—\"Theyaretobeusedeverywhere，whereverthereareenemiesofthepeople，totheChateau，ifanycanbefoundthere！\"TheywilloverridethevetoandmakesurethattheNationalAssemblywillapprovethegoodlaws。Tothispurpose，theFaubourgSt。Antoinevolunteersitspikes，and，tomarktheusemadeofthem，itcomplainsthat\"effortsaremadetosubstituteanaristocracyofwealthfortheomnipotenceofinheritedrank。\"Itdemands\"severemeasuresagainsttherascallyhypocriteswho，withtheConstitutionintheirhands，slaughterthepeople。\"Itdeclaresthat\"kings，ministersandacivillistwillpassaway，butthattherightsofman，nationalsovereigntyandpikeswillnotpassaway，\"and，byorderofthepresident，theNationalAssemblythanksthepetitioners，\"fortheadvicetheirzealpromptsthemtogive。
TheleadersoftheAssemblyandthepeoplearmedwithpikesuniteagainsttherich，againstConstitutionalists，againstthegovernment，andhenceforth，theJacobinextremistsmarchsidebysidewiththeGirondins，bothreconciledfortheattackbutreservedtheirrighttodisagreeuntilafterthevictory。
\"TheobjectoftheGirondists[86]isnotarepublicinname，butanactualrepublicthroughareductionofthecivilliststofivemillions，throughthecurtailmentofmostoftheroyalprerogatives，throughachangeofdynastyofwhichthenewheadwouldbeasortofhonorarypresidentoftherepublictowhichtheywouldassignanexecutivecouncilappointedbytheAssembly，thatistosay，bythemselves。\"AstotheJacobinextremistswefindnoprinciplewiththembut\"thatofarigorous，absoluteapplicationoftheRightsofMan。Withtheaidofsuchachartertheyaimatchangingthelawsandpublicofficerseverysixmonths，atextendingtheirlevelingprocesstoeveryconstitutedauthority，toalllegalpre—eminenceandtoproperty。Theonlyregimetheylongforisthedemocracyofacontentiousrabble……Thevilestinstruments，professionalagitators，brigands，fanatics，everysortofwretch，thehardenedandarmedpoverty—stricken，who，inwilddisorder\"marchtotheattackofpropertyandto\"universalpillage\"inshort，barbariansoftownandcountry\"whoformtheirordinaryarmyandneverleaveitinactiveonesingleday。\"—Undertheiruniversal，concertedandgrowingusurpationthesubstanceofpowermeltswhollyawayinthehandofthelegalauthorities；littlebylittle，thesearereducedtovaincounterfeits，whilefromoneendofFrance，totheother，longbeforethefinalcollapse，theparty，intheprovincesaswellasatParis，substitutes，underthecryofpublicdanger，agovernmentofmightforthegovernmentoflaw。
_
NOTES:
[1]MercuredeFrance，September24，1791。——Cf。ReportofM。Alquier（sessionofSept。23）。
[2]MercuredeFrance，Oct。15，1792（thetreatywithEnglandwasdatedSep。26，1786）。——Ibid。，LetterofM。Walsh，superioroftheIrishcollege，tothemunicipalityofParis。Thosewhousethewhips，comeoutofaneighboringgrog—shop。Thecommissaryofpolice，whoarriveswiththeNationalGuard，\"addressesthepeople，andpromisesthemsatisfaction，\"requiringM。Walshtodismissallwhoareinthechapel，withoutwaitingfortheendofthemass。——M。Walshreferstothelawandtotreaties。——Thecommissaryrepliesthatheknowsnothingabouttreaties，whilethecommandantofthenationalguardsaystothosewholavingthechapel，\"Inthenameofhumanjustice，I
orderyoutofollowmetothechurchofSaint—Etienne，orIshallabandonyoutothepeople。\"
[3]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"Vol。I。pp。261，263。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3185and3186（numerousdocumentsontheruraldisturbancesinAisne）。—MercuredeFrance，Nov。5and26，Dec。10，1791。—Moniteur，X。426（Nov。22，1791）。
[4]Moniteur，X。449，Nov。23，1791。（OfficialreportofthecrewoftheAmbuscade，datedSep。30）。Thecaptain，M。d’Orléans，stationedattheWindwardIslands，isobligedtoreturntoRochefortandisdetainedthereonboardhisship:\"Consideringtheuncertaintyofhismission，andthefearofbeingorderedtousethesamehostilitiesagainstbrethrenforwhichheisalreadydenouncedineveryclubinthekingdom，thecrewhasforcedthecaptaintoreturntoFrance。\"
[5]MercuredeFrance，Dec。17，addressofthecoloniststotheking。
[6]Moniteur，XIII。200。ReportofSautereau，July20，ontheaffairofCorporalLebreton。（Nov。11，1791）。
[7]SaintHurugeisfirsttenor。Justine（Sado—machosisticbookbydeSade）makesherappearanceinthePalais—Royalaboutthemiddleof1791。Theyexhibittwopretendedsavagesthere，who，beforeapayingaudience，revivethecustomsofTahiti。（\"SouvenirsofchancelierPasquier。Ed。Plon，1893））
[8]MercuredeFrance，Nov。5，1791。—BuchezetRoux，XII。338。
ReportbyPétion，mayor，Dec。9，1791。\"Everybranchofthepoliceisinastateofcompleteneglect。Thestreetsaredirty，andfullofrubbish；robbery，andcrimesofeverykind，areincreasingtoafrightfuldegree。\"\"CorrespondancedeM。deSta？l\"（manuscript），Jan。
22，1792。\"Asthepoliceisalmostworthless，freedomfrompunishment，addedtopoverty，bringsondisorder。\"
[9]Moniteur，XI。517（sessionofFeb。29，1792）。SpeechesbydeLacépèdeanddeMulot。
[10]Lacretelle，\"Dixansd’Epreuves。\"\"IknownomoredismalanddiscouragingaspectthantheintervalbetweenthedepartureoftheNationalAssembly，onthe10thAugustconsummatedbythatofSeptember2。\"
[11]MercuredeFrance，Sept。3，1791，articlebyMalletduPan。
[12]Moniteur，XI。317（sessionofFeb。6，1792）。SpeechbyM。Cahier，aminister。ManyoftheemigrantsbelongtotheclassformerlycalledtheThird—Estate。Noreasonforemigrating，ontheirpart，canbesupposedbutthatofreligiousanxieties。\"
[13]DecreeofNov。9，1791。Thefirstdecreeseemstobeaimedonlyatthearmedgatheringsonthefrontier。Wesee，however，bythedebates，thatitaffectsallemigrants。ThedecreesofFeb。9andMarch30，1792，bearuponall，withoutexception。——\"CorrespondancedeMirabeauetduComtedelaMarck，\"III。264（letterbyM。Pellenc，Nov。12，1791）Thedecree（againsttheemigrants）waspreparedincommittee；itwasexpectedthattheemigrantswouldreturn，buttherewasfearofthem。Itwasfearedthatthenobles，associatedwiththeunswornpriestsintheruraldistricts，mightaddstrengthtoatroublesomeresistance。Thedecree，asitwaspassed，seemedtobethemostsuitableforkeepingtheemigrantsbeyondthefrontiers。\"
[14]DecreeofFeb。1，1792。——Moniteur，XI。412（sessionofFeb。
17）。SpeechbyGoupilleau。\"SincethedecreeoftheNationalAssemblyonpassports，emigrationshaveredoubled。\"PeopleevidentlyescapedfromFranceasfromaprison。
[15]DecreesofJune18andAugust25。
[16]DecreeofJune19。——Moniteur，XIII。331。\"Inexecutionofthelaw……therewillbeburnt，onTuesday，August7，onthePlaceVend？me，at2o’clock:1st，600，moreorless，offilesofpapers，formingthelastofgenealogicalcollections，titlesandproofsofnobility；2nd，about200files，formingpartofaworkcomposedof263
volumes，ontheOrderoftheHolyGhost。\"
[17]DecreeofNov。29，1791。（ThisdecreeisnotinDuvergier’scollection~）——Moniteur，XII。59，247（sessionsofApril5and28，1792）。
[18]AttheJacobinClub，Legendreproposesamuchamoreexpeditiousmeasureforgettingridofthepriests。\"AtBrest，hesays，boatsarefoundwhicharecalledMarie—Salopes，soconstructedthat，onbeingloadedwithdirt，theygooutoftheharborthemselves。Letushaveasimilararrangementforpriests；but，insteadofsendingthemoutoftheharbor，letussendthemouttosea，and，ifnecessary，letthemgodown。\"（\"JournaldeAmisdelaConstitution，\"number194，May15，1792。）
[19]Moniteur，XII。560（decreeofJune3）。
[20]DecreesofJuly19andAug。4，completedbythoseofAug。16and19。
[21]Moniteur，XII。59，61（sessionofApril3）；X。374（sessionofNov。13；XII230（sessionofApril26）。——ThelastsentencequotedwasutteredbyFran？oisdeNantes。
[22]Moniteur，XI。43。（sessionofJan。5，speechbyIsnard）。
[23]Moniteur，XI。356（sessionofFeb。10）。
[24]Moniteur，XI。230（sessionofApril26）。
[25]WhenIwasachildthesocialistsetc。hadsubstitutedaristocracywithcapitalistsandtoday，inFrance，whenthecapitalistshavelargelydisappeared，agreatmanyevilsarecausedbythe’patronat’。（SR）。
[26]Moniteur（sessionofJune22）。
