrumaire8，yearII。）Atthisrate，thereareonehundredandfortydeputiesonmissiontothearmiesandinthedepartments。—BeforetheinstitutionoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，（April7，1793）therewereonehundredandsixtyrepresentativesinthedepartments，senttheretohastenthelevyoftwohundredthousandmen。（Moniteur，XVII。，99，speechbyCambon，July11，1793。）TheCommitteegraduallyrecalledmostoftheserepresentativesand，onthe16thJuly，onlysixty—threewereonmission。—（Ibid。，XVII。，152，speechbyGossuin，July16。）—Onthe9thofNiv？se，thecommitteedesignatedfifty—eightrepresentativestoestablishtherevolutionarygovernmentincertainplacesandfixingthelimitsoftheirjurisdictions。（ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，22。）Subsequently，severalwererecalled，andreplacedbyothers。—ThelettersandordersoftherepresentativesonmissionarefiledintheNationalArchivesaccordingtodepartments，intwoseries，oneofwhichcomprisesmissionsprevioustoThermidor9，andtheothermissionsafterthatdate。
[80]Thibaudeau，\"HistoireduTerrorismedansledepartmentdelaVienne，\"p。4。\"Paris，Brumaire15，thesans—culottePiorry，representativeofthepeopletothesans—culottescomposingthepopularclubofPoitiers。\"
[81]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，116。（LetterofLaplanche，Orleans，September10，1793。—\"Alsoprocès—verbauxoftheOrleanssections，September7。）\"Iorganizedthem，afterselectingthemfromthepopularclub，intoarevolutionarycommittee。Theyworkedundermyowneye，theirbureaubeinginanadjoiningchamber……I
requiredsure，localinformation，whichIcouldnothavehadwithoutcollaboratorsofthecountry……TheresultisthatIhavearrestedthisnightmorethansixtyaristocrats，strangersor’suspects。’—\"DeMartel，\"étudessurFouche，\"84。LetterofChaumette，whopostedFouchéconcerningtheNeversJacobins。
\"Surroundedbyroyalists，federalistsandfanatics，representativeFouchéhadonly3or4persecutedpatriotstoadvisehim。\"
[82]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，88。SpeechbyRousselin，Frimaire9—Ibid。，F。7，4421。SpeechandordersissuedbyRousselin，Brumaire25。—Cf……AlbertBabeau，\"HistoiredeTroyespendantlaRevolution，\"vol。II。MissionsofGamierdeRousselinandB？。
[83]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，145。（OrderofMaignet，Avignon，Floreal13，yearII。，andproclamationofFloréal14。）—Ibid。，AF。，II。，111，Grenoble。Prairial8，yearII。SimilarordersissuedbyAlbitteandLaporte，forrenewingalltheauthoritiesofGrenoble。—
Ibid，AF。，II。，135。SimilarorderofRicordatGrasse，Pluvi？se28，andthroughouttheVar。—Ibid。，AF。，II。，36。Brumaire，yearII。，circularoftheCommitteeofPublicSafetytotherepresentativesonmissioninthedepartments:\"Beforequittingyourpost，youaretoeffectthemostcompletepurificationoftheconstitutedauthoritiesandpublicfunctionaries。\"
[84]DecreesofFrimaire6and14，yearII。
[85]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，22。ActsofthecommitteeofPublicSafety，Niv？se9，yearII。
[86]Ibid。，AF。，II。，37。LettertotheCommitteeontheWar，signedbyBarèreandBillaud—Varennes，Pluvi？se23，，yearII。
[87]Ibid。，AF。，II。，36。LetteroftheCommitteeofPublicSafetytoLeCarpentier，onmissioninl’Orne，Brumaire19，yearII。\"TheadministrativebodiesofAlen？on，thedistrictexcepted，arewhollygangrened；allareFeuillants，orinfectedwithanolessperniciousspirit……Forthechoiceofsubjects，andtheincarcerationofindividuals，youcanrefertothesans—culottes:themostnervousareSymaroliandPréval。—AtMontagne，theadministrationmustbewhollyremoved，aswellasthecollectorofthedistrict，andthepost—
master；……purifythepopularclub，expelnoblesandlimbsofthelaw，thosethathavebeenturnedoutofoffice，priests，muscadins，etc……Dissolvetwocompanies，onethegrenadiersandtheothertheinfantrywhoareverymuscadinandtoofondofprocessions……Re—formthestaffandofficersoftheNationalGuard。Tosecuremorepromptandsurerexecutionofthesemeasuresofsecurityyoumayrefertothepresentmunicipality，theCommitteeofSurveillanceandtheCannoneers。
[88]Ibid。，AF。，II。，37。ToRicord，onmissionatMarseilles，Pluvi？se7，yearII，astrongandrudeadmonition:heisgoingsoft，hehasgonetolivewithSaint—Même，asuspect；heistoobiasedinfavoroftheMarseillespeoplewho，duringthesiege\"madesacrificestoprocuresubsistences；\"heblamedtheirarrest，etc。—Floréal13，yearII。，toBouretonmissionintheMancheandatCalvados。\"TheCommitteeareundertheimpressionthatyouareconstantlydeceivedbyaninsidioussecretarywho，bythebadinformationhehasgivenyou，hasoftenledyoutogivefavorabletermstothearistocracy，etc。\"—
Vent？se6，yearII。，toGuimberteau，onmissionnearthearmyonthecoastsofCherbourg:\"Thecommitteeisastonishedtofindthatthemilitarycommissionestablishedbyyou，undoubtedlyforstrikingofftheheadsofconspirators，wasthefirsttoletthemoff。Areyounotacquaintedwiththemenwhocomposeit？Forwhathaveyouchosenthem？
Ifyoudonotknowthem，howdoesithappenthatyouhavesummonedthemforsuchduties？\"—Ibid。，andVent？se23，ordertoGuimberteautoinvestigatetheconductofhissecretary[89]Seeespeciallyinthe\"ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，\"vols。
324to334，thecorrespondenceofsecretagentssentintotheinterior。
[90]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，37，toFromcastelonmissioninIndre—et—Loire，Floréal13，yearII。\"TheCommitteesendsyoualetterfromthepeople’sclubofChinon，demandingthepurgingandorganizationofalltheconstitutedauthoritiesofthisdistrict。Thecommitteerequestsyoutoproceedatoncetocarryoutthisimportantmeasure。\"
