Theyseizehim，interrogatehimintheirturn，[73]deposehim，appointSanterreinhisplace，and，toderiveallthebenefittheycanfromhiscapture，theyorderhimtowithdrawone—halfofhismenstationedaroundthepalace。Fullyawareofwhathewasexposedtointhisdenofthieves，henoblyrefuses；forthwiththeyconsignhimtoprison，andsendhimtotheAbbaye\"forhisgreatersafety。\"AtthesesignificantwordsfromDanton，[74]heismurderedatthedoorasheleavesbyRossignol，oneofDanton’sacolytes，withapistol—shotatarm’slength。——Aftertragedycomescomedy。AttherepeatedentreatiesofPétion，whodoesnotwanttoberequisitionedagainsttherioters，[75]theysendhimaguardof400men，thusconfininghiminhisownhouse，and，apparentlyinspiteofhimself。
Ononeside，shelteredbytreacheryand，ontheotherside，byassassination，theinsurrectionmaynowgooninfullsecurityinfrontoftheterriblehypocritewhosolemnlycomplainsofhisvoluntarycaptivity，andbeforethecorpse，withshatteredbrow，lyingonthestepsoftheH？tel—de—ville。Ontherightbankoftheriver，thebattalionsoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，and，ontheleft，thoseoftheFaubourgSaint—Marcel，theBretons，andtheMarseillesband，marchforthasfreelyasifgoingtoparade。Measuresofdefensearefrustratedbythemurderofthecommandinggeneral，andbythemayor’sduplicity；thereisnotresistanceonguardedspots，atthearcadeSaint—Jean，thepassagesofthebridges，alongthequays，andinthecourtoftheLouvre。Anadvanceguardofthemob，women，children，andmen，armedwithcutters，cudgels，andpikes，spreadovertheabandonedCarrousel，and，towardseighto’clock，theadvancecolumn，ledbyWesterman，appearsinfrontofthepalace。
VII。
August10。——TheKing’sforces。——Resistanceabandoned。——TheKingintheNationalAssembly。——ConflictatthepalaceanddischargeoftheSwissGuard。——ThepalaceevacuatedbytheKing’sorder。——Themassacres。——TheenslavedAssemblyanditsdecrees。
IftheKinghadwantedtofight，hemightstillhavedefendedhimself，savedhimself，andevenbeenvictorious。[76]——IntheTuileries，950
oftheSwissGuardand200gentlemenstoodreadytodieforhimtothelastman。AroundtheTuileries，twoorthreethousandNationalGuard，theéliteoftheParisianpopulation，hadjustcheeredhimashepassed。[77]\"HurrahfortheKing！HurrahforLouisXVI。！HeisourKingandwewantnoother；wewanthimonly！Downwiththerioters！
DownwiththeJacobins！Wewilldefendhimuntodeath！Lethimputhimselfatourhead！HurrahfortheNation，theLaw，theConstitution，andtheKing，whichareallone！Ifthegunnersweresilent，andseemedill—disposed，[78]itwassimplynecessarytodisarmthemsuddenly，andhandovertheirpiecestoloyalmen。Fourthousandriflesandelevenpiecesofartillery，protectedbythewallsofthecourtsandbythethickmasonryofthepalace，werecertainlysufficientagainstthenineortenthousandJacobinsinParis，mostofthempikemen，badlyledbyimprovisedorrebelliousbattalionofficers，[79]and，stillworse，commandedbytheirnewgeneral，Santerre，who，alwayscautious，kepthimselfaloofintheH？tel—de—
ville，outofharm’sway。TheonlystaunchmenintheCarrouselweretheeighthundredmenfromBrestandMarseilles；therestconsistedofarabblelikethatofJuly14，October5，andJune20；[80]thepalace，saysNapoleonBonaparte，wasattackedbythevilestcanaille，professionalrioters，Maillard’sband，andthebandsofLazowski，Fournier，andThéroigne，byalltheassassins，indeedofthepreviousnightandday，andofthefollowingday，whichspeciesofcombatants，aswasprovedbytheevent，wouldhavescatteredatthefirstdischargeofacannon。——But，withthegoverningaswiththegoverned，allnotionoftheStatewaslost，theformerthroughhumanitybecomeaduty，andthelatterthroughinsubordinationerectedintoaright。Atthecloseoftheeighteenthcentury，intheupperaswellasinthemiddleclass，therewasahorrorofblood；[81]refinedsocialways，coupledwithanidyllicimagination，hadsoftenedthemilitantdisposition。Everywherethemagistrateshadforgottenthatthemaintenanceofsocietyandofcivilizationisabenefitofinfinitelygreaterimportancethanthelivesofaparcelofmaniacsandmalefactors；thattheprimeobjectofgovernment，aswellasofapolice，isthepreservationoforderbyforce；thatagendarmeisnotaphilanthropist；that，ifattackedonhispost，hemustusehissword，andthat，insheathingitforfearofwoundinghisaggressors，hefailstodohisduty。
Thistimeagain，inthecourtoftheCarrousel，themagistratesonthespot，findingthat\"theirresponsibilityisinsupportable，\"concernthemselvesonlywithhowto\"avoidtheeffusionofblood；\"itiswithregret，andthistheystatetothetroops，\"infalteringtones，\"thattheyproclaimmartiallaw。[82]They\"forbidthemtoattack，\"merely\"authorizingthemtorepelforcewithforce；\"inotherwords，theyorderthemtostanduptothefirstfire；\"youarenottofireuntilyouarefiredupon。\"——Stillbetter，theygofromcompanytocompany，\"openlydeclaringthatoppositiontosuchalargeandwell—armedassemblagewouldbefolly，andthatitwouldbeaverygreatmisfortunetoattemptit。\"——\"Irepeattoyou，\"saidLeroux，\"thatadefenseseemstomemadness。\"——Suchisthewayinwhich，formorethananhour，theyencouragetheNationalGuard。\"AllIask，\"saysLerouxagain，\"isthatyouwaitalittlelonger。IhopethatweshallinducetheKingtoyieldtotheNationalAssembly。\"——Alwaysthesametactics:handthefortressandthegeneraloverratherthanfireonthemob。TothisendtheyreturntotheKing，withR？dererattheirhead，andrenewtheirefforts:\"Sire，\"saysR？derer，\"timepresses，andweaskyoutoconsenttoaccompanyus。\"——Forafewmoments，thelastandmostsolemnofthemonarchy，theKinghesitates。[83]Hisgoodsense，probably，enabledhimtoseethataretreatwasabdication；buthisphlegmaticunderstandingisatfirstunabletoclearlydefineitsconsequences；moreover，hisoptimismhadneverexploredthevastnessofthestupidityofthepeople，norsoundedthedepthsofhumanmaliceandspite；hecannotimaginethatslandermaytransformhisdeterminationnottoshedbloodintoadesiretoshedblood。[84]Besides，heisboundbyhispast，byhishabitofalwaysyielding；byhisdetermination，declaredandmaintainedforthepastthreeyears，nevertocausecivilwar；byhisobstinatehumanitarianism，andespeciallybyhisreligiousgoodwill。Hehassystematicallyextinguishedinhimselftheanimalinstinctofresistance，theflashofangerinallofuswhichstartsupunderunjustandbrutalaggressions；theChristianhassupplantedtheKing；
heisnolongerawarethatdutyobligeshimtobeamanoftheswordthat，inhissurrender，hesurrenderstheState，andthattoyieldlikealambistoleadallhonestpeople，alongwithhimself，totheslaughterhouse。\"Letusgo，\"saidhe，raisinghisrighthand；\"wewillgive，sinceitisnecessary，onemoreproofofourself—
sacrifice。\"[85]AccompaniedbyhisfamilyandMinisters，hesetsoutbetweentwolinesofNationalGuardsandtheSwissGuard，[86]andreachestheAssembly，whichsendsadeputationtomeethim；enteringthechamberhesays:\"Icomeheretopreventagreatcrime。\"——Nopretext，indeed，foraconflictnowexists。Anassaultontheinsurgentsideisuseless，sincethemonarch，withallbelongingtohimandhisgovernment，haveleftthepalace。Ontheotherside，thegarrisonwillnotbeginthefight；diminishedby150SwissandnearlyallthegrenadiersoftheFilles—Saint—Thomas，whoservedastheKing’sescorttotheAssembly，itisreducedtoafewgentlemen，750
Swiss，andaboutahundredNationalGuards；theothers，onlearningthattheKingisgoing，considertheirservicesatanendanddisperse。[87]——Allseemstobeoverinthesacrificeofroyalty。
LouisXVI。imaginesthattheAssembly，attheworst，willsuspendhimfromhisfunctions，andthathewillreturntotheTuileriesasaprivateindividual。Onleavingthepalace，indeed，heordershisvalettokeepuptheserviceuntilhehimselfreturnsfromtheNationalAssembly。[88]
Hedidnotcountontheexigencies，blindnessanddisordersoftheriot。ThreatenedbytheJacobingunnersremainingwiththeirartilleryintheinsidecourts，thegatekeepersopenthegates。Theinsurgentsrushin，fraternisewiththegunners，reachthevestibule，ascendthegrandstaircase，andsummontheSwisstosurrender。[89]——Theseshownohostilespirit；manyofthem，asamarkofgoodhumor，throwpacketsofcartridgesoutofthewindows；someevengosofarastoletthemselvesbeembracedandledaway。Theregiment，however，faithfultoitsorders，willnotyieldtoforce。[90]\"WeareSwiss，\"
