Soonafterwhich，painfultorelate，suchtheinexorablepressureoffinance，Bauerandpeoplewereallpaidoff，flunglooseagain:
ruthlesslypaidoffbyanecessitousKing！Therewereabout6，000
ofthosepoorfellows，——specimensofthebastardheroic，underdifficulties，fromeverycountryintheworld；BeckwithandIknownotwhatotherEnglishspecimensofthelawlessheroic；whowereallcashiered，officerandman，ongettingtoBerlin。AsweretheearlierFree—Corps，andindeedthesubsequent，allandsundry，\"exceptseven，\"whosenameswillnotbeinterestingtoyou。
Paidoff，withorwithoutremorse，suchtheexhaustionoffinance；
Kleist，Icilius，CountHordtandothersvainlyrepugningandremonstrating；theKinghimselfinexorableasArithmetic。
\"Canmaintain138，000ofregular，12，000ofothersorts；notamanmore！\"ZealousIciliusappliedforsomeconsiderationtohisOfficers:\"partialrepaymentofthemoneytheyhavespentfromtheirownpocketinenlistmentoftheirpeoplenowdischarged！\"
Notadoit。TheKing’sanswerisinautograph，stillextant；notingoodspelling，butwithsenseclearaslight:\"SEINEOFFICIERS
HABENWIEDIERABENGESTOLLENSIEKRIGENNICHTS，YourOfficersstolelikeravens；——theygetNothing。\"[Preuss，ii。320。]
Lessing’sfineplayofMINNAVONBARNHELMtestifiestoconsiderablepublicsympathyfortheseimpoverishedEx—Militarypeople。
Pathetictruly，inadegree；butsuchthingswillhappen。
Irregulargentlemen，towhomtheworld’stheiroyster，——saidoysterdoessuddenlysnaptoonthem，byachance。Andtheyhavetotryitontheotherside，andsaylittle！——ButweareforgettingthePeace—Treatyitself，whichstilldemandsafewwords。
Kleist’sraidintotheReichhadafineeffectonthePotentatesthere；andPlotho’sOfferwasgreedilycompliedwith；theKaiser，suchhisgenerosity，giving\"freepermission。\"WespokeofPrivy—
CouncillorvonFritsch，andhisprivatelittlewordwithFriedrichatMeissen，onNovember25th。TheElectoral—PrinceofSaxony，itseems，wasauthorofthatfinestroke；thehistoryofitthis。
SinceNovember3d，theFrenchandEnglishhavehadtheirpreliminariessigned；andallNationsarelongingforthelike。
\"LetushaveaGermanTreatyforgeneralPeace，\"saidtheKurprinzofSaxony，thatamiableHeir—Apparentwhomwehaveseensometimes，whoisrathercrookedofback，buthasasprightlyWife。\"Byallmeans，\"answeredPolishMajesty:\"andasIaminthedistance，doyouineverywayfurtherit，mySon！\"WhereupondespatchofFritschtoVienna，andthencetoMeissen；with\"Yes\"tohimfrombothparties。Plenipotentiariesarenamed:\"Fritschshallbeours:
theyshallhavemySchlossofHubertsburgforPlaceofCongress，\"
saidthePrince。AndonThursday，December30th，1762，theThreeDignitariesmetatHubertsburg，andbeganbusiness。
ThisistheSchlossinTorgauCountrywhichQuintusIcilius’speople，Saldernhavingrefusedthejob，willinglyundertookspoiling；and，asiswellknown，didit，January22d，1761；athingQuintusneverheardtheendof。Whattheamountofprofit，orthedegreeofspoilandmischief，Quintus’speoplemadeofit，Icouldnotlearn；butinferfromthisneweventthatthewreckhadnotbeensoconsiderableasthenoisewas；atanyrate，thattheSchlosshadsoonbeenrestoredtoitspristinestateofbrilliancy。
ThePlenipotentiaries，——forSaxony，Fritsch；forAustria，aVonCollenbach，unknowntous；forPrussia，oneHertzberg，amanexperiencedbeyondhisyears，whoisofgreatnameinPrussianHistorysubsequently，——satheretillFebruary15th，1763，thatisforsixweeksandfivedays。LeavingtheirProtocolstobetterjudges，whoreportthemgood，wewillmuchpreferawordortwofromFriedrichhimself，whilewaitingtheresulttheycometo。