[91]WordsofRobespierre，sessionoftheconventionSeptember24，1793。—Onanotherrepresentative，MerlindeThionville，wholikewisestoodfire，Robespierrewroteasfollows:\"MerlindeThionville，famousforsurrenderingMayence，andmorethansuspectedofhavingreceivedhisreward。\"
[92]Guillon，II。，207。—\"Fouché，\"byM。deMartel，292。
[93]Hamel，III。，395，andfollowingpages。—BuchezetRoux，XXX。，435。（SessionoftheJacobinclub，Niv？se12，yearII。SpeechofCollotd’Herbois。）\"To—dayInolongerrecognizepublicopinion；hadI
reachedParisthreedayslater，Ishouldprobablyhavebeenindicted。\"
[94]MarcelinBoudet，\"Lesconventionnelsd’Auvergne，\"438。
（UnpublishedmemoirotMaignet。）
[95]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，165，191。（EvidenceofwitnessesonthetrialofCarrier。）—Paris，II。，113，\"HistoiredeJosephLebon。\"\"Theprisons，\"saysLeBon，\"overflowedatSaint—Pol。Iwasthereandreleasedtwohundredpersons。Well，inspiteofmyorders，severalwereputbackbythecommitteeofSurveillance，authorisedbyLebas，afriendofDarthé。WhatcouldIdoagainstDarthésupportedbySaint—
JustandLebas？Hewouldhavedenouncedme。\"—Ibid。，128，aproposofacertainLefèvre，\"veteranoftheRevolution，\"arrestedandbroughtbeforetherevolutionarytribunalbyorderofLebon。\"Itwasnecessarytotakethechoiceofcondemninghim，orofbeingdenouncedandpersecutedmyself，withoutsavinghim。\"—Beaulieu，\"Essai，\"V。，233。\"IamafraidandIcausefearwastheprincipleofalltherevolutionaryatrocities。\"
[96]LudovicSciout，\"HistoiredelaConstitutioncivileduClergé，IV。，136。（OrdersofPinétandCavaignac，Pluvi？se22，andVent？se2。）—Moniteur，XXIV。，469。（SessionofPrairial30，yearIII。，denunciationofrepresentativeLaplancheatthebarofthehouse，byBoismartin。）Onthe24thofBrumaire，yearII。，LaplancheandGeneralSeepherinstalledthemselvesatSt。L？inthehouseofanoldmanofseventy，aM。Lemonnierthenunderarrest。\"Scarcelyhadtheyenteredthehousewhentheydemandedprovisionsofeverykind，linen，clothes，furniture，jewelry，plate，vehiclesandtitle—deeds—alldisappeared。\"WhilsttheinhabitantsofSt。L？werelivingonafewouncesofbrownbread，\"thebestbread，thechoicestwines，pillagedinthehouseofLemonnier，werelavishlygiveninpansandkettlestoGeneralSeepher’shorses，alsotothoseofrepresentativeLaplanche。\"
Lemonnier，setatliberty，couldnotreturntohisemptieddwellingthentransformedintoastorehouse。Helivedattheinn，strippedofallhispossessions，valuedatsixtythousandlivres，havingsavedfromhiseffectsonlyonesilvertable—service，whichhehadtakenwithhimintoprison。
[97]MarcelinBoudet，446。（NotesofM。IgnacedeBarante。）Also440。（UnpublishedmemoirofMaignet）。
[98]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，59。ExtractfromtheminutesofthemeetingsofthePeople’sclubofMetz，anddepositionsmadebeforethecommitteeofSurveillanceoftheclub，Floreal12，yearII。，ontheconductofrepresentativeDuquesnoy，arrivedatMetztheeveningbeforeatsixo’clock。—Therearethirty—twodepositions，andamongothersthoseofM。Altmayer，JolyandClédat。Oneofthewitnessesstates:\"Astothesematters，Iregardedthiscitizen（Duquesnoy）astipsyordrunk，orasamanbesidehimself。\"—ThisiscustomarywithDuquesnoy。—Cf。Paris，\"His。deJosephLebon，\"I。，273，370。—
\"ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，\"vol。329。LetterofGadolle，September11，1793。\"IsawDuquesnoy，thedeputy，deaddrunkatBergues，onWhit—Monday，at11o’clockintheevening。\"—\"UnSéjourenFrance，1792to1796，p。136。\"Hisnaturallysavagetemperisexcitedtomadnessbytheabuseofstrongdrink。Generalde……assuresusthathesawhimseizethemayorofAvesnes，arespectableoldman，bythehaironhispresentinghimwithapetitionrelatingtothetown，andthrowhimdownwiththeairofacannibal。\"
\"Heandhisbrotherweredealersinhopsatretail，atSaintPol。Hemadethisbrotherageneral。\"
[99]AlexandrinedesEcherolles，\"UnefamilenoblesouslaTerreur，\"
209。AtLyons，Marin，thecommissioner，\"atall，powerful，robustmanwithstentorianlungs，\"openshiscourtwithavolleyof\"republicanoaths……\"……Thecrowdofsupplicantsmeltsaway。Oneladyalonedaredpresentherpetition。\"Whoareyou？\"Shegiveshername。
\"What！Youhavetheaudacitytomentionatraitor’snameinthisplace？\"Getawayand，givingherapush，heputheroutsidethedoorwithakick。
[100]Ibid。Amassofevidenceproves，onthecontrary，thatpeopleofeveryclassgavetheirassistance，owingtowhichthefirewasalmostimmediatelyextinguished。
[101]Ibid。Thepopularclubunanimouslyatteststhesefacts，anddespatchessixdelegatestoenteraprotestattheconvention。Uptothe9thofThermidor，noreliefisgranted，whilethetaximposedbyDuquesnoyiscollected。Onthe5thFructidor，yearII。，theorderofDuquesnoyiscancelledbythecommitteeofPublicSafety，butthemoneyisnotpaidback。
[102]Paris，I。，370。（WordsofDuquesnoytoLebon。）
[103]Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。，414。（LetterofDuquesnoytothecentralbureauofrepresentativesatArras。）TheimportoftheseuntranslatableprofanitiesbeingsufficientlyclearIletthemstandasintheoriginal。—Tr。