repliesthesergeant，Blaser；\"theSwissdonotpartwiththeirarmsbutwiththeirlives。Wethinkthatwedonotmeritsuchaninsult。
Iftheregimentisnolongerwanted，letitbelegallydischarged。
Butwewillnotleaveourpost，norwillweletourarmsbetakenfromus。\"Thetwobodiesoftroopsremainfacingeachotheronthestaircaseforthree—quartersofanhour，almostintermingled，onesilentandtheotherexcited，turbulent，andactive，withalltheardorandlackofdisciplinepeculiartoapopulargathering，eachinsurgentstrivingapart，andinhisownway，tocorrupt，intimidate，orconstraintheSwissGuards。Granier，ofMarseilles，attheheadofthestaircase，holdstwoofthematarms’length，tryinginafriendlymannertodrawthemdown。[91]Atthefootofthestaircasethecrowdisshoutingandthreatening；lightermen，armedwithboat—hooks，harpoonthesentinelsbytheirshoulder—straps，andpulldownfourorfive，likesomanyfishes，amidshoutsoflaughter。——Justatthismomentapistolgoesoff；nobodybeingabletotellwhichpartyfiredit。[92]TheSwiss，firingfromabove，cleanoutthevestibuleandthecourts，rushdownintothesquareandseizethecannon；theinsurgentsscatterandflyoutofrange。Thebravest，nevertheless，rallybehindtheentrancesofthehousesontheCarrousel，throwcartridgesintothecourtsofthesmallbuildingsandsetthemonfire。Duringanotherhalf—hour，underthedensesmokeofthefirstdischargeandoftheburningbuildings，bothsidesfirehaphazard，whiletheSwiss，farfromgivingway，havescarcelylostafewmen，whenamessengerfromtheKingarrives，M。d’Hervilly，whoordersinhisnamethefiringtocease，andthementoreturntotheirbarracks。
Slowlyandregularlytheyforminlineandretirealongthebroadalleyofthegarden。Atthesightoftheseforeigners，however，inredcoats，whohadjustfiredonFrenchmen，thegunsofthebattalionstationedontheterracesgooffoftheirownaccord，andtheSwisscolumndividesintwo。Onebodyof250menturnstotheright，reachestheAssembly，laysdownitsarmsattheKing’sorder，andallowsitselftobeshutupintheFeuillantschurch。Theothersareannihilatedoncrossingthegarden，orcutdownonthePlaceLouisXV。
bythemountedgendarmerie。Noquarterisgiven。Thewarfareisthatofamob，notcivilizedwar，butprimitivewar，thatofbarbarians。Intheabandonedpalaceintowhichtheinsurgentsenteredfiveminutesafterthedepartureofthegarrison，[93]theykillthewounded，thetwoSwisssurgeonsattendingtothem，[94]theSwisswhohadnotfiredagun，andwho，inthebalconyonthesideofthegarden，\"castofftheircartridge—boxes，sabers，coats，andhats，andshout:’Friends，wearewithyou，weareFrenchmen，webelongtothenation！’\"[95]
TheykilltheSwiss，armedorunarmed，whoremainattheirpostsintheapartments。TheykilltheSwissgate—keepersintheirboxes。Theykilleverybodyinthekitchens，fromtheheadcookdowntothepotboys。[96]Thewomenbarelyescape。MadameCampan，onherknees，seizedbytheback，seesanupliftedsaberabouttofallonher，whenavoicefromthefootofthestaircasecallsout:\"Whatareyoudoingthere？Thewomenarenottobekilled！\"\"Getup，youhussy，thenationforgivesyou！\"——Tomakeupforthisthenationhelpsitselfandindulgesitselftoitsheart’scontentinthepalacewhichnowbelongstoit。Somehonestpersonsdo，indeed，carrymoneyandvaluablestotheNationalAssembly，butotherspillageanddestroyallthattheycan。[97]Theyshattermirrors，breakfurnituretopieces，andthrowclocksoutofthewindow；theyshouttheMarseilleshymn，whichoneoftheNationalGuardsaccompaniesonaharpsichord，[98]anddescendtothecellars，wheretheygorgethemselves。\"Formorethanafortnight，\"saysaneyewitness，[99]\"onewalkedonfragmentsofbottles。\"Inthegarden，especially，\"itmightbesaidthattheyhadtriedtopavethewalkswithbrokenglass。\"——Portersareseenseatedonthethroneinthecoronationrobes；atrollopoccupiestheQueen’sbed；itisacarnivalinwhichunbridledbaseandcruelinstinctsfindplentyofgoodforageandabundantlitter。Runawayscomebackafterthevictoryandstabthedeadwiththeirpikes。Nicelydressedprostitutesfoolingaroundwithnakedcorpses。[100]And，asthedestroyersenjoytheirwork，theyarenotdisposedtobedisturbedinit。InthecourtsoftheCarrousel，where1800feetofbuildingareburning，thefirementryfourtimestoextinguishthefire；\"theyareshotat，andthreatenedwithbeingpitchedintotheflames，\"[101]
whilepetitionersappearatthebaroftheAssembly，andannounceinathreateningtonethattheTuileriesareblazing，andshallblazeuntilthedethronementbecomesalaw。
ThepoorAssembly，becomeGirondistthroughitslatemutilation，strivesinvaintoarrestthedownhillcourseofthings，andmaintain，asithasjustsworntodo，\"theconstitutedauthorities\"；[102]itstrives，atleast，toputLouisXVI。intheLuxembourgpalace，toappointatutorfortheDauphin，tokeeptheministerstemporarilyinoffice，andtosaveallprisoners，andthosewhowalkthestreets。
Equallycaptive，andnearlyasprostrateastheKinghimself；theAssemblymerelyservesasarecordingofficeforthepopularwill，thatverymorningfurnishingevidenceofthevaluewhichthearmedcommonaltyattachestoitsdecrees。Thatmorningmurderswerecommittedatitsdoor，incontemptofitssafeconduct；ateighto’clockSuleauandthreeothers，wrestedfromtheirguards，arecutdownunderitswindows。Intheafternoon，fromsixtytoeightyoftheunarmedSwissstillremaininginthechurchoftheFeuillantsaretakenouttobesenttotheH？tel—de—ville，andmassacredonthewayatthePlacedeGrève。Anotherdetachment，conductedtothesectionoftheRoule，islikewisedisposedofinthesameway。[103]Carle，attheheadofthegendarmerie，iscalledoutoftheAssemblyandassassinatedonthePlaceVend？me，andhisheadiscarriedaboutonapike。Thefounderoftheoldmonarchicalclub，M。deClermont—
Tonnerre，withdrawnfrompubliclifefortwoyearspast，andquietlypassingalongthestreets，isrecognized，draggedthroughthegutterandcuttopieces。——Aftersuchwarnings（murderandpillage）theAssemblycanonlyobey，and，asusual，concealitssubmissionbeneathsonorouswords。Ifthedictatorialcommittee，self—imposedattheH？tel—de—ville，stillcondescendstokeepitalive，itisowingtoanewinvestiture，[104]andbydeclaringtoitthatitmustnotmeddlewithitsdoingsnoworinthefuture。Letitconfineitselftoitsfunction，thatofrenderingdecreesmadebythefaction。Accordingly，likefruitfallingfromatreevigorouslyshaken，thesedecreesrattledown，oneafteranother，intothehandsthatawaitthem，[105]
1。thesuspensionoftheKing，2。theconvokingofanationalconvention，3。electorsandtheeligibleexemptedfromallpropertyqualifications，4。anindemnityfordisplacedelectors，5。thetermofAssemblieslefttothedecisionoftheelectors，[106]
6。theremovalandarrestofthelateministers，7。there—appointmentofServan，ClavièresandRoland，8。DantonasMinisterofJustice，9。therecognitionoftheusurpingCommune，10。Santerreconfirmedinhisnewrank，11。themunicipalitiesempoweredtolookaftergeneralsafety，12。thearrestofsuspiciouspersonsconfidedtoallwell—disposedcitizens，[107]
13。domiciliaryvisitsprescribedforthediscoveryofarmsandammunition，[108]
14。allthejusticesofParistobere—electedbythosewithintheirjurisdiction，15。allofficersofthegendarmeriesubjecttore—electionbytheirsoldiers，[109]
16。thirtysousperdiemfortheMarseillestroopsfromthedayoftheirarrival，17。acourt—martialagainsttheSwiss，18。atribunalforthedispatchofjusticeagainstthevanquishedofAugust10，andaquantityofotherdecreesofastillmoreimportantbearing:
19。thesuspensionofthecommissionersappointedtoenforcetheexecutionofthelawincivilandcriminalcourts，[110]
20。thereleaseofallpersonsaccusedorcondemnedformilitaryinsubordination，forpressoffensesandpillagingofgrain，[111]
21。thepartitionofcommunalpossessions，[112]
22。theconfiscationandsaleofpropertybelongingtoémigrés，[113]
23。therelegationoftheirfathers，mothers，wivesandchildrenintotheinterior，24。thebanishmentortransportationofunswornecclesiastics，[114]
