[57]Andmylifetime，ourJacobinsthecommunists，haveincludingintheirregisterthedistortion，thelieandslanderasaregulartooloftheirtrade。（SR）。
[58]Lafayette，\"Mémoires，\"I。467（ontheJacobinsofAugust10，1792）。\"Thissect，thedestructionofwhichwasdesiredbynineteen—
twentiethsofFrance。\"——Durand—Maillan，49。TheaversiontotheJacobinsafterJune20，1792，wasgeneral。\"ThecommunesofFrance，everywhereweariedanddissatisfiedwithpopularclubs，wouldgladlyhavegotridofthem，thattheymightnolongerbeundertheircontrol。\"
[59]ThewordsofLeclerc，adeputyoftheLyonscommitteeintheJacobinClubatParisMay12，1793。\"Popularmachiavelianismmustbeestablished……EverythingimpuremustdisappearofftheFrenchsoil……Ishalldoubtlessberegardedasabrigand，butthereisonewaytogetaheadofcalumny，andthatistoexterminatethecalumniators。\"
[60]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。204（testimonyofFran？oisLameyrie）。
\"CollectionofauthenticdocumentsfortheHistoryoftheRevolutionatStrasbourg，\"II。210（speechbyBaudot，Frimaire19，yearII。，intheJacobinclubatStrasbourg）。\"Egoists，theheedless，theenemiesofliberty，theenemiesofallnatureshouldnotberegardedasherchildren。Arenotallwhoopposethepublicgood，orwhodonotshareit，inthesamecase？Letus，then，utterlydestroythem……Weretheyamillion，wouldnotonesacrificethetwenty—fourthpartofone’sselftogetridofagangrenewhichmightinfecttherestofthebody？……\"Forthesereasons，theoratorthinksthateverymanwhoisnotwhollydevotedtotheRepublicmustbeputtodeath。HestatesthattheRepublicshouldatoneblowcausetheinstantdisappearanceofeveryfriendtokingsandfeudalism。——Beaulieu，\"Essai，\"V。200。M。
d’Antonellethought，\"likemostoftherevolutionaryclubs，that，toconstitutearepublic，anapproximateequalityofpropertyshouldbeestablished；andtodothis，athirdofthepopulationshouldbesuppressed。\"——\"ThiswasthegeneralideaamongthefanaticsoftheRevolution。\"——Larevellière—Lépaux，\"Mémoires，\"I。150\"JeanBonSt。
André……suggestedthatforthesolidfoundationoftheRepublicinFrance，thepopulationshouldbereducedone—half。\"HeisviolentlyinterruptedbyLarevellière—Lépeaux，butcontinuesandinsistsonthis。—Guffroy，deputyofthePas—de—Calais，proposedinhisjournalastilllargeramputation；hewantedtoreduceFrancetofivemillionsofinhabitants。
BOOKSECOND。THEFIRSTSTAGEOFTHECONQUEST。
CHAPTERI。
THEJACOBINSCOMEINTOINPOWER。—THEELECTIONSOF1791。—PROPORTION
OFPLACESGAINEDBYTHEM。
InJune，1791，andduringthefivefollowingmonths，theclassofactivecitizens[1]areconvokedtoelecttheirrepresentatives，which，asweknow，accordingtothelaw，areofeverykindanddegree。Inthefirstplace，thereare40，000membersofelectoralcollegesoftheseconddegreeand745deputies。Next，thereareone—halfoftheadministratorsof83departments，one—halfoftheadministratorsof544districts，one—halfoftheadministratorsof41，000communes，andfinally，ineachmunicipality，themayorandsyndic—attorney。Thenineachdepartmenttheyhavetoelectthepresidentofthecriminalcourtandtheprosecuting—attorney，and，throughoutFrance，officersoftheNationalGuard；inshort，almosttheentirebodyoftheagentsanddepositoriesoflegalauthority。Thegarrisonofthepubliccitadelistoberenewed，whichisthesecondandeventhethirdtimesince1789。
——AteachtimetheJacobinshavecreptintotheplace，insmallbands，butthistimetheyenterinlargebodies。PétionbecomesmayorofParis，Manual，syndic—attorney，andDantonthedeputyofManuel。
Robespierreiselectedprosecuting—attorneyincriminalcases。Theveryfirstweek，[2]136newdeputiesentertheirnamesontheclub’sregister。IntheAssemblythepartynumbersabout250members。Onpassingallthepostsofthefortressinreview，wemayestimatethebesiegersasoccupyingone—thirdofthem，andperhapsmore。Theirsiegefortwoyearshasbeencarriedonwithunerringinstinct，theextraordinaryspectaclepresentingitselfofanentirenationlegallyovercomebyatroopofinsurgents。[3]
I。
Theirsiegeoperations。——Meansusedbythemtodiscouragethemajorityofelectorsandconservativecandidates。——Frequencyofelections。—Obligationtotaketheoath。
Firstofall，theycleartheground，andthroughthedecreesforcedoutoftheConstituentAssembly，theykeepmostofthemajorityawayfromthepolls。——Ontheonehand，underthepretextofbetterensuringpopularsovereignty，theelectionsaresomultiplied，andheldsoneartogether，astodemandofeachactivecitizenone—sixthofhistime；suchanexactionisverygreatforhard—workingpeoplewhohaveatradeoranyoccupation，[4]whichisthecasewiththegreatmass；atallevents，withtheusefulandsaneportionofthepopulation。Accordingly，aswehaveseen，itstaysawayfromthepolls，leavingthefieldopentoidlersorfanatics。[5]——Ontheotherhand，byvirtueoftheconstitution，thecivicoath，whichincludestheecclesiasticaloath，isimposedonallelectors，for，ifanyonetakestheformerandreservesthelatter，hisvoteisthrownout:inNovember，intheDoubs，themunicipalelectionsofthirty—
threecommunesareinvalidatedsolelyonthispretext。[6]Notonlyfortythousandecclesiasticsarethusrenderedunsworn（insermentés），butagain，allscrupulousCatholicslosetherightofsuffrage，thesebeingbyfarthemostnumerousinArtois，DoubsandtheJura，intheLowerandUpperRhinedistrict，[7]inthetwoSévresandlaVendée，intheLowerLoire，Morbihan，FinisterreandC？tesduNord，inLozèreandArdèche，withoutmentioningthesoutherndepartments。[8]Thus，aidedbythelawwhichtheyhaverenderedimpracticable，theJacobins，ontheonehand，areridofallsensiblevotersinadvance，countingbymillions；and，ontheother，aidedbyalawwhichtheyhaverenderedintolerant，theyareridoftheCatholicvotewhichcountsbyhundredsofthousands。Onenteringtheelectorallists，consequently，thankstothisdoubleexclusion，theyfindthemselvesconfrontedbyonlythesmallestnumberofelectors。
II。
Annoyancesanddangersofpublicelections。—TheconstituentsexcludedfromtheLegislativebody。
Operationsmustnowbecommencedagainstthese，andafirstexpedientconsistsindeprivingthemoftheircandidates。Theobligationoftakingtheoathhasalreadypartlyprovidedforthis，inLozèrealltheofficialssendintheirresignationsratherthantaketheoath；[9]
herearemenwhowillnotbecandidatesatthecomingelections，fornobodycovetsaplacewhichhewasforcedtoabandon；ingeneral，thesuppressionofallpartycandidaturesiseffectedinnootherwaythanbymakingthepostofamagistratedistasteful。——TheJacobinshavesuccessfullyadheredtothisprinciplebypromotingandtakingtheleadininnumerableriotsagainsttheKing，theofficialsandtheclerks，againstnobles，ecclesiastics，corn—dealersandland—owners，againsteveryspeciesofpublicauthoritywhateveritsorigin。
Everywheretheauthoritiesareconstrainedtotolerateorexcusemurders，pillageandarson，or，attheveryleast，insurrectionsanddisobedience。Fortwoyearsamayorrunstheriskofbeinghungonproclaimingmartiallaw；acaptainisnotsureofhismenonmarchingtoprotectataxlevy；ajudgeonthebenchisthreatenedifhecondemnsthemarauderswhodevastatethenationalforests。Themagistrate，whosedutyitistoseethatthelawisrespected，isconstantlyobligedtostrainthelaw，orallowittobestrained；ifrefractory，asummaryblowdealtbythelocalJacobinsforceshislegalauthoritytoyieldtotheirillegaldictate，sothathehastoresignhimselftobeingeithertheiraccompliceortheirpuppet。Suchar？leisintolerabletoamanoffeelingorconscience。Hence，in1790and1791，nearlyalltheprominentandreputablemenwho，in1789，hadseatsintheH？tels—de—villes，orheldcommandintheNationalGuard，allcountry—gentlemen，chevaliersofSt。Louis，oldparliamentarians，theupperbourgeoisieandlargelanded—proprietors，retireintoprivatelifeandrenouncepublicfunctionswhicharenolongertenable。Insteadofofferingthemselvestopublicsuffragetheyavoidit，andthepartyoforder，farfromelectingthemagistracy，nolongerevenfindscandidatesforit。
