Asarear—guard，theyhave\"therabbleofthesuburbsofParis，whichflocksinateverytapofthedrumbecauseithopestomakesomething。\"[97]Asadvance—guardtheyhave\"brigands，\"whilethefrontrankscontain\"alltherobbersinParis，whichthefactionhasenrolledinitspartytousewhenrequired；\"thesecondranksaremadeupof\"anumberofformerdomestics，thebulliesofgambling—housesandofhousesofill—fame，allthevilestclass。\"[98]——Naturally，lostwomenformapartofthecrowd\"Citoyennes，\"Henriotsays，addressingtheprostitutesofthePalais—Royal，whomhehasassembledinitsgarden，\"citoyennes，areyougoodrepublicans？\"\"Yes，general，yes！\"\"Haveyou，bychance，anyrefractorypriest，anyAustrian，anyPrussian，concealedinyourapartments？\"\"Fie，fie！Wehavenobodybutsans—culottes！\"[99]——AlongwiththesearethethievesandprostitutesoutoftheChateletandConciergerie，setatlibertyandthenenlistedbytheSeptemberslaughterers，underthecommandofanoldhagnamedRoseLacombe，[100]formingtheusualaudienceoftheConvention；onimportantdays，sevenoreighthundredofthesemaybecounted，sometimestwothousand，stationedattheentranceandinthegalleries，fromnineo’clockinthemorning。[101]——Maleandfemale，\"thisanti—socialvermin\"102thuscrawlsaroundatthesessionsoftheAssembly，theCommune，theJacobinclub，therevolutionarytribunal，thesectionsandonemayimaginethephysiognomiesitofferstoview。
\"Itwouldseem，\"saysadeputy，[103]\"asifeverysinkinParisandothergreatcitieshadbeenscouredtofindwhateverwasfoul，themosthideous，andthemostinfected……Ugly，cadaverousfeatures，blackorbronzed，surmountedwithtuftsofgreasyhair，andwitheyessunkenhalf—wayintothehead……Theybelchedforthwiththeirnauseousbreaththegrossestinsultsamidstsharpcrieslikethoseofcarnivorousanimals。\"Amongthemtherecanbedistinguished\"theSeptembermurderers，whom\"saysanobserver[104]inapositiontoknowthem，\"Icancomparetonothingbutlazytigerslickingtheirpaws，growlingandtryingtofindafewmoredropsofbloodjustspilled，awaitingafreshsupply。\"Farfromhidingawaytheystrutaboutandshowthemselves。Oneofthem，Petit—Mamain，sonofaninnkeeperatBordeauxandaformersoldier，\"withapale，wrinkledface，sharpeyesandboldair，wearingascimitarathissideandpistolsathisbelt，\"
promenadesthePalais—Royal[105]\"accompaniedorfollowedatadistancebyothersofthesamespecies，\"and\"takingpartineveryconversation。\"\"Itwasme，\"hesays，\"whorippedopenLaLamballeandtoreherheartout……AllIhavetoregretisthatthemassacrewassuchashortone。Butweshallhaveitoveragain。Onlywaitafortnight！\"and，thereupon，hecallsouthisownnameindefiance。——
Another，whohasnoneedofstatinghiswell—knownname，Maillard，presidentoftheAbbayemassacres，hashishead—quartersatthecafé
Chrétien，[106]RueFavart，fromwhich，guzzlingdramsofbrandy，\"hedispatcheshismustachedmen，sixty—eightcutthroats，theterrorofthesurroundingregion；\"weseethemincoffee—housesandinthefoyersofthetheaters\"drawingtheirhugesabers，\"andtellinginoffensivepeople:\"IamMr。soandso；ifyoulookatmewithcontemptI’llcutyoudown！——Afewmonthsmoreand，underthecommandofoneofHenriot’saids，asquadofthisbandwillrobandtoast（chauffer）peasantsintheenvironmentofCorbeilandMeaux。[107]Inthemeantime，eveninParis，theytoast，rob，andrapeongrandoccasions。Onthe25thand26thofFebruary，1793，[108]theypillagewholesaleandretailgroceries，\"savethosebelongingtoJacobins，\"intheRuedesLombards，RuedesCinq—Diamants，RueBeaurepaire，RueMontmartre，intheIleSaint—Louis，onthePort—au—
Blé，beforetheH？tel—de—ville，RueSaint—Jacques，inshort，twelvehundredofthem，notalonearticlesofprimenecessity，soapandcandles，butagain，sugar，brandy，cinnamon，vanilla，indigoandtea。
\"IntheRuedelaBourdonnaie，anumberofpersonscameoutwithloavesofsugartheyhadnotpaidforandwhichtheyre—sold。\"Theaffairwasarrangedbeforehand，thesameasonthe5thofOctober，1789；amongthewomenareseen\"severalmenindisguisewhodidnoteventaketheprecautionofshaving，\"andinmanyplaces，thankstotheconfusion，theyheartilyabandonthemselvestoit。Withhisfeetinthefireorapistolathishead，themasterofthehouseiscompelledtogivethem\"gold，money，assignatsandjewels，\"onlytoogladifhiswifeanddaughtersarenotrapedbeforehiseyesasinatowntakenbyassault。
VII。TheJacobinChieftains。
Themakeupoftherulers。——Thenatureandscopeoftheirintellect。
——ThepoliticalviewsofM。Saule。
Sucharethepoliticianswho，afterthelastmonthsoftheyear1792，ruleoverParis，and，throughParis，overthewholeofFrance，fivethousandbrutesandblackguardswithtwothousandhussies，justaboutthenumberagoodpoliceforcewouldexpelfromthecity，wereitimportanttogivethecapitalacleaningout；[109]theytoo，wereconvincedoftheirrights，allthemoreardentintheirrevolutionaryfaith，becausethecreedconvertstheirvicesintovirtues，andtransformstheirmisdeedsintopublicservices。[110]Theyaretheactualsovereignpeople，thisiswhyweshouldtrytounraveltheirinnermostthoughts。IfwetrulyaretocomprehendthepasteventswemustdiscernthespontaneousfeelingsmovingthemonthetrialoftheKing，thedefeatofNeerwinden，atthedefectionofDumouriez，ontheinsurrectioninLaVendée，attheaccusationofMarat，thearrestofHébert，andeachofthedangerswhichinturnfallontheirheads。
For，thisisnotborrowedemotion；itdoesnotdescendfromabove；
theyarenotatrustyarmyofdisciplinedsoldiers，butasuspiciousaccumulationoftemporaryadherents。Tocommandthemrequiresobediencetothem，theirleadersalwaysremainingtheirtool。Howeverpopularandfirmlyestablishedachiefmayseemtobe，heisthereonlyforashorttime，atalltimessubjecttotheirapprovalasthebullhornfortheirpassionsandthepurveyortotheirappetites。[111]
SuchwasPétioninJuly，1792，andsuchisMaratsincethedaysofSeptember。\"OneMaratmoreorless（whichwillsoonbeseen）wouldnotchangethecourseofevents。\"[112]——\"Butoneonlywouldremain，[113]
Chaumette，forinstance；onewouldsufficetoleadthehorde，\"becauseitisthehordeitselfwhichleads。\"Itsattachmentwillalwaysbeawardedtowhoevershowsadispositiontofollowittheclosestinitsoutrageswithoutinanyrespectcaringforitsformerleaders……
ItslikingforMaratandRobespierreisnotsogreatasforthosewhowillexclaim，Letuskill，letusplunder！\"Lettheleaderofthedaystopfollowingthecurrentoftheday，andhewillbecrushedasanobstacleorcastoffasapieceofwreckage。——Judgeiftheyarewillingtobeentangledinthespider’swebwhichtheGirondinsputintheirway。InsteadofthemetaphysicalconstitutionwithwhichtheGirondinsconfrontthem，theyhaveoneintheirownheadreadymade，simpletothelastpoint，adaptedtotheircapacityandtheirinstincts。Thereaderwillcalltomindoneoftheirchiefs，whomwehavealreadymet，M。Saule，\"astout，stuntedlittleoldman，drunkallhislife，formerlyanupholsterer，thenapeddlerofquackeriesintheshapeoffour—pennyboxesofhangman’sgrease，tocurepainsintheloins，[114]afterwardschiefoftheclaqueinthegalleriesoftheConstituentAssemblyanddrivenoutforrascality，restoredundertheLegislativeAssembly，and，undertheprotectionofagroomoftheCourt，favoredwithaspotneartheAssemblydoor，tosetupapatrioticcoffee—shop，thenawardedsixhundredfrancsasarecompense，providedwithnationalquarters，appointedinspectorofthetribunes，aregulatorofpublicopinion，andnow\"oneofthemadcapsoftheCorn—market。\"Suchamanistypical，anaveragespecimenofhisparty，notonlyineducation，characterandconduct，but，again，inambition，principles，logicandsuccess。\"Hesworethathewouldmakehisfortune，andhedidit。Hisconstantcrywasthatnoblesandpriestsshouldbeputdown，andwenolongerhaveeither。