25。theestablishmentofeasydivorceattwomonths’noticeandondemandofoneoftheparties，[115]
inshort，everymeasureistakenwhichtendtodisturbproperty，breakupthefamily，persecuteconscience，suspendthelaw，pervertjustice，andrehabilitatecrime。lawsarepromulgatedtodeliver:
*thejudicialsystem，*thefullcontrolofthenation，*theselectionofthemembersofthefutureomnipotentAssembly，*inshort，theentiregovernment，toanautocratic，violentminority，which，havingriskedalltograbthedictatorship，daresalltokeepit。[116]
VIII。
StateofParisintheInterregnum。——Themassofthepopulation。——
SubalternJacobins。——TheJacobinleaders。
Letusstopamomenttocontemplatethisgreatcityanditsnewrulers。——Fromafar，Parisseemsaclubof700，000fanatics，vociferatinganddeliberatingonthepublicsquares；nearby，itisnothingofthesort。Theslime，onrisingfromthebottom，hasbecomethesurface，andgivenitscolortothestream；butthehumanstreamflowsinitsordinarychannel，and，underthisturbidexterior，remainsaboutthesameasitwasbefore。Itisacityofpeoplelikeourselves，governed，busy，andfondofamusement。Tothegreatmajority，eveninrevolutionarytimes，privatelife，toocomplexandabsorbing，leavesbutaninsignificantcornerforpublicaffairs。
Throughroutineandthroughnecessity，manufacturing，displayofwares，selling，purchasing，keepingaccounts，trades，andprofessions，continueasusual。Theclerkgoestohisoffice，theworkmantohisshop，theartisantohisloft，themerchanttohiswarehouse，theprofessionaltohiscabinet，andtheofficialtohisduty；[117]theyaredevoted，firstofall，totheirpursuits，totheirdailybread，tothedischargeoftheirobligations，totheirownadvancement，totheirfamilies，andtotheirpleasures；toprovideforthesethingsthedayisnottoolong。Politicsonlybrieflydistractthem，andthenratheroutofcuriosity，likeaplayoneapplaudsorhissesinhisseatwithoutsteppinguponthestage。——\"Thedeclarationthatthecountryisindanger，\"saysmanyeyewitnesses，[118]\"hasmadenochangeinthephysiognomyofParis。Therearethesameamusements，thesamegossip……Thetheatersarefullasusual。Thewine—shopsandplacesofdiversionoverflowwiththepeople，NationalGuards，andsoldiers……Thefashionableworldenjoysitspleasure—parties，\"—
\"Thedayafterthedecree，theeffectoftheceremony，soskillfullymanaged，isveryslight。\"TheNationalGuardintheprocession，writesapatrioticjournalist，[119]\"firstshowsindifferenceandevenboredom\"；itisexasperatedwithnightwatchesandpatrolduty；theyprobablytelleachothersthatinparadingforthenation，onefindsnotimetoworkforone’sself。——AfewdaysafterthisthemanifestooftheDukeofBrunswick\"producesnosensationwhatever。Peoplelaughatit。Onlythenewspapersandtheirreadersarefamiliarwithit……Themassknownothingaboutit。Nobodyfearsthecoalitionnorforeigntroops。\"[120]——Onthe10thofAugust，outsidethetheaterofthecombat，allisquietinParis。Peoplewalkaboutandchatinthestreetsasusual。\"[121]——Onthe19thofAugust，Moore，theEnglishman，[122]sees，withastonishment，theheedlesscrowdfillingtheChampsElysées，thevariousdiversions，theairofafête，thecountlesssmallshopsinwhichrefreshmentsaresoldaccompaniedwithsongsandmusic，andthequantitiesofpantomimesandmarionettes。
\"Arethesepeopleashappyastheyseemtobe？\"heasksofaFrenchmanalongwithhim。——\"Theyareasjollyasgods！\"——\"DoyouthinktheDukeofBrunswickiseverintheirheads？\"——\"Monsieur，youmaybesureofthis，thattheDukeofBrunswickisthelastmantheythinkof。\"
Suchistheunconcernorlight—heartednessofthegross，egoisticmass，otherwisebusy，andalwayspassiveunderanygovernmentwhateveritmaybe，averitableflockofsheep，allowinggovernmenttodoasitpleases，provideditdoesnothinderitfrombrowsingandcaperingasitchooses。——Astothemenofsensibilitywholovetheircountry，theyarestilllesstroublesome，fortheyaregoneorgoing（tothearmy），oftenattherateofathousandandeventwothousandaday，tenthousandinthelastweekofJuly，[123]fifteenthousandinthefirsttwoweeksofSeptember，[124]inallperhaps40，000volunteersfurnishedbythecapitalaloneandwho，withtheirfellowsproportionateinnumbersuppliedbythedepartments，aretobethesalvationofFrance。——Throughthisdepartureoftheworthy，andthispassivityoftheflock，Parisbelongstothefanaticsamongthepopulation。\"Thesearethesans—culottes，\"wrotethepatrioticPalloy，\"thescumandriffraffofParis，andIgloryinbelongingtothatclasswhichhasputdowntheso—calledhonestfolks。\"[125]——\"Threethousandworkmen，\"saystheGirondistSoulavie，later，\"madetheRevolutionofthe10thofAugust，againstthekingdomoftheFeuillants，themajorityofthecapitalandagainsttheLegislativeAssembly。\"[126]Workmen，daylaborers，andpettyshop—keepers，notcountingwomen，commonvagabondsandregularbandits，form，indeed，one—twentiethoftheadultmalepopulationofthecity，about9，000
spreadoverallsectionsofParis，theonlyonestovoteandactinthemidstofuniversalstuporandindifference。——WefindintheRuedeSeine，forexample，sevenofthem，Lacaille，keeperofaroasting—
shop；Philippe，\"acattle—breeder，wholeadsaroundshe—assesforconsumptives，\"nowpresidentofthesection，andsoontobecomeoneoftheAbbayebutchers；Guérard，\"aRouenriver—manwhohasabandonedthenavigationoftheSeineonalargescaleandkeepsaskiff，inwhichheferriespeopleovertheriverfromthePontduLouvretotheQuaiMazarin，\"andfourcharactersofthesamestamp。Theirenergy，however，replacestheirlackofeducationandnumericalinferiority。
Oneday，Guérard，onpassingM。Hua，thedeputy，tellshiminthewayofawarning，\"Youbigrascal，youwereluckytohaveotherpeoplewithyou。Ifyouhadbeenalone，Iwouldhavecapsizedmyboat，andhadthepleasureofdrowningablastedaristocrat！\"Thesearethe\"matadorsofthequarter\"。[127]——Theirignorancedoesnottroublethem；onthecontrary，theytakeprideincoarsenessandvulgarity。
OneoftheordinaryspeechmakersoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，Gouchon，adesignerforcalicos，comestothebaroftheAssembly，\"inthenameofthemenofJuly14andAugusts10，\"toglorifythepoliticalreignofbrutalincapacity；accordingtohim，itismoreenlightenedthanthatofthecultivated:[128]\"thosegreatgeniusesgracedwiththefinetitleofConstitutionalistsareforcedtodojusticetomenwhoneverstudiedtheartofgoverningelsewherethaninthebookofexperience……Consultingcustomsandnotprinciples，thesecleverpeoplehaveforalongperiodbeenbusywiththepoliticalbalanceofthings；wehavefounditwithoutlookingforitintheheartofman:Formagovernmentwhichwillplacethepoorabovetheirfeebleresourcesandtherichbelowtheirmeans，andthebalancewillbeperfect。\"[129]
Thisismorethanclear，theirdeclaredpurposeisacompleteleveling，notaloneofpoliticalrights，but，again，andespecially，ofconditionsandfortunes；theypromisethemselves\"absoluteequality，realequality，\"and，stillbetter，\"themagistracyandallgovernmentpowers。\"[130]Francebelongstothem，iftheyareboldenoughtoseizeholdofit。——And，ontheotherhand，shouldtheymisstheirprey，theyfeelthemselveslost，fortheBrunswickmanifesto，[131]whichhadmadenoimpressiononthepublic，remainsdeeplyimpressedintheirminds。Theyapplyitsthreatstothemselves，whiletheirimagination，asusual，translatesitintoaspecificlegend:[132]alltheinhabitantsofParisaretobeledoutontheplainofSaint—Denis，andtheredecimated；previoustothis，themostnotoriouspatriotswillbesingledouttogetherwithfortyorfiftymarket—womenandbrokenonthewheel。Already，onthe11thofAugust，arumoriscurrentthat800menofthelateroyalguardsarereadytomakeadescentonParis；[133]thatverydaythedwellingofBeaumarchaisisransackedforsevenhours；[134]thewallsarepierced，thepriviessounded，andthegardendugdowntotherock。Thesamesearchisrepeatedintheadjoininghouse。Thewomenareespecially\"enragedatnotfindinganything，\"andwishtorenewtheattempt，swearingthattheywilldiscoverwherethingsarehiddenintenminutes。Thenightmareisevidentlytoomuchfortheseunballastedminds。Theybreakdownundertheweightoftheiraccidentalkingship，theirinflamedpride，extravagantdesires，andintenseandsilentfearswhichforminthemthatmorbidandevilconcoctionwhich，indemocracyaswellasinamonarchy，fashionsaNero。[135]