[104]\"UnSejourenFrance，\"158，171。—ManuscriptjournalofMalletduPan（January，1795）。—Cf。hisletterstotheconvention，thejokesofjailorsandsbirri，forinstance。—（Moniteur，XVIII。，214，BrumaireI，yearII。）—Lacretelle，\"DixAnnéesd’Epreuves，\"178。\"HeorderedthateverybodyshoulddanceinhisfiefofPicardy。Theydancedeveninprison。Whoeverdidnotdancewas\"suspect。\"HeinsistedonarigidobservanceofthefêtesinhonorofReason，andthateverybodyshouldvisitthetempleoftheGoddesseachdecadi，whichwasthecathedral（atNoyon）。Ladies，bourgeoises，seamstresses，andcooks，wererequiredtoformwhatwascalledthechainofEquality。Wedragoonswereforcedtobeperformersinthisstrangeballet。\"
[105]DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"418。（OrdersofAlbitteandCollot，Niv？se13，yearII。）
[106]CamilleBoursier，\"EssaisurlaTerreurenAnjou，\"225。LetterofVacheron，Frimaire15，yearII。）\"Republiquain，itisabsolutelynecessary，immediately，thatyouhavesentorbroughtintothehouseoftherepresentatives，alotofredwine，ofwhichtheconsumptionisgreaterthanever。PeoplehavearighttodrinktotheRepublicwhentheyhavehelpedtopreservethecommuneyouandyourslivein。I
holdyouresponsibleformydemand。\"Signed，lerepubliquain，Vacheron。\"
[107]Ibid。，210。DepositionofMadameEdin，aproposofQuesnoy，aprostitute，agedtwenty—six，Brumaire12，yearIII。；andofRose，anotherprostitute。SimilardepositionsbyBenabenandScotty。
[108]Dauban，\"LaDemagogieen1793，\"p。369。（ExtractsfromtheunpublishedmemoirsofMercierdeRocher。）—Ibid。，370。\"Bourdondel’OisehadlivedwithTuncqatChantonney，wheretheykeptbusyemptyingbottlesoffinewine。Bourdonisanexcellentpatriot，amanofsensibility，but，inhisfitsofintoxication，hegiveshimselfuptoimpracticableviews。\"Letthoserascallyadministrators，\"hesays，\"bearrested！\"Then，goingtothewindow，—heheardarunawayhorsegallopinginthestreet—\"That’sanotheranti—revolutionary！Let’emallbearrested！\"—Cf。\"Souvenirs，\"byGeneralPélleport，p。21。
AtPerpignan，heattendedthefêteofReason。\"TheGeneralincommandofthepostmadeanimpudentspeech，eventothemostrepulsivecynicisim。Someprostitutes，wellknowntothiswretch，filledoneofthetribunes；theywavedtheirhandkerchiefsandshouted\"VivelaRaison！\"AfterlisteningtosimilarharanguesbyrepresentativesSoubrangandMichaud，Pélleport，althoughhalfcured（ofhiswound）
returnstocamp:\"Icouldnotbreathefreelyintown，anddidnotthinkthatIwassafeuntilfacingtheenemyalongwithmycomrades。\"
[109]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。332；correspondenceofsecretagents，October，1793。\"CitizenCusset，representativeofthepeople，showsnodignityinhismission；hedrinkslikeaLapithe，andwhenintoxicatedcommitsthearbitraryactsofavizier。\"ForthestyleandorthographyofCusset，seeoneofhisletters。（Dauban，\"Parisen1794，\"p14。）—BerryatSt。Prix，\"LaJusticeRévolutionnaire，\"（2nded。）339。
[110]Ibid。，371。（Accordingto\"PiecèsetDocuments\"publishedbyM。
Fajon。）—Moniteur，XXIV。，453。（SessionofFloréal24，yearIII。）
AddressofthecommuneofSaint—JeanduGard。—XXI。，528。（SessionofFructidor2，yearIII。）AddressofthePopularclubofN？mes。
[111]Moniteur，XXIV。，602。（SessionofPrairial13，yearIII。）ReportofDurandMeillan:\"Thisdenunciationisonlytoowellsupportedbydocuments。Itisfortheconventiontosaywhetheritwillhearthemread。Ihavetostatebeforehandthatitcanhearnothingmorerepulsivenorbetterauthenticated。\"—DeMartel，\"Fouché，246。
（ReportoftheconstitutedauthoritiesoflaNièvreonthemissionsofCollotd’Herbois，Laplanche，FouchéandPointe，Prairial19，yearIII。）Laplanche，aformerBenedictine，isthemostfoul—mouthed。\"InhisspeechtothepeopleofMoulins—Engelbert，St。Pierre—le—Montier，andNevers，Laplancheaskedgirlstosurrenderthemselvesandletmodestygo。\"Begetchildren，\"heexclaims，\"theRepublicneedsthem。
continenceisthevirtueoffools。\"BibliothequeNationale，Lb。41，No。1802。（Denunciation，bythesixsectionsoftheDijoncommunetotheconvention，ofLeonardBourdonandPiocheferBernarddeSaintes，duringtheirmissioninC？te—d’Or。）DetailsontheorgiesofBernardwiththemunicipality，andonthedrunkennessanddebaucheriesofBourdonwiththeriff—raff~ofthecountry；authenticdocumentsprovingtherobberiesandassassinationscommittedbyBernard。HepillagedthehouseofM。Micault，and，infourhours，hadthispersonarrested，triedandguillotined；heattendedtheexecutionhimself，andthatevening，inthedeadman’shouse，dancedandsangbeforehisdaughterwithhisacolytes。
[112]\"Souvenirs，\"byGeneralPélleport，p。8。He，withhisbattalion，isinspectedinthePlaceduCapitale，atToulouse，bytherepresentativeonmission。\"ItseemsasifIcanstillseethatcharlatan:Heshookhisuglyplumedheadanddraggedalonghissaberlikeamerrysoldier，wishingtoappearbrave。Itmademefeelsad。\"
[113]Fervel，\"CampagnesdesFran？aisdanslesPyreneesOrientals，\"
I。，169。（October，1793。）—Ibid。，201，206。—Cf。188。PlanofFabreforseizingRosesandFiguières，witheightthousandmen，withoutprovisionsortransports。\"Fortuneisonthesideoffools，\"
hesaid。Naturallytheschemefails。Collioureislost，anddisastersaccumulate。AsanoffsettothistheworthygeneralDagobertisremoved。CommandantDelatreandchief—of—staffRamelareguillotined。Inthefaceoftheimpracticableordersoftherepresentativesthecommandantofartillerycommitssuicide。Onthedevotionoftheofficersandenthusiasmofthetroops，Ibid。，105，106，130，131，162。
[114]Sybel（Dosquet’stranslation[French]），II。，435；III。，132，140。（Fordetailsandauthorities，cf。theMemoirsofMarshalSoult。）