Hehasconstantlyshoutedagainstthecivillist，andthecivillisthasbeensuppressed。Atlast，lodgedinthehousebelongingtoLouisXVI。，hetoldhimtohisfacethathisheadoughttobestruckoff，andtheheadofLouisXVI。hasfallen。\"——Here，inanutshell，isthehistoryandtheportraitofalltheothers；itisnotsurprisingthatgenuineJacobinsseetheRevolutioninthesamewayasM。Saule，[115]
*when，forthem，thesolelegitimateConstitutionisthedefinitiveestablishmentoftheiromnipotence；
*whentheydesignateasorderandjusticetheboundlessdespotismtheyexerciseoverpropertyandlife；
*whentheirinstinct，asnarrowandviolentasthatofaTurkishbey，comprisesonlyextremeanddestructivemeasures，arrests，deportations，confiscations，executions，allofwhichisdonewithheaderect，withdelightasifapatrioticduty，byrightofamoralpriesthood，inthenameofthepeople，eitherdirectlyandtumultuouslywiththeirownhands，orindirectlyandlegallybythehandsoftheirdocilerepresentatives。
Thisisthesumoftheirpoliticalsystem，fromwhichnothingwilldetachthem；fortheyareanchoredfasttoitwiththefullweightandwitheveryholduponitthatcharacterizestheirimmorality，ignoranceandfolly。Throughthehypocriticalglitterofcompulsoryparades，theironefixedideaimposesitselfontheoratorthathemayutteritintirades，onthelegislatorthathemayputitintodecrees，ontheadministratorthathemayputitinpractice，and，fromtheiropeningcampaignuptotheirfinalvictory，theywilltoleratebutonevariation，andthisvariationistrifling。InSeptember，1792，theydeclarebytheiracts:
\"Thosewhoseopinionsareopposedtoourswillbeassassinated，andtheirgold，jewelsandpocketbookswillbelongtous。\"
InNovember，1793，theyaretodeclarethroughtheofficialinaugurationoftherevolutionarygovernment:
\"thosewhoseopinionsdifferfromourswillbeguillotinedandweshallbetheirheirs。\"[116]
Betweenthisprogram，whichissupportedbytheJacobinpopulationandtheprogramoftheGirondinswhichthemajorityintheConventionsupports，betweenCondorcet’sConstitutionandthesummaryarticlesofM。Saule，itiseasytoseewhichwillprevail。\"TheseParisianblackguards，\"saysaGirondist，\"takeusfortheirvalets！[117]Letavaletcontradicthismasterandheissuretolosehisplace。Fromthefirstday，whentheConventioninabodytraversedthestreetstobeginitssessions，certainsignificantexpressionsenabledittoseeintowhathandsithadfallen:
\"WhyshouldsomanyfolkscomeheretogovernFrance，\"saysabystander，\"haven’tweenoughinParis？\"[118]
Notes:
[1]AnycontemporyWesternreadertakenotice！！TheproofofanyJacobinorSocialistorCommunisttake—over，surreptitiousoropen—
handed，liesintheirtake—overoftheimportantpostsinpolitics，thejudicialsystem，themediaandtheadministration。Theymaybeyearsindoingthis，placingconvincedorcontrolledmenandwomen，firstinthefaculties，laterincareerpost，sothatthey，30yearslater，havetheirpeopleonallleadingposts；ortheymaydoitallatonce，liketheJacobinsinFrance，LenininRussiaorStalinintheconqueredterritoriesafterthesecondworldwar。（SR）。
[2]Duvergier，\"Collectiondesloisetdécrets，\"decreesofSept。22
andOct。19，1792。Theelectoralassembliesandclubshadalreadyproceededinmanyplacestorenewontheirownauthoritythedecreerenderingtheirappointmentsvalid。
[3]ThenecessityofplacingJacobinseverywhereiswellshowninthefollowingletter:\"Pleasedesignatebyacross，onthemarginofthejury—panelforyourdistrict，thoseJacobinsthatitwilldotoputonthelistof200forthenextquarter。Werequirepatriots。\"（Letterfromtheattorney—generalofDoubs，Dec。23，1792。Sauzay，III。220。）
[4]Pétion，\"Mémoires\"（Ed。Dauban），p。118:\"Thejusticewhoaccompaniedmewasverytalkative，butcouldnotspeakawordofFrench。Hetoldmethathehadbeenastone—cutterbeforehebecameajustice，havingtakenthisofficeonpatrioticgrounds。Hewantedtodrawupastatementandgivemeaguardoftwogendarmes；hedidnotknowhow，soIdictatedtohimwhattosay；butmypatiencewasseverelytaxedbyhisincrediblyslowwriting。
[5]DecreesofJuly6，Aug。15and20，Sept。26，1792。
[6]DecreeofNov。1，1792。——AlbertBabeau，II。14，39，40。
[7]Dumouriez，III。309，355。——MiotdeMelito，\"Mémoires，\"I。31，33。——GouverneurMorris，letterofFeb。14，1793:\"Thestateofdisorganizationappearstobeirremediable。Thevenalityissuchthat，iftherebenotraitors，itisbecausetheenemyhavenotcommonsense。\"
[8]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268。LetterofthemunicipalofficersofRambouillet，Oct。3，1792。TheydenounceapetitionoftheJacobinsofthetown，whostrivetodeprivefortyforestersoftheirplaces，nearlyallwithfamilies，’onaccountoftheironcehavingbeeninthepayofaperjuredking。\"——Arnault（\"Souvenirsd’unsexagénaire\"），II。15。Heresignsasmallplacehehadintheassignatemanufacture，because，hesays，\"themostinsignificantplacebeingsoughtfor，hefoundhimselfexposedtoeverykindofdenunciation。\"
[9]Dumouriez，III。339。——Meillan，\"Mémoires，\"27。\"EightdaysafterhisinstallationasMinisterofWar，Beurnonvilleconfessedtomethathehadbeenofferedsumstotheamountof500，000francstolendhimselftoembezzlements。\"Hetriestosweepouttheverminofstealingemployees，andisforthwithdenouncedbyMarat。——Barbaroux，\"Mémoires\"（Ed。Dauban）。（LetterofFeb。5，1793。）\"IfoundtheMinisteroftheInteriorintearsattheobstinacyofVieilz，whowantedhimtoviolatethelawofOct。12，1791（onpromotion）。\"Vieilzhadbeenintheserviceonlyfourmonths，insteadoffiveyears，asthelawrequired，andtheMinisterdidnotdaretomakeanenemyofamanofsomuchinfluenceintheclubs。BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。19
（\"Publicationdespiècesrelativesau31Mai，\"atCaen，byBergoing，June28，1793）:\"Myfriendlearnedthattheplacehadbeengiventoanother，whohadpaid50louistothedeputy。——Theplacesinthebureaus，thearmies，theadministrationsandcommissionsareestimatedat9，000。ThedeputiesoftheMountainhaveexclusivedisposalofthemandsettheirpriceonthem，theratesbeingalmostpubliclystated。\"
Thenumbergreatlyincreasesduringthefollowingyear（MalletduPan，II。56，March，1794）。\"Thepublicemployeesatthecapitalaloneamountto35，000。\"
[10]DecreeofAug。11，12，1792。
[11]Sauzay，III。45。Thenumberincreasesfrom3，200to7，000。
[12]Durand—Maillane，\"Mémoires，\"p。30:\"ThisproceedingconvertedtheFrenchproletariat，whichhadnopropertyortenacity，intothedominantpartyatelectoralassemblages……ThevariousclubsestablishedinFrance（were）thenmastersoftheelections。\"IntheBouches—du—Rh？ne\"400electorsinMarseilles，one—sixthofwhomhadnottheincomeofasilvermarc，despoticallycontrolledourElectoralAssembly。Notavoicewasallowedtoberaisedagainstthem……OnlythosewereelectedwhomBarbarouxdesignated。\"
[13]DecreeofAug。11，12，\"ArchivesNationales，\"CII。58to76。
OfficialreportoftheElectoralAssemblyoftheRh？ne—et—Loire，heldatSaint—Etienne。TheelectorsofSaint—Etiennedemandremunerationthesameastheothers，consideringthattheygavetheirtimeinthesameway。Granted。
[14]\"ArchivesNationales，\"CII。1to32。OfficialreportoftheElectoralAssemblyoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne，speechbyDurand—Maillane:
\"CouldIintheNationalConventionbeotherwisethanIhavebeeninrelationtotheformerLouisXVI。，who，afterhisflightonthe22dofJune，appearedtomeunworthyofthethrone？CanIdootherwisethanabhorroyalty，aftersomanyofourregalcrimes？\"
[15]Moniteur，XIII。623，sessionofSept。8，speechbyLarivière。—
\"ArchivesNationales，\"CII。，1to83。（Theofficialreportsmakefrequentmentionofthedispatchofthiscomparativelists，andtheJacobinswhosenditrequesttheElectoralAssemblytohaveitreadforthwith。）