Throughanexcessofprecaution，itsnaturalleadershavebeenlegallydisqualified，theprincipaloffices，especiallythoseofdeputyandminister，beinginterdictedbeforehandtotheinfluentialmeninwhomwefindthelittlecommonsensegainedbytheFrenchpeopleduringthepasttwoyears。—InthemonthofJune，1779，evenaftertheirreconcilableshadpartedcompanywiththe\"Right，\"therestillremainedintheAssemblyabout700memberswho，adheringtotheconstitutionbutdeterminedtorepressdisorder，wouldhaveformedasensiblelegislaturehadtheybeenre—elected。Allofthese，exceptaverysmallgroupofrevolutionaries，hadlearnedsomethingbyexperience，and，inthelastdaysoftheirsession，twoseriousevents，theking’sflightandtheriotintheChampdeMars，hadmadethemacquaintedwiththedefectsoftheirmachinery。Withthisexecutiveinstrumentintheirhandsforthreemonths，theyseethatitisracked，thatthingsaretottering，andthattheythemselvesarebeingrunoverbyfanaticsandthecrowd。Theyaccordinglyattempttoputonadrag，andseveraleventhinkofretracingtheirsteps。[10]
TheycutloosefromtheJacobins；ofthethreeorfourhundreddeputiesontheclublistintheRueSt。Honoré[11]butsevenremain；
therestformattheFeuillantsadistinctoppositionclub，andattheirheadarethefirstfounders，Duport，thetwoLameths，Barnave，theauthorsoftheconstitution，allthefathersofthenewrégime。[12]InthelastdecreeoftheConstituentAssemblytheyloudlycondemntheusurpationsofpopularassociations，andnotonlyinterdicttotheseallmeddlinginadministrativeorpoliticalmatters，butlikewiseanycollectivepetitionordeputation。[13]——
Heremaythefriendsoforderfindcandidateswhosechancesaregood，for，duringtwoyearsandmore，eachinhisowndistrictisthemostconspicuous，thebestaccredited，andthemostinfluentialmanthere；
hestandswellwithhiselectorsonaccountofthepopularityoftheconstitutionhehasmade，anditisveryprobablethathisnamewouldrallytoitamajorityofvotes。—TheJacobins，however，haveforeseenthisdanger:Fourmonthsearlier，[14]withtheaidoftheCourt，whichnevermissedanopportunitytoruinitselfandeverythingelse，[15]theymadethemostofthegrudgesoftheconservativesandthewearynessoftheAssembly。Tiredanddisgusted，inafitofmistakenselflessness，theAssembly，throughenthusiasmandtakenbysurprise，passesanactdeclaringallitsmembersineligibleforelectiontothenextAssemblydismissinginadvancetheleadersofthegentlemen’sparty。
III。
Thefriendsoforderdeprivedoftherightoffreeassemblage。——
ViolenttreatmentoftheirclubsinParisandtheprovinces。——Legalpreventionofconservativeassociations。
Ifthelatter（thehonestmenoftheRight），inspiteofsomanydrawbacks，attemptastruggle，theyarearrestedattheveryfirststep。For，toenteruponanelectoralcampaign，requirespreliminarymeetingsforconferenceandtounderstandeachother，whilethefacultyofforminganassociation，whichthelawgrantsthemasaright，isactuallywithheldfromthembytheiradversaries。Asabeginning，theJacobinshootedatand\"stone\"themembersofthe\"Right\"[16]holdingtheirmeetingsintheSalonfran？aisoftheRueRoyale，and，accordingtotheprevailingrule，thepolicetribunal，\"consideringthatthisassemblageisacauseofdisturbance，thatitproducesgatheringsinthestreet，thatonlyviolentmeanscanbeemployedtoprotectit，\"ordersitsdissolution。[17]——TowardsthemonthofAugust，1790，asecondclubisorganized，and，thistime，composedofthewisestandmostliberalmen。MalouetandCountClermont—Tonnerreareattheheadofit。Ittakesthenameof\"FriendsofaMonarchicalConstitution，\"andisdesirousofrestoringpublicorderbymaintainingthereformswhichhavebeenreached。Allformalitiesonitsparthavebeencompliedwith。Therearealreadyabout800membersinParis。Subscriptionsflowintoitstreasury。Theprovincessendinnumerousadhesions，and，whatisworsethanall，breadisdistributedbythematareducedprice，bywhichthepeople，probably，willbeconciliated。Hereisacenterofopinionandinfluence，analogoustothatoftheJacobinclub，whichtheJacobinscannottolerate。[18]M。deClermont—TonnerrehavingleasedthesummerVauxhall，acaptainintheNationalGuardnotifiestheproprietorofitthatifherentsit，thepatriotsofthePalais—Royalwillmarchtoitinabody，andcloseit；fearingthatthebuildingwillbedamaged，hecancelsthelease，whilethemunicipality，whichfearsskirmishes，ordersasuspensionofthemeetings。Theclubmakesacomplaintandfollowsitup，whiletheletterofthelawissoplainthatanofficialauthorizationoftheclubisfinallygranted。ThereupontheJacobinnewspapersandstump—speakersletloosetheirfuryagainstafuturerivalthatthreatenstodisputetheirempire。Onthe23rdofJanuary，1791，Barnave，intheNationalAssembly，employingmetaphoricallanguageapttobeusedasadeath—shout，accusesthemembersofthenewclub\"ofgivingthepeoplebreadthatcarriespoisonwithit。\"Fourdaysafterthis，M。Clermont—Tonnerre’sdwellingisassailedbyanarmedthrong。Malouet，onleavingit，isalmostdraggedfromhiscarriage，andthecrowdaroundhimcryout，\"Theregoesthebastardwhodenouncedthepeople！\"—Atlength，itsfounders，who，outofconsiderationforthemunicipality，havewaitedtwomonths，hireanotherhallintheRuedesPetites—Ecuries，andonthe28thofMarchbegintheirsessions。\"Onreachingit，\"writesoneofthem，\"wefoundamobcomposedofdrunkards，screamingboys，raggedwomen，soldiersexcitingthemon，andespeciallythosefrightfulhounds，armedwithstout，knottycudgels，twofeetlong，whichareexcellentskull—crackers。\"[19]Thethingwasmadeupbeforehand。Atfirsttherewereonlythreeorfourhundredofthem，and，tenminutesafter，fiveorsixhundred；inaquarterofanhour，thereareperhapsfourthousandflockinginfromallsides；inshort，theusualmake—upofaninsurrection。\"Thepeopleofthequartercertifiedthattheydidnotrecognizeoneofthefaces。\"Jokes，insults，cuffs，clubbings，andsaber—cuts，——themembersoftheclub\"whoagreedtocomeunarmed\"beingdispersed，whileseveralareknockeddown，draggedbythehair，andadozenorfifteenmorearewounded。Tojustifytheattack，whitecockadesareshown，which，itispretended，werefoundintheirpockets。MayorBaillyarrivesonlywhenitisallover，and，asameasureof\"publicorder，\"themunicipalauthoritieshavetheclubofConstitutionalMonarchistsclosedforgood。
Owingtotheseoutragesbythefaction，withtheconnivanceoftheauthorities，othersimilarclubsaresuppressedinthesameway。Thereareagoodmanyofthem，andintheprincipaltowns——\"FriendsofPeace，\"\"FriendsoftheCountry，\"\"FriendsoftheKing，ofPeace，andofReligion，\"\"DefendersofReligion，Persons，andProperty\"。
Magistratesandofficers，themostcultivatedandpolishedpeople，aregenerallymembers；inshort，theéliteoftheplace。Formerly，meetingstookplaceforconversationanddebate，and，beinglong—
established，theclubnaturallypassesoverfromliteraturetopolitics。——Thewatch—wordagainstalltheseprovincialclubsisgivenfromtheRueSt。Honoré。[20]\"Theyarecentersofconspiracy，andmustbelookedafter\"forthwith，andbeatoncetroddenout。——
Atonetime，asatCahors，[21]asquadoftheNationalGuard，onitsreturnfromanexpeditionagainsttheneighboringgentry，andtofinishitstaskbreaksinontheclub，\"throwsitsfurnitureoutofthewindowsanddemolishesthehouse。\"——Atanothertime，asatPerpignan，theexcitedmobsurroundstheclub，dancingafandango，andyellout，tothelantern！Theclub—houseissacked，whileeightyofitsmembers，coveredwithbruises，areshutupinthecitadelfortheirsafety。[22]——Atanothertime，asatAix，theJacobinclubinsultsitsadversariesontheirownpremisesandprovokesascuffle，whereuponthemunicipalitycausesthedoorsoftheassailedclubtobewalledupandissueswarrantsofarrestagainstitsmembers。——
Alwayspunishmentawaitsthemforwhateverviolencetheyhavetosubmitto。Theirmereexistenceseemsanoffense。AtGrenoble，theyscarcelyassemblebeforetheyaredispersed。Thefactis，theyaresuspectedof\"incivism；\"theirintentionsmaynotberight；inanyevent，theycauseadivisionoftheplaceintotwocamps，andthatisenough。InthedepartmentofGard，theirclubsareallbrokenup，byorderofthedepartment，because\"theyarecentersofmalevolence。\"AtBordeaux，themunicipality，consideringthat\"alarmingreportsarecurrentofpriestsandprivilegedpersonsreturningtotown，\"