[27]ThewordsofBrissot（PatrioteFran？ais），number887。——LetteraddressedJan。5totheclubofBrest，byMessrs。CavalierandMalassis，deputiestotheNationalAssembly:\"AstothematterofthesieurLajaille，eventhoughwewouldhavetakenaninterestinhim，thatdecoratedaristocratonlydeservedwhathegot……Weshallnotremainidleuntilallthesetraitors，theseperjurers，whomwehavesparedsolong，shallbeexterminated\"（MercuredeFrance，Feb。4）。——
ThisJailleaffairisoneofthemostinstructive，andthebestsupportedbydocuments（MercuredeFrance，Dec。10and17）。——
\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3215，officialreportofthedistrictadministrators，andofthemunicipalofficersofBrest，Nov。27，1791。
——LetterbyM。deMarigny，commissaryinthenavy，atBrest，Nov。28。
——LettersbyM。delaJaille，etc。——M。delaJaille，senttoBresttotakecommandoftheDugay—Trouin，arrivesthereNov。27。Whileatdinner，twentypersonsentertheroom，andannouncetohim，\"inthenameofmanyothers，\"thathispresenceinBrestiscausingtrouble，thathemustleave，andthat\"hewillnotbeallowedtotakecommandofavessel。\"Hereplies，thathewillleavethetown，assoonashehasfinishedhisdinner。Anotherdeputationfollows，morenumerousthanthefirstone，andinsistsonhisleavingatonce；andtheyactashisescort。Hesubmits，isconductedtothecitygates，andtheretheescortleaveshim。Amobattackshim，and\"hisbodyiscoveredwithcontusions。Heisrescued，withgreatdifficulty，bysixbravefellows，ofwhomoneisapork—dealer，senttobleedhimonthespot。
\"Thisinsurrectionisduetoanextrameetingof’TheFriendsoftheconstitution，’heldtheeveningbeforeinthetheater，towhichthepublicwereinvited。\"M。delaJaille，itmustbestated，isnotaproudaristocrat，butasensibleman，inthestyleofFlorian’sandBerquin’sheroes。Butjustpoundedtoajelly，hewritestothepresidentofthe\"FriendsoftheConstitution，\"that，\"couldhehaveflownintothebosomoftheclub，hewouldhavegladlydoneso，toconveytoithisgratefulfeelings。HehadacceptedhiscommandonlyatthesolicitationoftheAmericansinParis，andofthesixcommissionersrecentlyarrivedfromSt。Domingo。\"——MercuredeFrance，April14，articlebyMalletduPan\"IhaveaskedinvainforthevengeanceofthelawagainsttheassassinsofM。delaJaille。
Thenamesoftheauthorsofthisassaultinfulldaylight，towhichthousandscanbearwitness，areknowntoeverybodyinBrest。
Proceedingshavebeenorderedandbegun，buttheexecutionoftheordersissuspended。Morepotentthanthelaw，themotionnaires，protectorsofassassins，frightenorparalyzeitsministrants。\"
[28]MercuredeFrance，Nov。12（sessionofOct。31st，1792）。
[29]DecreeofFeb。8，andotherslikeit，onthedetails，as，forinstance，thatofFeb。7。
[30]April9，attheJacobinClub，Vergniaud，thepresident，welcomesandcomplimentstheconvictsofChateau—vieux。
[31]Mortimer—Ternaux，bookI，vol。I。（especiallythesessionofApril15）。
[32]Comtat（orcomtatVenaisssin）ancientregioninFranceunderpapalauthorityfrom1274to1791。（SR）
[33]Moniteur，XII。335。—DecreeofMarch20（thetriumphalentryofJourdanandhisassociatesbelongstothenextmonth）。
[34]Moniteur，XII。730（sessionofJune23）。
[35]Moniteur，XII。230（sessionofApril12）。
[36]Moniteur。XI。6，（sessionofMarch6）。
[37]Moniteur，XI。123，（sessionofJan。14）
[38]150yearslatertheserightswerewrittenintotheInternationalDeclarationofHumanRightsinParisin1948。（SR）。
[39]MercuredeFrance，Dec。23（sessionofDec。23），p。98。
[40]Moniteur，X。178（sessionofOct。20，1791）。InformationsuppliedbythedeputiesoftheUpperandLowerRhinedepartments。——M。Kochsays:\"Anarmyofémigrésneverexisted，unlessitbeapettygathering，whichtookplaceatEttenheim，afewleaguesfromStrasbourg……（Thistroop）encampedintents，butonlybecauseitlackedbarracksandhouses。\"——M。———，deputyofthelowerRhine，says:\"ThisarmyatEttenheimiscomposedofaboutfiveorsixhundredpoorly—clad，half—paidmen，desertersofallnations，sleepingintents，forlackofothershelter，andarmedwithclubs，forlackoffire—armsanddesertingeveryday，becausemoneyisgettingscarce。
Thesecondarmy，atWorms，underthecommandofaCondé，iscomposedofthreehundredgentlemen，andasmanyvaletsandgrooms。Ihavetoadd，thattheletterswhichreachmefromStrasbourg，containingextractsofinsideinformationfromFrankfort，Munich，Regensburg，andVienna，announcethemostpacificintentionsonthepartofthedifferentcourts，sincereceivingthenotificationoftheking’ssubmission。\"Thenumberofarmedemigrantsincreases，butalwaysremainverysmall（Moniteur，X。678，letterofM。Delatouche，aneyewitness，Dec。10）。\"Isupposethatthenumberofemigrantsscatteredaroundontheterritoriesofthegrand—dukeofBaden，thebishopofSpires，theelectorates，etc。，amountstoscarcely4，000
men。\"
[41]Moniteur，X。418（sessionofNov。15，1791）。ReportbytheministerDelessart。InAugust，theemperorissuedordersagainstenlistments，andtosendoutofthecountryallFrenchmenundersuspicion；also，inOctober，tosendawaytheFrenchwhoformedtoonumerousabodyatAthandatTournay（NowinBelgium）。——BuchezetRoux，XII。395，demandsoftheking，Dec。14，——Ibid。，XIII。15，16，19，52，completesatisfactiongivenbytheElectorofTrèves，Jan。1，1792，communicatedtotheAssemblyJan。6；publicationoftheelector’sordersintheelectorate，Jan。3。TheFrenchenvoyreportsthattheyarefullyexecuted，whichnewswiththedocuments，arecommunicatedtotheAssembly，onthe8th，16，and19thofJanuary。——
\"CorrespondancedeMirabeauetM。delaMarck，\"III。287。LetterofM。
deMercy—Argenteau，Jan。9，1792。\"Theemperorhaspromisedaidtotheelector，undertheexpressstipulationthatheshouldbeginbyyieldingtothedemandsoftheFrench，asotherwisenoassistancewouldbegiventohimincaseofattack。\"
[42]MalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"I。254（February，1792）。——\"
CorrespondancedeMirabeauetduM。delaMarck，\"III。232（noteofM。
deBacourt）。OntheverydayandatthemomentofsigningthetreatyatPilnitz，ateleveno’clockintheevening，theEmperorLeopoldwrotetohisprimeminister，M。deKaunitz，\"thattheconventionwhichhehadjustsigneddoesnotreallybindhimtoanything；thatitonlycontainsinsignificantdeclarations，extortedbytheCountd’Artois。\"
Heendsbyassuringhimthat\"neitherhimselfnorhisgovernmentisinanywayboundbythisinstrument。\"
[43]WordsofM。deKaunitz，Sept。4，1791（\"Recueil，\"byVivenot，I。
242）。
[44]Moniteur，XI。142（sessionofJan。17）。—SpeechbyM。
Delessart。—DecreeofaccusationagainsthimMarch10。—Declarationofwar，April20。—OntherealintentionsoftheKing，cf。Malouet，\"Malouet，\"Mémoires\"II。199—209；Lafayette，\"Mémoires，\"I。441（note3）；BertranddeMolleville，\"Mémoires，\"VI。22；GovernorMorris，II。
242，letterofOct。23，1792。
[45]Moniteur，X。172（sessionofOct。20，1791）。SpeechbyBrissot。—
—Lafayette，I。441。\"ItistheGirondistswho，atthistime，wantedawaratanyprice\"—Malouet，II。209。\"AsBrissothassinceboasted，itwastherepublicanpartywhichwantedwar，andwhichprovokeditbyinsultingallthepowers。\"
[46]BuchezetRoux，XII。402（sessionoftheJacobinClub，Nov。28，1791）。
[47]GustaveIII。，KingofSweden，assassinatedbyAnkerstrom，says:
\"IshouldliketoknowwhatBrissotwillsay。\"
[48]OnBrissot’santecedents，cf。EdmondBiré，\"LaLégendedesGirondins。\"Personally，Brissotwashonest，andremainedpoor。Buthehadpassedthroughagooddealoffilth，andborethemarksofit。Hehadlenthimselftothediffusionofanobscenebook，\"LeDiabledansunbénitier，\"and，in1783，havingreceived13，355francstofoundaLyceuminLondon，notonlydidnotfoundit，butwasunabletoreturnthemoney。
[49]Moniteur，XI。147。SpeechbyBrissot，Jan。17。Examplesfromwhomheborrowsauthority，CharlesXII。，LouisXIV。，AdmiralBlake，FredericII。，etc。