FRIEDRICHTOPRINCEHENRI（homeatBerlin）。
\"LEIPZIG，14thJANUARY，1763……AmnotsurprisedyoufindBerlinchangedfortheworse:suchatrainofcalamitiesmust，intheend，makeitselffeltinapoorandnaturallybarrenCountry，wherecontinualindustryisneededtoseconditsfecundityandkeepupproduction。However，IwilldowhatIcantoremedythisdearth（LA
DISETTE），atleastasfarasmysmallmeanspermit……
\"NofearofGeldernandWesel；allthathasbeencaredforbyBauerandthenewFree—Corps。BytheendofFebruaryPeacewillbesigned；atthebeginningofAprileverybodywillfindhimselfathome，asin1756。
\"TheCirclesaregoingtoseparate:indifferenttome，ornearlyso；butitisgoodtobepluckingouttiresomeburningsticks，stickafterstick。IhopeyouamuseyourselfatBerlin:atLeipzignothingbutballsandredouts；myNephewsdivertingthemselvesamazingly。MadamFriedrich，latelyGarden—maidatSeidlitz[VillageintheNeumark，withthisBeautypluckingweedsinit，——littleprescientofsuchafortune]，nowWifetoanOfficeroftheFreeHussars，istheprincipalheroineoftheseFestivities。\"
[Schoning，iii。528。]
LEIPZIG，25thJANUARY，1763。\"Thanksforyourcareaboutmyexistence。Iambecomingveryold，dearBrother；inalittlewhileIshallbeuselesstotheworldandaburdentomyself:itisthelotofallcreaturestoweardownwithage，——butoneisnot，forallthat，toabuseone’sprivilegeoffallingintodotage。
\"YoustillspeakwithoutfullconfidenceofourNegotiationbusiness[goingonatHubertsburgyonder]。Mostcertainlythechapterofaccidentsisinexhaustible；anditisstillcertaintheremayhappenquantitiesofthingswhichthelimitedmindofmancannotforesee:but，judgingbytheordinarycourse，andsuchdegreesofprobabilityashumancreaturesfoundtheirhopeson，I
believe，beforethemonthofFebruaryentirelyend，ourPeacewillbecompleted。InapermanentArrangement，manythingsneedsettling，whichareeasiertosettlenowthantheyeverwillbeagain。Patience；hastewithoutspeedisathriftlessmethod。\"
[Ib。iii。529。]
February5th，thetrioatHubertsburggottheirPreliminariessigned。Onthetenthdaythereafter，theTreatyitselfwassignedandsealed。AllotherTreatiesonthesamesubjecthadbeenguidedtowardsacontemporaryfinis:EnglandandFrance，readysincethe3dofNovemberlast，signedandendedFebruary10th。February11th，theReichsignedandended；February15th，Prussia，Austria，Saxony；andtheTHIRDSILESIANorSEVEN—YEARSWARwascompletelyfinished。[CopyofthetreatyinHelden—Geschichte，vii。624etseq。；inSeyfarth，Beylagen，iii。479—495；inROUSSET，inWENCK，in&c。&c。]
Ithadcost，inlossofhumanlivesfirstofall，nobodycansaywhat:accordingtoFriedrich’scomputation，therehadperishedofactualfighters，onthevariousfields，ofallthenations，853，000；ofwhichabovethefifthpart，or180，000，ishisownshare:and，bymiseryandravage，thegeneralPopulationofPrussiafindsitself500，000fewer；nearlytheninthmanmissing。ThisistheexpenditureofLife。Otheritemsarenotworthenumerating，incomparison；ifstatisticallygiven，youcanfindthemostapprovedguessesatthembythesameHead，whooughttobeanauthority。