Theirleaders，whoareevenmoreupset，conceited，anddespotic，havenoscruplesholdingthemback，forthemostnoteworthyarecorrupt，actingaloneorasleaders。Ofthethreechiefsoftheoldmunicipality，Pétion，themayor，actuallyinsemi—retirement，butverballyrespected，issetasideandconsideredasanolddecoration。
Theothertworemainactiveandinoffice，Manuel，[136]thesyndic—
attorney，sonofaporter，aloud—talking，untalentedbohemian，stoletheprivatecorrespondenceofMirabeaufromapublicdepository，falsifiedit，andsolditforhisownbenefit。Danton，[137]Manuel’sdeputy，faithlessintwoways，receivestheKing’smoneytopreventtheriot，andmakesuseofittourgeiton。——Varlet，\"thatextraordinaryspeech—maker，ledsuchafoulandprodigallifeastobringhismotherinsorrowtothegrave；afterwardshespentwhatwasleft，andsoonhadnothing。\"[138]——Othersnotonlylackedhonorbutevencommonhonesty。Carra，withaseatinthesecretDirectoryoftheFederates，andwhodrewuptheplanoftheinsurrection，hadbeencondemnedbytheMacontribunalstotwoyears’imprisonmentfortheftandburglary。[139]Westermann，wholedtheattackingcolumn，hadstolenasilverdish，withacoatofarmsonit，fromJeanCreux，keeperofarestaurant，ruedesPoules，andwastwicesentawayfromParisforswindling。[140]Panis，chiefoftheCommitteeofSupervision，[141]wasturnedoutoftheTreasuryDepartment，wherehisunclewasasubcashier，in1774，forrobbery。Hiscolleague，Sergent，appropriatestohimself\"threegoldwatches，anagatering，andotherjewels，\"leftwithhimondeposit。[142]\"Breakingseals，falsecharges，breachesoftrust，\"embezzlements，arefamiliartransactions。Intheirhandspilesofsilverplateand1，100，000francsingoldaretodisappear。[143]
AmongthemembersofthenewCommune，Huguenin，thepresident，aclerkatthebarriers，isabrazenembezzler。[144]Rossignol，ajourneymanjeweller，implicatedinanassassination，isatthismomentsubjecttojudicialprosecution。[145]Hébert，ajournalisticgarbagebag，formerlycheck—takerinatheatre，isturnedawayfromtheVariétésforlarceny。[146]Amongmenofaction，Fournier，theAmerican，Lazowski，andMaillardarenotonlymurderers，butlikewiserobbers，[147]while，bytheirside，arisesthefuturegeneraloftheParisNationalGuard，Henriot，atfirstadomesticinthefamilyofanattorneywhoturnedhimoutfortheft，thenatax—clerk，againturnedadriftfortheft，and，finally，apolicespy，andstillincarceratedintheBicêtreprisonforanothertheft，and，atlast，abattalionofficer，andoneoftheSeptemberexecutioners。[148]—Simultaneouslywiththebanditsandrascals，monstrousmaniacscomeoutoftheirholes。DeSades，[149]wholivedthelifeof\"Justine\"beforehewroteit，andwhomtheRevolutiondeliveredfromtheBastille，issecretaryofthesectionofthePlaceVend？me。Marat，thehomicidalmonomaniac，constituteshimself，afterthe23rdofAugust，officialjournalistattheH？tel—de—ville，politicaladvisorandconsciousnessofthenewCommune，andtheobsessiveplan，whichhepreachesforthreeyears，ismerelyaninstantanddirectwholesalebutchery。
\"Giveme，\"saidhetoBarbaroux，[150]\"twohundredNeapolitansarmedwithdaggers，andwithonlyahand—kerchiefontheirleftarmsforabuckler，andIwilloverrunFranceandbuildtheRevolution。\"
Accordingtohimitisnecessarytodoawaywith260，000men\"onhumanegrounds，\"for，unlessthisisdone，thereisnosafetyfortherest。
\"TheNationalAssemblymaystillsaveFrance；letitdecreethatallaristocratsshallwearablueribbon，andthemomentthatthreeofthemareseenincompany，letthembehung。\"
Anotherwaywouldbe\"tolayinwaitindarkstreetsandatcornersfortheroyalistsandFeuillants，andcuttheirthroats。Shouldtenpatriotshappentobekilledamongahundredmen，whatdoesitmatter？Itisonlyninetyforten，whichpreventsmistakes。Falluponthosewhoowncarriages，employvalets，wearsilkcoats，orgotothetheatres。Youmaybesurethattheyarearistocrats。\"
TheJacobinproletariathasobviouslyfoundtheleadershipthatsuitsthem。Theywillgetonwitheachotherwithoutdifficulty。Inorderthatthisspontaneousmassacremaybecomeanadministrativemeasure，theNerosofthegutterhavebuttoawaitthewordofcommandfromtheNerosoftheH？tel—de—ville。
_
Notes:
[1]AnexpressionofLafayette’sinhisaddresstotheAssembly。
[2]Lafayette，\"Mémoires，\"I。452。——Malouet（II。213）statesthattherewereseventy。
[3]Cf。，forexample，\"ArchivesNationales，\"A。F。II。116。Petitionof228notablesofMontargis。
[4]Petitionofthe20，000，so—called，presentedbyMessrs。GuillaumeandDupontdeNemours。—Cf……Mortimer—Ternaux，I。278。——AccordingtoBuchezetRoux，thepetitioncontainingonly7，411names。
[5]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。277。
[6]Moniteur，XIII。89。Theact（July7）isdrawnupwithadmirableprecisionandforce。Oncomparingitwiththevague，turgidexaggerationsoftheiradversaries，itseemstomeasuretheintellectualdistancebetweenthetwoparties。
[7]339against224——R？derer（\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"
p。79）。\"AstrongcurrentofopinionbyamajorityoftheinhabitantsofParissetsinfavoroftheKing。\"—C。Desmoulins；\"Thatclassofpettytradersandshopkeepers，whoaremoreafraidoftherevolutionariesthanofsomanyUhlans……\"
[8]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。236。LetterofR？derertothepresidentoftheNationalAssembly，June25。\"Mr。President，IhavethehonortoinformtheAssemblythatanarmedmobismarchingtowardstheChateau。\"
[9]Mortimer—Ternaux，I。245，246。—II。81，131，148，170。
[10]ThemurderofM。Duhamel，sub—lieutenantofthenationalguard。
[11]LetterofVergniaudandGuadettothepainterBoze（inthe\"MémoiresdeDumouriez\"）。——R？derer，\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"
295。——BertranddeMolleville，\"Mémoires，\"III。29。
[12]Moniteur，XIII。155（sessionofJuly16）。——Mortimer—Ternaux，II。69。\"Favoredbyyou，\"saysManuel，\"allcitizensareentitledtovisitthefirstfunctionaryofthenation……Theprince’sdwellingshouldbeopen，likeachurch。Fearofthepeopleisaninsulttothepeople。IfLouisXVI。possessedthesoulofaMarcusAurelius，hewouldhavedescendedintohisgardensandtriedtoconsoleahundredthousandbeings，onaccountoftheslownessoftheRevolution……
NeverhadtherebeenfewerthievesintheTuileriesthanonthatday；
forthecourtiershadfled……TheredcapwasanhonortoLouisXVI。shead，andoughttobehiscrown。\"Atthissolemnmomentthefraternizationofthekingwiththepeopletookplace，and\"thenextdaythesamekingbetrayed，calumniated，anddisgracedthepeople！\"
Manuel’srigmarolesurpassesallthatcanbeimagined。\"AfterthistherearisesinthepanelingsoftheLouvre，attheconfluenceofthecivillist，anotherchannel，whichleadsthroughtheshadesbelowtoPétion’sdungeon……Thedepartment，indealingablowatthemunicipality，explainshow，atthebanquetoftheLaw，itrepresentstheLawintheformofacrocodile，etc。\"
[13]Moniteur，XIII。93（sessionofJuly9）；——27（sessionofJuly2）。
[14]Moniteur，XII。751（sessionofJune24）；XIII。33（sessionofJuly3）。
[15]Moniteur，XIII。224（sessionofJuly23）。TwounswornpriestshadjustbeenmassacredatBordeauxandtheirheadscarriedthroughthestreetsonpikes。Ducosadds:\"Sincetheexecutivepowerhasputitsvetoonlawsrepressingfanaticism，popularexecutionsbegintoberepeated。Ifthecourtsdonotrenderjustice，etc。\"——Ibid。，XIII。
301（sessionofJuly31）。
[16]Moniteur，XIII。72（sessionofJuly7）。Theking’sspeechtotheAssemblyaftertheLamourettekiss。\"Iconfesstoyou，M。President，thatIwasveryanxiousforthedeputationtoarrive，thatImighthastentotheAssembly。\"
[17]Moniteur，XIII。313（sessionofAug。3）。Thedeclarationreadintheking’snamemustbeweighedsentencebysentence；itsumsuphisconductwithperfectexactnessandthusends:\"Whatarepersonaldangerstoaking，fromwhomtheywouldtaketheloveofhispeople？