[16]RétifdelaBretonne，\"LesNuitsdeParis，\"NightX。p。301:\"Assoonastheprimaryassemblieshadbeensetup，theplottersbegantowork，electorswerenominated，andthroughthevicioussystemadoptedinthesections，anuproarmadeitoutforamajorityofvoices。——
Cf。Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRévolutionFran？aise，\"I。98。LetterofDamour，vice—presidentofthesectionoftheThéatre—Fran？ais，Oct。29。
——\"UnSéjourenFrance，\"p。29:\"Theprimaryassemblieshavealreadybeguninthisdepartment（Pas—de—Calais）。Wehappenedtoenterachurch，wherewefoundyoungRobespierreharanguinganaudienceassmallinpointofnumberasitwasinthatofrespectability。Theyapplaudedvigorouslyasiftomakeupfortheirothershortcomings。\"
[17]AlbertBabeau，I。518。AtTroyes，Aug。26，therevolutionariesinmostofthesectionshaveitdecidedthattherelationsofanémigré，designatedashostagesandthesignersofroyalistaddresses，shallnotbeentitledtovote:\"Thesovereignpeopleintheirprimaryassemblymayadmitamongitsmembersonlypurecitizensagainstwhomthereisnottheslightestreproach\"（resolutionoftheMadeleinesection）。——Sauzay，III。47，49andfollowingpages。AtQuinsy，Aug。
26，Lout，workingtheChattilyfurnaces，alongwithahundredofhismenarmedwithclubs，keepsawayfromtheballot—boxtheelectorsofthecommuneofCourcelles，\"suspectedofincivisme。\"——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3217。LettersofGilles，justiceanthecantonofRoquemaure（Gard），Oct。31，1792，andJan。23，1793，ontheelectoralproceedingsemployedinthiscanton:Dutour，presidentoftheclub，lefthischairtosupportthemotionfor\"lanterning\"thegrumpyandallthefalsepatriots……Onthe4thofNovember\"heforcedcontributionsbythreateningtocutoffheadsanddestroyhouses。\"Hewaselectedjuge—de—paix。——Another，Magère，\"approvedofthemotionforsettingupagallows，providedthatitwasnotplacedinfrontofhiswindows，andstatedopenlyintheclubthatifpeoplefollowedthelawtheywouldneveraccomplishanythingtoberemembered。\"Hewaselectedmemberofthedepartmentdirectory。——Athird，Fournier，\"wrotethatthegiftswhichcitizensmadetosavetheirliveswerevoluntarygifts。\"Heismadeadepartmentcouncilor。\"Peaceablecitizensarestoringtheirfurnitureinsafeplacesinordertotaketoflight……ThereisnosecurityinFrance；theepithetofaristocrat，ofFeuillant，ofmoderateaffixedtothemosthonestcitizen’snameisenoughtomakehimanobjectofspoliationandtoexposehimtolosinghislife……Iinsistonregardingthefalseideawhichiscurrentinrelationtopopularsovereigntyastheprincipalcauseoftheexistinganarchy。\"
[18]Schmidt，\"PariserZustande，\"I。50andfollowingpages。——
Mortimer—Ternaux，V。95。109，117，129。（BallotofOct。4，14，137
voters；Oct。22，14，006；Nov。19，10，223，Dec。6，7062。）
[19]Sauzay，III。45，46，221。——AlbertBabeau，I。517。——Lallié，\"LedistrictdeMachecoul，225。——Cf。intheabovethehistoryoftheelections’ofSaint—Affrique:outofmorethan600registeredelectorsthemayorandsyndic—attorneyareelectedbyfortyvotes。——TheplebisciteofSeptember，1795，ontheconstitutionoftheyearIII。
callsoutonly958，000voters。Repugnancetovotingstillexists。
\"Ninetytimesoutofahundred，onasking:’Citizen，howdidtheElectoralAssemblyofyourcantongooff？’theywouldreply（inpatois）:’Me，citizen？whyshouldIgothere？Theyhaveagooddealoftroubleingettingalongtogether。’Or，’Whatwouldyou？Onlyafewwillcome；honestpeoplewillstayathome！’\"（Meissner，\"Voyageà
Paris，\"towardstheendof1795。）
[20]Stalineasilyfoundaremedy。Heobligedalltovoteandfalsifiedthecountsothat99%nowvotedforhimandhismen。（SR）。
[21]\"ArchivesNationales，\"CII。1to76，passim，especiallytheofficialreportsoftheassembliesoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne，HéraultandParis。SpeechbyBarbarouxtotheElectoralAssemblyoftheBouches—du—Rh？ne:\"Brothersandfriends，libertywillperishifyoudonotelectmentotheNationalConventionwhoseheartsarefilledwithhatredofroyalty……Mineisthesoulofafreeman；eversincemyfourthyearithasbeennourishedonhatredtokings。IwillrelieveFrancefromthisdetestablerace，orIwilldieintheattempt。BeforeIleaveyouIwillsignmyowndeath—warrant，IwilldesignatewhatI
lovemost，Iwillshowyouallmypossessions，IwilllayadaggeronthetablewhichshallpiercemyheartifeverforaninstantIprovefalsetothecauseofthepeople！\"（sessionofSept。3）。—GuillondeMontléon，I，135。
[22]Durand—Maillane，I。33。IntheElectoralAssemblyoftheBouches—
du—Rh？ne\"therewasadesiretokillanelectorsuspectedofaristocracy。\"
[23]Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。52。\"ArchivesNationales，\"CII。Ito32。——
OfficialreportoftheElectora1AssemblyofBouches—du—Rh？ne。SpeechbyPierreBayle，Sept。3:\"Thatmanisnotfreewhotriestoconcealhisconscienceintheshadowofavote。TheRomansopenlyelectedtheirtribunes……Whoamongstuswouldrejectsowiseameasure？ThegalleriesoftheNationalAssemblyhavehadasmuchtodowithfosteringtheRevolutionasthebayonetsofpatriots。\"——InSeine—
et—MarnetheAssemblyatfirstdecidedforthesecretvote；attherequestofthePariscommissaries，RonsinandLacroix，itrescindsitsdecisionandadoptsvotingaloudandbycall。
[24]Barbaroux，\"Mémoires，\"379:\"Oneday，onproceedingtotheelections，tumultuousshoutsbreakout:’Thatisananti—revolutionaryfromArles，hanghim！’AnArlesianhad，indeed，beenarrestedonthesquare，broughtintotheAssembly，andtheywereloweringthelanterntorunhimup。\"
[25]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。338。——DeSybel，\"Histoiredel’EuropependantlaRévolutionFran？aise\"（Dosquet’stranslation），I。525。
（CorrespondenceofthearmyoftheSouth，letterbyCharlesdeHesse，commandingtheregulartroopsatLyons。）
[26]Mortimer—Ternaux，V。101，122andfollowingpages。
[27]GuillondeMontléon，I。172，196andfollowingpages。
[28]Sauzay，III。220andfollowingpages。——AlbertBabeau，II。15。
AtTroyes，twomayorselectedrefuseinturn。Atthethirdballotinthistownoffrom32，000to35，000souls，themayor—electobtains400
outof555votes。
[29]Moniteur，XV。184to233（theroll—callofthosewhovotedforthedeathofLouisXVI）。——Dumouriez，II。73（DumouriezreachesParisFeb。2，1793，aftervisitingthecoastsofDunkirkandAntwerp）:\"AllthroughPicardy，Artois，andmaritimeFlandersDumouriezfoundthepeopleinconsternationatthetragicendofLouisXVI。HenoticedthattheverynameofJacobinexcitedhorroraswellasfear。\"
[30]Thisnumber，soimportant，isverifiedbythefollowingpassages:
——Moniteur，sessionofDec。39，1792。SpeechbyBirotteau:\"Fiftymembersagainst690……Abouttwentyformernobles，fifteenortwentypriests，andadozenSeptemberjudges（wanttoprevailagainst）700
deputies。\"——Ibid。，851（Dec。26，onthemotiontodeferthetrialoftheking）:\"Aboutfiftyvoices，withenergy，No！no！\"——Ibid。，865，（Dec。27，aviolentspeechbyLequinio，applaudedbytheextreme\"Left\"
andthegalleries；thepresidentcallsthemtoorder）:\"Theapplausecontinuesofaboutfiftymembersoftheextreme’Left。’\"——Mortimer—
Ternaux，VI。557。（AddressbyTallientotheParisians，Dec。23，againstthebanishmentoftheDukeofOrleans）:\"To—morrow，underthevainpretextofanothermeasureofgeneralsafety，the60or80
memberswhoonaccountoftheircourageousandinflexibleadherencetoprinciplesareoffensivetotheBrissotinefaction，willbedrivenout。\"——Moniteur，XV。74（Jan。6）。Robespierre，addressingRoland，uttersthisexpression:\"thefactiousministers。\"\"CriesofOrder！A
voteofcensure！TotheAbbaye/’IsthehonestministerwhomallFranceesteems，’saysamember，’tobetreatedinthisway？’——Shoutsoflaughtergreettheexclamationfromaboutsixtymembers。\"——Ibid。，XV。114。（Jan。11）。DenunciationofthepartyofanarchistsbyBuzot。
Garnierrepliestohim:\"YoucalumniateParis；youpreachcivilwar！\"