prohibitsallreunions，exceptthatoftheJacobinclub。——Thus，\"underasystemoflibertyofthemostexaltedkind，inthepresenceofthefamousDeclarationoftheRightsofManwhichlegitimateswhateverisnotunlawful，\"andwhichpostulatesequalityastheprincipleoftheFrenchconstitution，whoeverisnotaJacobinisexcludedfromcommonrights。Anintolerantclubsetsitselfupasaholychurch，andproscribesotherswhichhavenotreceivedfromit\"orthodoxbaptism，civicinspiration，andtheaptitudeoflanguages。\"
Toheralonebelongstherightofassemblage，andtherightofmakingproselytes。Conservative，thoughtfulmeninalltownsthroughoutthekingdomareforbiddentoformelectoralcommittees，topossessatribune，afund，subscribersandadherents，tocasttheweightoftheirnamesandcommonstrengthintothescaleofpublicopinion，togatheraroundtheirpermanentnucleusthescatteredmultitudeofsensiblepeople，whowouldliketoescapefromtheRevolutionwithoutfallingbackintotheancientrégime。Letthemwhisperamongstthemselvesincorners，andtheymaystillbetolerated，butwoetothemiftheywouldleavetheirlonelyretreattoactinconcert，tocanvassvoters，andsupportacandidate。Uptothedayofvotingtheymustremaininthepresenceoftheircombined，active，andobstreperousadversaries，scattered，inert，andmute。
IV。
Turmoiloftheelectionsof1790。——Electionsin1791。——EffectoftheKing’sflight。——Domiciliaryvisits。——Montagneduringtheelectoralperiod。
Willtheyatleastbeabletovotefreelyonthatday？Theyarenotsureofit，and，judgingbyoccurrencesduringthepastyear，itisdoubtful。——InApril，1790，atBoisd’Aisy，inBurgundy，M。deBoisd’Aisy，adeputy，whohadreturnedfromParistodeposithisvote，[23]
waspubliclymenaced。Hewasinformedthatnoblesandpriestsmusttakenopartmtheelections，whilemanywereheardtosay，inhishearing，thatinordertopreventthisitwouldbebettertohanghim。
Notfaroff；atSte。Colombe，M。deViteauxwasdrivenoutoftheelectoralassembly，andthenputtodeathafterthreehoursoftorture。ThesamethingoccurredatSemur；twogentlemenwereknockeddownwithclubsandstones，anothersavedhimselfwithdifficulty，andacurédiedafterbeingstabbedsixtimes。——Awarningforpriestsandforgentlemen:theyhadbetternotvote，andthesamegoodadvicemaybegiventodealersingrain，toland—owners，andeveryothersuspectedperson。Forthisisthedayonwhichthepeoplerecovertheirsovereignty；theviolentbelievethattheyhavetherighttodoexactlywhatsuitsthem，nothingbeingmorenaturalthantoexcludecandidatesinadvancewhoaredistrusted，orelectorswhodonotvoteastheyoughtto。——AtVilleneuve—St。—Georges，nearParis，[24]abarrister，amanofaustereandenergeticcharacter，isabouttobeelectedjudgebythedistrictelectors；theproletariat，however，mistrustajudgelikelytocondemnmarauders，andfortyorfiftyvagabondscollecttogetherunderthewindowsandcryout:\"Wedon’twanthimelected。\"ThecuréofCrosne，presidentoftheelectoralassembly，informstheminvainthattheassembledelectorsrepresent90communes，nearly100，000inhabitants，andthat\"40personsshouldnotprevailagainst100，000。Shoutsredoubleandtheelectorsrenouncetheircandidate。—AtPau，patriotsamongthemilitia[25]
forciblyreleaseoneoftheirimprisonedleaders，circulatealistforproscriptions，attackapoll—tellerwiththeirfistsandafterwardswithsabers，untiltheproscribedhidethemselvesaway；onthefollowingday\"nobodyisdisposedtoattendtheelectoralassembly。\"—
—Thingsaremuchworsein1791。InthemonthofJune，justatthetimeoftheopeningoftheprimarymeetings，thekinghasfledtoVarennes，theRevolutionseemscompromised，civilwarandaforeignwarloomuponthehorizonliketwoghosts；theNationalGuardhadeverywheretakenuparms，andtheJacobinsweremakingthemostoftheuniversalpanicfortheirownadvantage。Todisputetheirvotesisnolongerthequestion；itisnotwelltobevisible:amongsomanyturbulentgatheringsapopularexecutionissoonover。Thebestthingnowforroyalists，constitutionalists，conservativesandmoderatesofeverykind，forthefriendsoflawandoforder，istostayathome——
toohappyiftheymaybeallowedtoremainthere，towhichthearmedrabbleagrees；ontheconditionoffrequentlypayingthemvisits。
Considertheirsituationduringthewholeoftheelectoralperiod，inacalmdistrict，andjudgeoftherestofFrancebythiscornerofit。
AtMortagne，[26]asmalltownof6，000souls，thelaudablespiritof1789stillexisteduptothejourneytoVarennes。Amongthefortyorfiftynoblefamilieswereagoodmanyliberals。Here，aselsewhereamongthegentry，theclergyandthemiddleclass，thephilosophiceducationoftheeighteenthcenturyhadrevivedtheoldprovincialspiritofinitiative，andtheentireupperclasshadzealouslyandgratuitouslyundertakenthepublicdutieswhichitalonecouldperformwell。Districtpresidents，mayors，andmunicipalofficers，wereallchosenfromamongecclesiasticsandthenobles；thethreeprincipalofficersoftheNationalGuardwerechevaliersofSt。Louis，whileothergradeswerefilledbytheleadingpeopleofthecommunity。Thushadthefreeelectionsplacedauthorityinthehandsofthesociallysuperior，theneworderofthingsrestingonthelegitimatehierarchyofconditions，educations，andcapacities。—Butforsixmonthstheclub，formedoutof\"adozenhot—headed，turbulentfellows，underthepresidencyandinthehandsofacertainRattier，formerlyacook，\"
workeduponthepopulationandtheruraldistricts。ImmediatelyonthereceiptofthenewsoftheKing’sflight，theJacobins\"giveoutthatnoblesandpriestshadsuppliedhimwithmoneyforhisdeparture，tobringaboutacounter—revolution。\"Onefamilyhadgivensuchanamount，andanothersomuch；therewasnodoubtaboutit；theprecisefiguresaregiven，andgivenforeachfamilyaccordingtoitsknownresources。——Forthwith，\"theprincipalclubbists，associatedwiththedubiouspartoftheNationalGuard，\"spreadthroughthestreetsinsquads:thehousesofthenoblesandofothersuspectedpersonsareinvaded。Allthearms，\"guns，pistols，swords，hunting—knives，andsword—canes，\"arecarriedoff。Everyholeandcornerisransacked；
theymaketheinmatesopen，ortheyforceopen，secretariesandclothes—pressesinsearchofammunition，thesearchextending\"eventotheladies’toilette—tables\"。Bywayofprecaution\"theybreaksticksofpomatumintwo，presumingthatmusket—ballsareconcealedinthem，andtheytakeawayhair—powderunderthepretextthatitiseithercoloredormaskedgunpowder。\"Then，withoutdisbanding，thetroopbetakesitselftotheenvironsandintothecountry，whereitoperateswiththesamepromptnessinthechateaux，sothat\"inonedayallhonestcitizens，thosewiththemostpropertyandfurnituretoprotect，areleftwithoutarmsatthemercyofthefirstrobberthatcomesalong。\"Allreputedaristocratsaredisarmed。Assuchareconsideredthosewho\"disapproveoftheenthusiasmoftheday，orwhodonotattendtheclub，orwhoharboranyunswornecclesiastic，\"and，firstofall，\"theofficersoftheNationalGuardwhoarenobles，beginningwiththecommanderandhisentirestaff。\"——Thelatterallowtheirswordstobetakenwithoutresistance，andwithaforbearanceandpatrioticspiritofwhichtheirbrethreneverywherefurnishanexample\"theyareobligingenoughtoremainattheirpostssoasnottodisorganizethearmy，hopingthatthisfrenzywillsooncometoanend，\"contentingthemselveswithmakingtheircomplainttothedepartment。——Butinvainthedepartmentorderstheirarmstoberestoredtothem。TheclubbistsrefusetogivethemupsolongasthekingrefusestoaccepttheConstitution；meanwhiletheydonothesitatetosaythat\"attheveryfirstgunonthefrontier，theywillcutthethroatsofallthenoblesandunswornpriests。\"——AftertheroyaloathtotheConstitutionistaken，thedepartmentagaininsists，butnoattentionispaidtoit。Onthecontrary，theNationalGuard，draggingcannonsalongwiththem，purposelystationthemselvesbeforethemansionsoftheunarmedgentry；theladiesoftheirfamiliesarefollowedinthestreetsbyurchinswhosing？AIRA[27]intheirfaces，and，inthefinalrefrain，theymentionthembynameandpromisethemthelantern；\"notoneofthemcouldinviteadozenofhisfriendstosupperwithoutincurringtheriskofanuproar。\"——Onthestrengthofthis，theoldchiefsoftheNationalGuardresign，andtheJacobinsturntheopportunitytoaccount。