Thisiswhataffectsmemost。Thedaywillcome，perhaps，whenthepeoplewillknowhowmuchIprizeitswelfare，howmuchthishasalwaysbeenmyconcernandmyfirstneed。Whatsorrowswoulddisappearattheslightestsignofitsreturn！\"
[18]Moniteur，XIII。33，56bis85，97（sessionsofJuly3，5，6and9）。
[19]Moniteur，XIII。26，170，273（sessionsofJuly12，17，28）。—
Mortimer—Ternaux，II。122（sessionofJuly23）:AddressesofthemunicipalcouncilofMarseilles，ofthefederates，oftheAngerspetitioners，oftheCharentevolunteers，etc。\"AhereditarymonarchyisopposedtotheRightsofMan。PasstheactofdethronementandFranceissaved……Bebrave，lettheswordofthelawfallonaperjuredfunctionaryandconspirator！Lafayetteisthemostcontemptible，theguiltiest，……themostinfamousoftheassassinsofthepeople，\"etc。
[20]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。126。——BertranddeMolleville，III。294。
[21]Moniteur，XIII。325（sessionofAug。3）。
[22]Moniteur，XII。738；XII。340。
[23]Moniteur，XIII。170，171，187，208，335（sessionsofJuly17，18，and23，andAug。5）。
[24]Moniteur，XIII。187（sessionofJuly18）。\"Thegalleriesapplaud。
TheAssemblymurmurs。\"——208（July21）。\"Murmuring，shouts，andcriesofDownwiththespeaker！fromthegalleries。Thepresidentcallsthehousetoorderfivetimes，butalwaysfruitlessly。\"——224（July23）。
\"Thegalleriesapplaud；longcontinuedmurmursareheardintheAssembly。\"
[25]Buzot，\"Mémoires\"（Ed。Dauban，83and84）。\"ThemajorityoftheFrenchpeopleyearnedforroyaltyandtheconstitutionof1790……ItwasatParisparticularlythatthisdesiregovernedthegeneralplan，thediscussionofitbeingtheleastfearedinspecialconversationsandinprivatesociety。Therewereonlyafewnoble—minded，superiormenthatwereworthyofbeingrepublicans……Therestdesiredtheconstitutionof1791，andspokeoftherepublicansonlyasonespeaksofveryhonestmaniacs。\"
[26]Duvergier，\"Collectiondesloisetdécrets，\"May29，1792；July15，16，and18；July6—20。
[27]Moniteur，XIII。25（sessionofJuly1）。Petitionof150activecitizensoftheBonne—Nouvellesection。
[28]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。194。BuchezetRoux，XVI。253。Thedecreeofdismissalwasnotpasseduntilthe12thofAugust，butafterthe31StofJulythemunicipalitydemandeditandduringthefollowingdaysseveralJacobingrenadiersgototheNationalAssembly，trampleontheirbearskinhatsandputontheredcapofliberty。
[29]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。192（municipalactionofAug。5）。
[30]DecreeofJuly2。
[31]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。129。——BuchezetRoux，XV。458。AccordingtothereportoftheMinisterofWar，readthe30thofJuly，attheeveningsession，5，314departmentfederatesleftParisbetweenJuly14
and30。PétionwrotethatthelevyoffederatestheninParisamountedto2，960，\"ofwhich2，032weregettingreadytogotothecampatSoissons。\"——AcomparisonofthesefiguresleadstotheapproximatenumberthatIhaveadopted[32]BuchezetRoux，XVI。120，133（sessionoftheJacobins，Aug。6）。
Thefederates\"resolvedtowatchtheChateau，eachtakingaplaceinthebattalionsrespectivelyofthesectionsinwhichtheylodge，andmanyincorporatedthemselveswiththebattalionsofthefaubourgStAntoine。\"
[33]MercuredeFrance，April14，1793。——\"TheRevolution，\"I。p。
332。
[34]Barbaroux，\"Mémoires，\"37—40。——Lauront—Lautard，\"Marseillesdepuis1789jusqu’à1815，\"I。134。\"Themayor，Mourdeille，\"whohadrecruitedthem，\"wasperhapsverygladtogetridofthem。\"——Onthecompositionofthisgroupandonthepreviousr？leofRebecqui，seechapterVI。
[35]BuchezetRoux，XVI。197andfollowingpages。——Mortimer—
Ternaux，II。148（thegrenadiersnumberedonly166）。——Moniteur，XIII。310（sessionofAug。1）。Addressofthegrenadiers:\"Theysworeontheirhonorthattheydidnotdrawtheirswordsuntilafterbeingthreatenedforaquarterofanhour，theninsultedandhumiliated，untilforcedtodefendtheirlivesagainstatroopofbrigandsarmedwithpistols，andsomeofthemwithcarbines。\"——\"Thereadingofthismemorandumisofteninterruptedbyhootingfromthegalleries，inspiteofthepresident’sorders。\"——Hootingagain，whentheyfileoutofthechamber。
[36]ThelackofmenofactiongreatlyembarrassedtheJacobinparty。
（\"CorrespondancedeMirabeauetduComtedelaMarck，2II。326。）
LetterofM。deMontmorin，July13，1792。OnthedispositionofthepeopleofParis，weariedandwornout\"toexcess。\"\"Theywilltakenoside，eitherfororagainsttheking……Theynolongerstirforanypurpose；riotsarewhollyfactitious。ThisissorightthattheyareobligedtobringmenfromtheSouthtogetthemup。NearlyallofthosewhoforcedthegatesoftheTuileries，orrather，whogotinsideofthemonthe20thofJune，wereoutsidersoronlookers，gottogetheratthesightofsuchalotofpikesandredcaps，etc。Thecowardsranattheslightestindicationofpresentingarms，whichwasdonebyaportionofthenationalguardonthearrivalofadeputationfromtheNationalAssembly，theirleadersbeingobligedtoencouragethembytellingthemthattheywerenottobefiredat。\"
[37]BuchezetRoux，XVI。447。\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"byR？derer。
[38]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。378。—127JacobinsofArras，ledbyGeoffroyandyoungRobespierre，declaretotheDirectorythattheymeantocometoitsmeetingsandfollowitsdeliberations。\"Itistimethatthemastershouldkeephiseyeonhisagents。\"TheDirectory，therefore，resigns（July4，1792）。—Ibid。，462（reportofLeroux，municipalofficer）。TheParismunicipalcouncil，onthenightofAugust9—10deliberatesunderthreatsofdeathandthefuriousshoutsofthegalleries。
[39]Duvergier’s\"CollectionofLawsandDecrees，\"July4，5—8，11—12，25—28。——BuchezetRoux，XVI。250。ThesectionoftheTheatreFran？ais（ofwhichDantonispresidentandChaumetteandMomorosecretaries）thusinterpretthedeclarationofthecountrybeingindanger。\"Afteradeclarationofthecountrybeingindangerbytherepresentativesofthepeople，itisnaturalthatthepeopleitselfshouldtakebackitssovereignsupervision。\"
[40]Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRévolution，\"I。99—100。ReporttoRoland，Oct。29，1792。
[41]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。199。—BuchezetRoux，XVI。320。—
Moniteur，XIII。336（sessionofAug。5）。SpeechbyCollotd’Herbois。
[42]Moniteur，XI。20，sessionofFeb。4。AtthismeetingGorguereau，reporterofthecommitteeonlegislation，hadalreadystatedthat\"Theauthorsofthesemultipliedaddressesseemtocommandratherthandemand……Itiseverthesamesectionsorthesameindividualswhodeceiveyouinbringingtoyoutheirownfalsetestimonyforthatofthecapital。\"—\"Downwiththereporter！Fromthegalleries。\"—
Ibid。，XIII。93，sessionofJuly11。M。Gastelier:\"Addressesinthenameofthepeopleareconstantlyreadtoyou，whicharenoteventhevoiceofonesection。Wehaveseenthesameindividualcomingthreetimesaweektodemandsomethinginthenameofsovereignty。\"（Shoutsofdown！down！inthegalleries。Ibid。，208，sessionofJuly21。M。
Dumolard:\"YoumustdistinguishbetweenthepeopleofParisandthesesubalternintriguers……thesehabitualoraclesofthecafésandpublicsquares，whoseequivocalexistencehasforalongtimeoccupiedtheattentionandclaimedthesupervisionofthepolice。\"（Downwiththespeaker！murmursandhootinginthegalleries）。—Mortimer—Ternaux，II。398。Protestsofthearsenalsection，readbyLavoisier（thechemist）:\"Thecapriceofaknotofcitizens（thus）becomesthedesireofanimmensepopulation。\"
[43]BuchezetRoux，XVI。251。—Mortimer—Ternaux，II。239and243。
Thecentralbureauisfirstopenedin\"thebuildingoftheSaint—
Esprit，inthesecondstory，nearthepassagecommunicatingwiththecommondwelling。\"AfterwardsthecommissionersofthesectionoccupyanotherroomintheH？tel—de—ville，nearlyjoiningthethrone—room，wherethemunicipalcouncilisholdingitssessions。DuringthenightofAugust9—10bothcouncilssitfourhourssimultaneouslywithinafewstepsofeachother。
[44]Robespierre，\"Seventhlettertohisconstituents，\"says:\"Thesections……havebeenbusyformorethanafortnightgettingreadyforthelastRevolution。\"
[45]Robespierre，\"Seventhlettertohisconstituents\"——Malouet，II。