\"Yes！yes！’exclaimaboutsixtymembers。——BuchezetRoux，XXIV。368
（Feb。26）。ThequestioniswhetherMaratshallbeindicted。\"Murmursfromtheextremeleft，aboutadozenmembersnoisilydemandingtheorderoftheday。\"
[31]Mercier，\"LenouveauParis，\"II。200。
[32]BuchezetRoux，XIX。17。XXVIII。168。—Thekingisdeclaredguiltyby683votes；37abstainfromvoting，asjudges；ofthese37，26，eitherasindividualsorlegislators，declarethekingguilty。
Noneoftheother11declarehiminnocent。
[33]\"Dictionnairebiographique，\"byEymery，1807（4vols）。ThesituationoftheconventionistswhosurvivetheRevolutionmayherebeascertained。Mostofthemwillbecomecivilorcriminaljudges，prefects，commissariesofpolice，headsofbureaus，post—officeemployees，orregistryclerks，collectors，review—inspectors，etc。Thefollowingistheproportionofregicidesamongthosethusinoffice:
Outof23prefects21votedfortheking’’death；42outof43
magistratesvotedforit，the43rdbeingillatthetimeofthesentence。Of5senators4votedforhisdeath，and14deputiesoutof16。Outof36otherfunctionariesofvariouskinds35votedfordeath。
Amongtheremainingregicidesweagainfind2councillorsofstate，4
diplomaticagentsandconsuls，2generals，2receiver—generals，1
commissary—generalofthepolice，1ministerinthecabinetofKingJoseph，theministerofpolice，andthearch—chancelloroftheempire。
[34]BuchezetRoux，XIX，97，sessionofSept。25，1792。Maratstates:
\"’Ihavemanypersonalenemiesinthisassembly。’’All！all！’exclaimtheentireAssembly，indignantlyrising。\"—Ibid。，XIX。9，49，63，338。
[35]\"Right\"and\"Left\"，onlyreferstotherightandleftwingsofthehemicyclesofthehallinwhichtheAssemblymeets。ThePlainandtheMountainrefertothesameAssemblybutheretothoseonthelowerortheupperbenches。（SR）。
[36]Meillan，\"Mémoires，\"20。—BuchezetRoux，XXVI。SessionofApril15，1793。DenunciationoftheTwenty—twoGirondistsbythesectionsofParis:Royer—Fonfrèderegrets\"thathisnameisnotinscribedonthishonorablelist。’Andallofus—all！All！’exclaimthree—quartersoftheAssembly，risingfromtheirseats。\"
[37]ThePhilosopheDenisDiderot（1713—84）waslargelyresponsibleforthe28volumeEncyclopédie（1751—729，whichincorporatedthelatestknowledgeandprogressiveideas，andwhichhelpedspreadtheideasoftheEnlightenmentinFranceandinotherpartsofEurope。
（GuinnessEncyclopedia）。
[38]\"ArchivesNationales，\"A。F。45。LetterofThomasPainetoDanton，May6，1792（inEnglish）。\"Idonotknowbettermenorbetterpatriots。\"Thisletter，comparedwiththespeechesorpublicationsoftheday，producesasingularimpressionthroughitspracticalgoodsense。ThisAnglo—American，howeverradicalhemaybe，reliesonnothingbutexperienceandexampleinhispoliticaldiscussions。
[39]Cf。ThememoirsofBuzot，Barbaroux，Louvet，MadameRoland，etc。
[40]Andforsomeincomprehensiblereasonstillinfashionattheendofthe20thCentury。（SR）。
[41]BuchezetRoux，XXIV。102。（PlandrawnupbyCondorcet，andreportedinthenameoftheCommitteeontheConstitution，April15
and16，1793。）Condorcetaddstothisareportofhisown，ofwhichhepublishesandabstractintheChroniquedeParis。
[42]BuchezetRoux，XXIV。102。Condorcet’sabstractcontainsthefollowingextraordinarysentence:\"Inallfreecountriestheinfluenceofthepopulaceisfearedwithreason；butgiveallmenthesamerightsandtherewillbenopopulace。\"
[43]Cf。EdmondBiré。\"LaLégendedesGirondins，\"onthepartoftheGirondistsinalltheseodiousmeasures。
[44]ThesetraitsarewelldefinedinthechargesofthepopularpartyagainstthemmadebyFabred’Eglantine。Maillan，\"Mémoires，\"
323。（SpeechofFabred’EglantineattheJacobinClubinrelationtotheaddressofthecommune，demandingtheexpulsionoftheTwenty—
Two。）\"Youhaveoftentakenthepeopletotask；youhaveevensometimestriedtoflatterthem；buttherewasaboutthisflatterythataristocraticairofcoldnessanddislikewhichcoulddeceivenobody。Yourwaysofabourgeoispatricianarealwaysperceptibleinyourwordsandacts；youneverwantedtomixwiththepeople。Hereisyourdoctrineinfewwords:afterthepeoplehaveservedinrevolutionstheymustreturntodust，beofnoaccount，andallowthemselvestobeledbythosewhoknowmorethantheyandwhoarewillingtotakethetroubletoleadthem。You，Brissot，andespeciallyyou，Pétion，youhavereceivedusformally，haughtily，andwithreserve。Youextendtousonefinger，butyounevergraspthewholehand。Youhavenotevenrefusedyourselvesthatkeendelightoftheambitious，insolenceanddisdain。\"
[45]Buzot，\"Mémoires，\"78。
[46]EdmondBiré，\"LalégendedesGirondins。\"（IneditedfragmentsofthememoirsofPétionandBarbaroux，quotedbyVatelin\"CharlotteCordayandtheGirondists，\"III。472，478。）
[47]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。AfinancialplanofferedbythedepartmentofHéraultadoptedbyCambonandrejectedbytheGirondists。
[48]BuchezetRoux，XXV。SpeechbyVergniaud（April10），pp。376，377，378。\"AneffortismadetoaccomplishtheRevolutionbyterror。I
wouldaccomplishitthroughlove。\"
[49]Maillan，22。
[50]BuchezetRoux，XXIV。109。PlanofaconstitutionpresentedbyCondorcet。Declarationofrights，article32。\"Ineveryfreegovernmentthemodeofresistancetodifferentactsofoppressionshouldberegulatedbylaw。\"—Ibid。，136。TitleVIII。OftheConstitution\"DelaCensuredeslois。\"
[51]BuchezetRoux，93。SessionoftheJacobinClub，April21，1793。
[52]Schmidt，\"TableauxdelarévolutionFran？aise，\"II。4（ReportofDutard，June6，1793。）—ThementaltraitsoftheJacobinsformacontrastandarefullyvisibleinthefollowingspeeches:\"Wedesiredespoticallyapopularconstitution。\"（AddressoftheParisJacobinClubtotheclubsinthedepartments，Jan。7，1793。）—BuchezetRoux，XXIII。288—Ibid。，274。（SpeechbyLegrosintheJacobinClub，Jan。
1。）\"Patriotsarenotcounted；theygobyweight……Onepatriotinascaleweightsmorethan100，000aristocrats。OneJacobinweightsmorethan10，000Feuillants。Onerepublicanweightsmorethan100，000
monarchists。OnepatriotoftheMountainweightsmorethan100，000
Brissotins。HenceIconcludethattheconventionshouldnotbestoppedbythelargenumberofvotesagainstthedeath—sentenceofLouisXVI。，（andthat）even（ifthereshouldbe）butaminorityofthenationdesiringCapet’sdeath。\"—\"Applauded。\"（Iamobligedtocorrectthelastsentence，asitwouldotherwisebeobscure。）
[53]Buzot，\"Mémoires，\"33:\"ThemajorityofFrenchpeopleyearnedafterroyaltyandtheConstitutionof1790。Thiswasthestrongestfeeling，andespeciallyatParis……Thispeopleisonlyrepublicanbecauseitisthreatenedbytheguillotine……Allitsdesires，allitshopesinclinetotheconstitutionof1791。\"———Schmidt，I。232
（Dutard，May16）。Dutard，anoldadvocateandfriendofGarat，isoneofthoseraremenwhoseefactsbehindwords；clear—sighted，energetic，active，aboundinginpracticalcounsels，anddeservingofabetterchiefthanGarat。
[54]Schmidt，ibid。，I。173，179（May1，1793）。
[55]\"LaDémagogieàenParisen1793，\"p。152。Dauban（\"DiurnaldeBeaulieu，\"April17）。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"AFII。45（reportbythepolice，May20）。\"Thedearnessofsuppliesistheleadingcauseofagitationandcomplaints。\"——（Ib。，May24）。\"ThecalmwhichnowappeartoprevailinPariswillsoonbedisturbedifthepricesoftheprimenecessitiesoflifedonotshortlydiminish。\"——（Ibid。，May25）。\"Complaintsagainstdearfoodincreasedailyendthiscircumstancelooksasifitmightbecomeoneofthemotivesofforthcomingevents。
[56]Schmidt，I。198（Dutard，May9）。
[57]Schmidt，I。350；II。6（Dutard，May30，June7and8）。