[115]GouvionSt。Cyr，\"Mémoiressurlescampagnesde1792àlapaixdeCampio—Formio，\"I。，pp。91to139。—Ibid。，229。\"Theeffectofthiswastoleadmenwhohadanymeanstokeepalooffromanysortofpromotion。\"—Cf。，ibid。，II。，131（November，1794，）thesameorderofthingsstillkeptup。ByorderoftherepresentativesthearmyencampsduringthewinterinshedsontheleftbankoftheRhine，nearMayence，auselessproceedingandmereliteraryparade。\"Theywouldlistentonoreason；afinearmyandwell—mountedartilleryweretoperishwithcoldandhunger，fornoobjectwhatever，inquartersthatmighthavebeenavoided。\"Thedetailsareheart—rending。Neverwasmilitaryheroismsosacrificedtothefollyofciviliancommanders。
[116]SeeParis，\"HistoiredeJosephLebon，\"I。，ch。I，forbiographicaldetailsandtraitsofcharacter。
[117]Ibid。，I。，13。—Hismotherbecamecrazyandwasputinanasylum。Herderangement，hesays，wasdueto\"herindignationathisoathofallegiance（totheRepublic）andathisappointmenttothecuracyofNouvelle—Vitasse。\"
[118]Ibid。，I。，123。SpeechbyLeboninthechurchofBeaurains。
[119]Ibid。，II。，71，72。—Cf。85。\"CitizenChamonart，wine—
dealer，standingattheentranceofhiscellar，seestherepresentativepass，looksathimanddoesnotsalutehim。Lebonstepsuptohim，arrestshim，treatshimasan\"agentofPittandCobourg。\"……\"Theysearchhim，takehispocket—bookandleadhimofftotheAnglaises（aprison\"）。
[120]Ibid。，II。，84。
[121]Moniteur，XXV。，201。（SessionofMessidor22，yearIII。）\"Wheninthetribune（oftheConvention）prisonconspiracieswereannounced……mydreamswerewhollyofprisonconspiracies。\"
[122]Ibid。，211。（ExplanationsgivenbyLebontotheConvention。）—
Paris，II。，350，351。（Verdictofthejury。）
[123]Paris，II。，85。
[124]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，181。（DepositionsofMonneron，amerchant。）
[125]Ibid。，184。（DepositionofChaux。）—Cf。200。（DepositionsofMonneronandVillemain，merchants。）
[126]Ibid。，204。（DepositionofLamarie，administratorofthedepartment。）
[127]Ibid。，173。（DepositionofErard，acopyist。）—168。
（DepositionofThomas，healthofficer。）\"Toallhisquestions，Carrierrepliedinthegrossestlanguage。\"
[128]Ibid。，203。（DepositionofBonami，merchant。）
[129]Ibid。，156。（DepositionofVaujois，publicprosecutortothemilitarycommission。）
[130]Ibid。，169。（DepositionofThomas。）—BerryatSaint—Prix，pp。
34，35……—BuchezetRoux，118。\"Hereceivedthemembersofthepopularclubwithblows，alsothemunicipalofficerswithsaberthrusts，whocametodemandsupplies\"……\"Hedrawshissaber（againsttheboatman）andstrikesathim，whichheavoidsonlybyrunningaway。\"
[131]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，196。（DepositionofJulien。）\"Carriersaidtomeinapassion:\"Itisyou，isit，youdamnedbeggar，whopresumestodenouncemetotheCommitteeofPublicSafety……
Asitissometimesnecessaryforthepublicintereststogetridofcertainfolksquickly，Iwon’ttakethetroubletosendyoutotheguillotine，I’llbeyourexecutionermyself！\"
[132]Ibid。，175。（DepositionofTronjolly。）295。（DepositionsofJeanLavigne，ashopkeeper；ofArnandan，civilcommissioner；alsoofCorneret，merchant。）179。（DepositionofVillemain）。—BerryatSaint—Prix，34。\"Carrier，saysthegendarmeDesquer，whocarriedhisletters，wasaroaringlionratherthananofficerofthepeople。\"\"Helookedatoncelikeacharlatanandatiger，\"saysanotherwitness。
[133]Ibid。，XXXIV。，204。（DepositionofLamarie。）
[134]Ibid。，183。（DepositionofCaux。）
[135]Mallet—Dupan，Mémoires，\"II。，6。（MemorialofFeb。I，1794。）
OnAndréDumont，\"UnSéjourenFrance，\"158，171。—OnMerlindeThionville，Michelet，VI。，97。
[136]DeMartel，\"Fouché\"100。
[137]Mallet—Dupan，II。，46。
[138]BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，413，423。（LetterofJulientoRobespierre。）
[139]ArchivesNationales，AF。，II。，III。AnorderissuedbyBourbotte，Tours，Messidor5，yearII。，\"requiringthedistrictadministrationtofurnishhimpersonally，aswellasforthecitizensattachedtohiscommission，fortybottlesofredwineandthirtyofwhitewine，tobetakenfromthecellarsofemigrés，orfromthoseofpersonscondemnedtodeath；and，besidesthis，fiftybottlesofcommonwineotherthanwhiteorred。\"—Onthe2ndofMessidor，aleisdrunkandthereisafreshorderforfiftybottlesofredwine，fiftyofcommonwine，andtwobottlesofbrandy。—DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"419，420。—Moniteur，XXIV。，604。（SessionofPrairial13，parIII。）
\"DuguéreadsthelistofchargesbroughtagainstMallarmé。Heisaccused……ofhavingputinrequisitionwhateverpleasedhimforhistableandforotherwants，withoutpayingforanything，notevenforthepost—horsesandpostillionsthatcarriedhim。\"—Ibid。
602。ReportofPerèsduGers。\"HeaccusesDartigoyte……ofhavingtakenpartwithhissecretariesintheauctionofthefurnitureofDaspe，whohadbeencondemned；ofhavingkeptthemostvaluablepiecesforhimself，andafterwardsfixingtheirprice；ofhavingwarnedthosewhohadchargeofthesalethatconfinementawaitedwhoevershouldbidonthearticleshedestinedforhimself。\"—
Laplanche，ex—Benedictine，saidinhismissioninLoiret，that\"thosewhodidnotliketheRevolutionmustpaythosewhomakeit。\"
[140]BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，426。（ExtractfromtheMemoirsofSénart。）—Hamel，III。，565。（DescriptionofTeresa’sdomicilebytheMarquisdeParoy，apetitionerandeye—witness。）
[141]ThereadermightreadaboutTallieninthebookwrittenbyThérèseChatrles—Vallin:\"Tallien，\"\"Lemal—aimédelaRévolution\"，Ed。JeanPicollec，Paris1997。（SR）。
[142]BuchezetRoux，XXXIII。，12。（ExtractfromtheMemoirsofSénart。）\"ThecertifiedcopiesofthesedraftsareonfilewiththecommitteeofGeneralSecurity。\"