Incontemptofthelawthewholebodyofofficersisrenewed，and，aspeaceablefolksdarenotdeposittheirvotes，thenewstaff\"iscomposedofmaniacs，takenforthemostpart，fromthelowestclass。\"Withthispurgedmilitiatheclubexpelsnuns，drivesoffunswornpriests，organizesexpeditionsintheneighborhood，andgoessofarastopurifysuspectedmunicipalities。[28]——Somanyactsofviolencecommittedintownandcountry，rendertownandcountryuninhabitable，andfortheéliteoftheproprietyowners，orforwell—bredpersons，thereisnolongeranyasylumbutParis。Afterthefirstdisarmamentsevenoreightfamiliestakerefugethere，andadozenorfifteenmorejointhemafterathreatofhavingtheirthroatscut；afterthereligiouspersecution，unswornecclesiastics，therestofthenobles，andcountlessothertownspeople，\"evenwithlittlemeans，\"betakethemselvesthereinamass。There，atleast，oneislostinthecrowd；oneisprotectedbyanincognitoagainsttheoutragesofthecommonalty；onecanlivethereasaprivateindividual。Intheprovincesevencivilrightsdonotexist；howcouldanyonethereexercisepoliticalrights？\"Allhonestcitizensarekeptawayfromtheprimarymeetingsbythreatsormaltreatment……Theelectoralbattlefieldisleftforthosewhopayforty—fivesousoftaxes，morethanone—halfofthembeingregisteredonthepoorlist。\"—Thustheelectionsaredecidedbeforehand！Theformercookistheonewhoauthorizesorcreatescandidatures，andontheelectionofthedepartmentdeputiesatthecountytown，theelectorselectedare，likehimself，trueJacobins。[29]
V。
IntimidationandwithdrawaloftheConservatives。——PopularoutbreaksinBurgundy，Lyonnais，Provence，andthelargecities。——ElectoralproceedingsoftheJacobins；examplesatAix，Dax，andMontpellier。——
Agitatorsgounpunishes——Denunciationsbyname。——Manoeuvreswiththepeasantry。——GeneraltacticsoftheJacobins。
SuchisthepressureunderwhichvotingtakesplaceinFranceduringthesummerandfallof1791。Domiciliaryvisits[30]anddisarmamenteverywhereforcenoblesandecclesiastics，landedproprietorsandpeopleofculture，toabandontheirhomes，toseekrefugeinthelargetownsandtoemigrate，[31]or，atleast，confinethemselvesstrictlytoprivatelife，toabstainfromallpropaganda，fromeverycandidature，andfromallvoting。Itwouldbemadnesstobeseeninsomanycantonswheresearchesendinariot；inBurgundyandtheLyonnais，wherecastlesaresacked，whereagedgentlemenaremauledandleftfordead，whereM。deGuillinhasjustbeenassassinatedandcuttopieces；atMarseilles，whereconservativepartyleadersareimprisoned，wherearegimentofSwissguardsunderarmsscarcelysufficestoenforcetheverdictofthecourtwhichsetsthematliberty，where，ifanyindiscreetpersonopposesJacobinresolutionshismouthisclosedbybeingnotifiedthathewillbeburiedalive；atToulon，wheretheJacobinsshootdownallconservativesandtheregulartroops，whereM。deBeaucaire，captaininthenavy，iskilledbyashotintheback，wheretheclub，supportedbytheneedy，bysailors，bynavvies，and\"vagabondpeddlers，\"maintainsadictatorshipbyrightofconquest；atBrest，atTulle，atCahors，whereatthisverymomentgentlemenandofficersaremassacredinthestreet。Itisnotsurprisingthathonestpeopleturnawayfromtheballot—boxasfromacenterofcut—throats。——Nevertheless，letthemcomeiftheylike；itwillbeeasytogetridofthem。AtAix，theassessorwhosedutyitistoreadtheelectors’namesisinformedthat\"thenamesshouldbecalledoutbyanunsulliedmouth，that，beinganaristocratandfanatical，hecouldneitherspeaknorvote，\"and，withoutfurtherceremony，theyputhimoutoftheroom。[32]Theprocessisanadmirableoneforconvertingaminorityintoamajorityandyethereisanother，stillmoreeffective。——AtDax，theFeuillants，takingthetitleof\"FriendsoftheFrenchConstitution，\"havesplitupwiththeJacobins，[33]and，moreover，theyinsistonexcludingfromtheNationalGuard\"foreignerswithoutpropertyorposition，\"thepassivecitizenswhoareadmittedintoitinspiteofthelaw，whousurptherightofvotingandwho\"dailyaffronttranquilinhabitants。\"
Consequently，onelectionday，inthechurchwheretheprimarymeetingisheld，twooftheFeuillants，Laurède，formerlycollectorofthevingtièmes，，andBrunache，aglazier，proposetoexcludeanintruder，aservantonwages。TheJacobinsatoncerushforward。Laurèdeispressedbackontheholy—waterbasinandwoundedonthehead；ontryingtoescapeheisseizedbythehair，throwndown，piercedinthearmwithabayonet，putinprison，andBrunachealongwithhim。Eightdaysafterwards，atthesecondmeetingnonearepresentbutJacobins；
naturally，\"theyareallelected\"。Theyformthenewmunicipality，which，notwithstandingtheordersofthedepartment，notonlyrefusestoliberatethetwoprisoners，butthrowsthemintoadungeon。——AtMontpellier，thedelayintheoperationisgreater，butitisonlythemorecomplete。Thevotesaredeposited，theballot—boxesclosedandsealedupandtheconservativesobtainamajority。ThereupontheJacobinclub，withtheSocietyofthe\"iron—clubs，\"callingitselftheExecutivepower，betakethemselvesinforcetothesectionalmeetings，burnoneoftheballots，usefirearmsandkilltwomen。TorestoreorderthemunicipalitystationseachcompanyoftheNationalGuardatitscaptain’sdoor，Themoderatesamongthemnaturallyobeyorders，buttheviolentpartydonot。Theyoverrunthetown，numberingabout2，000inhabitants，enterthehouses，killthreemeninthestreetorintheirdomiciles，andforcetheadministrativebodytosuspenditselectoralassemblies。Inadditiontothistheyrequirethedisarmament\"ofthearistocrats，\"andthisnotbeingdonesoonenough，theykillanartisanwhoiswalkinginthestreetwithhismother，cutoffhishead，bearitaloftintriumph，andsuspenditinfrontofhisdwelling。Theauthoritiesarenowconvincedandaccordinglydecreeadisarmament，andthevictorsparadethestreetsinabody。Inexuberanceorasaprecaution，theyfire，astheypassalong，atthewindowsofsuspectedhousesandhappentokillanadditionalmanandwoman。Duringthethreefollowingdayssixhundredfamiliesemigrate，whiletheauthoritiesreportthateverythingisgoingonwell，andthatorderisrestored。\"Theelections，\"theysay，\"arenowproceedinginthequietestmannersincetheill—intentionedvoluntarilykeepingawayfromthem，alargenumberhavingleftthetown。\"[34]Avoidiscreatedaroundtheballot—boxandthisiscalledtheunanimityofvoters。——Theeffectofsuchassassinationsisgreatandonlyafewarerequired；especiallywhentheygounpunished，whichisalwaysthecase。HenceforthallthattheJacobinshavetodoistothreaten；peoplenolongerresistthemfortheyknowthatitcoststoomuchtofacethemdown。Theydonotcaretoattendelectoralmeetingswheretheymeetinsultanddanger；theyacknowledgedefeatatthestart。HavenottheJacobinsirresistiblearguments，withouttakingblowsintoaccount？AtParis，[35]Maratinthreesuccessivenumbersofhispaperhasjustdenouncedbyname\"therascalsandthieves\"whocanvassforelectoralnominations，notthenoblesandpriestsbutordinarycitizens，lawyers，architects，physicians，jewellers，stationers，printers，upholsterersandotherartisans，eachnamebeinggiveninfullwiththeprofessions，addressesandoneofthefollowingqualifications，\"hypocrite（tartufe），immoral，dishonest，bankrupt，informer，usurer，cheat，\"nottomentionothersthatIcannotwritedown。Itmustbenotedthatthisslanderouslistmaybecomeaproscriptivelist，andthatineverytownandvillageinFrancesimilarlistsareconstantlydrawnupandcirculatedbythelocaldub，whichenablesustojudgewhetherthestrugglebetweenitanditsadversariesisafairone。—Astoruralelectors，ithassuitablemeansforpersuadingthem，especiallyintheinnumerablecantonsravagedorthreatenedbythejacqueries，（country—
riots）or，forexample，inCorrèze，where\"thewholedepartmentissmatteredwithinsurrectionsanddevastation’s，andwherenobodytalksofanythingbutofhangingtheofficerswhoservepapers。\"[36]
Through—outtheelectoraloperationsthesittingsofthedubarepermanent；\"itselectorsareincessantlysummonedtoitsmeetings；\"