[58]Durand—Maillane，100:\"TheGirondistpartywasyetmoreimpiousthanRobespierre。\"——AdeputyhavingdemandedthatmentionshouldbemadeoftheSupremeBeinginthepreambleoftheconstitution，Vergniaudreplied:\"WehavenomoretodowithNuma’snymphthanwithMahomet’spigeon；reasonissufficienttogiveFranceagoodconstitution。\"——BuchezetRoux，XIII。444。RobespierrehavingspokenoftheEmperorLeopold’sdeathasastrokeofProvidence，Guadetrepliesthathesees\"nosenseinthatidea，\"andblamesRobespierrefor\"endeavoringtoreturnthepeopletoslaveryofsuperstition。\"—
Ibid。，XXVI。63（sessionofApril19，1793）。SpeechbyVergniaudagainstarticleIXoftheDeclarationofRights，whichstatesthat\"allmenarefreetoworshipastheyplease。\"Thisarticle，saysVergniaud，\"isaresultofthedespotismandsuperstitionunderwhichwehavesolonglanguished。\"——Salle:\"IasktheConventiontodrawupanarticlebywhicheachcitizen，whateverhisformofworship，shallbindhimselftosubmittothelaw\"—Lanjuinais，whooftenrankedalongwiththeGirondists，isaCatholicandconfirmedGallican。
[59]Schmidt，I。347（Dutard，May30）。\"WhatdoInowbehold？A
discontentedpeoplehatingtheConvention，allitsadministrators，andtheactualstateofthingsgenerally。\"
[60]Schmidt，I。278。（Dutard，May23）。
[61]Schmidt，I。216（Dutard，May13）。
[62]Schmidt，I。240（Dutard，May17）。
[63]Schmidt，I。217（Dutard，May13）。
[64]Schmidt，I。163（Dutard，April30）。
[65]Schmidt，II。377（Dutard，June13）。Cf。Ibid。，II。80。（Dutard，June21）:\"IftheguillotiningoftheThirty—Twoweresubjecttoarollcall，andthevoteasecretoneIdeclaretoyounorespectablemanwouldfailtohasteninfromthecountrytogivehisvoteandthatnoneofthosenowinPariswouldfailtobetakethemselvestotheirsection。\"
[66]Schmidt，II。35（Dutard，June13）。Onthesenseofthesetwowords，inferioraristocracy，Cf。AllofDutard’sreportsandthoseofotherobserversintheemployofGarat。
[67]Schmidt，II。37（Dutard，June13）。
[68]Schmidt，I。328（Perrière，May28）:\"Intelligentmenandproperty—ownersabandonedthesectionassembliesandhandedthemtoothersasthesewereplaceswheretheworkman’sfistprevailedagainstthespeaker’stongue。\"—Moniteur。XV。114（sessionofJan。11，speechbyBuzot）。\"Thereisnotamaninthistownwhoownsanything，thatisnotafraidofbeinginsultedandstruckinhissectionifhedaresraisehisvoiceagainsttherulingpower……ThepermanentassembliesofParisconsistofasmallnumberofmenwhohavesucceededinkeepingothercitizensaway。\"—Schmidt，I。235（Dutard，May28）:\"Anotherplanwouldbetodrillyoungmenintheuseofthestaff。Onemustbeasans—culotte，mustlivewithsans—culottes，todiscoverthevalueofexpedientsofthiskind。Thereisnothingthesans—culottefearsasmuchasatruncheon。Anumberofyoungmenlatelycarriedthemintheirtrousers，andeverybodytrembledastheypassed。Iwishedthatthefashionweregeneral。\"
[69]Moniteur，XV。95（LetterofCharlesVillette，deputy）。
[70]Moniteur，XV。179（LetterofRoland，Jan。11。1793）。
[71]Moniteur，XV。66，sessionofJan。5，speechofthemayorofParis；（Chambon）—Ib。，XV114，sessionofJan。14，speechbyBuzot；—
—Ib。，XV。136，sessionofJan。13。SpeechbyadeputationofFederates。—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。91（LetterofGadolletoRoland，October，1792）。——XXI。417（Dec。20，articlebyMarat）:\"Boredomanddisgusthaveemptiedtheassemblies。——Schmidt，II，69（Dutard，June18）。
[72]Schmidt，I。203。（Dutard，May10）。TheengravingspublishedduringtheearlyperiodoftheRevolutionandunderthedirectoryexhibitthissceneperfectly（cabinetdesestampes，Paris）。
[73]Moniteur，XV。67（sessionofJan。5，1793）。SpeechbythemayorofParis。
[74]Schmidt，I。378（Blanc，June12）。
[75]Schmidt，II。5（Dutard，June5）。
[76]Schmidt，II。（Dutard，June11）——Ibid。，II。（Dutard，Junei8）:
\"Ishouldliketovisitwithyou，\"ifitwerepossible，\"the3，000or4，000wine—dealers，andtheequallynumerousplacesofrefreshmentinParis；youwouldfindthe15，000clerkstheyemployconstantlybusy。
Ifweshouldthengototheofficesofthe114notaries，weshouldagainfindtwo—thirdsofthesegentlemenintheircapsandredslippers，alsoverymuchengaged。Wemightthen，again，gotothe200
or300printingestablishments，whereweshouldfind4，000or5，000
editors，compositors，clerks，andportersallconservatizedbecausetheynolongerearnwhattheydidbefore；andsomebecausetheyhavemadeafortune。\"——Theincompatibilitybetweenmodernlifeanddirectdemocraticrulestrikesoneateverystep，owingtomodernlifebeingcarriedoutunderotherconditionsthanthosewhichcharacterizedlifeinancienttimes。Formodernlifetheseconditionsare，themagnitudeofStates，thedivisionoflabor，thesuppressionofslaveryandtherequirementsofpersonalcomfortsandprosperity。NeithertheGirondistsnortheMontagnards，whoaimedtoreviveAthenianandSpartanways，comprehendedthepreciselyoppositeconditionsonwhichAthensandSpartaflourished。
[77]Schmidt，I。207（Dutard，May10）。
[78]Schmidt，II。79（Dutard，June19）。
[79]Schmidt，II。70（Dutard，June10）。
[80]Leninmusthavefeltencouragedbyreadingtheselineswhichcanonlyhaveincreasehisdisdainforthe\"capitalist\"andbourgeoisie。
（SR）。
[81]Mortimer—Ternaux，V。101。
[82]Meillan，54。——Raffet，Henriot’scompetitoranddenouncedasanaristocrat，hadatfirstthemostvotes，4，953against4，578。Atthelastballot，outofabout15，000hestillhas5，900against9，087forHenriot。——Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。31:\"Theelectorshadtovotethirtyatatime。AllwhodaredgivetheirvotestoRaffetweremarkedwitharedcrossontheroll—call，followedbytheepithetofanti—
revolutionary。\"
[83]Schmidt，II。37（Dutard，June13）:\"Maratandothershaveapartyoffrom4，000to6，000men，whowoulddoanythingtorescuethem。\"——
Meillan，155（depositionstakenbytheCommissionoftheTwelve）:
Laforethasstatedthattherewere6，000sans—culottestomassacreobjectionabledeputiesatthefirstsignal。——Schmidt，II，87
（Dutard，June24）:\"IknowthattherearenotinallParis3，000
decidedrevolutionaries。\"
[84]Moniteur，XV。114，sessionofJan。11，speechbyBuzot。——
Ibid。，136，sessionofJan。13，speechoftheFederatesofFinisterre。
—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。80，81，87，91，93（LetterofGadolletoRoland，October1792）。—Schmidt，I。207（Dutard，May10，1793）。
[85]Schmidt，II。37（Dutard，May10，1793）。
[86]Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。269（petitionpresentedbyGonchon。）—
\"ArchivesNationales，AF，II43。LettersofGonchontotheMinisterGarat，May31，June1，June3，1793）。Theseareveryoddandnaive。HeaddressestheMinisterGarat:\"CitizenGarra。\"
[87]Schmidt，I，254（Dutard，May19）。—Moniteur，XIV。522（LetteraddressedtoRolandnumberforNov。21，1792）:\"Thesections（are）
composedof，oratleastfrequented，nineteen—twentiethofthem，bythelowestclass，bothinmannersandinformation。\"
[88]Schmidt，II。39（Dutard，June13）。
[89]Schmidt，II。87（Dutard，June14）。Theexpressionofthesefish—
womenisstillcoarser。
[90]RétifdelaBretonne（\"Bibliographiedesesoeuvres，parJacob，287）。——（Onthepillageofshops，Feb。25and26，1793）。
[91]Schmidt，II。61；I。265（Dutard，May21andJune17）。
[92]Schmidt，I。96（LetterofcitizenLauchoutothepresidentoftheConvention，Oct。11，1792）。—II。37（Dutard，June13）。Statementofawigmaker’swife:\"Theyareavileset，theservants。Someofthemcomehereeveryday。Theychatterawayandsayallsortsofhorriblethingsabouttheirmasters。Theyarealljustalike。Nobodyiscrazierthantheyare。Iknewthatsomeofthemhadreceivedbenefitsfromtheirmasters，andotherswhowere:stillbeingkindlytreated；butnothingstoppedthem。\"
[93]Schmidt，I。246（Dutard，May18）。——Grégoire，\"Mémoires，\"I。
387。ThementalandmoraldeclineofthepartyiswellshowninthenewcompositionoftheJacobinClubafterSeptember，1792:\"Iwentbackthere，\"saysGrégoireinSeptember，1792（afterayear’sabsence），\"andfounditunrecognizable；noopinionscouldbeexpressedthereotherthanthoseoftheParissection……Ididnotsetfootthereagain；（itwas）afactiousdisreputabledrinkingplace。\"——