[50]Moniteur。X。174。\"ThisVenetiangovernment，whichisnothingbutafarce……ThosepettyGermanprinces，whoseinsolenceinthelastcenturydespotismcrushedout……Geneva，thatatomofarepublic……ThatbishopofLiège，whoseyokebowsdownapeoplethatoughttobefree……Idisdaintospeakofotherprinces……ThatKingofSweden，whohasonlytwenty—fivemillionsincome，andwhospendstwo—thirdsofitinpoorpayforanarmyofgeneralsandasmallnumberofdiscontentedsoldiers……Astothatprincess（CatherineII。），whosedislikeoftheFrenchconstitutioniswellknown，andwhoisaboutasgoodlookingasElizabeth，shecannotexpectgreatersuccessthanElizabethintheDutchrevolution。\"
（Brissot，inthislastpassage，triestoappearatoncewittyandwellread。）
[51]LetterofRolandtotheking，June10，1792，andletteroftheexecutivecounciltothepope，Nov。25，1792。LetterofMadameRolandtoBrissot，Jan。7，1791。\"Briefly，adieu。Cato’swifeneednotgratifyherselfbycomplimentingBrutus。\"
[52]BuchezetRoux，XII。410（meetingoftheJacobinclub，Dec。10，1791）。\"ALouisXIV。declareswaragainstSpain，becausehisambassadorhadbeeninsultedbytheSpanishambassador。Andwe，whoarefree，mighthesitateforaninstant！\"
[53]Moniteur，X，503（sessionofNov。29）。TheAssemblyordersthisspeechtobeprintedanddistributedinthedepartments。
[54]Moniteur，X。762（sessionofDec。28）。
[55]Moniteur，XI。147，149（sessionofJan。17）；X。759（sessionofDec。28）。——Already，onthe10thofDecember，hehaddeclaredattheJacobinclub:\"Apeoplethathasconquereditsfreedom，aftertencenturiesofslavery，needswar。Warisessentialtoitforitsconsolidation。\"（BuchezetRoux，XII。410）。——Onthe17thofJanuary，inthetribune，heagainrepeats:\"Ihaveonlyonefear，andthatis，thatwemaynothavewar。\"
[56]Moniteur，XI。119（sessionofJan。13）。SpeechbyGensonné，inthenameofthediplomaticcommittee，ofwhichheisthereporter。
[57]Moniteur，XI。158（sessionofJan。18）。TheAssemblyorderstheprintingofthisspeech。
[58]Moniteur，XI。760（sessionofDec。28）。
[59]Moniteur，XI。149（sessionofJan。17）。SpeechbyBrissot。
[60]Moniteur，XI。178（sessionofJan。20）。Fauchetproposesthefollowingdecree:\"Allpartialtreatiesactuallyexistentaredeclaredvoid。TheNationalAssemblysubstitutesintheirplaceallianceswiththeEnglish，theAnglo—American，theSwiss，Polish，andDutchnations，aslongastheywillbefree……Whenothernationswantouralliance，theyhaveonlytoconquertheirfreedomtohaveit。Meanwhile，thiswillnotpreventusfromhavingrelationswiththem，aswithgoodnaturedsavages……Letusoccupythetownsintheneighborhoodwhichbringouradversariestoonearus……Mayence，Coblentz，andWormsaresufficient\"—Ibid。，，p。215（sessionofJan。25）。Oneofthemembers，supportinghimselfwiththeauthorityofGélon，KingofSyracuse，proposesanadditionalarticle:\"Wedeclarethatwewillnotlaydownourarmsuntilweshallhaveestablishedthefreedomofallpeoples。\"ThesestupiditiesshowthementalconditionoftheJacobinparty。
[61]ThedecreeispassedJan。25。ThealliancebetweenPrussiaandAustriatakesplaceFeb。7（DeBourgoing，\"Histoirediplomatiquedel’EuropependantlaRévolutionFran？aise，\"I。457）。
[62]AlbertSorel，\"LaMissionduComtedeSéguràBerlin\"（publishedintheTemps，Oct。15，1878）。DispatchofM。deSégurtoM。Delessart，Feb。24，1792。CountSchulemburgrepeatedtomethattheyhadnodesirewhatevertomeddlewithourconstitution。But，saidhewithsingularanimation，wemustguardagainstgangrene。Prussiais，perhaps，thecountrywhichshouldfearitleast；nevertheless，howeverremoteagangrenedmembermaybe，itisbettertoitoffthanriskone’slife。Howcanyouexpecttosecuretranquility，whenthousandsofwriterseveryday……mayors，office—holders，insultkings，andpublishthattheChristianreligionhasalwayssupporteddespotism，andthatweshallbefreeonlybydestroyingit，andthatallprincesmustbeexterminatedbecausetheyarealltyrants？\"
[63]Apopularjigoftheserevolutionarytimes，dancedinthestreetsandonthepublicsquares。—TR。
[64]BuchezetRoux，XXV。203（sessionofApril3，1793）。SpeechbyBrissot。—Ibid。，XX。127。\"AtouslesRépublicainsdeFrance，parBrissot，\"Oct。24，1792。\"Indeclaringwar，Ihadinviewtheabolitionofroyalty。\"Herefers，inthisconnection，tohisspeechofDec。30，1791，wherehesays，\"Ifearonlyonething，andthatis，thatweshallnotbebetrayed。Weneedtreachery，forstrongdosesofpoisonstillexistintheheartofFrance，andheavyexplosionsarenecessarytoclearitout。\"
[65]MalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"I。260（April，1792），andI。439
（July，1792）。
[66]Anyrevolutionaryleader，fromLenin，throughStalintoAndropovmayconfirmtheadvantageofactinginsecret。（SR）。
[67]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"I。262andfollowingpages。
[68]BuchezetRoux，XIII。92—99（January，1792）；（February）。——
Coral，\"Lettresinédites，\"33。（Oneofthesedays，outofcuriosity，hewalkedalongasfarastheRuedesLombards。）\"Witnessofsuchcryinginjustice，andindignantatnotbeingabletoseizeanyofthethievesthatwererunningalongthestreet，loadedwithsugarandcoffeetosellagain，Isuddenlyfeltafeverishchilloverallmybody。\"（Theletterisnotdated。Theeditorsconjecturesthattheyearwas1791。Iratherthinkthatitwas1792。）
[69]Moniteur，XI。45and46（sessionofJan。5）。ThewholeofIsnard’sspeechshouldberead。
[70]BuchezetRoux，XIII。177。LetterbyPétion，Feb。10。
[71]BuchezetRoux，XIII。252。LetterofAndréChénier，intheJournaldeParis，Feb。26。—Schmidt，\"TableauxdelaRévolutionFranaise，\"I。76。ReplyoftheDirectoryoftheDepartmentoftheSeinetoacircularbyRoland，June12，1792。Thecontrastbetweenthetwoclassesishereclearlydefined。\"Wehavenotresortedtothoseassemblagesofmen，mostofthemforeigners，fortheopinionofthepeople，amongtheenemiesoflaborandreposestandingbythemselvesandhavingnopartincommoninterests，alreadyinclinedtovicethroughidleness，andwhoprefertherisksofdisordertothehonorableresourcesofindigence。Thisclassofmen，alwayslargeinlargecities，isthatwhosenoisyharanguesfillthestreets，Squares，andpublicgardensofthecapital，thatwhichexcitesseditiousgatherings，thatwhichconstantlyfostersanarchyandcontemptforthelaws——that，infine，whoseclamor，farfromreflectingpublicOpinion，indicatestheextremeeffortmadetopreventtheexpressionofpublicopinion……WehavestudiedtheopinionofthepeopleofParisamongthoseusefulandlaboriousmenwarmlyattachedtotheStateatallpointsoftheirexistencethrougheveryobjectoftheiraffection，amongownersofproperty，tillersofthesoil，tradesmenandworkers……Aninviolableattachment……totheconstitution，andmainlytonationalSovereignty，topoliticalequalityandconstitutionalmonarchy，whichareitsmostimportantcharacteristicsandtheiralmostunanimoussentiment。\"
[72]GovernorMorris，letterofJune20，1792。
[73]\"Souvenirs\"，byPasquier（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。Vol。I。page84。
[74]Malouet，II。203。Everyreportthatcameinfromtheprovincesannounced（totheKingandQueen）aperceptibleameliorationofpublicopinion，whichwasbecomingmoreandmoreperverted。Thatwhichreachedthemwasuninfluenced，whilsttheopinionsofclubs，taverns，andstreet—cornersgainedenormouspower，thetimebeingathandwhentherewastobenootherpower。\"ThefiguresgivenabovearebyMalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"II。120。
[75]Moniteur，XII。776（sessionofJune28）。SpeechbyM。Lamarque，inadistrictcourt:\"Theincivismofthedistrictcourtsingeneraliswellknown。\"
[76]BertanddeMolleville，\"Mémoires，\"VI。22。——AfterhavingreceivedtheaboveinstructionsfromtheKing，BertrandcallsontheQueen，whomakesthesameremark:\"Doyounotthinkthatfidelitytoone’soathistheonlyplantopursue？\"\"Yes，Madame，certainly。\"
\"Verywell；restassuredthatweshallnotwaver。Come，M。Bertrand，takecourage；Ihopethatwithfirmness，patience，andwhatcomesofthat，allisnotyetlost。\"
[77]M。deLavalette，\"Mémoires，\"I。100。——Lavalette，inthebeginningofSeptember，1792，enlistsasavolunteerandsetsout，alongwithtwofriends，carryinghisknapsackonhisback，dressedinashortandwearingaforagecap。Thefollowingshowsthesentimentsofthepeasantry:Inavillageofmakersofwoodenshoes，nearVermanton（inthevicinityofAutun），\"twodaysbeforeourarrivalabishopandtwovicars，whowereescapinginacarriage，werestoppedbythem。Theyrummagedthevehicleandfoundsomehundredsoffrancs，and，toavoidreturningthese，theythoughtitbesttomassacretheirunfortunateowners。Thissortofoccupationseemingmorelucrativetothesegoodpeoplethantheotherone，theywereonthelook—outforallwayfarers。\"Thethreevolunteersarestoppedbyalittlehump—