[OEuvresdeFrederic，v。230—234；Preuss，iii。349—351。]ItwasaWardistinguishedby——Archenholtzwilltellyou，withmelodiousemphasis，whatadistinguished，greatandthrice—greatestWaritwas。TherehavesincebeenotherfarbiggerWars，——ifsizewereameasureofgreatness；whichitbynomeansis！IbelievetherewasexcellentHeroismshowninthisWar，bypersonsIcouldname；byoneperson，Heroismreallytobecalledsuperior，or，initskind，almostoftherankofsupreme；——andthatinregardtotheMilitaryArtsandVirtues，ithasasyet，forfacultyandforperformance，hadnorival；norislikelysoontohave。ThePrussians，asweoncementioned，stilluseitastheirschool—modelinthoserespects。Andwe——Oreaders，donotatleastyouandIthankGodtohavenowdonewithit！——
OfthePeace—TreatiesatHubertsburg，Parisandotherplaces，itisnotnecessarythatwesayalmostanything。TheyaretobefoundininnumerableBooks，drearytothemind；andofthe158Articlestobecountedthere，notonecouldbeinterestingatpresent。
ThesubstanceofthewholeliesnowinThreePoints，notmentionedorcontemplatedatallinthoseDocuments，thoughrepeatedlyalludedtoandintimatedbyushere。
Theissue，asbetweenAustriaandPrussia，strivestobe，inallpoints，simplyAS—YOU—WERE；and，inalloutwardortangiblepoints，strictlyisso。AftersuchatornadoofstrifeasthecivilizedworldhadnotwitnessedsincetheThirty—YearsWar。
TornadospringingdoubtlessfromtheregionscalledInfernal；
anddarkeningtheupperworldfromsouthtonorth，andfromeasttowestforSevenYearslong；——issuingingeneralAS—YOU—WERE！
Yestruly，thetornadowasInfernal；butHeaventoohadsilentlyitspurposesinit。Noristhemereexpenditureofmen’sdiabolicrages，inmutualclashasofoppositeelectricities，withreductiontoequipoise，andrestorationofzeroandreposeagainaftersevenyears，theoneortheprincipalresultarrivedat。
Inarticulately，littledreamtofatthetimebyanyby—stander，theresults，onsurveyfromthisdistance，arevisibleasThreefold。
Letusnamethemoneothertime:——
1。ThereisnotakingofSilesiafromthisman；noclippingofhimdowntotheorthodoxoldlimits；heandhisCountryhavepalpablyoutgrownthese。AustriagivesuptheProblem:\"WehavelostSilesia！\"Yes；and，whatyouhardlyyetknow，——andwhat，I
perceive，Friedrichhimselfstilllessknows，——TeutschlandhasfoundPrussia。Prussia，itseems，cannotbeconqueredbythewholeworldtryingtodoit；PrussiahasgonethroughitsFire—Baptism，tothesatisfactionofgodsandmen；andisaNationhenceforth。
InandofpoordislocatedTeutschland，thereisoneoftheGreatPowersoftheWorldhenceforth；anactualNation。AndaNationnotgroundingitselfonextinctTraditions，Wiggeries，Papistries，ImmaculateConceptions；no，butonlivingFacts，——FactsofArithmetic，Geometry，Gravitation，MartinLuther’sReformation，andwhatitreallycanbelievein:——totheinfiniteadvantageofsaidNationandofpoorTeutschlandhenceforth。TobeaNation；andtobelieveasyouareconvinced，insteadofpretendingtobelieveasyouarebribedorbulliedbythedevilsaboutyou；whatanadvantagetopartiesconcerned！IfPrussiafollowitsstar——Asitreallytriestodo，inspiteofstumbling！ForthesakeofGermany，onehopesalwaysPrussiawill；andthatitmaygetthroughitsvariousChild—Diseases，withoutdeath:thoughithashadsadplungesandcrises，——andisperhapsjustnowinoneofitsworstInfluenzas，theParliamentary—EloquenceorBallot—BoxInfluenza！
OneofthemostdangerousDiseasesofNationalAdolescence；
extremelyprevalentovertheworldatthistime，——indeedunavoidable，forreasonsobviousenough。\"SICITURADASTRA；\"
allNationscertainthatthewaytoHeavenisByvoting，byeloquentlywaggingthetongue\"withinthosewalls\"！Diseases，realorimaginary，awaitNationslikeindividuals；audarenottoberesisted，butmustbesubmittedto，andgotthroughthebestyoucan。Measlesandmumps；youcannotpreventtheminNationseither。