BuchezetRoux，XXVI。214（sessionofApril30，1793，speechbyBuzot）。
\"Beholdthatoncefamousclub。But。thirtyofitsfoundersremainthere；youfindtherenonebutmensteepedindebtandcrime。\"
[94]Schmidt，I。189（Dutard，May6）。
[95]Cf。RétifdelaBretonne，\"NuitsdeParis，\"vol。XVI。（July12，1789）。AtthisdateRétifisinthePalais—Roya1，where\"sincethe13thofJunenumerousmeetingshavebeenheldandmotionsmade……I
foundtherenonebutbrutalfellowswithkeeneyes，preparingthemselvesforplunderratherthanforliberty。\"
[96]Mortimer—Ternaux，V。226andfollowingpages（addressofthesans—
culottessection，Sept。25）。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，146
（addressoftheRoulesection，Sept。23）。Inrelationtothethreateningtoneofthoseatworkonthecamp，thepetitionersadd:
\"Suchwasthelanguageoftheworkshopsin1789and1790。\"
[97]Schmidt，II。12（Dutard，June7）:\"DuringafewdayspastIhaveseenmenfromNeuilly，Versailles，andSaint—Germainstayinghere，attractedbythescent。\"
[98Schmidt，I。254（Dutard，May19）。——AtthisdaterobbersswarminParis；MayorChambon，inhisreporttotheConvention，himselfadmitsit（Moniteur，XV。67，sessionofJan。5，1793）。
[99]DeConcourt，\"LaSociétéFran？aisependant’aRévolution。\"
（Accordingtothe\"Courrierdel’Egalité，Jul。1793）。
[100]Buzot，72。
[101]Moore，Nov。10，1792（accordingtoanarticleintheChroniquedeParis）。’ThedayRobespierremadehis\"apology，\"\"thegalleriescontainedfromseventoeighthundredwomen，andtwohundredmenatmost。Robespierreisapriestwhohashiscongregationofdevotees。\"—
—Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。562（letterofthedeputyMichel，May20，1793）:\"Twoorthreethousandwomen，organizedanddrilledbytheFraternalSocietyinsessionattheJacobinClub，begantheiruproar。
whichlasteduntil6o’clock，whenthehouseadjourned。Mostofthesecreaturesareprostitutes。\"
[102]AnexpressionofGadol’sinhislettertoRoland。
[103]Buzot，57。
[104]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。80（LetterofGadolletoRoland）。
[105]Beaulieu，\"Essais，\"I。108（aneye—witness）。—Schmidt，II。15。
ReportbyPerrières，June8。
[106]Beaulieu，\"Essais，\"I。100。\"Maillarddied，hisstomacheatenawaybybrandy\"（April15，1794）。—AlexandreSorel，\"StanislasMaillard，\"pp。32to42。ReportofFabred’EglantineonMaillard，Dec。
17，1793。AdecreesubjectinghimtoindictmentalongwithRonsinandVincent，Maillardpublisheshisapology，inwhichweseethathewasalreadyactiveintheRueFavartbeforethe31stofMay。\"IamoneofthemembersofthatmeetingoftruepatriotsandIamproudofit，foritistherethatthesparkofthatsacredinsurrectionofthe31stofMaywaskindled。\"
[107]AlexandreSorel，ibid。（denunciationofthecircumstancebyLecointre，Dec。14，1793accompaniedwithofficialreportsofthejustices）。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268（letterofthedirectoryofCorbeiltotheMinister，withofficialreport，Nov。28，1792）。Onthe26thofNovembereightortenarmedmen，foot—soldiers，andothersonhorseback，enteredthefarm—houseofamannamedRuelle，inthecommuneofLisse。Theydealthimtwoblowswiththeirsabers，thenputabagoverhishead，kickedhimintheface，tormentedhim，andalmostsmotheredhiswifeandtwowomenservants，tomakehimgiveuphismoney。Acarterwasshotwithapistolintheshoulderandtwicestruckwithasaber；thehandsaboutthepremisesweretiedandboundlikesomanycattle。Finallythebanditswentaway，carryingwiththemsilverplate，awatch，rings，laces，twoguns，etc。
[108]Moniteur，XV。565。——BuchezetRoux，XXIV。335andfollowingpages。—RétifdelaBretonne，\"NuitsdeParis，\"VIII。460。（aneyewitness）。Thelastofthesedetailsaregivenbyhim。
[109]Cf。Ed。Fleury，\"Baboeuf；\"pp。139and150。Throughastrikingcoincidencethepartystaffisstillofthesameorderin1796。
BaboeufestimateshisadherentsinParisas\"4，000revolutionaries，1，500membersoftheformerauthorities，and1，000bourgeoisgunners，\"
besidessoldiers，prisoners，andapoliceforce。Healsorecruitedagoodmanyprostitutes。Themenwhocometohimareworkmenwhopretendtohavearsouillé109intheRevolutionandwhoarereadytorepeatthejob，provideditisforthepurposeofkillingthoserichrascals，themonopolizers，merchants，informers，andpanachésattheLuxembourg。\"（LetteroftheagentoftheBonne—Nouvellesection，April13，1796。）
[110]Theproportion，compositionandspiritofthepartyareeverywherethesame，especiallyatLyons（GuillondeMontléon，\"Mémoires，\"andBalleydier，\"HistoiredupeupledeLyon，\"。passim）；atToulon（Lauvergne，\"HistoiredudepartmentduVar\"）；atMarseilles，Bordeaux，Toulouse，Strasbourg，Besan？on，etc。——AtBordeaux（Riouffe，\"Mémoires，\"23）\"itconsistedwhollyofvagabonds，Savoyards，Biscayans，evenGermans，……brokers，andwater—carriers，whohadbecomesopowerfulthattheyarrestedtherich，andsowell—
offthattheytraveledbypost\"Riouffeadds:\"WhenIreadthispassageintheConciergeriemenfromeverycorneroftherepublicexclaimedinonevoice:’Itisthesameinallthecommunes！’\"——Cf。
Durand—Maillane，\"Mémoires，\"67:\"Thispeople，thusqualified，sincethesuppressionofthesilvermarchasbeenthemostviciousandmostdepravedinthecommunity。\"—Dumouriez，II。51。\"TheJacobins，takenforthemostpart，fromthemostabjectandmostbrutalofthenation，unabletofurnishmenofsufficientdignityforoffices，havedegradedofficestotheirownlevel……Theyaredrunken，barbarousHelotsthathavetakentheplacesoftheSpartans。\"——Thesignoftheiradventistheexpulsionoftheliberalsandoftherefinedof1789。
（\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，4434，No。6。LetterofRichardtothecommitteeonPublicSafety，Vent？se3，yearII。）。DuringtheproconsulateofBaudotatToulouse\"almostallthepatriotsof1789
wereexcludedfromthepopularclubtheyhadfounded；animmensenumberwereadmittedwhosepatriotismreachedonlyasfarbackasthe10thofAugust1792，ifitevenwentsofarasthe31stoflastMay。
Itisanestablishedfactthatoutofmorethan1，000personswhonowcomposetheclubtherearenotfiftywhosepatriotismasfarbackasthebeginningoftheRevolution。\"
[111]AnytribunetakingcommandofamobofbrutesiswelladvisedtounderstandTaine’sanalysis。OnemightthinkHitlerhadreadTaineprsomebodywhohadlearnedfromhiswisdom，somewhatliketheDevilwhohadreadtheBible。Seepage208，TheSecretofRulingtheMasses，inRauschning’sbook，\"HitlerSpeaks\"。（SR）。
[112]R？derer，\"Chroniquedescinquantejours。\"
[113]Schmidt，I。246（Dutard，May18）。
[114]Schmidt，I。215（Dutard，May25）。
[115]BuchezetRoux，XXV。156（extractfromthePatrioteFran？ais，March30，1793）。SpeechbyChaslesattheJacobinClub，March27:\"Wehaveannouncedtoourfellow—citizensinthecountrythatbymeansofthewar—taxthepoorcouldbefedbytherich，andthattheywouldfindinthepursesofthoseegoiststhewherewithaltoliveon。\"
Ibid。，269。SpeechbyRoseLacombe:\"Letusmakesureofthearistocrats；letusforcethemtomeettheenemieswhichDumouriezisbringingagainstParis。Letusgivethemtounderstandthatiftheyprovetreacheroustheirwivesandchildrenshallhavetheirthroatscut，andthatwewillburntheirhouses……Idonotwantpatriotstoleavethecity；IwantthemtoguardParis。Andifwearebeaten，thefirstmanwhohesitatestoapplythetorch，lethimbestabbedatonce。Iwantalltheownersofpropertywhohavegrabbedeverythingandexcitedthepeople’sanger，tokillthetyrantsthemselvesorelsebekilled。\"[Applause——April3。]—Ibid。，302（intheConvention，April8）:\"Maratdemandsthat100，000relativesandfriendsoftheémigrésbeseizedashostagesforthesafetyofthecommissionersinthehandsoftheenemy。\"——Cf。Balleydier，117，122。AtLyons，Jan。
26，1793，Challieraddressesthecentralclub:\"Sans—culottes，rejoice！thebloodoftheroyaltigerhasflowedinsightofhisden！