backedofficialandconductedtothemunicipality，asortofmarket，wheretheirpassportsarereadandtheirknapsacksareabouttobeexamined。\"Wewerelost，whend’Aubonnes，whowasverytalljumpedonthetable……andbeganwithavolleyofimprecationsandmarketslangwhichtookhishearersbysurprise。Soonraisinghisstyle，helaunchedoutinpatrioticterms，liberty，sovereigntyofthepeople，withsuchvehemenceandinsoloudavoice，astosuddenlyeffectagreatchangeandbringdownthundersofapplause。Butthecrazyfellowdidnotstopthere。OrderingLeclercdelaRondeimperiouslytomountonthetable，headdressedtheassemblage:\"YoushallseewhetherwearenotParisrepublicans。Now，sir，sayyourrepublicancatechism—’WhatisGod？whatarethePeople？andwhatisaKing？’
Hisfriend，withanairofcontritionandinanasaltoneofvoice，twistinghimselfaboutlikeaharlequin，replies:’Godismatter，thePeoplearethepoor，andtheKingisalion，atiger，anelephantwhotearstopieces，devours，andcrushesthepeopledown。’\"——\"Theycouldnolongerrestrainthemselves。Theshouts，cries，andenthusiasmwereunbounded。Theyembracedtheactors，huggedthem，andborethemaway。Eachstrovetocarryushomewithhim，andwehadtodrinkallround\"
[78]ThereaderwillmeettheFrenchexpressionsans—culottesagainandagaininTaine’soranyotherbookabouttheFrenchrevolution。
Thenoblesworeakindofbreechesterminatingunderthekneewhiletightlongstockings，fastenedtothetrousers，exposedtheircalves。
Themalelegwasasimportantanadornmentforthenoblesasitwastobeforthewomeninthe20thCentury。Thepoor，ontheotherhand，worecrudelongtrousers，mostlywithoutacrease，oftenwithoutsocksorshoes，barefootinthesummerandwoodenshoedinthewinter。（SR）。
[79]Thesongof\"Veillonsausalutdel’empire\"belongstotheendof1791。The\"Marseillaise\"wascomposedinApril，1792。
[80]MercuredeFrance，Nov。23，1791。
[81]PhilippedeSégur，\"Mémoires，\"I。（atFresnes，avillagesituatedaboutsevenleaguesfromParis，afewdaysafterSep。2，1792）。\"A
bandofthesedemagoguespursuedalargefarmerofthisplace，suspectedofroyalismanddenouncedasamonopoliserbecausehewasrich。Thesemadmenhadseizedhim，and，withoutanyotherformoftrial，wereabouttoputanendtohim，whenmyfatherranuptothem。
Headdressedthem，andsosuccessfullyastochangetheirrageintoanolessexaggeratedenthusiasmforhumanity。Animatedbytheirnewtransports，theyobligedthepoorfarmer，stillpaleandtrembling，andwhomtheywerejustgoingtohangonitsbranches，todrinkanddancealongwiththemaroundthetreeofliberty。\"
[82]Lacretelle，\"Dixansd’Epreuves，\"78。\"TheGirondistswantedtofashionaRomanpeopleoutofthedregsofRomulus，and，whatisworse，outofthebrigandsofthe5thofOctober。\"
[83]ThesepagesmusthavemadeastrongimpressionuponLeninwhenhereadthemintheNationalLibraryinParisaround1907。（SR）。
[84]Lafayette，I。442。\"TheGirondistssoughtinthewaranopportunityforattackingwithadvantage，theconstitutionalistsof1791andtheirinstitutions。\"——Brissot（Addresstomyconstituents）。
\"Wesoughtinthewaranopportunitytosettrapsfortheking，toexposehisbadfaithandhisrelationshipwiththeemigrantprinces。\"
—Moniteur，（sessionofApril3，1793）。SpeechbyBrissot:\"’IhadtoldtheJacobinswhatmyopinionwas，andhadprovedtothemthatwarwasthesolemeansofunveilingtheperfidyofLouisXVI。Theeventhasjustifiedmyopinion。\"——BuchezetRoux，VIII。60，216，217。ThedecreeoftheLegislativeAssemblyisdatedJan。25，thefirstmoneyvotedbyaclubforthemakingofpikesisonJan。31，andthefirstarticlebyBrissot，ontheredcap，isonFeb。6。
[85]BuchezetRoux，XIII。217（proposalofawoman，memberoftheclubofl’Evêché，Jan。31，1792）。——ArticlesintheGazetteUniverselle，Feb。11，andinthePatrioteFran？ais，Feb。13。—
Moniteur，XI。576（sessionofMarch6）。—BuchezetRoux，XV。
（sessionofJune10）。Petitionof8，000nationalguardsinParis:
\"Thisfactionwhichstirsuppopularvengeance……whichseekstoputthecapsoflaborinconflictwiththemilitarycasques，thepikewiththegun，therustic’sdresswiththeuniform。\"
[86]MalletduPan，\"Mémoires，\"II429（noteofJuly，1792）。—MercuredeFrance，March10，1792，articlebyMalletduPan。
CHAPTERIV。TheDepartments。
I。
Provencein1792。——EarlysupremacyoftheJacobinsinMarseilles。——
Compositionoftheparty。——Theclubandthemunicipality。——
Expulsionofthe\"Earnest\"regiment。
Shouldyouliketoseetherevolutionarytreewhen，forthefirsttime，itcamefullyintoleaf，itisinthedepartmentoftheBouches—
du—Rh？neyouhavetolook。Nowhereelsehaditbeensoprecocious，nowherewerelocalcircumstancesandnativetemperamentsowelladaptedtoenhanceitsgrowth。——\"Ablisteringsky，anexcessiveclimate，anaridsoil，rocks，……savagerivers，torrentialordryoroverburdened，\"blindingdust，nervesupsetbysteadynorthernblastsorbytheintermittentgustsofthesirocco。Asensualracecholericandimpetuous，withnointellectualormoralballast，inwhichthemixtureofCeltandLatinhasdestroyedthehumanesuavityoftheCeltandtheseriousearnestnessoftheRoman；\"complete，tough，powerful，andrestlessmen，\"[1]andyetgay，spontaneous，eloquent，dupesoftheirownbombast，suddenlycarriedawaybyaflowofwordsandsuperficialenthusiasm。Theirprincipalcitynumbering120，000souls，inwhichcommercialandmaritimerisksfosterinnovatingandadventurousspirits；inwhichthesightofsuddenly—
acquiredfortunesexpendedonsensualenjoymentsconstantlyunderminesallstabilityofCharacter；inwhichpolitics，likespeculation，isalotteryofferingitsprizestoaudacity；besidesallthis，afreeportandarendezvousforlawlessnomads，disreputablepeople，withoutsteadytrade，[2]scoundrels，andblackguards，who，likeuprooted，decayingseaweed，driftfromcoasttocoastaroundtheentirecircleoftheMediterraneansea；averitablesinkfilledwiththedregsoftwentycorruptandsemi—barbarouscivilizations，wherethescumofcrimecastforthfromtheprisonsofGenoa，Piedmont，Sicily，indeed，ofallItaly，ofSpain，oftheArchipelago，andofBarbary，3
accumulatesandferments。2Nowonderthat，insuchatimethereignofthemobshouldbeestablishedtheresoonerthanelsewhere。[3]——Aftermanyanexplosion，thisreignisinauguratedAugust17，1790，bytheremovalofM。Lieutaud，asortofbourgeois，moderateLafayette，whocommandstheNationalGuard。Aroundhimrallyamajorityofthepopulation，allmen\"honestornot，whohaveanythingtolose。\"[4]
Afterheisdrivenout，thenproscribed，thenimprisoned，theyresignthemselves，andMarseillesbelongstothelowclass，to40，000
destituteandroguesledbytheclub。
Thebettertoensuretheirempire，themunicipality，onemonthaftertheexpulsionofM。Lieutaud，declaredeverycitizen\"active\"whohadanytradeorprofession[5]；theconsequenceisthatvagabondsattendthemeetingsofthesectionsincontemptofconstitutionallaw。Theconsequence，wasthatproperty—ownersandcommercialmenwithdrew，whichwaswiseontheirpart，fortheusualdemagogicmachineryissetinmotionwithoutdelay。\"Eachsection—assemblyiscomposedofadozenfactiousspirits，membersoftheclub，whodriveouthonestpeoplebydisplayingcudgelsandbayonets。Thedeliberationsarepreparedbeforehandattheclub，inconcertwiththemunicipality，andwoetohimwhorefusestoadoptthematthemeeting！Theygosofarastothreatencitizenswhowishtomakeanyremarkswithinstantburialinthecellarsunderthechurches。\"[6]Theargumentprovedirresistible:\"themajorityofhonestpeoplearesofrightenedandsotimid\"thatnotoneofthemdareattendthesemeetings，unlessprotectedbypublicforce。\"Morethan80，000inhabitantsdonotsleeppeacefully，\"whileallthepoliticalrightsarevestedin\"fiveorsixhundredindividuals，\"legallydisqualified。Behindthemmarchesthearmedrabble，\"thehordeofbrigandswithoutacountry，\"[7]alwaysreadyforplundering，murder，andhanging。Infrontofthemmarchthelocalauthorities，who，electedthroughtheirinfluence，carryontheadministrationundertheirguidance。Patronsandclients，membersoftheclubanditssatellites，theyformaleaguewhichplaysthepartofasovereignState，scarcelyrecognizing，eveninwords，theauthorityofthecentralgovernment。[8]ThedecreebywhichtheNationalAssemblygivesfullpowertotheCommissionerstore—