Nayfashionseven；fashionofCrinoline，forinstance（howinfinitelymore，thatofBallot—BoxandFourth—Estate！），——areyouabletopreventeventhat？Youhavetobepatientunderit，andkeephoping！
2。InregardtoEngland。HerJENKINS’S—EARCONTROVERSYisatlastsettled。NotonlylibertyoftheSeas，but，ifshewerenotwiser，dominionofthem；guardianshipoflibertyforallotherswhatsoever:DominionoftheSeasforthatwiseobject。AmericaistobeEnglish，notFrench；whataresultisthat，weretherenoother！ReallyaconsiderableFactintheHistoryoftheWorld。
FactprincipallyduetoPitt，asIbelieve，accordingtomybestconjecture，andcomparisonofprobabilitiesandcircumstances。
Forwhich，afterall，isnoteverybodythankful，lessormore？
OmyEnglishbrothers，OmyYankeehalf—brothers，howobliviousareweofthosethathavedoneusbenefit！——
ThesearetheresultsforEngland。Andintherearofthese，hadtheseandtheotherelementsonceripenedforher，thepoorCountryistogetintosuchmerchandisings，colonizings，foreign—settlings，gold—nuggetings，aslaybeyondthedrunkenestdreamsofJenkins（supposingJenkinsaddictedtoliquor）；——and，infact，toenteronauniversaluproarofMachineries，Eldorados，\"UnexampledProsperities，\"whichmakeagreatnoiseforthemselvesintheverydaysnowcome。Prosperitiesevidentlynotofasublimetype:
which，inthemeanwhile，seemtobecoveringtheatonetimecreditablycleanandcomelyfaceofEnglandwithmud—blotches，soot—blotches，miscellaneoussqualorsandhorrors；tobepreachingintoheramazedheart，whichonceknewbetter，theomnipotenceofSHODDY；fillingherearsandsoulwithshriekeryandmetallicclangor，madnoises，madhurriesmostlyno—whither；——andareawakening，Isuppose，insuchofhersonsasstillgointoreflectionatall，adeeperandmoreominoussetofQuestionsthanhaveeverriseninEngland’sHistorybefore。Asintheforegoingcase，wehavetobepatientandkeephoping。
3。InregardtoFrance。Itappears，nobleoldTeutschland，withsuchpietiesandunconquerablesilentvalors，suchopulenceshumananddivine，amiditswreckofnewandoldconfusions，isnottobecutinFour，andmadetodancetothepipingofVersaillesoranother。Farthecontrary！ToVersaillesitselftherehasgoneforth，Versaillesmayreaditornot，thewritingonthewall:
\"Thouartweighedinthebalance，andfoundwanting\"（atlasteven\"FOUNDwanting\"）！France，beaten，stript，humiliated；
sinful，unrepentant，governedbymeresinnersand，atbest，cleverfools（FOUSPLEINSD’ESPRIT），——collapses，likeacreaturewhoselimbsfailit；sinksintobankruptquiescence，intonamelessfermentation，generallyintoDRY—ROT。Rotting，noneguesseswhitherward；——rottingtowardsthatthrice—extraordinarySpontaneous—Combustion，whichblazedoutin1789。Andhaskindled，overthewholeworld，graduallyorbyexplosion，thisunexpectedOutburstofallthechainedDevilries（amongotherchainedthings），thisroaringConflagrationoftheAnarchies；underwhichitisthelotofthesepoorgenerationstolive，——forIknownotwhatlengthofCenturiesyet。\"GointoCombustion，myprettychild！\"theDestinieshadsaidtothisBELLEFRANCE，whoisalwayssofondofshiningandoutshining:\"Self—Combustion；——inthatway，won’tyoushine，asnoneofthemyetcould？\"Shine；yes，truly，——tillyouaregottoCAPUTMORTUUM，myprettychild（unlessyougainnewwisdom！）
——Butnottowanderfarther:——