ButfulljusticeisnotyetdonetothepeopleTherearestill500
amongyoudeservingofthetyrant’sfate！\"——Heproposesonthe5thofFebruaryarevolutionarytribunalfortryingarrestedpersonsinarevolutionarymanner。\"Itistheonlywaytoforceit（theRevolution）
onroyalandaristocraticfactionists，theonlyrationalwaytoavengethesovereigntyofthebravesans—culottes，whobelongonlytous。\"—
—Hydens，anationalcommissioneradds:\"Let25，000，000ofFrenchmenperishahundredtimesoverratherthanonesingleindivisibleRepublic！\"
[116]MalletduPan，thelastexpression。
[117]Buzot，64。
[118]Michelet，IV。6（accordingtoanoralstatementbyDaunou）。——
BuchezetRoux，101（LetterofLouvettoRoland）:\"Atthemomentofthepresentationoftheirpetitionagainstarmedforce（departmental）
bytheso—calledcommissionersofthe48sectionsofParis，IheardSanterresayinaloudtonetothosearoundhim，somewhatinthesewords:’Yousee，now，thesedeputiesarenotuptotheRevolution……
Thatallcomesfromfifty，ahundredtwohundredleaguesoff；theydon’tunderstandonewordyousay！’\"
CHAPTERIV。
PRECARIOUSSITUATIONOFACENTRALGOVERNMENTLOCKEDUPWITHINALOCAL
JURISDICTION。
\"CitizenDanton，\"wrotethedeputyThomasPaine，[1]\"thedanger，everydayincreasing，isofarupturebetweenParisanddepartments。
ThedepartmentsdidnotsendtheirdeputiestoParistobeinsulted，andeveryinsultshowntothemisaninsulttothedepartmentthatelectedthem。Iseebutoneeffectiveplantopreventthisrupturetakingplace，andthatistofixtheresidenceoftheConventionandofthefutureassembliesatadistancefromParis……Isaw，duringtheAmericanRevolution，theexceedinginconveniencethatarosefromhavingthegovernmentofCongresswithinthelimitsofanymunicipaljurisdiction。CongressfirstresidedinPhiladelphia，and，afteraresidenceoffouryears，itfounditnecessarytoleaveit。ItthenadjournedtotheStateofJersey。ItafterwardsremovedtoNewYork。
ItagainremovedfromNewYorktoPhiladelphia，and，afterexperiencingineveryoneoftheseplacesthegreatinconvenienceofagovernmentwithinagovernment，itformedtheprojectofbuildingatownnotwithinthelimitsofanymunicipaljurisdictionforthefutureresidenceofCongress。IneveryoneoftheplaceswhereCongressresided，themunicipalauthorityprivatelyorpubliclyopposeditselftotheauthorityofCongress，andthepeopleofeachofthoseplacesexpectedmoreattentionfromCongressthantheirequalsharewiththeotherStatesamountedto。ThesamethingnowtakesplaceinFrance，butinagreaterexcess。\"
Dantonknewallthis，andheissufficientlyclear—headedtocomprehendthedanger；butthefurrowislaidout，traced，andbyhimself。Sincethe10thofAugustParisholdsFrancedownwhileahandfulofrevolutionariestyrannizeParis。[2]
I。
Jacobinadvantages。——Theirswayinthesectionassemblies。——
Maintenance，re—electionandcompletionoftheCommune。——Itsnewchiefs，Chaumette，HébertandPache。——TheNationalGuardrecast。——
Jacobinselectedofficersandsub—officers。——Thepaidbandofroughs。
——Publicandsecretfundsoftheparty。
Owingtothecompositionandtheholdingofthesectionassemblies，theoriginalsourceofpowerhasremainedJacobin，andhasbecomeofadarkeranddarkerhue；accordingly，theelectoralprocesseswhich，underthelegislativebody，hadfashionedtheusurpingCommuneofthe10thofAugust，areperpetuatedandaggravatedundertheConvention。[3]\"Innearlyallthesections[4]itisthesans—culotteswhooccupythechair，arrangethingsinsidethechamber，placethesentinelsandprovidethecensorsandauditors。Fiveorsixspies，familiarwiththesection，andpaidfortysousaday，remainduringthesession，andreadytoundertakeanyenterprise。ThesesameindividualswilltakeordersfromoneCommitteeofSurveillancetoanother，……sothatifthesans—culottesofonesectionarenotstrongenoughtheymaycallinthoseofaneighboringsection。\"——Insuchassembliestheelectionsaredecidedbeforehand，andweseehowthefactionkeepsforciblyinitshands，orobtainsbyforce，everyelectiveposition。TheCounciloftheCommune，inspiteofthehostileinclinationsoftheLegislativeAssemblyandtheConvention，succeedsatfirstinmaintainingitselffourmonths；then，inDecember，[5]whenitisatlastcompelledtobreakup，itreappearsthroughtheauthorizationofthesuffrage，reinforcedandcompletedbyitsownclass，withthreechiefs，asyndic—attorney，adeputyandamayor，allthreeauthorsorabettorsoftheSeptembermassacre；withChaumette，Anaxagoras，so—called，onceacabin—boy，thenaclerk，alwaysindebt，awindbag，andgiventodrink；Hébert，called\"PèreDuchesne，\"whichstatesaboutallthatisnecessaryforhim；Pache，asubalternbusy—
body，abland，smooth—facedintriguer，who，withhissimpleairandseemingworth，pusheshimselfuptotheheadoftheWarDepartment，whereheusedallitsresourcesforpillaging，andwho，borninadoor—keeper’slodgings，returnsthere，eitherthroughcraftorinclination，totakehisdinner。——TheJacobins，withthecivilpowerintheirhands，alsograbthemilitarypower。Immediatelyafterthe10thofAugust，[6]theNationalGuardisreorganizedanddistributedinasmanybattalionsastherearesections，eachbattalionthusbecoming\"asectioninarms\"；bythiswemayjudgeitscomposition，andthekindofrabble—rouserstheyselectasofficersandnon—
commissionedofficers。\"ThetitleofNationalGuard，\"writesadeputy，\"cannolongerbegiventothelotofpikemenandsubstitutes，mixedwithafewbourgeois，who，sincethe10thofAugust，maintainthemilitaryserviceinParis。\"Thereare，indeed，110，000namesonpaper；
whencalledoutonimportantoccasions，allwhoareregisteredmayrespond，ifnotdisarmed，but，ingeneral，almostallstayathomeandpayasans—culottetomountguardintheirplace。Infact，thereisforthedailyserviceonlyahiredreserveineachsection，aboutonehundredmen，alwaysthesameindividuals。ThismakesinParisabandoffourorfivethousandroughs，inwhichthesquadsmaybedistinguishedwhichhavealreadybeenseeninSeptember:Maillardandhis68menattheAbbaye，Gauthierandhis40menatChantilly，Audouin，theSapperoftheCarmelites，\"andhis350meninthesuburbsofParis，Fournier，Lazowskiandtheir1，500menatOrleansandVersailles。[7]Astothepayoftheseandthatoftheircivilauxiliaries，thefactionisnottroubledaboutthat；for，alongwithpower，ithasseizedmoney。TosaynothingofitsrapineinSeptember，[8]andwithoutincludingthelucrativeofficesatitsdisposition，fourhundredofthesebeingdistributedbyPachealone，andfourhundredmorebyChaumette，[9]theCommunehas850，000francspermonthforitsmilitarypolice。OtherbleedingsattheTreasurycausemorepublicmoneytoflowintothepocketsofitsclients。OnemillionpermonthsupportstheidleworkmenwhichfifeanddrumhavecollectedtogethertoformthecamparoundParis。Fivemillionsoffrancsprotectthepettytradesmenofthecapitalagainstthedepreciationinvalueofcertificatesofcredit。TwelvethousandfrancsadaykeepdownthepriceofbreadfortheParispoor。[10]Totheseregularlyallowedsubsidiesaddthefundswhicharedivertedorextorted。Ononeside，intheWarDepartment，Pache，itsaccomplicebeforebecomingitsmayor，organizesasteadystreamofwasteandtheft；inthreemonthshesucceedsinbringingaboutadeficiencyof130，000，000，\"withoutvouchers。\"[11]Onanotherside，theDukeofOrleans，becomePhilippe—Egalité，draggedalongbythemenonceinhispay，witharopearoundhisneckandalmoststrangled，hastopayoutmorethanever，evendowntotheverydepthsofhispurse；tosavehisownlifeheconsentstovotefortheKing’sdeath，besidesresigninghimselftoothersacrifices；[12]itisprobablethatalargeportionofhis74，000，000ofindebtednessathisdeathisduetoallthis。——
Thusinpossessionofcivilandmilitaryoffices，ofarmsandmoney，thefaction，mastersofParis，hasnothingtodobutmastertheisolatedConvention，andthisitinvestsonallsides。[13]