establishorderisdenouncedasplébécide；theseconscientiousandcautiousmoderatorsarequalifiedas\"dictators\"；theyaredenouncedincircularletterstoallthemunicipalitiesofthedepartment，andtoallJacobinclubsthroughoutthekingdom；[9]theclubissomewhatdisposedtogotoAixtocutofftheirheadsandsendtheminatrunktothepresidentoftheNationalAssembly，withathreatthatthesamepenaltyawaitshimselfandallthedeputiesiftheydonotrevoketheirrecentdecrees。Afewdaysafterthis，foursectionsdrawupanactbeforeanotary，statingthemeasurestheyhadtakentowardssendinganarmyof6，000menfromMarseillestoAix，togetridofthethreeintruders。ThecommissionersdarenotenterMarseilles，where\"gibbetsarereadyforthem，andapricesetontheirheads。\"ItisasmuchastheycandotorescuefromthefactionM。Lieutaudandhisfriends，who，accusedoflése—nation，confinedwithoutashadowofproof，treatedlikemaddogs，putinchains，[10]shutupinpriviesandholes，andobligedtodrinktheirownurineforlackofwater，impelledbydespairtothebrinkofsuicide，barelyescapemurderadozentimesinthecourtroomandinprison。[11]AgainstthedecreeoftheNationalAssemblyorderingtheirrelease，themunicipalitymakesreclamations，contrivesdelays，resists，andfinallystirsupitsusualinstruments。Justastheprisonersareabouttobereleasedacrowdof\"armedpersonswithoutuniformorofficer，\"constantlyincreased\"byvagabondsandforeigners，\"gathersontheheightsoverlookingthePalaisdeJustice，andmakesreadytofireonM。
Lieutaud。Summonedtoproclaimmartiallaw，themunicipalityrefuses，declaringthat\"thegeneraldetestationoftheaccusedistoomanifest\"；itdemandsthereturnoftheSwissregimenttoitsbarracks，andthattheprisonersremainwheretheyare；theonlythingwhichitgrantsthemisasecretpermissiontoescape，asiftheywereguilty；they，accordingly，stealawayclandestinelyandindisguise。[12]——TheSwissregiment，however，whichpreventsthemagistratesfromviolatingthelaw，mustpayforitsinsolence，and，asitisincorruptible，theydecidetodriveitoutofthetown。Forfourmonthsthemunicipalitymultipliesagainstiteverykindofannoyance，[13]and，onthe16thofOctober，1791，theJacobinsprovokearowinthetheateragainstitsofficers。Thesamenight，outsidethetheater，fouroftheseareattackedbyarmedbands；theposttowhichtheyretreatisnearlytakenbyassault；theyareledtoaprisonforsafety，andtheretheystillremainfivedaysafterwards，\"althoughtheirinnocenceisadmitted。\"Meanwhile，toensure\"publictranquility，\"themunicipalityhasrequiredthecommanderoftheposttoimmediatelyreplacetheSwissGuardwithNationalGuardsonallthemilitaryposts；thelatteryieldstoforce，whiletheuselessregiment，insultedandthreatened，hasnothingtodobuttopackoff。[14]Thisbeingdone，thenewmunicipality，stillmoreJacobinthantheoldone，[15]separatesMarseillesfromFrance，erectsthecityintoamaraudingrepublicangovernment，getsupexpeditions，leviescontributions，formsalliances，andundertakesanarmedconquestofthedepartment。
II。TheexpeditiontoAix。
ThetownofMarseillessendanexpeditiontoAix。——Theregimentisdisarmed。——TheDirectorydrivenout。——PressureonthenewDirectory。
Thefirstthingistolayitshandonthedistrictcapital，Aix，wheretheSwissregimentisstationedingarrisonandwherethesuperiorauthoritiesareinstalled。ThisoperationisthemorenecessaryinasmuchastheDirectoryofthedepartmentloudlycommendstheloyaltyoftheSwissGuardandtakesoccasiontoremindtheMarseillesmunicipalityoftherespectduetothelaw。Suchremonstranceisaninsult，andthemunicipality，inahaughtytone，callsupontheDirectorytoavowordisavowitsletter；\"ifyoudidnotwriteit，itisafoulreportwhichitisourdutytoexamineinto，andifyoudid，itisadeclarationofwarmadebyyouagainstMarseilles。\"[16]TheDirectory，inpolitetermsandwithgreatcircumspection，affirmsbothitsrightanditsutterance，andremarksthat\"theproratalistoftaxesofMarseillesfor1791isnotyetreported；\"thatthemunicipalityismuchmoreconcernedwithsavingtheStatethanwithpayingitscontributionand，inshort，itmaintainsitscensure。——Ifitwillnotbenditmustbreak，andonthe4thofFebruary，1792，themunicipalitysendsBarbaroux，itssecretary，toParis，thathemaymitigatetheoutragestheyarepreparing。Duringthenightofthe25—
26，thedrumsbeatthegeneralalarm，andthreeorfourthousandmengatherandmarchtoAixwithsixpiecesofcannon。Asaprecautiontheypretendtohavenoleaders，nocaptainsorlieutenantsorevencorporals；toquotethem，allareequal，allvolunteers，eachbeingsummonedbytheother；inthisfashion，asallareresponsible，nooneis。[17]TheyreachAixateleveno’clockintheforenoon，findagateopenthroughtheconnivanceofthoseinleaguewiththemamongthepopulaceofthetownanditssuburbs，andsummonthemunicipalitytosurrenderthesentinels。InthemeantimetheiremissarieshaveannouncedintheneighboringvillagesthatthetownwasmenacedbytheSwissregiment；consequentlyfourhundredmenfromAubagnearriveinhaste，whilefromhourtohourtheNationalGuardsfromthesurroundingvillageslikewiserushin。Thestreetsarefullofarmedmen；shoutsariseandthetumultincreases；themunicipalbody，intheuniversalpanic，losesitswits。Thisbodyisafraidofanocturnalfight\"betweentroopsoftheline，citizens，NationalGuardsandarmedstrangers，noonebeingabletorecognizeoneanotherorknowwhoisanenemy。\"ItsendsbackadetachmentofthreehundredandfiftySwissGuards，whichtheDirectoryhadorderedtoitssupport，andconsignstheregimenttoitsquarters。——AtthistheDirectorytakestoflight。MilitarysentinelsofallkindsaredisarmedwhiletheMarseillesthrong，turningitsadvantagestoaccount，announcestothemunicipalityattwoo’clockinthemorningthat，\"allowitornot\"itisgoingtoattackthebarracksimmediately；infact，cannonareplanted，afewshotsarefired，asentinelkilled，andthehemmed—inregimentiscompelledtoevacuatethetown，themenwithouttheirgunsandtheofficerswithouttheirswords。Theirarmsarestolen，thepeopleseizethesuspected，thestreet—lampishauleddownandthenooseismadeready。Cayol，theflower—girl，ishung。Themunicipality，withgreatdifficulty，savesonemanwhoisalreadyliftedbytheropetwofeetfromtheground，andobtainsforthreeothers\"atemporaryrefuge\"inprison。
Henceforththereisnoauthorityatthedepartmentheadquarters，orratherithaschangedhands。AnotherDirectory，morepliable，isinstalledintheplaceofthefugitiveDirectory。Ofthethirty—sixadministratorswhoformtheCouncilonlytwelvearepresentattheelection。Ofthenineelectedonlysixconsenttosit，whileoftenonlythreearefoundatitssessions，whichthree，torecruittheircolleagues，areobligedtopaythem。[18]Hence，notwithstandingtheirpositionisthebestinthedepartment，theyareworsetreatedandmoreunfortunatethantheirservantsoutside。Thedelegatesoftheclub，withthemunicipalofficersofMarseillesseatedalongsideofthem，obligethemeithertokeepsilent，ortoutterwhattheydictatetothem。[19]\"Ourarmsaretied，\"writesoneofthem，\"wearewhollyundertheyoke\"oftheseintruders。\"Wehavetwiceinsuccessionseenmorethanthreehundredmen，manyofthemwithgunsandpistols，enterthehallandthreatenuswithdeathifwerefusedthemwhattheyasked。Wehaveseeninfuriatemotionnaires，nearlyallbelongingtoAvignon，mountthedesksoftheDirectory，haranguetheircomradesandexcitethemtoriotingandcrime。\"Youmustdecidebetweenlifeordeath，\"theyexclaimedtous，\"youhaveonlyaquarterofanhourtochoose。\"\"Nationalguardshaveofferedtheirsabersthroughthewindows，leftopenonaccountoftheextremeheat，tothosearoundusandmadesignstothemtocutourthroats。\"——Thusfashioned，reducedanddrilled，theDirectoryissimplyaninstrumentinthehandsoftheMarseillesdemagogues。Camo？n，BertinandRebecqui，theworstagitatorsandusurpers，ruletherewithoutcontrol。RebecquiandBertin，appointeddelegatesinconnectionwithmattersinArles，havethemselvesempoweredtocallfordefensivetroops；theyimmediatelydemandthemforattack，towhichtheDirectoryvainlyremonstrates；