WEDNESDAY，MARCH16th，Friedrich，allSaxonthingsbeingnowsettled，——amongtherest，\"eightSaxonSchoolmasters\"tobeamodelinPrussia，——quittedLeipzig，withtheSeven—YearsWarsafeinhispocket，asitwere。DrovetoMoritzburg，todinnerwiththeamiableKurprinzandstillmoreamiableWife:\"ItwastoyourHighnessthatweowethisTreaty！\"Adinnerwhichreadersmayhearofagain。
AtMoritzburg；where，withtheLacys，therewasoncesuchrattlingandbattling。Afterwhich，rapidlyontoSilesia，andaneightdaysofadjustingandinspectingthere。
WEDNESDAY，MARCH30th，FriedricharrivesinFrankfurt—on—Oder，onthewayhomewardfromSilesia:\"takesviewoftheFieldofKunersdorf\"（reflectionstobefancied）；earlyintheafternoonspeedsforwardagain；atoneofthestages（placecalledTassdorf）
hasaDialogue，whichweshallhearof；andbetween8and9intheevening，notthroughthesolemnreceptionsandcrowdedstreets，drivestotheSchlossofBerlin。\"GoesstraighttotheQueen’sApartment，\"Queen，PrincessesandCourtallhometriumphantlysometimeago；supstherewiththeQueen’sMajestyandthesebrightcreatures，——beautifulsupper，haditconsistedonlyofcressesandsalt；and，behindit，soundsleeptousunderourownroof—treeoncemore。[Rodenbeck，ii。211，212；Preuss，ii。345，346；&c。&c。]
Nextday，\"theKingmadegiftsto，\"asitwere，toeverybody；
\"totheQueenabout5，000pounds，tothePrincessAmelia1，000
pounds，\"andsoon；andsawtrueheartsallmerryroundhim，——
merrier，perhaps，thanhisownwas。
EndofV20
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV21
byThomasCarlyleBOOKXXI。
AFTERNOONANDEVENINGOFFRIEDRICH’SLIFE。
1763—1786。
ChapterI。
PREFATORY。
TheTwelveHercules—laborsofthisKinghaveendedhere；whatwasrequiredofhiminWorld—Historyisaccomplished。ThereremaintoFriedrichTwenty—threeYearsmoreofLife，whichtoPrussianHistoryareasfullofimportanceasever；butdonotessentiallyconcernEuropeanHistory，Europehavinggonetheroadwenowseeitin。OnthegrandWorld—TheatrethecurtainhasfallenforaNewAct；Friedrich’spart，likeeverybody’sforthepresent，isplayedout。Infact，thereis，duringtherestofhisReign，nothingofWorld—Historytobedweltonanywhere。America，ithasbeendecided，shallbeEnglish；PrussiabeaNation。TheFrench，asfinisoftheirattempttocutGermanyinFour，findthemselvessunkintotorpor，abeyanceanddry—rot；fermentingtowardstheyknownotwhat。TowardsSpontaneousCombustionintheyear1789，andforlongyearsonwards！
There，readers，thereisthenextmilestoneforyou，intheHistoryofMankind！ThatuniversalBurning—up，asinhell—fire，ofHumanShams。TheoathofTwenty—fiveMillionmen，whichhassincebecomethatofallmenwhatsoever，\"Ratherthanlivelongerunderlies，wewilldie！\"——thatistheNewActinWorld—History。NewAct，——or，wemaycallitNewPART；DramaofWorld—History，PartThird。IfPartSECONDwas1，800yearsago，thisIreckonwillbePartTHIRD。
Thisisthetrulycelestial—infernalEvent:thestrangestwehaveseenforathousandyears。Celestialinonepart；intheother，infernal。ForitiswithalthebreakingoutofuniversalmankindintoAnarchy，intothefaithandpracticeofNO—Government，——thatistosay（ifyouwillbecandid），intounappeasableRevoltagainstSham—GovernorsandSham—Teachers，——whichIdocharitablydefinetobeaSearch，mostunconscious，yetindeadlyearnest，fortrueGovernorsandTeachers。ThatistheonefactofWorld—Historyworthdwellingonatthisday；andFriedrichcannotbesaidtohavehadmuchhandfartherinthat。
NoristheprogressofaFrenchorEuropeanworld，allsilentlyripeningandrottingtowardssuchissue，athingonewishestodwellon。OnlywhentheSpontaneousCombustionbreaksout；