II。
Itsparliamentaryrecruits。——Theircharactersandminds。——Saint—
Just。——ViolenceoftheminorityintheConvention。——Pressureofthegalleries。——Menacesofthestreets。
Throughtheelections，theJacobinadvance—guardoffiftydeputiesisalreadypostedthere；while，owingtothefascinationithastoexcitableanddespoticnatures，tobrutaltemperaments，narrow，disjointedminds，weakimaginations，doubtfulhonesty，andoldreligiousorsocialrancor，itsucceedsindoublingthisnumberattheendofsixmonths。[14]Onthebenchesoftheextreme\"Left，\"aroundRobespierre，DantonandMarat，theoriginalnucleusoftheSeptemberfaction，sitmenoftheirstamp，first，thecorrupt，likeChabot，TallienandBarras，wretcheslikeFouché，GuffroyandJavogues，crazyenthusiastslikeDavid，savagemaniacslikeCarrier，paltrysimpletonslikeJosephLebon，commonfanaticslikeLevasseur，Baubot，Jeanbon—
Saint—André，RommeandLebas。Addalso，andespecially，thefutureiron—handedrepresentatives，uncouth，authoritarian，andnarrow—
minded，excellenttroopersforapoliticalmilitia，Bourbotte，Duquesnoy，Rewbell，andBentabole，\"alotofignorantbastards，\"saidDanton，[15]\"withoutanycommonsense，andpatrioticonlywhendrunk。
Maratisnothingbutabawler。Legendreisfitfornothingbuttocutuphismeat。Therestaregoodforlittleelsethanvotingbyeithersittingdownorstandingup，buttheyarecoldbloodedandhavebroadshoulders。\"Fromamongsttheseenergeticnonentitiesweseeascendingayoungmonster，withcalm，handsomefeatures，Saint—Just。HeisakindofprecociousSylla，25yearsoldandanew—comer，whospringsatoncefromtheranksand，bydintofatrocities，obtainsaprominentposition。[16]Sixyearsbeforethishebeganlifebyadomesticrobbery；onavisittohismother，heleftthehouseduringthenight，carryingofftheplateandjewels，whichhesquanderedwhilelivinginalodginghouseintheRueFromenteau，inthecenterofParisianprostitution；[17]onthestrengthofthis，andatthedemandofhisfriends，heisshutupinahouseofcorrectionforsixmonths。OnreturningtohislodgingsheoccupiedhimselfwithwritinganobscenepoeminthestyleofLaPucelleandthen，throughafitofrageresemblingaspasm，heplungedheadlongintotheRevolution。Hepossesseda\"bloodcalcifiedbystudy，\"acolossalpride，anunhingedconscience，apompous，gloomyimaginationhauntedwiththebloodyrecollectionsofRomeandSparta，anintelligencesowarpedandtwistedastobecomfortableonlyamongexcessiveparadoxes，shamelesssophistry，anddevastatinglies。[18]Allthesedangerousingredientswhich，mingledinthecrucibleofsuppressed，concentratedambition，longandsilentlyboilingwithinhim，haveledtoaconstantdefiance，adeterminedcallousness，anautomaticrigidity，andtothesummarypoliticsoftheUtopiandictatorandexterminator。——Itisplainthatsuchaminoritywillnotobeyparliamentaryrules，and，ratherthanyieldtothemajoritythatitwillintroduceintothedebateboosandhisses，insults，threats，andscuffleswithdaggers，pistols，sabersandeventhe\"blunderbusses\"ofaveritablecombat。
\"Vileintriguers，calumniators，scoundrels，monsters，assassins，blackguards，foolsandhogs，\"sucharetheusualtermsinwhichtheyaddresseachother，andtheseformtheleastoftheiroutrages。[19]
Thepresident，atcertainsessions，isobligedthreetimestoputonhishatand，atlast，breakshisbell。Theyinsulthim，forcehimtoleavehisseatanddemandthat\"heberemoved。’Baziretriestosnatchadeclarationpresentedbyhim\"outofhishands。\"Bourdon，fromthedepartmentofOise，criesouttohimthatifhe\"darestoreadithewillassassinatehim。\"[20]Thechamber\"hasbecomeanarenaofgladiators。\"[21]Sometimestheentire\"Mountain\"dartsfromitsbenchesontheleft，whileasimilarhumanwaverollsdownfromthoseontheright；bothclashinthecenteroftheroomamidstfuriousscreamsandshouts；inoneofthesehubbubsoneofthe\"Mountain\"
havingdrawnapistoltheGirondistDuperretdrawshissword。[22]
AfterthemiddleofDecemberprominentmembersofthe\"Right，\"
constantlypersecuted，threatenedandoutraged，\"reducedto\"beingouteverynight，arecompelledtocarryarmsinself—defense，\"[23]and，aftertheKing’sexecution，\"almostall\"bringthemtothesessionsoftheConvention。Anyday，indeed，theymaylookforthefinalattack，andtheyarenotdisposedtodieunavenged:duringthenightofMarch9，findingthattheyareonlyforty—three，theyagreetolaunchthemselvesinabody\"atthefirsthostilemovement，againsttheiradversariesandkillasmanyaspossible\"beforeperishing。[24]
Itisadesperateresource，buttheonlyone。For，besidesthemadmenbelongingtotheConvention，theyhaveagainstthemthemadmeninthegalleries，andtheselikewiseareSeptembermurderers。ThevilestJacobinrabblepurposelytakesitsstandnearthem，atfirstintheoldRiding—school，andtheninthenewhallintheTuileries。Theyseeaboveandinacirclearoundthemdrilledadversaries，eightorninehundredheadspacked\"inthegreatgalleryatthebottom，underadeepandsilentvault，\"and，besidesthese，onthesides，athousandorfifteenhundredmore，twoimmensetribunescompletelyfilled。[25]ThegalleriesoftheConstituentandLegislativeAssemblies，comparedwiththese，werecalm。NothingismoredisgracefultotheConvention，writesaforeignspectator，[26]thantheinsolenceoftheaudience。
Oneoftheregulationsprohibits，indeed，anymarkofapprovalordisapproval，\"butitisviolatedeveryday，andnobodyiseverpunishedforthisdelinquency。\"Themajorityinvainexpressesitsindignationatthis\"gangofhiredruffians，\"whobesetandoppressit，whileattheverytimethatituttersitscomplaints，itenduresandtoleratesit。\"Thestruggleisfrightful，\"saysadeputy，[27]
\"screams，murmurs，stampings，shouts……Thefoulestinsultswerelaunchedfromthegalleries。\"\"Foralongtime，\"saysanother，\"noonecanspeakherewithoutobtainingtheirpermission。\"[28]ThedaythatBuzotobtainsthefloortospeakagainstMarat，\"theybreakoutfuriously，yelling，stamping，andthreatening\"；[29]everytimethatBuzottriestobeginhisvoiceisdrownedintheclamor，whileheremainshalfanhourinthetribunewithoutcompletingasentence。OnthecallsoftheHouse，especially，theircriesresemblethoseoftheexcitedcrowdataSpanishbull—fight，withtheireagereyesandheavingbreasts，watchingthecontestbetweenthebullandthepicadores；everytimethatadeputyvotesagainstthedeathoftheKingorforanappealtothepeople，therearethe\"vociferationsofcannibals，\"and\"interminableyells\"everytimethatonevotesfortheindictmentofMarat。\"Ideclare，\"saydeputiesinthetribune，\"thatI
amnotfreehere；IdeclarethatIamforcedtodebateundertheknife。\"[30]CharlesVilletteistoldattheentrancethat\"ifhedoesnotvotefortheKing’sdeathhewillbemassacred。\"——Andthesearenotemptythreats。Onthe10thofMarch，awaitingthepromisedriot，\"thetribunes，dulyadvised，……hadalreadyloadedtheirpistols。\"[31]InthemonthofMay，thetatteredwomenhiredforthepurpose，underthetitleof\"LadiesoftheFraternity，\"formedaclub，camedailyearlyinthemorningtomountguard，witharmsintheirhands，inthecorridorsoftheConvention；theytearupallticketsgiventomenorwomennotoftheirband；theytakepossessionofalltheseats，showpistolsanddaggers，anddeclarethat\"eighteenhundredheadsmustbeknockedofftomakethingsgoonright。\"[32]
Behindthesetwofirstrowsofassailantsisathird，muchmorecompact，themorefearfulbecauseitisundefinedandobscure，namely，thevaguemultitudeformingtheanarchicalset，scatteredthroughoutParis，andalwaysreadytorenewthe10thofAugustand2ndofSeptemberagainsttheobstinatemajority。IncendiarymotionsanddemandsforriotscomeincessantlyfromtheCommune，andJacobin，Cordeliers，andl’Evêchéclubs；fromtheassembliesofthesectionsandgroupsstationedattheTuileriesandinthestreets。