ateachofthese\"themainquestionisthedestructionoffish—pondsandrentals，theirprincipalspeakerssummingitallupbysayingthatnoneoughttobepaid。\"Themajorityofelectors，composedofrustics，arefoundtobesensitivetospeecheslikethis；allitscandidatesareobligedtoexpressthemselvesagainstfishpondsandrentals；itsdeputiesandthepublicprosecutingattorneyarenominatedonthisprofessionoffaith；inotherwords，tobeelected，theJacobinspromisetogreedytenantstheincomesandpropertyoftheirowners。——Wealreadyseeintheproceedingsbywhichtheysecureone—thirdoftheofficesin1791thegermofthemethodsbywhichtheywillsecurethewholeofthemin1792；inthisfirstelectoralcampaigntheiractsindicatenotmerelytheirmaximsandpolicybut，again，thecondition，education，spiritandcharacterofthemenwhomtheyplaceinpowerlocallyaswellasatthecapital。
NOTES:
[1]LawofMay28，29，1791（accordingtoofficialstatements，thetotalofactivecitizensamountedto4，288，360）。——LawsofJuly23，Sept。12，Sept。29，1791。——BuchezetRoux，XII。310。
[2]BucherCtRoux，XII。33。——Mortimer—Ternaux，\"HistoiredelaTerreur，\"II。205，348。——Sauzay，II。ch。XVIII——AIbertBabeau，I。
ch。XX。
[3]Leninrepeatedthisperformancein1917andStalinattemptedtodothesameintherestoftheWorld。（SR）……
[4]Thefollowingletter，byCamilleDesmoulins（April3，1792），showsatoncethetimeconsumedbypublicaffairs，thesortofattractiontheyhad，andthekindofmenwhichtheydivertedfromtheirbusiness。
\"Ihavegonebacktomyoldprofessionofthelaw，towhichIgivenearlyallthetimewhichmymunicipalorelectoralfunctions，andtheJacobins（club），allowme——thatistosay，verylittle。Itisverydisagreeabletometocomedowntopleadingbourgeoiscasesafterhavingmanagedinterestsofsuchimportance，andtheaffairsofthegovernment，inthefaceofallEurope。\"
[5]Icannothelpbutthinkofthewillfulproliferationofidlefunctionaries，pensionersandotherreceiversofpublicfundswhichtodayvoteforthepartywhichrepresentstheirinterests。（SR。）
[6]Sauzay，II。83—89and123。AresolutionoftheinhabitantsofChalèze，who，headedbytheirmunicipalofficers，declarethemselvesunanimously\"non—conformists，\"anddemand\"therightofusingatemplefortheexerciseoftheirreligiousopinions，belongingtothemandbuiltwiththeircontributions\"Onthestrengthofthis，themunicipalofficersofChalèzearesoundlyratedbythedistrictadministration，whichthusstateswhatprinciplesare:\"Liberty，indefinitefortheprivateindividual，mustberestrictedforthepublicmanwhoseopinionsmustconformtothelaw:otherwise，……hemustrenounceallpublicfunctions。\"
[7]ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3，253（letterofthedepartmentdirectory，April7，1792）。\"Onthe25thofJanuary，inourreporttotheNationalAssembly，westatedthealmostgeneraloppositionwhichtheexecutionofthelawsrelatingtotheclergyhasfoundinthisdepartment……nine—tenths，atleast，oftheCatholicsrefusingtorecognizetheswornpriests。Theteachers，influencedbytheiroldcurésorvicars，arewillingtotakethecivicoath，buttheyrefusetorecognizetheirlegitimatepastorsandattendtheirservices。Weare，therefore，obligedtoremovethem，andtolookoutforotherstoreplacethem。Thecitizensofalargenumberofthecommunes，persistingintrustingthese，willlendnoassistancewhatevertotheelectionofthenewones；theresultis，thatweareobliged，inselectingthesepeople，toreferthemattertopersonswhomwescarcelyknow，andwhoarescarcelybetterknowntothedirectoriesofthedistrict。Astheyareelectedagainstthewillofthecitizens，theydonotgaintheirconfidence，anddrawtheirsalariesfromthecommunetreasury，withoutanyadvantagetopublicinstruction，\"
[8]MercuredeFrance，Sep。3，1791。\"Therightofattendingprimarymeetingsisthatofeverycitizenwhopaysataxofthreelivres；
owingtotheviolencetowhichopinionsaresubject，morethanone—
halfoftheFrencharecompelledtostayawayfromthesereunions，whichareabandonedtopersonswhohavetheleastinterestinmaintainingpublicorderandinsecuringstablelaws，withtheleastproperty，andwhopaythefewesttaxes。\"
[9]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"Vol。I。p。182andfollowingpages。
[10]\"CorrespondenceofM。deSta？l\"（manuscript），Swedishambassador，withhiscourt，Sept4，1791。\"Thechangeinthewayofthinkingofthedemocratsisextraordinary；theynowseemconvincedthatitisimpossibletomaketheConstitutionwork。Barnave，tomyownknowledge，hasdeclaredthattheinfluenceofassembliesinthefutureshouldbelimitedtoacouncilofnotables，andthatallpowershouldbeinthegovernment\"
[11]Ibid。LetterofJuly17，1791。\"AllthemembersoftheAssembly，withtheexceptionofthreeorfour，havepassedaresolutiontoseparatefromtheJacobins；theynumberabout3oo。\"——ThesevendeputieswhoremainattheJacobinClub，areRobespierre，Pétion，Grégoire，Buzot，Coroller，andAbbéRoyer。
[12]\"LesFeuillants\"WasapoliticalclubconsistingofconstitutionalmonarchistswhoheldtheirmeetingsintheformerFeuillantsmonasteryinParisfrom1791to1792。（SR）。
[13]DecreeofSept29，30，1791，withreportandinstructionsoftheCommitteeontheConstitution。
[14]DecreeofMay17，1791。——Malouet，XII。161。’Therewasnothinglefttousbuttomakeonegreatmistake，whichwedidnotfailtodo。\"
[15]Afewmonthsafterthis，ontheelectionofamayorforParis，thecourtvotedagainstLafayette，andforPétion[16]M。deMontlosier，\"Mémoires，\"II。309。\"Asfarasconcernsmyself，truthcompelsmetosay，thatIwasstuckontheheadbythreecarrotsandtwocabbagesonly。\"——Archivesoftheprefectureofpolice（decisionsofthepolicecourt，May15，1790）。Moniteur，V。
427。\"Thepromptattendanceofthemembersatthehourofmeeting，inspiteofthehootingandmurmuringsofthecrowd，seemedtoconvincethepeoplethatthiswasyetanotherconspiracyagainstliberty。\"
[17]Thisiswhatis，todayin1998，takingplacewheneveranypoliticalfaction，dislikedbytheSocialists，trytoarrangeameeting。（SR）。
[18]Malout，II。50。—MercuredeFrance，Jan。7，Feb。5，andApril9，1791（letterofamemberoftheMonarchicalClub[19]Ferrières，II。222。\"TheJacobinClubsentfiveorsixhundredtrustymen，armedwithclubs，\"besides\"aboutahundrednationalguards，andsomeofthePalais—Royalprostitutes。\"
[20]JournaldesAmisdelaConstitution。\"LetteroftheCafé
National！ClubatBordeaux，Jan。20，1791。——Lettersofthe\"FriendsoftheConstitution，\"atBrivesandCambray，Jan。19，1791。
[21]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"I。pp。243，324。
[22]MercuredeFrance，Dec。18，1790，Jan。17，June8，andJuly14，1791。——Moniteur，VI。697。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3，193。
LetterfromtheDirectoryofthedepartmentofAveyron，April20，1792。Narrativeofeventsaftertheendof1790。——May22，1791，theclubof\"TheFriendsofOrderandPeace\"isburnedbytheJacobins，thefirelastingallnightandapartofthenextday。（OfficialreportoftheDirectoryofMilhau，May22，1791）。
[23]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"I。256，307。
[24]MercuredeFrance，Dec。14，1790（letterfromVilleneuve—St。—
Georges，Nov。29）。
[25]\"ArchivesNationales，\"II。1，453。CorrespondenceofM。Bercheny。
LetterfromPau，Feb。7，1790。\"Noonehasanyideaoftheactualstateofthings，inthisoncedelightfultown。Peoplearecuttingeachother’sthroats。Fourduelshavetakenplacewithin48hours，andtenoradozengoodcitizenshavebeenobligedtohidethemselvesforthreedayspast\"
[26]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3，249。MemorialontheactualconditionofthetownanddistrictofMortagne，departmentofOrne（November，1791）。
[27]Revolutionarysongwiththerefrain:\"Lesaristocrates，àlalanterne，touslesaristocratesonlespendra\"（allthearistocratswillhang）。（SR）
[28]Onthe15thofAugust，1791，themother—superioroftheH？tel—
Dieuhospitalisforciblycarriedoffandplacedinatavern，halfaleaguefromthetown，whiletherestofthenunsaredrivenoutandreplacedbyeightyounggirlsfromthetown。Amongothermotivesthatrequirenoticeisthehostilityoftwopharmacistsbelongingtotheclub；intheHotel—Dieuthenuns，keepingapharmacyfromwhichtheysolddrugsatcostandtherebybroughtthemselvesintocompetitionwiththetwopharmacists。
[29]Cf。\"ArchivesNationales，\"DXXIX。13。LetterofthemunicipalofficersandnotablesofChampceuiltotheadministratorsofSeine—et—