and，many—colored，withloudnoises，envelopsthewholeworldinanarchicflameforlonghundredsofyears:thenhastheEventcome；
thereisthethingforallmentomark，andtostudyandscrutinizeasthestrangestthingtheyeversaw。Centuriesofityetlyingaheadofus；severalsadCenturies，sordidlytumultuous，andgoodforlittle！SayTwoCenturiesyet，——sayevenTenofsuchaprocess:
beforetheOldiscompletelyburntout，andtheNewinanystateofsightliness？MillenniumofAnarchies；——abridgeit，spendyourheart’s—blooduponabridgingit，yeHeroicWisethataretocome！
ForitistheconsummationofAlltheAnarchiesthatareandwere；
——whichIdotrustalwaysmeansthedeath（temporarydeath）ofthem！DeathoftheAnarchies:oraworldoncemorebuiltwhollyonFactbetterorworse；andthelyingjargoningprofessorofSham—
Fact，whosenameisLegion，whoasyet（oftenestlittleconsciousofhimself）goestumultingandswarmingfromshoretoshore，becomeaspeciesextinct，andwellknowntobegonedowntoTophet！——
TherewerebitsofAnarchiesbefore，littleandgreater:buttillthatofFrancein1789，therewasnonelongmemorable；allwerepygmiesincomparison，andnotworthmentioningseparately。
In1772theAnarchyofPoland，whichhadbeenaconsiderableAnarchyforaboutthreehundredyears，gotitselfextinguished，——
whatwemaycallextinguished；——decisivesurgerybeingthenfirstexerciseduponit:anAnarchyputinthesurewayofextinction。
In1775，again，therebegan，overseas，anotherAnarchymuchmoreconsiderable，——littledreamingthatITcouldbecalledanAnarchy；
onthecontrary，callingitselfLiberty，RightsofMan；andsingingboundlessIo—Paeanstoitself，asiscommoninsuchcases；
anAnarchywhichhasbeenchallengingtheUniversetoshowthelikeeversince。Andwhichhas，atlast，flamedupasanindependentPhenomenon，unexampledinthehideouslySUICIDALway；——anddoesneedmuchtogetburntout，thatmattersmaybeginanewontruerconditions。ButneitherthePARTITIONOFPOLANDnortheAMERICAN
WAROFINDEPENDENCEhavemuchgeneralimportance，or，exceptasprecursorsof1789，areworthdwellingoninHistory。Fromushere，sofarasFriedrichisconcernedwiththem，theymaydeservesometransientmention，moreorless:butWorld—History，eagertobeatthegeneralFuneral—pileandultimateBurning—upofShamsinthispoorWorld，willhavelessandlesstosayofsmalltragediesandpremonitorysymptoms。
CurioushowthebusyandcontinuallywatchfulandspeculatingFriedrich，busiedabouthisdangersfromAustrianencroachments，fromRussian—TurkWars，BavarianSuccessions，andothertroublesandanarchiescloseby，sawnothingtodreadinFrance；nothingtoremarkthere，exceptcarelessly，fromtimetotime，itsbeggarlydecayingcondition，sostrangelysunkinarts，inarms，infinance；
oftenestanobjectofpitytohim，forhestillhasaloveforFrance；——andreadsnottheleastsignofthatimmeasurable，all—
engulfingFRENCHREVOLUTIONwhichwasinthewind！NeitherVoltairenorhehavetheleastanticipationofsuchathing。Voltaireandhesee，totheircontentment，Superstitionvisiblydeclining:
FriedrichratherdisapprovestheheatofVoltaire’sproceduresontheINFAME。\"Whybeinsuchheat？Othernonsense，quiteequaltoit，willbealmostsuretofollow。Takecareofyourownskin！\"