233，234。——R？derer，\"Chroniquedescinquantejours。\"
[46]Moniteur，XIII。318，319。Thepetitionisdrawnupapparentlybypeoplewhoarebesidethemselves。\"Ifwedidnotrelyonyou，Iwouldnotanswerfortheexcessestowhichourdespairwouldcarryus！Wewouldbringonourselvesallthehorrorsofcivilwar，providedwecould，ondying，dragalongwithussomeofourcowardlyassassins！\"—
—Therepresentatives，itmustbenoted，talkinthesamevein。LaSourceexclaims:\"Themembershere，likeyourselves，callforvengeance！\"—Thuriot:\"Thecrimeisatrocious！\"
[47]Taineisdescribingabasictraitofhumannature，somethingweseeagainandagainwhetherourancestorsattackedsmall，harmlessneighboringnations，witches，renegades，Jews，orreligiouspeopleofanotherfaith。（SR）。
[48]BuchezetRoux，XIX93，sessionofSept。23，1792。SpeechbyPanis:\"Manyworthycitizenswouldliketohavejudicialproof；butpoliticalproofssatisfyus\"——TowardstheendofJulytheMinisteroftheInteriorhadinvitedPétiontosendtwomunicipalofficerstoexaminetheTuileries；butthisthecouncilrefusedtodo，soastokeepuptheexcitement。
[49]MalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"303。LetterofMalouet，June29。——
BertranddeMolleville，\"Mémoires，\"II。301。——Hua，148。——Weber，II。208。——MadameCampan，\"Mémoires，\"II。188。Already，attheendof1791，thekingwastoldthathewasliabletobepoisonedbythepastry—cookofthepalace，aJacobin。Forthreeorfourmonthsthebreadandpastryheateweresecretlypurchasedinotherplaces。Onthe14thofJuly，1792，hisattendants，onaccountofthethreatsagainsthislife，putabreastplateonhimunderhiscoat。
[50]memberofthe1789ConstituentAssembly。（SR）。
[51]Moniteur，VIII。271，278。Adeputy，excusinghisassailants，pretendsthatd’ésprémesnilurgedthepeopletoentertheTuileriesgarden。ItisscarcelynecessarytostatethatduringtheConstituentAssemblyd’Espréménilwasoneofthemostconspicuousmembersoftheextreme\"Right。\"—DucdeGa？te，\"Mémoires，\"I。18。
[52]Lafayette，\"Mémoires，\"I。465。
[53]Moniteur，XIII。327，——Mortimer—Ternaux，II。176。
[54]Moniteur，XIII。340。——Thestyleofthesepetitionsishighlyinstructive。Weseeinthemthestateofmindanddegreeofeducationofthepetitioners:sometimesahalf—educatedwriterattemptingtoreasonintheveinoftheContratSocial；sometimes，aschoolboyspoutingthetiradesofRaynal；andsometimes，thecornerletter—
writerputtingtogethertheexpressionsforminghisstockintrade。
[55]Carra，\"Précishistoriquesurl’origineetlesvéritablesauteursdel’insurrectiondu10Ao？t。\"——Barbaroux，\"Mémoires，49。Theexecutivedirectory，appointedbythecentralcommitteeoftheconfederates，helditsfirstmeetinginawine—shop，theSoleild’or，onthesquareoftheBastille；thesecondattheCadranbleu，ontheboulevard；thethirdinAntoine’sroom，whothenlodgedinthesamehousewithRobespierre。CamilleDesmoulinswaspresentatthislattermeeting。Santerre，Westermann，FourniertheAmerican，andLazowskiweretheprincipalmembersofthisDirectory。Anotherinsurrectionaryplanwasdrawnuponthe30thofJulyinawine—shopatCharentonbyBarbaroux，Rebecqui，PierreBayle，Heron，andFourniertheAmerican。—
Cf。J。Claretie，\"CamilleDesmoulins，\"p。192。Desmoulinswrote，alittlebeforethe10thofAugust:\"IftheNationalAssemblythinksthatitcannotsavethecountry，letitdeclarethen，that，accordingtotheConstitution，andliketheRomans，ithandsthisovertoeachcitizen。Letthetocsinberungforthwith，thewholenationassembled，andeveryman，asatRome，beinvestedwiththepowerofputtingtodeathallwell—knownconspirators！\"
[56]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。182。DecisionoftheQuinze—VingtSection，Aug。4。—BuchezetRoux，XVI。402—410。HistoryofQuinze—VingtSection。
[57]Moniteur。XIII。367，sessionofAug。8。—Ibid。，369andfollowingpages。SessionofAug。9。Lettersandspeechesofmaltreateddeputies。
[58]Moniteur，371。SpeechofM。Girardin:\"Iamconvincedthatmostofthosewhoinsultedmewereforeigners。\"——Ibid。，370。LetterofM。
Frouvières:\"Manyofthecitizens，comingoutoftheirshops，exclaimed:Howcantheyinsultthedeputiesinthisway？Runaway！runoff！\"——M。Jolivet，thateveningattendingameetingoftheJacobinClub，states\"thattheJacobintribuneswerefarfromsharinginthisfrenzy。\"Heheard\"oneindividualinthesetribunesexclaim，ontheproposaltoputthedwellingsofthedeputiesonthelist，thatitwasoutrageous。\"——Countlessotherdetailsshowthesmallnumberandcharacterofthefactions。—Ibid。，374。SpeechofAubert—Dubacet:\"I
sawmendressedinthecoatsofthenationalguard，withcountenancesbetrayingeverythingthatismostvileinwickedness。\"Thereare\"agreatmanyevil—disposedpersonsamongthefederates。\"
[59]Moniteur，XIII。170（letterofM。deJoly，MinisterofJustice）。
—Ibid。，371，declarationofM。Jolivet。—BuchezetRoux，XVI。370
（sessionoftheJacobinClub，Aug。8，atevening）。SpeechbyGoupilleau。
[60]OnemayimaginewithwhatsatisfactionLenin，musthavereadthisdescriptionagreeing:\"Yes，openvotingbyanamedandidentifiedcount，thatishowaleaderbestcancontrolanyassembly。\"（SR）。
[61]Moniteur，XIII。37o。—Cf。Ibid。，theletterofM。Chapron。——
Ibid。，372。SpeechbyM。A。Vaublanc。——Moore，\"JournalduringaResidenceinFrance，\"I。25（Aug。10）。Theimpudenceofthepeopleinthegallerieswasintolerable。Therewas\"aloudanduniversalpealoflaughterfromallthegalleries\"onthereadingofaletter，inwhichadeputywrotethathewasthreatenedwithdecapitation。——\"Fiftymemberswereshoutingatthesametime；themostboisterousnightI
everwaswitnesstointheHouseofCommonswascalmnessitselfalongsideofthis。\"
[62]Moniteur，Ibid。，p。371。—Lafayette，I。467。\"Onthe9thofAugust，ascanbeseenintheunmutilatededitionsoftheLogographe，theAssembly，almosttoaman，aroseanddeclaredthatitwasnotfree。\"Ibid。，478。\"Onthe9thofAugusttheAssemblyhadpassedadecreedeclaringthatitwasnotfree。Thisdecreewastornuponthe10th。Butitisnothatitwaspassed。\"
[63]Moniteur，XIII。370，374，375。SpeechbyR？derer，letterofM。deJoly，andspeechbyPétion。
[64]MathieuDumas，\"Mémoires，\"II。461。
[65]\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"byR？derer。—Mortimer—Ternaux，II。260。—BuchezetRoux，XVI。458。—Towardshalf—pastseveninthemorningtherewereonlyfromsixtytoeightymemberspresent。
（TestimonyoftwooftheMinisterswholeavetheAssembly。）
[66]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。205。AttheballotofJuly12，notcountingmembersonleaveofabsenceordelegatedelsewhere，andthedeadnotreplaced，therewerealreadytwenty—sevennotansweringthecall，whileafterthatdatethreeothersresigned。——BuchezetRoux，XVIL
340（sessionofSept。2，1792）。HéraultdeSéchellesiselectedpresidentby248outof257voters。——Hua，164（afterAug。10）。\"WeattendedthemeetingsoftheHousesimplytoshowthatwehadnotgiventhemup。Wetooknopartinthediscussions，andonthevotebeingtaken，standingorsitting，weremainedinourseats。Thiswastheonlyprotestwecouldmake。\"
[67]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。229，233，417andfollowingpages。M。
Mortimer—Ternauxisthefirsttoexpose，withdocumentstosupporthimandcriticaldiscussion，theformationoftherevolutionarycommune。—
ThesixsectionsreferredtoaretheLombards，Gravilliers，Mauconseil，Gobelins，Théatre—Fran？ais，andFaubourgPoissonnière。
[68]Forinstance，theEnfantsRouges，Louvre，Observatoire，Fontaine—Grenelle，FaubourgSaint—Denis，andThermesdeJulien……
[69]Forexample，atthesectionsofMontreuil，Popincourt，andRoideSicile……
[70]Forexample，Ponceau，Invalides，Sainte—Geneviève。
[71]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。240。
[72]Mortimer—Ternaux，446（listofthecommissionerswhotooktheirseatsbefore9o’clockinthemorning）。\"LeTableaugénéraldesCommisairesdes48sectionsquiontcomposéleconseilgénéraldelaCommunedeParis，le10Ao？t，1792，\"itmustbenoted，wasnotpublisheduntilthreeorfourmonthslater，withalltheessentialfalsifications。ItmaybefoundinBuchezetRoux，XVI。450。——