Oise，concerningelections，June17，1791。——Similarletters，fromvariousotherparishes，amongthemthatofCharcon，June16:\"Theyhavethehonortoinformyouthat，atthetimeoftheprecedingprimarymeetings，theywereexposedtothegreatestdanger；thatthecuréofCharcon，theirpastor，wasrepeatedlystabbedwithabayonet，themarksofwhichhewillcarrytohisgrave。Themayor，andseveralotherinhabitantsofCharcon，escapedthesameperilwithdifficulty。\"
—Ibid。，lettersfromtheadministratorsofHautes—AlpestotheNationalAssembly（September，1791），onthedisturbancesintheelectoralassemblyofGap，August29，1791。
[30]Policesearchesofprivatehomes。（SR）。
[31]\"TheFrenchRevolution，\"pp。159，160，310，323，324。—
Lauvergne，\"HistoiredudépartementduVar，\"（August23）。
[32]’\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3，198，depositionofVérand—Icard，anelectoratArles，Sep。8，1791。—Ibid。，F7，3，195。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheTarascondistrict，Dec。8，1791。TwopartiesconfronteachotheratthemunicipalelectionsofBarbantane，oneheadedbytheAbbéChabaud，brotherofoneoftheAvignonbrigands，composedofthreeorfourtownsmen，andof\"themostimpoverishedinthecountry，\"andtheother，threetimesasnumerous，comprisingalltheland—owners，thesubstantialmétayersandartisans，andall\"whoaremostinterestedinagoodadministration\"Thequestionis，whethertheAbbéChabaudistobemayor。TheelectionstookplaceDec。5th，1791。Hereistheofficialreportoftheactingmayor:mayor:\"We，PierreFontaine，mayor，addressedtherioters，toinducethemtokeepthepeace。Atthisverymoment，thesaidClaudeGontier，aliasBaoque，struckuswithhisfistonthelefteye，whichbruisedusconsiderably，andonaccountofwhichwearealmostblind，and，conjointlywithothers，jumpeduponus，threwusdown，anddraggedusbythehair，continuingtostrikeus，frominfrontofthechurchdoor，tillwecameinfrontofthedoora，thetownhall。\"
[33]Ibid。，F7，3，229。LettersofM。deLaurède，June18，1791；fromthedirectoryofthedepartment，June8，July31，andSept。22，1791；
fromthemunicipality，July15，1791。Themunicipality\"leavesthereleaseoftheprisonersinsuspense，\"forsixmonths，because，itsays，thepeopleisdisposedto\"insurrectioniseagainsttheirdischarge。\"—Letterofmanyofthenationalguard，statingthatthefactionsformonlyapartofit。
[34]MercuredeFrance，Dec。10，1791，letterfromMontpellier，datedNov。17，1791。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3，223。Extractsfromletters，ontheincidentsofOct。9and12，1791。PetitionbyMessrs。
ThériandDevon，Nov。17，1791。LetteraddressedthemtotheMinister，Oct。25。LettersofM。Dupin，syndicalattorneyofthedepartment，totheMinister，Nov。14and15，andDec。26，1791（withofficialreports）。——Amongthoseassassinatedonthe14thand15thofNovember，wefindajeweler，anattorney，acarpenter，andadyer。
\"ThispainfulScene，\"writesthesyndicattorney，\"hasrestoredquiettothetown。\"
[35]BuchezetRoux，X。223（1’AmiduPeuple，June17，19，21，1791）
[36]\"’ArchivesNationales，’F7，3204。letterbyM。MelondeTradou，royalcommissaryatTulle，Sept。8，1791
CHAPTERII。
I。
CompositionoftheLegislativeAssembly。——SocialrankoftheDeputies。Theirinexperience，incompetence，andprejudices。
Ifitbetruethatanationshouldberepresentedbyitssuperiormen，FrancewasstrangelyrepresentedduringtheRevolution。FromoneAssemblytoanotherweseethelevelsteadilydeclining；especiallyisthefallverygreatfromtheConstituenttotheLegislativeAssembly。
Theactorsentitledtoperformwithdrawjustastheybegintounderstandtheirparts；andyetmore，theyhaveexcludedthemselvesfromthetheatre，whilethestageissurrenderedtotheirsubstitutes。
\"TheprecedingAssembly，\"writesanambassador，[1]\"containedmenofgreattalent，largefortune，andhonorablename，acombinationwhichhadanimposingeffectonthepeople，althoughviolentlyopposedtopersonaldistinctions。TheactualAssemblyisbutlittlemorethanacounciloflawyers，gottogetherfromeverytownandvillageinFrance。\"
Inactualfact，outof745deputies，indeed，\"400lawyersbelong，forthemostpart，tothedregsoftheprofession\"；thereareabouttwentyconstitutionalpriests，\"asmanypoetsandliterarymenofbutlittlereputation，almostallwithoutanyfortune，\"thegreaternumberbeinglessthanthirtyyearsold，sixtybeinglessthantwenty—six，[2]
nearlyallofthemtrainedintheclubsandthepopularassemblies\"。
Thereisnotonenobleorprelatebelongingtotheancientrégime，nogreatlandedproprietor，[3]noheadofaservice，noeminentspecialistindiplomacy，infinance，intheadministrativeormilitaryarts。Butthreegeneralofficersarefoundthere，andtheseareofthelowerrank，[4]oneofthemhavingheldhisappointmentbutthreemonths，andtheothertwobeingwhollyunknown。——AttheheadofthediplomaticcommitteestandsBrissot，itinerantjournalist，latelytravelingaboutinEnglandandtheUnitedStates。Heissupposedtobecompetentintheaffairsofbothworlds；inrealityheisoneofthosepresuming，threadbare，talkativefellows，who，livinginagarret，lectureforeigncabinetsandreconstructallEurope。Things，tothem，seemtobeaseasilyworkedoutaswordsandsentences:oneday，[5]toenticetheEnglishintoanalliancewithFrance，Brissotproposestoplacetwotowns，DunkirkandCalais，intheirhandsassecurity；
anotherday，heproposes\"tomakeadescentonSpain，and，atthesametime，tosendafleettoconquerMexico。\"——TheleadingmemberonthecommitteeonfinancesisCambon，amerchantfromMontpellier，agoodaccountant，who，atalaterperiod，istosimplifyaccountingandregulatetheGrandLivreofthepublicdebt，whichmeanspublicbankruptcy。Mean—while，hehastensthisonwithallhismightbyencouragingtheAssemblytoundertaketheruinousandterriblewarthatistolastfortwenty—threeyears；accordingtohim，\"thereismoremoneythanisneededforit。\"[6]Inactualfact，theguaranteeofassignatsisusedupandthetaxesdonotcomein。Theyliveonlyonthepapermoneytheyissue。Theassignatslosefortypercentum，andtheascertaineddeficitfor1792isfourhundredmillions。[7]ButthisrevolutionaryfinancierreliesupontheconfiscationswhichheinstigatesinFrance，andwhicharetobesetagoinginBelgium；hereliesallhisinvention，asystematicrobberyonagrandscalewithinandwithoutthekingdom。
Astothelegislatorsandmanufacturersofconstitutions，wehaveCondorcet，acold—bloodedfanaticandsystematicleveler，satisfiedthatamathematicalmethodsuitsthesocialsciencesfedonabstractions，blindedbyformul？，andthemostchimericalofpervertedintellects。Neverwasamanversedinbooksmoreignorantofmankind；
neverdidaloverofscientificprecisionbettersucceedinchangingthecharacteroffacts。Itwashewho，twodaysbeforethe20thofJune，amidstthemostbrutalpublicexcitement，admired\"thecalmness\"
andrationalityofthemultitude；\"consideringthewaypeopleinterpretevents，itmightbesupposedthattheyhadgivensomehoursofeachdaytothestudyofanalysis。\"Itishewho，twodaysafterthe20thofJune，extolledtheredcapinwhichtheheadofLouisXVI。
hadbeenmuffled。\"Thatcrownisasgoodasanyother。MarcusAureliuswouldnothavedespisedit。\"[8]——Suchisthediscernmentandpracticaljudgmentoftheleaders；fromtheseonecanformanopinionoftheflock。Itconsistsofnovicesarrivingfromtheprovincesandbringingwiththemtheprinciplesandprejudicesofthenewspaper。Soremotefromthecenter，havingnoknowledgeofgeneralaffairsoroftheirunity，theyaretwoyearsbehindtheirbrethrenoftheConstituentAssembly。TheyaredescribedinthefollowingmannerbyMalouet，[9]
\"Mostofthem，withouthavingdecidedagainstamonarchy，haddecidedagainstthecourt，thearistocracy，andtheclergy，everimaginingconspiraciesandbelievingthatdefenseconsistedsolelyinattack。
Therewerestillmanymenoftalentamongthem，butwithnoexperience；theyevenlackedthatwhichwehadobtained。Ourpatriotdeputies，ingreatpart，wereawareoftheirerrors；thenoviceswerenot，theywerereadytobeginalloveragain。\"