[143]ReportofCourtois，360。（LettersofJulientoRobespierre，Pluvi？se15and16，yearII。）—BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，199，200，202，203，211。（DepositionsofVillemain，Monneron，Legros，Robin。）—
BerryatSaint—Prix，35。（DepositionsofFourrier，andofLouiseCourant，sempstress。）
[144]See，onTallien，\"MémoiresdeSénart。\"—OnJavogues，Moniteur，XXIV。，461，Floreal24，III。PetitionagainstJavogues，withseveralpagesofsignatures，especiallythoseoftheinhabitantsofMontbrison:\"InthereportmadebyhimtotheConventionheputsdowncoinandassignatsatsevenhundredandseventy—fourthousandsixhundredandninety—sixfrancs，whilethespoilsofonepersonprovidedhimwithfivehundredthousandfrancsincash。\"—OnFouché，DeMartel，252。—OnDumont，Mallet—Dupan，\"Manuscriptnotes。\"（January，1795。）OnRovère，Michelet，VI。，256。—Carnot，II。，87。（AccordingtotheMemoirsoftheGermanOlsner，whowasinParisundertheDirectory:）\"ThetoneofBarras’Salonwasthatofarespectablegamblinghouse；thehouseofReubellresembledthewaiting—roomofaninnatwhichthemail—coachstops。\"
[145]BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，391，andXXXIII。，9。（ExtractsfromtheMemoirsofSénart。）
[146]Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。416。Carnot，havingshowntotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，proofsofthedepredationscommittedonthearmyoftheNorth，Saint—Justgotangryandexclaimed:\"ItisonlyanenemyoftheRepublicthatwouldaccusehiscolleaguesofdepredations，asifpatriotshadn’tarighttoeverything！\"
[147]AstoCaligulaseeSuetoniusandPhilo。—WithrespecttoHakem，see\"L’ExposédelaReligiondesDruses，\"byM。deSacy。
[148]Saint—Just，speakingintheConvention，says:\"Whatconstitutesarepublicistheutterdestructionofwhateverisopposedtoit。\"
[149]OrdersissuedbySaint—JustandLebasforthedepartmentsofPas—de—Calais，Nord，laSommeetl’Aisne。—Cf。\"Histoiredel’Alsace，\"byStr？bel，and\"Recueildepiecesauthentiquespourserviràl’histoiredelaRévolutionàStrasbourg，\"3vols。—ArchivesNationalesAF。，II。，135，ordersissuedBrumaire10，yearII。，andlistoftheonehundredandninety—threepersonstaxed。
[150]BuchezetRoux，XXXI。，32。（Saint—Just’sreplytoMayorMonet。）
—DeSybel，II。，447，448。AtthefirstinterviewSaint—JustsaidtoSchneider:\"Whyusesomuchceremony？Youknowthecrimesofthearistocrats？Inthetwenty—fourhourstakenforoneinvestigationyoumighthavetwenty—fourcondemned。\"
[151]\"JournaldemarchedusergentFricasse，\"p。34。（NarrativebyMarshalSoult。）
[152]Cf。intheBible，thestoryofAhasueruswho，outofrespectforhisownmajesty，can—notretracttheorderhehasissuedagainsttheJews，butheturnsthedifficultybyallowingthemtodefendthemselves。
[153]Mallet—Dupan，II。，47。
[154]BerryatSaint—Prix，\"LaJusticeRevolutionnaire，\"XVII。—MarcelinBoudet，\"LesConventionnelsd’Auvergne，\"269。—Moniteur，Brumaire27，yearIII。，reportbyCalès。
[155]Paris，\"HistoiredeJosephLebon，\"I。，371；II。，341，344。—DeMartel，\"Fouché，\"153。—BerryatSaint—Prix，347，348。
[156]BerryatSaint—Prix，390。—Ibid。，404。（OnSoubrié，executioneratMarseilles，letterofLazareGiraud，publicprosecutor）:\"Iputhiminthedungeonforhavingshedtearsonthescaffold，inexecutingtheanti—revolutionistswesenttobeexecuted。\"
[157]Moniteur，XVIII。，413。（SessionoftheConvention，letterofLequinioandLaignelot，Rochefort，Brumaire17，yearII。）\"WehaveappointedthepatriotAnseguilloteneurandwehaveinvitedhim，indiningwithus，tocomeandassumehisprescribedpowers，andwaterthemwithalibationinhonoroftheRepublic。—Paris，II。，72。
[158]MarcelinBoudet，270。（TestimonyofBardanèchedeBayonne。）
[159]Guil1on，\"HistoiredelavilledeLyonspendantlaRevolution，\"
II。，427，431，433。
[160]\"MémoireduCitoyenFréron，\"（intheBarrièrecollection，）
p。357。（Testimonyofasurvivor。）
[161]Paris，II。，32
[162]Delandine，\"TableauxdesprisonsdeLyons，\"p。14。
[163]CamilleBoursier，\"EssaisurlaTerreurenAnjou，\"164。（LetterofBoniface，ex—Benedictine，presidentoftheRevolutionarycommittee，toRepresentativeRichard，Brumaire3，yearII。）\"WesendyouthesaidHenriVerdier，calleddelaSaurinière……Itwillnotbelongbeforeyouwillseethatwemaketheguillotineapresent……
TheCommitteebegsyoutosendhimsacramsanctamguillotinam，andtherepublicanministerofhisworship……Notanhourofthedaypassesthatnewmembersdonotcometouswhomwedesiretoinitiateinitsmysteries，（sic）。\"
[164]Thibaudeau，\"HistoireduTerrorismedansledépartmentdelaVienne，\"34，48。—BerryatSaint—Prix，239。
[165]ArchivesNationalesF。7，4435。（LetterofLebon，Floréal23，yearII。）—Paris，I。241。
[166]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，184，200。（DepositionsofChaux，MonneronandVillemain。）
[167]RegisteroftheRevolutionaryTribunalofNantes，copiedbyM。
Chevrier。（M。Chevrierhaskindlysentmehismanuscriptcopy。）—
BerryatSaint—Prix，94。—ArchivesNationales，F7。4591。（ExtractfromtheactsoftheLegislativeCommittee，sessionofFloréal3，yearIII。RestitutionoftheconfiscatedpropertyofAlexanderLongtohisson。）Dartigoyte，atAuch，didwhatCarrierdidatNantes。\"Itfollowsfromtheaboveabstractdulysignedthatonthe27thGerminal，yearII。，betweeneightandnineo’clockintheevening，AlexandreLong，Sr。，wasputtodeathonthepublicsquareofthecommuneofAuchbytheexecutionerofcriminalsentences，withoutanyjudgmenthavingbeenrenderedagainstthesaidLong。\"—InmanyplacesanexecutionbecomesaspectaclefortheJacobinsofthetownandapartyofpleasure。Forinstance，atArras，onthesquaredevotedtoexecutions，agallerywaserectedforspectatorswitharoomforthesaleofrefreshments，and，duringtheexecutionofM。deMontgon，the\"？aira\"isplayedonthebassdrum。（Paris，II。，158，andI。，159。）