theydeclaretoitthat\"notbeingunderitsinspection，ithasnoauthorityoverthem；beingindependentofit，theyhavenoorderstoreceivefromitnortorendertoitanyaccountoftheirconduct。\"SomuchtheworsefortheDirectoryonattemptingtorevoketheirpowers。
Bertininformsitsvice—presidentthat，ifitdaresdothishewillcutoffhishead。TheyreplytotheMinister’sobservationswiththeutmostinsolence。[20]Theygloryintheboldnessofthestrokeandprepareanother，theirmarchonAixbeingonlythefirsthaltinthelong—meditatedcampaignwhichinvolvesthepossessionofArles。
III。
TheConstitutionalistsofArles。——TheMarseillesexpeditionagainstArles。——Excessescommittedbytheminthetownanditsvicinity。——
Invasionof\"Apt，\"theclubanditsvolunteers。
Nocity，indeed，ismoreodioustothem。——Fortwoyears，ledorpushedonbyitsmayor，M。d’Antonelle，ithasmarchedalongwiththemorbeendraggedalongintheirwake。D’Antonelle，anultra—
revolutionary，repeatedlyvisitedandpersonallyencouragedthebanditsofAvignon。TosupplythemwithcannonandammunitionhestrippedtheTourSt。Louisofitsartillery，attheriskofabandoningthemouthsoftheRhonetotheBarbarypirates。[21]InconcertwithhisalliesoftheComtat，theMarseillesclub，andhishenchmenfromtheneighboringboroughs，herulesinArles\"byterror。\"
ThreehundredmenrecruitedinthevicinityoftheMint，artisansorsailorswithstrongarmsandroughhands，servehimassatellites。Onthe6thofJune1791，theydriveaway，ontheirownauthority，theunswornpriests，whohadtakenrefugeinthetown。[22]——Atthis，however，the\"property—ownersanddecentpeople，\"muchmorenumerousandforalongtimehighlyindignant，raisetheirheads；twelvehundredofthemassembleinthechurchofSaint—Honorat，sworetomaintaintheconstitutionandpublicorder，\"[23]andthenmovedtothe（Jacobin）club，where，intheirqualityofnationalguardsandactivecitizensandinconformitywithitsby—laws，theywereadmittedenmasse。Atthesametime，actinginconcertwiththemunicipality，theyreorganizetheNationalGuardandformnewcompanies，theeffectofwhichistoputanendtotheMintgang，thusdeprivingthefactionofallitsstrength。Thenceforth，withoutviolenceorillegalacts，themajorityoftheclub，aswellasoftheNationalGuard，consistsofconstitutionalmonarchists，theelectionsofNovember，1791，givingtothepartisansofordernearlyalltheadministrativeofficesofthecommuneandofthedistrict。M。Loys，aphysicianandamanofenergy，iselectedmayorintheplaceofM。d’Antonelle；heisknownasabletosuppressariot，\"holdingmartiallawinonehand，andhissaberintheother。\"——Thisistoomuch；soMarseillesfeelcompelledtobringArlesundercontrol\"toatoneforthedisgraceofhavingfoundedit。\"[24]Inthislandofancientcitiespoliticalhostilityisembitteredwitholdmunicipalgrudges，similartothoseofThebesagainstPlat？e，ofRomeagainstVeii，ofFlorenceagainstPisa。TheGuelphsofMarseillesbroodedovertheoneideaofcrushingtheGhibellinsofArles。——Already，intheelectoralassemblyofNovember，1791，M。d’Antonelle，thepresident，hadinvitedthecommunesofthedepartmenttotakeuparmsagainstthisanti—jacobincity。[25]SixhundredMarseillesvolunteerssetoutontheinstant，installthemselvesatSalon，seizethesyndic—attorneyofthehostiledistrict，andrefusetogivehimup，thisbeinganadvance—guardof4，000menpromisedbythefortyorfiftyclubsoftheparty。[26]Toarresttheiroperationsrequirestheordersofthethreecommissioners，resolutionspassedbytheDirectorystillintact，royalproclamations，adecreeoftheConstituentAssembly，thefirmnessofthestillloyaltroopsandthefirmerstandtakenbytheArlesianswho，puttingdownaninsurrectionoftheMintband，hadrepairedtheirramparts，cutawaytheirbridgesandmountedguardwiththeirgunsloaded。[27]Butitisonlyapostponement。Nowthatthecommissionershavegone，andtheking’sauthorityaphantom，nowthatthelastloyalregimentisdisarmed，theterrifiedDirectoryrecastandobeyinglikeaservant，withtheLegislativeAssemblyallowingeverywheretheoppressionoftheConstitutionalistsbytheJacobins，afreshJacobinexpeditionmaybestartedagainsttheConstitutionalistswithimpunity。Accordingly，onthe23rdofMarch，1792，theMarseillesarmyof4，500mensetsoutonitsmarchwithnineteenpiecesofcannon。
Invainthecommissionersoftheneighboringdepartments，sentbytheMinister，representtothemthatArlessubmits，thatshehaslaiddownherarms，andthatthetownisnowgarrisonedwithtroopsoftheline；
——theMarseillesarmyrequiresthewithdrawalofthisgarrison。——Invainthegarrisondeparts。Rebecquiandhisacolytesreplythat\"nothingwilldivertthemfromtheirenterprise；theycannotdefertoanybody’sdecisionbuttheirowninrelationtoanyprecautiontendingtoensurethesafetyofthesoutherndepartments。\"——InvaintheMinisterrenewshisinjunctionsandcounter—orders。TheDirectoryreplieswithaflagrantfalsehood，statingthatitisignorantoftheaffairandrefusestogivethegovernmentanyassistance。——InvainM。deWittgenstein，commander—in—chiefinthesouth，offershisservicestotheDirectorytorepeltheinvaders。TheDirectoryforbidshimtotakehistroopsintotheterritoryofthedepartment。[28]——Meanwhile，onthe29thofMarch，theMarseillesarmyeffectsabreachwithitscannoninthewallsofdefenselessArles；itsfortificationsaredemolishedandataxof1，400，000francsisleviedontheownersofproperty。IncontemptoftheNationalAssembly’sdecreetheMintbandits，thelongshoremen，thewholeofthelowestclassagaintakeuptheirarmsandlorditoverthedisarmedpopulation。Although\"theKing’scommissionerandmostofthejudgeshavefled，juryexaminationsareinstitutedagainstabsentees，\"thejuriesconsistingofthemembersoftheMintband。[29]Theconquerorsimprison，smiteandslaughterastheyplease。Countlesspeaceableindividualsarestruckdownandmauled，draggedtoprisonandmanyofthemaremortallywounded。Anoldsoldier，eightyyearsofage，retiredtohiscountryhomethreemonthsearlier，diesaftertwentydays’confinementinadungeon，fromablowreceivedinthestomachbyariflebutt；womenareflogged。\"Allcitizensthatwithaninterestinlawandorder，\"nearlyfivethousandfamilies，haveemigrated；
theirhousesintownandinthecountryarepillaged，whileinthesurroundingboroughs，alongtheroadleadingfromArlestoMarseilles，thevillainsformingthehardcoreoftheMarseillesarmy，roveaboutandgorgethemselvesasinavanquishedcountry。[30]
Theyeatanddrinkvoraciously，forcetheclosets，carryofflinenandfood，stealhorsesandvaluables，smashthefurniture，tearupbooks，andburnpapers。[31]Allthisisonlytheappropriatepunishmentofthearistocrats。Moreover，itisnomorethanrightthatpatriotsshouldbeindemnifiedfortheirtoil，andafewblowstoomanyarenotoutofplaceinsecuringtheruleoftherightparty。——Forexample，onthefalsereportoforderbeingdisturbedatChateau—Renard，BertinandRebecquisendoffadetachmentofmen，whilethemunicipalbodyinuniform，followedbytheNationalGuard，withmusicandflags，comesforthtomeetandsaluteit。Withoututteringawordofwarning，theMarseillestroopfallsuponthecortège，strikesdowntheflags，disarmstheNationalGuard，tearstheepaulettesofftheofficers’