Moreover，theyhavetheirownpoliticalbent，fornearlyallofthemareupstartsofthenewrégime。Wefindintheirranks264departmentadministrators，109districtadministrators，125justicesandprosecuting—attorneys，68mayorsandtownofficers，besidesabouttwentyofficersoftheNationalGuard，constitutionalbishopsandcurés。Thewholeamountingto566oftheelectedfunctionaries，who，forthepasttwentymonths，havecarriedonthegovernmentunderthedirectionoftheirelectors。Wehaveseenhowthiswasdoneandunderwhatconditions，withwhatcompliancesandwithwhatcomplicity，withwhatdeferencetoclamorousopinion，withwhatdocilityinthepresenceofrioters，withwhatsubmissiontotheordersofthemob，withwhatadelugeofsentimentalphrasesandcommonplaceabstractions。SenttoParisasdeputies，throughthechoiceortolerationoftheclubs，theybearalongwiththemtheirpoliticsandtheirrhetoric。Theresultisanassemblageofnarrow，perverted，hasty，inflatedandfeebleminds；ateachdailysession，twentyword—
millsturntonopurpose，thegreatestofpublicpowersatoncebecomingamanufactoryofnonsense，aschoolofextravagancies，andatheatrefordeclamation。
II。
DegreeandqualityoftheirintelligenceandCulture。
Isitpossiblethatseriousmencouldhavelistenedtosuchweirdnonsenseuntilthebitterend？
\"Iamatillerofthesoil，\"[10]saysonedeputy，\"Inowdarespeakoftheantiquenobilityofmyplow。Ayokeofoxenonceconstitutedthepure，incorruptiblelegalworthiesbeforewhommygoodancestorsexecutedtheircontracts，theauthenticityofwhich，farbetterrecordedonthesoilthanonflimsyparchment，isprotectedfromanyspeciesofrevolutionwhatever。\"
Isitconceivablethatthereporterofalaw，thatisabouttoexileorimprisonfortythousandpriests，shouldemployinanargumentsuchsillybombastasthefollowing？[11]
\"Ihaveseenintheruraldistrictsthehymenealtorchdiffusingonlypaleandsomberrays，or，transformedintotheflambeauxoffuries，thehideousskeletonofsuperstitionseatedevenonthenuptialcouch，placedbetweennatureandthewedded，andarresting，etc……OhRome，artthousatisfied？ArtthouthenlikeSaturn，towhomfreshholocaustsweredailyimperative？……Depart，yecreatorsofdiscord！Thesoiloflibertyiswearyofbearingyou。WouldyebreathetheatmosphereoftheAventinemount？Thenationalshipisalreadypreparedforyou。Ihearontheshoretheimpatientcriesofthecrew；Iseethebreezesoflibertyswellingitssails。LikeTelemachus，yewillgoforthonthewaterstoseekyourfather；butneverwillyouhavetodreadtheSicilianrocks，northeseductionsofaEucharis。\"
Courtesiesofpedants，rhetoricalpersonifications，andtheinvectiveofmaniacsistheprevailingtone。Thesamedefectcharacterizesthebestspeeches，namely，anoverexcitedbrain，apassionforhigh—
soundingterms，theconstantuseofstiltsandanincapacityforseeingthingsastheyareandofsodescribingthem。Menoftalent，Isnard，Guadet，Vergniaudhimself，arecarriedawaybyhollowsonorousphraseslikeashipwithtoomuchcanvasforitsballast。Theirmindsarestimulatedbysouvenirsoftheirschoollessons，themodernworldrevealingitselftothemonlythroughtheirLatinreminiscences。——
Fran？oisdeNantesisexasperatedatthepope\"whoholdsinservitudetheposterityofCatoandofSc？vola。\"——IsnardproposestofollowtheexampleoftheRomansenatewhich，toallaydiscordathome，gotupanoutsidewar:betweenoldRomeandFranceof1792，indeed，thereisastrikingresemblance。——RouxinsiststhattheEmperor（ofAustria）shouldgivesatisfactionbeforethe1stofMarch；\"inacaselikethistheRomanpeoplewouldhavefixedthetermofdelay；whyshouldn’ttheFrenchpeoplefixone？……\"\"ThecircleofPopilius\"
shouldbedrawnaroundthosepetty，hesitatingGermanprinces。WhenmoneyisneededtoestablishcampsaroundParisandthelargetowns，Lasourceproposestodisposeofthenationalforestsandisamazedatanyobjectiontothemeasure。\"C？sar’ssoldiers，\"heexclaims，\"believingthatanancientforestinGaulwassacred，darednotlaytheaxetoit；arewetosharetheirsuperstitiousrespect？\"[12]———
Addtothiscollegiatelorethephilosophicdregsdepositedinallmindsbythegreatsophisttheninvogue。Larivièrereadsinthetribune[13]thatpageofthe\"ContratSocial，\"whereRousseaudeclaresthatthesovereignmaybanishmembers\"ofanunsocialreligion，\"andpunishwithdeath\"onewho，havingpubliclyrecognizedthedogmasofcivilreligion，actsasifhedidnotbelieveinthem。\"Onwhich，anotherhissingparrot，M。Filassier，exclaims，\"IputJ。J。
Rousseau’spropositionintotheformofamotionanddemandavoteonit。\"——Inlikemanneritisproposedtograntveryyounggirlstherightofmarryinginspiteoftheirparentsbystating，accordingtothe\"NouvelleHéloise\"
\"thatagirlthirteenorfourteenyearsoldbeginstosighfortheunionwhichnaturedictates。Shestrugglesbetweenpassionandduty，sothat，ifshetriumphs，shebecomesamartyr，somethingthatisrareinnature。Itmayhappenthatayoungpersonprefersthesereneshameofdefeattoawearisomeeightyearlongstruggle。\"
Divorceisinauguratedto\"preserveinmatrimonythathappypeaceofmindwhichrendersthesentimentslivelier。\"[14]Henceforththiswillnolongerbeachainbut\"theacquittanceofanagreeabledebtwhicheverycitizenowestohiscountry……Divorceistheprotectingspiritofmarriage。\"[15]
Onabackgroundofclassicpedantry，withonlyvagueandnarrownotionsofordinaryinstruction，lackingexactandsubstantialinformation，flowobscenitiesandenlargedcommonplacesenvelopedinamythologicalgauze，spoutinginlongtiradesasmaximsfromtherevolutionarymanual。Suchisthesuperficialcultureandverbalargumentationfromwhichvulgaranddangerousingredientstheintelligenceofthenewlegislatorsisformed。[16]
III。
Aspectsoftheirsessions。——Scenesanddisplayattheclub。——Co—
operationofspectators。
Fromthiswecanimaginewhattheirsessionswere。\"Morein—coherentandespeciallymorepassionatethanthoseoftheConstituentAssembly\"[17]theypresentthesamebutintensifiedcharacteristics。
Theargumentisweaker，theinvectivemoreviolent，andthedogmatismmoreintemperate。Inflexibilitydegeneratesintoinsolence，prejudiceintofanaticism，andnear—sightednessintoblindness。Disorderbecomesatumultandconstantdinanuproar。Suppose，saysaneye—
witness，\"aclassroomwithhundredsofpupilsquarrelingandeveryinstantonthepointofseizingeachotherbythehair。Theirdressneglected，theirattitudesangry，withsuddentransitionsfromshoutingtohooting……isasighthardtoimagineandtowhichnothingcanbecompared。\"
Itlacksnothingformakingitaclubofthelowestspecies。Here，inadvance，wecontemplatethewaysofthefuturerevolutionaryinquisition。Theywelcomeburlesquedenunciations；enterintopettypoliceinvestigations；weighthetittle—tattleofportersandthegossipofservant—girls；devoteanall—nightsessiontothesecretsofadrunkard。[18]Theyenterontheirofficialreportandwithoutanydisapproval，thepetitionofM。Huré，\"livingatPont—sur—Yonne，who，overhisownsignature，offersonehundredfrancsandhisarmtobecomeakilleroftyrants。\"Repeatedandmultipliedhurrahsandapplausewiththefelicitationsofthepresidentisthesanctionofscandalousorridiculousprivatemisconductseekingtodisplayitselfunderthecoverofpublicauthority。AnacharsisClootz，\"aMascarilleofficiallystamped，\"whoproposesageneralwarandwhohawksaboutmapsofEuropecutupinadvanceintodepartmentsbeginningwithSavoy，BelgiumandHolland\"andthusonwardtothePolarSea，\"isthankedandgivenaseatonthebenchesoftheAssembly。[19]
ComplimentsaremadetotheVicarofSainte—MargueriteandhiswifeisgivenaseatintheAssemblyandwho，introducing\"hisnewfamily，\"
thundersagainstclericalcelibacy。[20]Crowdsofmenandwomenarepermittedtotraversethehalllettingoutpoliticalcries。Everysortofindecent，childishandseditiousparadeisadmittedtothebarofthehouse。[21]To—dayitconsistsof\"citoyennesofParis，\"desirousofbeingdrilledinmilitaryexercisesandofhavingfortheircommandants\"formerFrenchguardsmen；\"to—morrowchildrencomeandexpresstheirpatriotismwith\"touchingsimplicity，\"regrettingthat\"theirtremblingfeetdonotpermitthemtomarch，no，flyagainstthetyrants；\"nexttothesecomeconvictsoftheChateau—Vieuxescortedbyanoisycrowd；atanothertimetheartillerymenofParis，athousandinnumber，withdrumsbeating；delegatesfromtheprovinces，thefaubourgsandtheclubscomeconstantly，withtheirfuriousharangues，andimperiousremonstrances，theirexactions，theirthreatsandtheirsummonses。——Intheintervalsbetweenthelouderracketacontinuoushubbubisheardintheclatterofthetribunes。[22]Ateachsession\"therepresentativesarechaffedbythespectators；thenationinthegalleryisjudgeofthenationonthefloor；\"itinterferesinthedebates，silencesthespeakers，insultsthepresidentandordersthereporterofabilltoquitthetribune。Oneinterruption，orasimplemurmur，isnotall；therearetwenty，thirty，fiftyinanhour，clamoring，stamping，yellsandpersonalabuse。Aftercountlessuselessentreaties，afterrepeatedcallstoorder，\"receivedwithhooting，\"