Acertainfacetiousrepresentativehasrehearsalsoftheperformanceinhisownhouse。\"Lejeune，tofeedhisbloodthirstyimagination，hadasmallguillotineputup，onwhichhecutofftheheadsofallthepoultryconsumedathistable……Often，inthemiddleoftherepast，hehaditbroughtinandsettoworkfortheamusementofhisguests。\"（Moniteur，XXIV。，607，sessionofJuneI，1795，letterfromthedistrictofBesan？on，andwiththeletter，theconfirmatorydocument。）\"Thisguillotine，saysthereporter，isdepositedwiththeCommitteeofLegislation。\"
CHAPTERIII。THERULERS。（continued）。
I。TheCentralGovernmentAdministration。
TheadministrativebodyatParis。—Compositionofthegroupoutofwhichitwasrecruited。—Deteriorationofthisgroup。—Weeding—outoftheSectionAssemblies。—Weedingoutofthepopularclubs。—
Pressureofthegovernment。
Toprovidetheselocalsovereignswiththesubordinatelieutenantsandagentswhichtheyrequire，wehavethelocalJacobinpopulation，andwehaveseenthecompositionoftherecruits，[1]
*thedistressedandthepervertedofeveryclassanddegree，especiallythelowest，*thecastaways，*enviousandresentfulsubordinates，*smallshopkeepersindebt，*themigrating，high—livingworkers，*barflies，*vagrants，*menofthegutters，*street—walkers，—inshort，everyspeciesof\"anti—socialvermin，\"maleandfemale，[2]includingafewhonestcrack—brainsintowhichthefashionabletheoryhadfreelyfounditsway；therest，andbyfarthelargestnumber，areveritablebeastsofprey，speculatingontheestablishedorderofthingsandadoptingtherevolutionaryfaithonlybecauseitprovidesfoodfortheirappetites。—InParis，theynumberfiveorsixthousand，and，afterThermidor，thereisaboutthesamenumber，thesameappetitesrallyingthemaroundthesamedogma，[3]
levelersandterrorists，\"somebecausetheyarepoor，othersbecausetheyhavebrokenoffthehabitofworkingattheirtrade，\"furiouswith\"thescoundrelswhoownacoachhouse，againsttherichandthehoardersofobjectsofprimenecessity。\"Manyofthem\"havingsoiledthemselvesduringtheRevolution，readytodoitagainprovidedtherichrascals，monopolistsandmerchantscanallbekilled，\"all\"frequentersofpopularclubswhothinkthemselvesphilosophers，althoughmostofthemareunabletoread，\"attheheadofthemtheremnantofthemostnotoriouspoliticalbandits，*thefamouspost—master，Drouet，who，inthetribuneattheConvention，declaredhimselfa\"brigand，\"[4]
*Javogues，therobberofMontbrisonandthe\"NeroofAin，\"
*thedrunkardCasset，formerlyasilk—workerandlaterthepashaofThionville，*Bertrand，thefriendofCharlier，theex—mayorandexecutionerofLyons，*Darthé，ex—secretaryofLebonandtheexecutioneratArras，*RossignolandnineotherSeptembriseursoftheAbbayeandtheCarmelites，and，finally，thegreatapostleofdespoticcommunism，*Babeuf，who，sentencedtotwentyyearsinironsforthefalsificationofpubliccontracts，andasneedyasheisvicious，ramblesaboutParisairinghisdisappointedambitionsandemptypocketsalongwiththeswaggeringcrewwho，ifnotstrivingtoreachthethronebyanewmassacre，[5]trampthroughthestreetsslipshod，forlackofmoney\"toredeemapairofbootsattheshoemakers，\"ortosellsomesnuff—boxtheirlastresource，foramorningdram。[6]
Inthisclassweseethegoverningrabblefullyanddistinctly。
Separatedfromitsforcedadherentsandtheofficialrobotswhoserveitastheywouldanyotherpower，itstandsoutpureandunalloyedbyanyneutralinflux；werecognizeherethepermanentresidue，thedeep，settledslimeofthesocialsewer。Itistothissinkofviceandignorancethattherevolutionarygovernmentbetakesitselfforitsstaff—officersanditsadministrativebodies。
Nowhereelsecouldtheybefound。Forthedailytaskimposeduponthem，andwhichmustbedonebythem，isrobberyandmurder；exceptingthepurefanatics，whoarefewinnumber，onlybrutesandblackguardshavetheaptitudesandtastesforsuchbusiness。InParis，asintheprovinces，itisfromtheclubsorpopularassociationsinwhichtheycongregate，thattheyaresoughtfor。—EachsectionofPariscontainsoneoftheseclubs，inallforty—eight，ralliedaroundthecentralclubintheRueSt。Honoré，forty—eightdistrictalliancesofprofessionalriotersandbrawlers，therebelsandblackguardsofthesocialarmy，allthemenandwomenincapableofdevotingthemselvestoaregularlifeandusefullabor，[7]especiallythosewho，onthe31stofMayand2ndofJune，hadaidedtheParisCommuneandthe\"Mountain\"
inviolatingtheConvention。Theyrecognizeeachotherbythissignthat，\"eachwouldbehungincaseofacounter—revolution，\"[8]layingitdown\"asanincontestablefactthat，shouldasinglearistocratbespared，allofthemwouldmountthescaffold。\"[9]Theyarenaturallywaryandtheysticktogether:intheirclique\"everythingisdoneonthebasisofgoodfellowship；\"[10]nooneisadmittedexceptontheconditionofhavingprovedhisqualifications\"onthe10thofAugustand31stofMay。\"[11]And，astheyhavemadetheirwayintotheCommuneandintotherevolutionarycommitteesbehindvictoriousleaders，theyareable，throughthecertificatesofcivismwhichthesearbitrarilygrantorrefuse，toexclude，notonlyfrompoliticallifebut，again，fromcivillife，whoeverisnotoftheirparty。