shoulders，dragsthemayortothegroundbyhisscarf，pursuesthecounselors，swordinhand，putsthemayorandsyndic—attorneyinarrest，and，duringthenight，sacksfourdwellings，thewholeunderthedirectionofthreeJacobinsoftheplaceunderindictmentforrecentcrimesormisdemeanors。HenceforthatChateau—Renardtheywilllooktwicebeforesubjectingpatriotstoindictment。[32]——AtVélaux\"thecountryhouseofthelateseigniorissacked，andeverythingiscarriedaway，eventothetilesandwindow—glass。\"Atroopoftwohundredmen\"overrunthevillage，levycontributions，andputallcitizenswhoarewell—offunderbondsforconsiderablesums。\"Camo？n，theMarseillechief，oneofthenewdepartmentadministrators，whoisintheneighborhood，layshishandoneverythingthatisfittobetaken，and，afewdaysafterthis，30，000francsarefoundinhiscarpet—bag。—Taughtbytheexampleothersfollowandthecommotionspreads。Ineveryboroughorpettytowntheclubprofitsbytheseactstosatiateitsambitionitsgreed，anditshatred。ThatofAptappealstoitsneighbors，whereupon1，500NationalGuardsofGordes，St。Saturnin，GoulsandLacoste，withathousandwomenandchildrenarmedwithclubsandscythes，arriveonemorningbeforethetown。Onbeingaskedbywhoseorderstheycomeinthisfashion，theyreply，\"bytheorderswhichtheirpatriotismhasgiventhem。\"——\"Thefanatics，\"
orpartisansoftheswornpriests，\"arethecauseoftheirjourney\":
theytherefore\"wantlodgingsattheexpenseofthefanaticsonly。\"
Thethreeday’soccupationresultsforthelatterandforthetowninacostof20，000livres。[33]TheybeginbybreakingeverythinginthechurchoftheRécollets，andwallupitsdoors。Theythenexpelunswornecclesiasticsfromthetown，anddisarmtheirpartisans。TheclubofApt，whichisthesoleauthority，remainsinsessionthreedays:\"themunicipalbodiesinthevicinityappearbeforeit，apologizeforthemselves，protesttheircivism，andaskasafavorthatnodetachmentbesenttotheirplaces。Individualsaresentfortobeinterrogated\"；severalareproscribed，amongwhomareadministrators，membersofthecourt，andthesyndic—attorney。A
numberofcitizenshavefled；——thetownispurged，whilethesamepurgingispursuedinnumbersofplacesinandoutofthedistrict。[34]Itis，indeed，attractivebusiness。Itemptiesthepursesoftheill—disposed，andfillsthestomachsofpatriots；itisagreeabletobewellentertained，andespeciallyattheexpenseofone’sadversaries；theJacobinisquitecontenttosavethecountrythrougharoundoffeastings。Moreover，hehasthesatisfactionofplayingkingamonghisneighbors，andnotonlydotheyfeedhimfordoingthemthisservice，but，again，theypayhimforit。[35]—Allthisisenlivening，andtheexpedition，whichisa\"sabbath，\"endsinacarnival。OfthetwoMarseillesdivisions，one，ledbacktoAix，setsdownto\"agrandpatrioticfeast，\"andthendancesfandangoes，ofwhich\"theprincipaloneisledoffbythemayorandcommandant\"；[36]
theothermakesitsentryintoAvignonthesameday，withstillgreaterpompandjollity。
IV。
TheJacobinsofAvignon。——Howtheyobtainrecruits。——TheirrobberiesintheComtat。——TheAvignonmunicipalityinflightorinprison。——MurderofLécuyerandtheGlacièremassacre。——Entryofthemurderers，supportedbytheirMarseillesallies。——JacobindictatorshipinVaucluseandtheBuches—du—Rh？ne。
NowhereelseinFrancewasthereanothernestofbrigandslikeit:notthatagreatmiserymighthaveproducedamoresavageuprising；onthecontrary，theComtat，beforetheRevolution，wasalandofplenty。
TherewasnotaxationbythePope；thetaxeswereverylight，andwereexpendedonthespot。\"Foroneortwopennies，oneherecouldhavemeat，bread，andwine。\"[37]But，underthemildandcorruptadministrationoftheItalianlegates，thecountryhadbecome\"thesafeasylumofalltheroguesinFrance，Italy，andGenoa，whobymeansofatriflingsumpaidtothePope’sagents，obtainedprotectionandimmunity。\"SmugglersandreceiversofstolengoodsaboundedhereinordertobreakthroughthelinesoftheFrenchcustoms。\"Bandsofrobbersandassassinswereformed，whichthevigorousmeasuresoftheparliamentsofAixandGrenoblecouldnotwhollyextirpate。Idlers，libertines，professionalgamblers，\"[38]kept—cicisbeos，schemers，parasites，andadventurers，minglewithmenwithbrandedshoulders，theveterans\"ofviceandcrime，\"thescapegracesoftheToulonandMarseillesgalleys。\"Ferocityhereishiddenindebauchery，likeaserpenthiddeninitsownslime，hereallthatisrequiredissomechanceeventandthisbadplacewillbetransformedintoadeathtrap。
TheJacobinleaders，Tournal，Rovère，thetwoDuprats，thetwoMainvielles，andLécuyer，readilyobtainrecruitsinthissink。—Theybegin，aidedbytherabbleofthetownandofitssuburbs，peasantsenemiesoftheoctroi，vagabondsopposedtoorderofanykind，portersandwatermenarmedwithscythes，turnspitsandclubs，byexcitingsevenoreightriots。Thentheydriveoffthelegate，forcetheCouncilstoresign，hangthechiefsoftheNationalGuardandoftheconservativeparty，[39]andtakepossessionofthemunicipaloffices。
——Afterthistheirbandincreasestothedimensionsofanarmy，which，withlicenseforitscountersignandpillageforitspay，isthesameasthatofTillyandWallenstein，\"averitablerovingSodom，atwhichtheancientcitywouldhavestoodaghast。\"Outof3，000men，only200
belonginAvignon；therestarecomposedofFrenchdeserters，smugglers，fugitivesfromjustice，vagrantforeigners，maraudersandcriminals，who，scentingaprey，comefromafar，andevenfromParis；[40]alongwiththemmarchthewomenbelongingtothem，stillmorebaseandbloodthirsty。Inordertomakeitperfectlyplainthatwiththemmurderandrobberyaretheorderoftheday，theymassacredtheirfirstgeneral，Patrix，guiltyofhavingreleasedaprisoner，andelectedinhisplaceanoldhighwaytrampnamedJourdan，condemnedtodeathbythecourtatValence，butwhohadescapedontheeveofhisexecution，andwhoborethenicknameofCoupe—tête，becauseheissaidtohavecutofftheheadsatVersaillesoftwooftheKing’sguards。[41]——Undersuchacommanderthetroopincreasesuntilitformsabodyoffiveorsixthousandmen，whichstopspeopleinthestreetsandforciblyenrollsthem；theyarecalledMandrins，whichissevereforMandrin，[42]becausetheirwarisnotmerelyonpublicpersonsandproperty，ashiswas，butonthepossessions，theproprieties，andthelivesofprivateindividuals。Onedetachmentalone，atonetime，extortsinCavaillon25，000francs，inBaume12，000，inAubignon15，000，inPioline4，800，whileCaumontistaxed2，000francsaweek。AtSarrians，wherethemayorgivesthemthekeys，theypillagehousesfromtoptobottom，carryofftheirplunderincarts，setfire，violateandslaywithalltherefinementsoftortureofsomanyHurons。Anoldladyofeighty，andaparalytic，isshotatarmslength，andleftwelteringinherbloodinthemidstoftheflames。Achildfiveyearsofageiscutintwo，itsmotherdecapitated，anditssistermutilated；theycutofftheearsofthecuré，setthemonhisbrowlikeacockade，andthencuthisthroat，alongwiththatofapig，andtearoutthetwoheartsanddancearoundthem。[43]Afterthis，forfiftydaysaroundCarpentras，towhichtheylaysiegeinvain，theunprovoked，cruelinstinctsofthechauffeursmanifestedatalaterdate，theancientcannibalisticdesireswhichsometimesreappearinconvicts，andthepervertedandover—strainedsensualityfoundinmaniacs，havefullplay。
Onbeholdingthemonsterithasnourished，Avignon，inalarm，utterscriesofdistress。[44]Butthebrute，whichfeelsitsstrength，turnsagainstitsformerabettors，showsitsteeth，andexactsitsdailyfood。Ruinedornot，Avignonmustfurnishitsquota。\"Intheelectoralassembly，Mainvielletheyounger，electedelector，althoughheisonlytwenty—two，drawstwopistolsfromhisbeltandstrutsaroundwithathreateningair。\"[45]Duprat，thepresident，thebettertomasterhiscolleagues，proposestothemtoleaveAvignonandgotoSorgues，whichtheyrefusetodo；uponthisheorderscannontobebrought，promisestopaythosewhowillaccompanyhim，dragsalongthetimid，anddenouncestherestbeforeanuppernationalcourt，ofwhichhehimselfhasdesignatedthemembers。Twentyoftheelectorsthusdenouncedarecondemnedandproscribed；Dupratthreatenstoenterbyforceandhavethemexecutedonthespot，and，underhisleadership，thearmyofMandrinsadvancesagainstAvignon。——Itsprogressisarrested，and，fortwomonths，restrainedbythetwomediatingcommissionersforFrance；theyreduceitsnumbers，anditisonthepointofbeingdisbanded，whenthebruteagainboldlyseizesitsprey，abouttomakeitsescape。Onthe21stofAugust，Jourdan，withhisherdofmiscreants，obtainspossessionofthepalace。Themunicipalbodyisdrivenout，themayorescapesindisguise，Tissot，thesecretary，iscutdown，fourmunicipalofficersandfortyotherpersonsarethrownintoprison，whileanumberofhousesbelongingtothefugitivesandtopriestsarepillaged，andthussupplythebanditswiththeirfirstfinancialreturns。[46]——Thenbeginsthegreatfiscaloperationwhichisgoingtofilltheirpockets。Fivefrontmen，chosenbyDupratandhisassociates，compose，withLécuyerassecretary，aprovisionalmunicipalbody，which，taxingthetown300，000francsandsuppressingtheconvents，offersthespoilsofthechurchesforsale。Thebellsaretakendown，andthehammersoftheworkmenengagedinbreakingthemtopiecesareheardalldaylong。A