Voltaireandhearedeeplyalive，especiallyVoltaireis，tothehorrorsandmiserieswhichhaveissuedonmankindfromaFanaticPopishSuperstition，orCreedofIncredibilities，——which（exceptfromthethroatoutwards，fromthebewilderedtongueoutwards）theorthodoxthemselvescannotbelieve，butonlypretendandstruggletobelieve。ThisVoltairecalls\"THEINFAMOUS；\"andthis——whatnamecananyofusgiveit？Themanwhobelievesinfalsitiesisverymiserable。Themanwhocannotbelievethem，butonlystrugglesandpretendstobelieve；andyet，beingarmedwiththepowerofthesword，industriouslykeepsmenacingandslashingallround，tocompeleveryneighbortodolikehim:whatistobedonewithsuchaman？HumanNaturecallshimaSocialNuisance；needingtobehandcuffed，gaggedandabated。HumanNature，ifitbeinaterrifiedandimperilledstate，withtheswordofthisfellowswashingroundit，callshim\"Infamous，\"andaMonsterofChaos。
HeisindeedtheselectMonsterofthatregion；thePatriarchofalltheMonsters，littleashedreamsofbeingsuch。AnAngelofHeaventhepoorcaitiffdreamshimselfrather，andincheerymomentsisconsciousofbeing:——Bedlamholdsinitnomadderarticle。AndIoftenthinkhewillagainneedtobetiedup（feebleashenowisincomparison，disinclinedthoughmenaretomanaclingandtying）；somanyhelplessinfirmsoulsarewanderingabout，notknowingtheirrighthandfromtheirleft，whofallapreytohim。
\"L’INFAME\"Ialsonamehim，——knowingwellenoughhowlittlehe，inhispoormuddled，druggedandstupefiedmind，isconsciousofdeservingthatname。MoresignalenemytoGod，andfriendoftheOtherParty，walksnottheEarthinourday。
AnarchyintheshapeofreligiousslaverywaswhatVoltaireandFriedrichsawallroundthem。AnarchyintheshapeofRevoltagainstAuthoritieswaswhatFriedrichandVoltairehadneverdreamedofaspossible，andhadnotintheirmindstheleastideaof。Inone，orperhapstwoplacesyoumayfindinVoltaireagrimandrathergladforethought，notgivenoutasprophecy，butfeltasinteriorassuranceinamomentofhope，HowthesePriestlyShamHierarchieswillbepulledtopieces，probablyonthesudden，oncepeopleareawaketothem。Yes，mymuch—sufferingM。deVoltaire，bepulledtopieces；orgoaloft，liketheawakeningofVesuvius，oneday，——Vesuviusawakeningaftertencenturiesofslumber，whenhiscraterisallgrowngrassy，bushy，copiously\"tenantedbywolves\"I
amtold；which，afterpremonitorygrumblings，heededbynowolforbush，hewillhurlbodilyaloft，tenacresatatime，inaverytremendousmanner！[FirstmodernEruptionofVesuvius，A。D。1631，afterlongintervalofrest。]Athoughtlikethis，aboutthePriestlySham—Hierarchies，IhavefoundsomewhereinVoltaire:
butoftheSocialandCivicSham—Hierarchies（whicharelikewiseaccursed，iftheyknewit，andindeedarejuniorco—partnersofthePriestly；and，inasense，sonsandproductsofthem，andcannotescapebeingpartakersoftheirplagues），thereisnohint，inVoltaire，thoughVoltairestoodatlastonlyfifteenyearsfromtheFact（1778—1793）；norinFriedrich，thoughhelivedalmosttoseetheFactbeginning。
Friedrich’sHistorybeinghenceforththatofaPrussianKing，isinterestingtoPrussiachiefly，andtouslittleotherwisethanastheBiographyofadistinguishedfellow—man，Friedrich’sBiography，hisPhysiognomyashegrowsold，quietlyonhisownharvest—field，amonghisownPeople:thishasstillaninterest，andforanyfeatureofthisweshallbeeagerenough；butthiswithalisthemostofwhatwenowwant。Andnotverymuchevenofthis；