\"See，\"writesoneofDanton’scorrespondents，[12]\"thesortofpersonswhoeasilyobtainthesecertificates，—theRonsins，theJourdans，theMaillards，theVincents，allbankrupts，keepersofgambling—hellsandcut—throats。Asktheseindividualswhethertheyhavepaidthepatrioticcontribution，whethertheyregularlypaytheusualtaxes，whethertheygivetothepooroftheirsections，tothevolunteersoldiers，etc。；whethertheymountguardorseeitregularlydone，whethertheyhavemadealoyaldeclarationfortheforcedloan。Youwillfindthattheyhavenot……TheCommuneissuescertificatesofcivismtoitssatellitesandrefusesthemtothebestcitizens。\"
Themonopolyisobvious；theymakenoattempttoconcealit；sixweekslater，[13]itbecomesofficial:severalrevolutionarycommitteesdecidenottograntcertificatesofcivismtocitizenswhoarenotmembersofapopularclub。\"Andstrictexclusiongoesonincreasingfrommonthtomonth。Oldcertificatesarecanceledandnewonesimposed，whichnewcertificateshavenewformalitiesaddedtothem，alargernumberofendorsersbeingrequiredandcertainkindsofguaranteesbeingrejected；thereisgreaterstrictnessinrelationtotherequisitesecuritiesandqualifications；thecandidateisputoffuntilfullerinformationcanbeobtainedabouthim；heisrejectedattheslightestsuspicion:[14]heisonlytoofortunateifheistoleratedintheRepublicasapassivesubject，ifheiscontenttobetaxedandtaxedwhentheyplease，andifheisnotsenttojointhe\"suspects\"inprison；whoeverdoesnotbelongtothebanddoesnotbelongtothecommunity。
Amongstthemselvesandintheirpopularclubitisworse，for\"theeagernesstogetanyofficeleadstoeveryonedenouncingeachother；\"[15]
consequently，attheJacobinclubintherueSt。Honoré，andinthebranchclubsofthequarter，thereisconstantpurging，andalwaysinthesamesense，untilthefactioniscleansedofallhonestorpassablealloyandonlyaminorityremains，whichhasitsownwayateveryballoting。Oneofthemannouncesthat，inhisclub，eightydoubtfulmembershavealreadybeengottenridof；anotherthat，inhisclub，onehundredaregoingtobeexcluded。[16]OnVentose23，inthe\"Bon—Consei1\"club，mostofthemembersexaminedarerejected:\"theyaresostrictthatamanwhocannotshowthatheactedenergeticallyincriticaltimes，cannotformpartoftheassembly；heissetasideforameretrifle。\"OnVent？se13，inthesameclub，\"outoftwenty—
sixexamined，sevenonlyareadmitted；onecitizen，atobaccodealer，agedsixty—eight，whohasalwaysperformedhisduty，isrejectedforhavingcalledthepresidentMonsieur，andforhavingspokeninthetribunebareheaded；twomembers，afterthis，insistedonhisbeingaModerate，whichisenoughtokeephimout。\"Thosewhoremain，consistofthemostrestlessandmostloquacious，themosteagerforoffice，theself—mutilatedclubbeingthusreducedtoanucleusofcharlatansandscoundrels。
Tothesespontaneouseliminationsthroughwhichtheclubdeteriorates，addtheconstantpressurethroughwhichtheCommitteeofPublicSafetyfrightensanddegradesit。Thelowertherevolutionarygovernmentsinks，andthemoreitconcentratesitspower，themoreservileandsanguinarydoitsagentsandemployeesbecome。Itstrikesrightandleftasawarning；itimprisonsordecapitatestheturbulentamongitsownclients，thesecondarydemagogueswhoareimpatientatnotbeingprincipaldemagogues，theboldwhothinkofstrikingafreshblowinthestreets，JacquesRoux，Vincent，Momoro，Hébert，leadersoftheCordeliersclubandoftheCommune。Afterthese，theindulgentwhoaredisposedtoexercisesomediscernmentormoderationinterrorism，CamilleDesmoulins，Dantonandtheiradherents；andlastly，manyotherswhoaremoreorlessdoubtful，compromisedorcompromising，weariedoreccentric，fromMaillardtoChaumette，fromAntonelletoChabot，fromWestermanntoClootz。Eachoftheproscribedhasagangoffollowers，andsuddenlythewholegangareobligedtodoavolte—
face；thosewhowereabletoshowinitiative，grovel，whilethosewhocouldshowmercy，becomehardened。Henceforth，amongstthesubalternJacobins，therootsofindependence，humanity，andloyalty，hardtoextirpateeveninanignobleandcruelnature，areeradicatedeventothelastfiber，therevolutionarystaff，alreadysodebased，becomingmoreandmoredegraded，untilitisworthyoftheofficeassignedtoit。TheconfidantsofHébert，thosewholistentoChaumette，thecomradesofWestermann，theofficersofRonsin，thefaithfulreadersofCamille，theadmirersanddevoteesofDanton，allareboundtopubliclyrepudiatetheirincarceratedfriendorleaderandapproveofthedecreewhichsendshimtothescaffold，toapplaudhiscalumniators，tooverwhelmhimontrial:thisorthatjudgeorjuryman，whoisoneofDanton’spartisans，isobligedtostifleadefenseofhim，and，knowinghimtobeinnocent，pronouncehimguilty；
onewhohadoftendinedwithDesmoulinsisnotonlytoguillotinehim，but，inadditiontothis，toguillotinehisyoungwidow。Moreover，intherevolutionarycommittees，attheCommune，intheofficesoftheCommitteeofGeneralSafety，inthebureauoftheCentralPolice，attheheadquartersofthearmedforce，attherevolutionaryTribunal，theservicetowhichtheyarecompelledtodobecomesdailymoreonerousandmorerepulsive。Todenounceneighbors，toarrestcolleagues，togoandseizeinnocentpersons，knowntobesuch，intheirbeds，toselectintheprisonsthethirtyorfortyunfortunateswhoformthedailyfoodoftheguillotine，to\"amalgamate\"themhaphazard，totrythemandcondemntheminalot，toescortoctogenarianwomenandgirlsofsixteentothescaffold，evenundertheknife—blade，toseeheadsdroppingandbodiesswinging，tocontrivemeansforgettingridofamultitudeofcorpses，andforremovingthetoo—visiblestainsofblood。Ofwhatspeciesdothebeingsconsist，whocanacceptsuchatask，andperformitdayafterday，withtheprospectofdoingitindefinitely？Fouquier—Tinvillehimselfsuccumbs。Oneevening，onhiswaytotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，\"hefeelsunwell\"onthePont—Neufandexclaims:\"IthinkI