\"Relationdel’abbéSicard。\"\"Atthattimealotofscoundrels，afterthegeneralmeetingofthesectionswasover，passedactsinthenameofthewholeassemblageandhadthemexecuted，utterlyunknowntothosewhohaddonethis，orbythosewhoweretheunfortunatevictimsoftheseproceedings\"（supportedbydocuments）。
[73]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。270，273。（TheofficialreportofMandat’sexaminationcontainsfivefalsestatements，eitherthroughomissionorsubstitution。）
[74]Claretie，\"CamilleDesmoulins，\"p。467（notesofTopino—LebrunonDanton’strial）。Danton，inthepleadings，says:\"Ileftat1o’clockinthemorning。IwasattherevolutionarycommuneandpronouncedsentenceofdeathonMandet，whohadorderstofireopthepeople。\"
Dantoninthesameplacesays:\"Ihadplannedthe10thofAugust。\"Itisverycertainthatfrom1to7o’clockinthemorning（whenMandatwaskilled）hewastheprincipalleaderoftheinsurrectionalcommune。
Nobodywassopotent，sooverbearing，sowellendowedphysicallyforthecontrolofsuchaconventicleasDanton。Besides，amongthenew—
comershewasthebestknownandwiththemostinfluencethroughhispositionasdeputyofthesyndic—attorney。HencehisprestigeafterthevictoryandappointmentasMinisterofJustice。Hishierarchicalsuperior，thesyndic—attorneyManuel，whowastherealsoandsignedhisname，showedhimselfundoubtedlythepitifulfellowhewas，anaffected，crazy，ridiculousloud—talker。Forthisreasonhewasallowedtoremainsyndic—attorneyasatoolandservant。——Beaulieu，\"EssaissurlaRévolutionFran？aise，\"III。454。\"Rossignalboastedofhavingcommittedthisassassinationhimself。\"
[75]\"Piècesintéressantespourl’histoire，\"byPétion，1793。\"I
desiredtheinsurrection，butItrembledforfearthatitmightnotsucceed。Mypositionwasacriticalone。Ihadtodomydutyasacitizenwithoutsacrificingthatofamagistrate；externalshadtobepreservedwithoutderogatingfromforms。Theplanwastoconfinemeinmyownhouse；buttheyforgotordelayedtocarrythisout。Whodoyouthinkrepeatedlysenttourgetheexecutionofthismeasure？Myself；
yes，myself！\"
[76]In\"HistoiredelaRévolutionFran？aise\"byFerrand&Lamarque，Cavaillés，Paris1851，vol。II。Page225wemayreadthefollowingfootnote:\"Thisveryevening，ayoungartillerylieutenantobserved，fromawindowofahouseintheruedel’Echelle，thepreparationswhichwerebeingundertakeninthechateaudesTuileries:thatwasNapoleonBonaparte。\"—Well，right，askedthedeputyPozzediBorgo，hiscompatriot，whatdoyouthinkofwhatisgoingon？Thiseveningtheywillattackthechateau。Doyouthinkthepeoplewillsucceed？—
Idon’tknow，answeredthefutureemperor，butwhatIcanassureyouisthatiftheygavemethecommandoftwoSwissbattalionsandonehundredgoodhorsemen，Ishouldrepeltheinsurgentsinamannerwhichwouldforeverridthemofanydesiretoreturn。\"（SR）
[77]Napoleon，atthismoment，wasattheCarrousel，inthehouseofBourrienne’sbrother。\"Icouldseeconveniently，\"hesays，\"allthattookplaceduringtheday……ThekinghadatleastasmanytroopsinhisdefenseastheConventionsincehadonthe13thVendémaire，whiletheenemiesofthelatterweremuchmoreformidableandbetterdisciplined。Thegreaterpartofthenationalguardshowedthattheyfavoredtheking；thisjusticemustbedonetoit。\"（ItmightbehelpfultosomereaderstoknowthatwhenNapoleonreferstothe13thVendémaire，（5thOct。1795）thatwaswhenhe，asayoungofficerwasgiventhetasktodefendtheConventionagainstaroyalistuprising。
Hewasquick—wittedandgotholdofsomegunsintime，loadedthemwithgrape—shot，placedtheminfrontoftheParisianchurchofSaint—
Rochandcompletelyeliminatedthesuperiorroyalistforce。SR。）
[78]OfficialreportofLeroux。Onthesideofthegarden，alongtheterracebytheriver，andthenonthereturnwere\"afewshoutsofViveleroi！manyforVivelanation！Viventlessans—culottes！Downwiththeking！Downwiththeveto！Downwiththeoldporker！etc。——
ButIcancertifythattheseinsultswereallutteredbetweenthePont—Turnantandtheparterre，andbyaboutadozenmen，amongwhichwerefiveorsixgunnersfollowingtheking，thesameasfliesfollowananimaltheyarebentontormenting。\"
[79]Mortimer—Ternaux，III。223，273——LetterofBonnaud，chiefoftheSainte—Margueritebattalion:\"Icannotavoidmarchingattheirheadunderanypretext……NeverwillIviolatetheConstitutionunlessIamforcedto。\"——TheGravillierssectionandthatoftheFaubourgPoissonnièrecashieredtheirofficersandelectedothers。
[80]Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。342。SpeechofFabred’EglantineattheJacobinClub，Nov。5，1792。\"LetitbeloudlyproclaimedthatthesearethesamemenwhocapturedtheTuileries，brokeintotheprisonsoftheAbbaye，ofOrleansandofVersailles。\"
[81]InthisrespecttheriotoftheChamp—de—Mars（July17，1791），theonlyonethatwassuppressed，isveryinstructive:\"Asthemilitiawouldnotasusualgroundtheirarmsonreceivingthewordofcommandfromthemob，thislastbegan，accordingtocustom，topeltthemwithstones。TobedeprivedoftheirSundayrecreationalactivities，tobemarchingthroughthestreetsunderascorchingsun，andthenberemainstandinglikefoolsonapublicholiday，tobeknockedoutwithbricks，wasalittlemorethantheyhadpatiencetobearsothat，withoutwaitingforanorder，theyfiredandkilledadozenortwooftheraggamuffins。Therestofthebravechapsbolted。Ifthemilitiahadwaitedfororderstheymight，Ifancy，havebeenallknockeddownbeforetheyreceivedany……Lafayettewasverynearbeingkilledinthemorning；butthepistolfailedtogooffathisbreast。Theassassinwasimmediatelysecured，buthearrangedtobeletfree\"
（GouverneurMorris，letterofJuly20，1791）。Likewise，onthe29thofAugust，1792，atRouen，thenationalguard，defendingtheH？tel—de—
ville，ispeltedwithstonesmorethananhourwhilemanyarewounded。
Themagistratesmakeeveryconcessionandtryeveryexpedient，themayorreadingtheriotactfiveorsixtimes。Finallythenationalguard，forcedintoit，exclaim:\"Ifyoudonotallowustorepelforcewithforceweshallleave。\"Theyfireandfourpersonsarekilledandtwowounded，andthecrowdbreaksup。（\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2265，officialreportoftheRouenmunicipality，Aug。29；addressesofthemunicipality，Aug。28；letterofthelieutenant—colonelofthegendarmerie，Aug。30，etc。）。
[82]OfficialreportofLeroux。——\"Chroniquedescinquantejours，\"byR？derer。——\"Détailsparticulierssurlajournéedu10Aout，\"byabourgeoisofParis，aneye—witness（1822）。
[83]Barbaroux，\"Mémoires，\"69。\"Everythingbetokenedvictoryforthecourtifthekinghadneverlefthispost……Ifhehadshownhimself，ifhehadmountedonhorsebackthebattalionsofPariswouldhavedeclaredforhim。\"
[84]\"RévolutiondeParis，\"numberforAug。11，1792。\"The10thofAugust，1792，isstillmorehorriblethanthe24thofAugust，1572，andLouisXVI。agreatermonsterthanCharlesIX。\"——\"Thousandsoftorcheswerefoundincellars，apparentlyplacedtheretoburndownParisatasignalfromthismodernNero。\"InthenumberforAug。18:
\"TheplaceforLouisNeroandforMedicisAntoinetteisnotinthetowersoftheTemple；theirheadsshouldhavefallenfromtheguillotineonthenightofthe10thofAugust。\"（Specialdetailsofaplanofthekingtomassacreallpatriotdeputies，andintimidatePariswithagrandpillagingandbykeepingtheguillotineconstantlyatwork。）\"ThatcrownedogreandhisAustrianpanther。\"
[85]NarrativeoftheMinisterJoly（writtenfourdaysaftertheevent）。Thekingdepartsabouthalf—pasteight。——Cf。MadameCampan，\"Mémoires，\"andMoniteur，XIII。378。
[86]RévolutiondeParis，\"numberforAug。18。Onhiswayasans—
culottestepsoutinfrontoftherowsandtriestopreventthekingfromproceeding。Theofficeroftheguardargueswithhim，uponwhichheextendshishandtotheking，exclaiming:\"Touchthathand，bastard，andyouhaveshakenthehandofanhonestman！ButIhavenointentionthatyourbitchofawifegoeswithyoutotheAssembly；wedon’twantthatwhore。\"——\"LouisXVI，\"saysPrudhomme，\"keptonhiswaywithoutbeingupsetbythewiththisnobleimpulse。\"——IregardthisasamasterpieceofJacobininterpretation。
[87]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。311，325。Theking，atthefootofthestaircase，hadaskedR？derer:\"whatwillbecomeofthepersonsremainingabove？\"Sire，\"hereplies，\"theyseemtobeinplaindress。