strong—boxfullofplate，diamonds，andgoldcrosses，leftwiththedirectoroftheMont—de—Piété，ondeposit，istakenandcarriedofftothecommune；areportisspreadthatthevaluablespawnedbythepoorhadbeenstolenbythemunicipality，andthatthose\"robbershadalreadysentawayeighteentrunksfullofthem。\"Uponthisthewomen，exasperatedatthebarewallsofthechurches，togetherwiththelaborersinwantofworkorbread，allthecommonclass，becomefurious，assembleoftheirownaccordinthechurchoftheCordeliers，summonLécuyertoappearbeforethem，draghimfromthepulpitandmassacrehim。[47]
Thistimethereseemstobeanendofthebrigandparty，fortheentiretown，thepopulaceandthebetterclass，areagainstthem，whilethepeasantsinthecountryshootthemdownwherevertheycomeacrossthem。——Terror，however，suppliestheplaceofnumbers，and，withthe350hiredkillersbravosstilllefttothem，theextremeJacobinsundertaketoovercomeacityof30，000souls。Mainvielletheelder，draggingalongtwocannon，arriveswithapatrol，firesatrandomintothealreadysemi—abandonedchurch，andkillstwomen。
Dupratassemblesaboutthirtyofthetowns—people，imprisonedbyhimonthe31stofAugust，and，inadditiontothese，aboutfortyartisansbelongingtotheCatholicbrotherhoods，porters，bakers，coopers，andday—laborers，twopeasants，abeggar，afewwomenseizedhaphazardandonvaguedenunciations，oneofthem，\"becauseshespokeillofMadameMainvielle。\"Jourdansuppliestheexecutioners；theapothecaryMende，brother—in—lawofDuprat，pliesthemwithliquor，whileaclerkofTournal，thenewsman，bidsthem\"killall，sothatthereshallbenowitnessesleft。\"Whereupon，atthereiteratedordersofMainvielle，Tournal，Duprat，andJourdan，withacomplicationsofhilariouslewdness，[48]themassacredevelopsitselfonthe16thofOctoberandfollowingdays，duringsixty—sixhours，thevictimsbeingacoupleofpriests，threechildren，anoldmanofeighty，thirteenwomen，twoofwhomarepregnant，inall，sixty—onepersons，withtheirthroatsslitorknockedoutandthencastoneontopofeachotherintotheGlacièrehole，amotheronthebodyofherinfant，asononthebodyofhisfather，allfinishedoffwithrocks，theholebeingfilledupwithstonesandcoveredoverwithquicklimeonaccountofthesmell。[49]Inthemeantimeaboutahundredmore，killedinthestreets，arepitchedintotheSorguescanal；fivehundredfamiliesmaketheirescape。Theoustedbanditsreturninabody，whiletheassassinswhoareattheheadofthem，enthronedbymurder，organizeforthebenefitoftheirnewbandalegalsystemofbrigandage，againstwhichnobodydefendshimself。[50]
ThesearethefriendsoftheJacobinsofArlesandMarseilles，therespectablemenwhomM。d’AntonellehascometoaddressinthecathedralatAvignon。[51]Thesearethepurepatriots，who，withtheirhandsinthetillandtheirfeetingore，caughtintheactbyaFrencharmy，themasktornoffthroughascrupulousinvestigation，universallycondemnedbytheemancipatedelectors，alsobythedeliberateverdictofthenewmediatingcommissioners，[52]areincludedintheamnestyproclaimedbytheLegislativeAssemblyamonthbeforetheirlastcrime。—ButthesovereignsoftheBouches—du—Rh？nedonotregardthereleaseoftheirfriendsandalliesasapardon:
somethingmorethanpardonandforgetfulnessmustbeawardedtothemurderersoftheGlacière。Onthe29thofApril，1792，RebecquiandBertin，thevanquishersofArles，enterAvignon[53]alongwithacortége，attheheadofwhicharefromthirtytofortyoftheprincipalmurdererswhomtheLegislativeAssemblyitselfhadorderedtoberecommittedtoprison，Duprat，Mainvielle，Toumal，Mende，thenJourdanintheuniformofacommandinggeneralcrownedwithlaurelandseatedonawhitehorse，and，lastly，thedamesDuprat，MainvielleandTournal，indashingstyle，standingonasortoftriumphalchariot；
duringtheprocessionthecryisheard，\"TheGlacièrewillbefullthistime！\"——Ontheirapproachthepublicfunctionariesfly；twelvehundredpersonsabandonthetown。Forthwitheachterrorist，undertheprotectionoftheMarseillesbayonets，resumeshisoffice，likeamanattheheadofhishousehold。Raphel，theformerjudge，alongwithhisclerk，bothwithwarrantsofarrestagainstthem，publiclyofficiate，whiletherelativesofthepoorvictimsslainonthe16thofOctober，andthewitnessesthatappearedonthetrial，arethreatenedinthestreets；oneofthemiskilled，andJourdan，kingofthedepartmentforanentireyear，beginsoveragainonagrandscale，attheheadoftheNationalGuard，andafterwardsofthepolicebody，thesameperformancewhich，onasmallscale，hepursuedundertheancientrégime，when，withadozen\"armedandmounted\"brigands，hetraversedthehighways，forcedopenlonelyhousesatnight，and，inonechateaualone，stole24，000francs。
V。
Theotherdepartments。——UniformprocessoftheJacobinconquest。——
PreconceivedformationofaJacobinState。
TheJacobinconquesttakesplacelikethis:alreadyinduringApril，1792，throughactsofviolencealmostequaltothosewehavejustdescribed，itspreadsovermorethantwentydepartmentsand，toasmallerdegree，overtheothersixty。[54]Thecompositionofthepartiesisthesameeverywhere。Ononesidearetheirresponsibleofallconditions，\"squandererswho，havingconsumedtheirowninheritance，cannottoleratethatofanother，menwithoutpropertytowhomdisorderisadooropentowealthandpublicoffice，theenvious，theungratefulwhoseobligationstotheirbenefactorstherevolutioncancels，thehot—headed，allthoseenthusiasticinnovatorswhopreachreasonwithadaggerintheirhand，thepoor，thebrutalandthewretchedofthelowerclasswho，possessedbyoneleadinganarchicalidea，oneexampleofimmunity，withthelawdumbandtheswordinthescabbard，arestimulatedtodareallthingsOntheothersidearethesteady—going，peaceableclass，mindingtheirownbusiness，upperandlowermiddleclassinmindandspirit，\"weakenedbybeingusedtosecurityandwealth，surprisedatanyunforeseendisturbanceandtryingtofindtheirway，isolatedfromeachotherbydiversityofinterests，opposingonlytactandcautiontoperseveringaudacityindefianceoflegitimatemeans，unableeithertomakeuptheirmindortoremaininactive，perplexedoversacrificesjustatthetimewhentheenemyisgoingtorenderitimpossibletomakeanyinthefuture，inaword，bringingweaknessandegoismtobearagainsttheliberatedpassions，greatpovertyandhardenedimmorality。\"[55]
Theissueoftheconflictiseverywherethesame。Ineachtownorcantonanaggressivesquadofunscrupulousfanaticsandresoluteadventurersimposesitsruleoverasheep—likemajoritywhich，accustomedtotheregularityofanoldcivilization，daresneitherdisturborderforthesakeofputtingandendtodisorder，orgettogetheramobtoputdownanothermob。EverywheretheJacobinprincipleisthesame。
\"Yoursystem，\"saysoneofthedepartmentDirectoriestothem，[56]
\"istoactimperturbablyonalloccasions，evenafteraconstitutionisestablished，andthelimitationstopowerarefixed，asiftheempirewouldalwaysbeinastateofinsurrection，asifyouweregrantedadictatorshipessentialforthecity’ssalvation，asifyouweregivensuchfullpowerinthenameofpublicsafety。\"
EverywhereareJacobintacticsthesame。Attheoutsettheyassumetohaveamonopolyofpatriotismand，throughthebrutaldestructionofotherassociations，theyaretheonlyvisibleorganofpublicopinion。