seetheghostsofthedeadfollowingus，especiallythoseofthepatriotsIhavehadguillotined！\"[17]Andatanothertime:\"Iwouldratherplowthegroundthanbepublicprosecutor。IfIcould，Iwouldresign。\"——Thegovernment，asthesystembecomesaggravated，isforcedtodescendlowerstillthatitmayfindsuitableinstruments；
itfindsthemnowonlyinthelowestdepths:inGerminal，torenewtheCommune，inFloréal，torenewtheministries，inPrairial，tore—
composetherevolutionaryTribunal，monthaftermonth，purgingandre—
constitutingthecommitteesofeachquarter[18]ofthecity。InvaindoesRobespierre，writingandre—writinghissecretlists，trytofindmenabletomaintainthesystem；healwaysfallsbackonthesamenames，thoseofunknownpersons，illiterate，aboutahundredknavesorfoolswithfourorfivesecond—classdespotsorfanaticsamongthem，asmalevolentandasnarrowashimself。—Thepurifyingcruciblehasbeenusedtoooftenandfortoolongatime；ithasoverheated；whatwassound，ornearlyso，intheelementsoftheprimitivefluidhasbeenforciblyevaporated；theresthasfermentedandbecomeacid；
nothingremainsinthebottomofthevesselbuttheleesofstupidityandwickedness，theirconcentratedandcorrosivedregs。
II。SubalternJacobins。
Qualityofsubalternleaders。—Howtheyruleinthesectionassemblies。—Howtheyseizeandholdoffice。
Sucharethesubordinatesovereigns[19]whoinParis，during14monthsdisposeastheyplease，offortunes，libertiesandlives。—Andfirst，inthesectionassemblies，whichstillmaintainasemblanceofpopularsovereignty，theyruledespoticallyanduncontested。—
\"Adozenorfifteenmenwearingaredcap，[20]well—informedornot，claimtheexclusiverightofspeakingandacting，andifanyothercitizenwithhonestmotiveshappenstoproposemeasureswhichhethinksproper，andwhichreallyareso，noattentionispaidtothesemeasures，or，ifitis，itisonlytoshowthememberscomposingtheassemblageofhowlittleaccounttheyare。Thesemeasuresareaccordinglyrejected，solelybecausetheyarenotpresentedbyoneofthemeninaredcap，orbysomebodylikethemselves，initiatedinthemysteriesofthesection。\"
\"Sometimes，\"saysoneoftheleaders，[21]\"wefindonlytenmembersoftheclubatthegeneralassemblyofthesection；butthereareenoughofustointimidatetherest。Shouldanycitizenofthesectionmakeapropositionwedonotlike，weriseandshoutthatheisanschemer，orasigner（offormerconstitutionalpetitions）。Inthiswayweimposesilenceonthosewhoarenotinlinewiththeclub。\"—
SinceSeptember，1793，operationisalltheeasierbecausethemajority，isnowcomposedofbeastsofburden，ruledwithanironhand。
\"Whensomethinghastobeeffectedthatdependsonintrigueoronprivateinterest，[22]themotionisalwaysputbyoneofthemembersoftheRevolutionaryCommitteeofthesection，orbyoneofthosefanaticalpatriotswhojoininwiththeCommittee，andotherwiseactasitsspies。Immediatelytheignorantmen，towhomDantonhasallowedfortysousforeachmeeting，andwho，fromnowoncrowdanassembly，wheretheynevercamebefore，welcomethepropositionwithloudapplause，shoutinganddemandingavote，andtheactispassedunanimously，notwithstandingthecontraryopinionsofallwell—
informedandhonestcitizens。Shouldanyonedaremakeanobjection，hewouldruntheriskofimprisonmentasasuspect，[23]afterbeingtreatedasanaristocratorfederalist，oratleast，refusedacertificateofcivism，（aseriousmatter）ifhehadthemisfortunetoneedone，didhissurvivaldependonthis，eitherasemployeeorpensioner。\"—IntheMaison—Communesection，mostoftheauditoryaremasons，\"excellentpatriots，\"saysoneoftheclubbistsofthequarter:[24]theyalwaysvoteonourside；wemakethemdowhatwewant。\"Numbersofday—laborers，cab—drivers，cartmenandworkmenofeveryclass，thusearntheirfortysous，andhavenoideathatanythingelsemightbedemandedfromthem。Onenteringthehall，whenthemeetingopens，theywritedowntheirnames，afterwhichtheygoout\"totakeadrink，\"withoutthinkingthemselvesobligedtolistentotherigmaroleoftheorators；towardstheend，theycomeback，makeallthenoisethatisrequiredofthemwiththeirlungs，feetandhands，andthengoand\"takebacktheircardandgettheirmoney。\"[25]
—Withpaidapplaudersofthisstamp，theysoongetthebetterofanyopponents，or，rather，alloppositionissuppressedbeforehand。\"Thebestcitizenskeepsilent\"inthesectionassemblies，or\"stayaway；\"
thesearesimply\"gambling—shops\"where\"themostabsurd，themostunjust，themostimpoliticofresolutionsarepassedateverymoment。[26]Moreover，citizensareruinedtherebytheunlimitedsectionalexpenditure，whichexceedstheusualtaxationandthecommunalexpenses，alreadyveryheavy。Atonetime，somecarpenterorlocksmith，memberoftheRevolutionaryCommittee，wantstoconstruct，enlargeordecorateahall，anditisnecessarytoagreewithhim。
Again，apoorspeechismade，fullofexaggerationandpoliticalextravagance，ofwhichthree，four，fiveandsixthousandimpressionsareorderedtobeprinted。Then，tocaptheclimax，followingtheexampleoftheCommune，noaccountsarerendered，or，ifthisisdoneforform’ssake，nofaultmustbefoundwiththem，underpenaltyofsuspicion，etc。\"——Thetwelveleaders，proprietorsanddistributorsofcivism，haveonlytoagreeamongstthemselvestosharetheprofits，eachaccordingtohisappetite；henceforth，cupidityandvanityarefreetosacrificethecommonweal，undercoverofthecommoninterest。