afteradozen\"regulationsthataremade，revised，countermandedandpostedup\"asifbettertoprovetheimpotenceofthelaw，oftheauthoritiesandoftheAssemblyitself，theusurpationsoftheseintruderskeeponincreasing。Theyhaveshoutedfortenmonths\"Downwiththecivillist！Downwiththeministerials！Downwiththosecurs！
Silence，slaves！’Onthe26thofJuly，Brissothimselfistoappearlukewarmandbestruckonthefacewithtwoplums。\"Threeorfourhundredindividualswithouteitherproperty，title，ormeansofsubsistence……havebecometheauxiliaries，petitionersandumpiresofthelegislature，\"theirpaidviolencecompletelydestroyingwhateverisstillleftoftheAssembly’sreason。[23]
IV。
TheParties。—The\"Right。\"—\"Center。\"—The\"Left。\"—OpinionsandsentimentsoftheGirondins。—TheirAlliesoftheextreme\"left。\"
Inanassemblythuscomposedandsurrounded，itiseasytoforeseeonwhichsidethebalancewillturn。——ThroughthemeshesoftheelectoralnetwhichtheJacobinshavespreadoverthewholecountry，aboutonehundredwell—meaningindividualsofthecommonrun，tolerablysensibleandsufficientlyresolute，MathieuDumas，Dumolard，Becquet，Gorguereau，Vaublanc，Beugnot，Girardin，Ramond，Jaucourt，wereabletopassandformthepartyofthe\"Right。\"[24]Theyresisttoasgreatanextentaspossible，andseemtohaveobtainedamajority。——For，ofthefourhundreddeputieswhohavetheirseatsinthecenter，onehundredandsixty—fourareinscribedontherollswiththemattheFeuillantsclub，whiletherest，underthetitleof\"Independents，\"pretendtobeofnoparty。[25]Besides，thewholeofthesefourhundred，throughmonarchicaltraditions，respecttheKing；
timidandsensible，violenceisrepugnanttothem。TheydistrusttheJacobins，dreadwhatisunknown，desiretobeloyaltotheConstitutionandtoliveinpeace。Nevertheless，thepompousdogmasoftherevolutionarycatechismstillhavetheirprestigewiththem；theycannotcomprehendhowtheConstitutionwhichtheylikeproducestheanarchywhichtheydetest；theyare\"foolishenoughtobemoantheeffectswhileswearingtomaintaintheircauses；totallydeficientinspirit，inunionandinboldness，\"theyfloatbackwardsandforwardsbetweencontradictorydesires，whiletheirpredispositiontoordermerelyawaitsthesteadyimpulsionofavigorouswilltoturnitintheoppositedirection。——Onsuchdocilematerialthe\"Left\"canworkeffectively。Itcomprises，indeed，butonehundredandthirty—sixregisteredJacobinsandaboutahundredotherswho，inalmostallcases，votewiththeparty；[26]rigidityofopinion，however，morethancompensatesforlackofnumbers。InthefrontrowareGuadet，Brissot，Gensonné，Veygniaud，Ducos，andCondorcet，thefuturechiefsoftheGirondists，allofthemlawyersorwriterscaptivatedbydeductivepolitics，absoluteintheirconvictionsandproudoftheirfaith。Accordingtothemprinciplesaretrueandmustbeappliedwithoutreservation；[27]whoeverwouldstophalf—wayiswantingincourageorintelligence。Asforthemselvestheirmindsaremadeuptopushthrough。Withtheself—confidenceofyouthandoftheoriststheydrawtheirownconclusionsandhugthemselveswiththeirstrongbeliefinthem。\"Thesegentlemen，\"saysakeenobserver，[28]
\"professedgreatdisdainfortheirpredecessors，theConstituents，treatingthemasshort—sightedandprejudicedpeopleincapableofprofitingbycircumstances。\"
\"Totheobservationsofwisdom，anddisinterestedwisdom，[29]theyrepliedwithascornfulsmile，indicativeofthearidityproceedingfromself—conceit。Oneexhaustedhimselfinremindingthemofeventsandindeducingcausesfromthese；onepassedinturnfromtheorytoexperienceandfromexperiencetotheorytoshowthemtheiridentityand，whentheycondescendedtoreplyitwastodenythebestauthenticatedfactsandcontesttheplainestobservationsbyopposingtotheseafewtritemaximsalthougheloquentlyexpressed。Eachregardedtheotherasiftheyalonewereworthyofbeingheard，eachencouragingtheotherwiththeideathatallresistancetotheirwayoflookingatthingswaspusillanimity。\"
Intheirowneyestheyalonearecapableandtheyalonearepatriotic。
BecausetheyhavereadRousseauandMably，becausetheirtongueisuntiedandtheirpenflowing，becausetheyknowhowtohandletheformul？ofbooksandreasonoutanabstractproposition，theyfancythattheyarestatesmen。[30]BecausetheyhavereadPlutarchand\"LeJeuneAnacharsis，\"becausetheyaimtoconstructaperfectsocietyoutofmetaphysicalconceptions，becausetheyareinafermentaboutthecomingmillennium，theyimaginethemselvessomanyexaltedspirits。
Theyhavenodoubtwhateveronthesetwopointsevenaftereverythinghasfalleninthroughtheirblunders，evenaftertheirobliginghandsaresulliedbythefoulgraspofrobberswhomtheywerethefirsttoinstigate，andbythatofexecutionersofwhichtheyarepartnersincomplicity。[31]Tothisextentisself—conceittheworstofsophists。
Convincedoftheirsuperiorenlightenmentandofthepurityoftheirsentiments，theyputforththetheorythatthegovernmentshouldbeintheirhands。ConsequentlytheylayholdofitintheLegislativebodyinwaysthataregoingtoturnagainstthemintheConvention。Theyacceptforalliestheworstdemagoguesoftheextreme\"Left，\"Chabot，Couthon，Merlin，Bazière，Thuriot，Lecointre，andoutsideofit，Danton，Robespierre，Marathimself，allthelevelersanddestroyerswhomtheythinkofusetothem，butofwhomtheythemselvesaretheinstruments。Themotionstheymakemustpassatanycostand，toensurethis，theyletlooseagainsttheiradversariesthelow，yelpingmobwhichothers，stillmorefactious，willto—morrowletlooseonthem。
V。
Theirmeansofaction。——DispersionoftheFeuillants’club。——
PressureofthetribunesontheAssembly。——Streetmobs。
Thus，forthesecondtime，thepretendedfreedomfightersseekpowerbyboldlyemployingforce。——TheybeginbysuppressingthemeetingsoftheFeuillantsclub。[32]Thecustomaryriotisinstigatedagainstthese，whereuponensuetumult，violentoutcriesandscuffles；mayorPétioncomplainsofhisposition\"betweenopinionandlaw，\"andletsthingstaketheircourse；finally，theFeuillantsareobligedtoevacuatetheirplaceofmeeting。——InsidetheAssemblytheyareabandonedtotheinsolenceofthegalleries。Invaindotheygetexasperatedandprotest。Ducastel，referringtothedecreeoftheConstituentAssembly，whichforbidsanymanifestationofapprobationordisapprobation，isgreetedwithmurmurs。Heinsistsonthedecreebeingreadattheopeningofeachsession，and\"themurmursbeginagain。\"[33]\"Isitnotscandalous，\"saysVaublanc，\"thatthenation’srepresentativesspeakingfromthetribunearesubjecttohootingslikethosebestoweduponanactoronthestage！\"whereuponthegalleriesgivehimthreeroundsmore。\"Willposteritybelieve，\"saysQuatremère，\"thatactsconcerningthehonor，thelives，andthefortunesofcitizensshouldbesubject，likegamesinthearena，totheapplauseandhissesofthespectators！\"\"Cometothepoint！\"shoutthegalleries。\"Ifever，\"resumesQuatremère，\"themostimportantofjudicialacts（anactofcapitalindictment）canbeexposedtothisscandalousprostitutionofapplauseandmenaces……\"\"Themurmursbreakoutafresh。\"——Everytimethatasanguinaryorincendiarymeasureistobecarried，themostfuriousandprolongedclamorstopstheutteranceofitsopponents:\"Downwiththespeaker！Sendthereporterofthatbilltoprison！Down！Down！Sometimesonlyabouttwentyofthedeputieswillapplaudorhootwiththegalleries，andsometimesitistheentireAssemblywhichisinsulted。Fistsarethrustinthepresident’sface。Allthatnowremainsis\"tocalldownthegalleriesonthefloortopassdecrees，\"whichpropositionisironicallymadebyoneofthe\"Right。\"[34]