Thosewhohaveswordshavemerelytotakethemoff，followyouandleavebythegarden。\"Acertainnumberofgentlemen，indeed，doso，andthusdepartwhileothersescapebytheoppositesidethroughthegalleryoftheLouvre。
[88]MathondelaVarenne，\"Histoireparticulière，\"etc。，108。
（Testimonyofthevalet—de—chambreLorimierdeChamilly，withwhomMathonwasimprisonedintheprisonofLaForce。
[89]DeLavalette，\"Mémoires，\"I。81。\"Wetherefoundthegrandstaircasebarredbyasortofbeamplacedacrossit，anddefendedbyseveralSwissofficers，whowerecivillydisputingitspassagewithaboutfiftymadfellows，whoseodddressverymuchresembledthatofthebrigandsinourmelodramas。Theywereintoxicated，whiletheircoarselanguageandqueerimprecationsindicatedthetownofMarseilles，whichhadbelchedthemforth。\"
[90]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。314，317（questioningofM。deDiesbach）。
\"Theirorderswerenottofireuntilthewordwasgiven，andnotbeforethenationalguardhadsettheexample。\"
[91]BuchezetRoux，XVI，443。NarrationbyPétion。—Peltier，\"Histoiredu10ao？t。
[92]M。deNicolaywrotethefollowingday，the11thofAugust:\"Thefederatesfiredfirst，whichwasfollowedbyasharpvolleyfromthechateauwindows。\"（LeComtedeFersenetlacourdeFrance。II。347。）
[93]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。491。TheabandonmentoftheTuileriesisprovedbythesmalllossoftheassailants。（ListofthewoundedbelongingtotheMarseillescorpsandofthekilledandwoundedoftheBrestcorps，drawnupOct。16，1792。——StatementoftheaidgrantedtowoundedParisians，towidows，toorphans，andtotheaged，October，1792，andthen1794。）——Thetotalamountsto74deadand54severelywoundedThetwocorpsinthehottestofthefightweretheMarseillesband，whichlost22deadand14wounded，andtheBretons，wholost2
deadand5wounded。ThesectionsthatsufferedthemostweretheQuinze—Vingts（4deadand4wounded），theFaubourg—Montmartre（3
dead），theLombards（4wounded），andtheGravilliers（3wounded）。——
Outoftwenty—onesectionsreported，sevendeclarethattheydidnotloseaman。——TheSwissregiment，onthecontrary，lost760menand26officers。
[94]Napoleon’snarrative。
[95]Pétion’saccount。
[96]Prudhomme’s\"RévolutiondeParis，\"XIII。236and237。—
Barbaroux，73。—MadameCampan，II。250。
[97]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。258。——Moore，I。59。Someoftherobbersarekilled。Mooresawoneofthemthrowndownthegrandstaircase。
[98]Michelet，III。289。
[99]Mercier，\"LeNouveauParis，\"II。108。——\"TheComtedeFersenetlaCourdeFrance，\"II。348。（LetterofSainte—Foix，Aug。11）。\"Thecellarswerebrokenopenandmorethan10，000bottlesofwineofwhichIsawthefragmentsinthecourt，sointoxicatedthepeoplethatI
madehastetoputanendtoaninvestigationimprudentlybegunamidst2，000sotswithnakedswords，handledbythemverycarelessly。\"
[100]Napoleon’snarrative。——MemoirsofBarbaroux。
[101]Moniteur，XIII。387。——Mortimer—Ternaux，II。340。
[102]Mortimer—Ternaux，II。303。WordsofthepresidentVergniaudonreceivingLouisXVI。—Ibid。340，342，350。
[103]Mortimer—Ternaux，356，357。
[104]Mortimer—Ternaux，337。SpeechofHuguenin，presidentoftheCommune，atthebaroftheNationalAssembly:\"Thepeoplebywhomwearesenttoyouhaveinstructedustodeclaretoyouthattheyinvestyouanewwithitsconfidence；buttheyatthesametimeinstructustodeclaretoyouthat，asjudgeoftheextraordinarymeasurestowhichtheyhavebeendrivenbynecessityandresistancetooppression，theyknownootherauthoritythantheFrenchpeople，yoursovereignandours，assembledinitsprimarymeetings。\"
[105]Duvergier，\"Collectiondesloisetdécrets，\"（betweenAug。10
andSept。20）。
[106]Duvergier，\"Collectiondesloisetdécrets，\"Aug。11—12。\"ThenatgionalAssemblyconsideringthatithasnottherighttosubjectsovereigntyintheformationofanationalConventiontoimperativeregulations，……invitescitizenstoconformtothefollowingrules。\"
[107]August11（article8）
[108]Aug。10—12andAug。28。
[109]Ibid。，Aug。10，Aug。13。—Cf。Moniteur，XIII。399（sessionofAug。12）。
[110]Ibid。，Aug。18。
[111]Aug。23andSep。3。Afterthe11thofAugusttheAssemblypassesadecreereleasingSaint—HurugeandannullingthewarrantagainstAntoine。
[112]Ibid。，Aug。14。
[113]Ibid。，Aug。14。Decreefordividingthepropertyoftheémigrésintolotsoffromtwotofourarpents，inorderto\"multiplysmallproprietors。\"——Ibid。，Sept。2。Otherdecreesagainsttheémigrésandtheirrelations，Aug。14，23，30，andSept。5and9。
[114]Ibid。，Aug。26。Otherdecreesagainsttheecclesiasticsorthepropertyofthechurch，Aug。17，18，19，andSept。9and19。
[115]Ibid。，Sept。20。
[116]Imaginetheimpressiontheselastlinesmayhaveuponanyardent，ambitiousandarrogantyoungmanwho，likeLeninin1907，wouldhavereadthisbetween1893and1962，dateofthelastEnglishreprintingofTaine’soncewidelyknowwork。Theysummedupbothwhathadtobedoneandwhowouldbetheprimarybeneficiariesoftherevolution。Lenin，Hitler，Mussoliniandcountlessotheryounghopefulpoliticalmen。Readitoncemoreandaskyourselfifmuchofthisprogramhasnotbeenmoreorlesssurreptitiouslycarriedoutinmostwesterncountriesafterthesecondworldwar？（SR）。
[117]Malouet，II。241。
[118]MercuredeFrance，July21，1792。
[119]\"RévolutionsdeParis，\"XIII。137。
[120]MalletduPan。\"Mémoires，\"I。322。LetterstoMalletduPan。
Aug。4andfollowingdays。
[121]BuchezetRoux，XVI。446。Pétion’snarrative。——Arnault，\"Souvenirsd’unsexagénaire，\"I。342。（Aneye—witnessonthe10thofAugust。）\"ThemassacreextendedbutlittlebeyondtheCarrousel，anddidnotcrosstheSeine。EverywhereelseIfoundapopulationasquietasifnothinghadhappened。Insidethecitythepeoplescarcelymanifestedanysurprise；dancingwentoninthepublicgardens。IntheMarais，whereIlivedthen，therewasonlyasuspicionoftheoccurrence，thesameasatSaint—Germain；itwassaidthatsomethingwasgoingoninParis，andtheeveningnewspaperwasimpatientlylookedfortoknowwhatitwas。\"
[122]Moore，I。122。——ThesamethingisobservableatothercrisesintheRevolution。Onthe6thofOctober，1789（Sainte—Beuve，\"CauseriesduLundi，\"XII。461），SénacdeMeilhanataneveningreceptionhearsthefollowingconversations:\"’Didyouseethekingpass？’asksone。’No，Iwasatthetheater。’’DidMoléplay？’——’Asformyself；IwasobligedtostayintheTuileries；therewasnowayofgettingoutbefore9o’clock。’’Yousawthekingpassthen？’’I
couldnotseeverywell；itwasdark。’——Anothersays:’ItmusthavetakensixhoursforhimtocomefromVersailles。’——Otherscoollyaddafewdetails。——Tocontinue:’Willyoutakeahandatwhist？’’I
willplayaftersupper，whichisjustready。’Cannonareheard，andthenafewwhisperings，andatransientmomentofdepression，。’ThekingisleavingtheH？tel—de—ville。Theymustbeverytired。’Supperistakenandtherearesnatchesofconversation。Theyplaytrenteetquaranteandwhilewalkingaboutwatchingthegameandtheircardstheydosometalking:’Whatahorridaffair！’whilesomespeaktogetherbrieflyandinalowtoneofvoice。Theclockstrikestwoandtheyallleaveorgotobed。——Thesepeopleseemtoyouinsensible。
Verywell；thereisnotoneofthemwhowouldnotacceptdeathattheking’sfeet。\"——Onthe23dofJune，1791，atthenewsoftheking’sarrestatVarennes，\"theBoisdeBoulogneandtheChampsElyséeswerefilledwithpeopletalkinginafrivolouswayaboutthemostseriousmatters，whileyoungmenareseen，pronouncingsentencesofdeathintheirfrolicswithcourtesans。\"（MercuredeFrance，July9，1791。ItbeginswithalittlepieceentitledDépitd’unAmant。）—Seech。XI。
forthesentimentofthepopulationinMayandJune，1793。
[123]Moniteur，XIII。290（July29）and278（July30）。
[124]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，145。LetterofSanterretotheMinisteroftheInterior，Sept。16，1792，withthedailylistofallthementhathaveleftParisbetweenthe3rdand15thofSeptember，thetotalamountingto18，635，ofwhich15，504arevolunteers。Otherlettersfromthesame，indicatingsubsequentdepartures:Sept。17，1，071men；nonethefollowingdaysuntilSept。21，243；22nd150；uptothe26th，813；onOct。1st，113；2ndand3rd，1，088；4th，1620；