FriedrichtheuniqueKingnothavingasamananysuchdepthandsingularity，tragic，humorous，devotionallypious，orother，astoauthorizemuchpaintinginthataspect。Extremebrevitybeseemsusinthesecircumstances:andindeedthereare，——ashasalreadyhappenedindifferentpartsofthisEnterprise（Natureherself，inhersilentway，beingalwayssomethingofanArtistinsuchthings），——othercircumstances，whichleaveusnochoiceastothatofdetail。Availabledetails，ifwewishedtogivethem，ofFriedrich’slaterLife，arenotforthcoming:massesofinconditemarine—stores，tumbledoutonyou，dryrubbishshotwithuncommondiligenceforahundredyears，till，forRubbish—PelionpiledonRubbish—Ossa，youlosesightofthestarsandazimuths；
wholemountaincontinents，seeminglyallofcindersandsweepings（thoughfragmentsandremnantsdoliehidden，couldyoufindthemagain）:———thesearenotdetailsthatwillbeavailable！
Anecdotesthereareinquantity；butofuncertainquality；
ofdoubtfulauthenticity，aboveall。OnerecollectshardlyanyAnecdotewhateverthatseemscompletelycredible，orrenderstousthePhysiognomyofFriedrichinaconvincingmanner。SoremissacreaturehasthePrussianCliobeen，——employedonallkindsoflooseerrandsovertheEarthandtheAir；andasgoodasaltogethernegligentofthismostpressingerrandinherownHouse。Peacebewithher，poorslut；whyshouldwesayoneotherhardwordontakingleaveofhertoalleternity！——
ThePracticalfactis，whatwehavehenceforthtoproduceismoreofthenatureofalooseAppendixofPapers，thanofafinishedNarrative。LoosePapers，——which，wewillhope，thereadercan，byindustry，bemadetounderstandandtolerate:morewecannotdoforhim。NocontinuousNarrativeishenceforthpossibletous。ForthesakeofFriedrich’sclosingEpoch，wewillvisit，forthelasttime，thatdrearyimbrogliounderwhichthememoryofFriedrich，whichoughttohavebeen，inalltheepochsofit，brightandlegible，liesburied；andwilltrytogather，asheretofore，andputunderlabels。Whatdwellswithoneselfashumanmayhavesomechancetobehumanlyinteresting。Inthewildestchaosofmarine—
storesandeditorialshortcomings（providedonlytheeditorsspeaktruth，asthesepoorfellowsdo）THIScanbedone。Partthelivingfromthedead；pickoutwhathassomemeaning，leavecarefullywhathasnone；youwillinsomesmallmeasurepluckupthememoryofahero，likedrownedhonorbythelocks，andrescueit，intovisibility。
ThatFriedrich，onreachinghome，madehastetogetout，ofthebustleofjoyancesandexclamationsonthestreets；proceededstraighttohismusic—chapelinCharlottenburg，summoningtheArtists，orhavingthemalreadysummoned；andhadthere，allalone，sittinginvisiblewraptinhiscloak，Graun’sorsomebody’sgrandTE—DEUMpealedouttohim，inseasofmelody，——soothingandsalutarytothealteredsoul，revolvingmanythings，——isapopularmyth，ofprettyandappropriatecharacter；butamythonly，withnorealfoundation，thoughithassomelooseandapparent。
[InPREUSS，ii。46，allthedetailsofit。]Nodoubt，FriedrichhadhisownthoughtsonenteringBerlinagain，aftersuchavoyagethroughthedeeps；himself，hisCountrystillhere，thoughsolitaryandinaworldofwildshipwrecks。Hewasnotwithoutpiety；butitdidnottakethedevotionalform，andhishabitshadnothingoftheclerical。
Whatisperfectlyknown，andmuchbetterworthknowing，istheinstantaneouspracticalalacritywithwhichhesetaboutrepairingthatimmensemiscellanyofruin；andthesurprisingsuccesshehadindealingwithit。Hismethods，hisrapidinventionsandprocedures，inthismatter，arestillmemorabletoPrussia；
andperhapsmightwithadvantagebebetterknownthantheyareinsomeotherCountries。Tous，whatisallwecandowiththemhere，theywillindicatethatthisisstilltheoldFriedrich，withhisoldactivitiesandpromptitudes；whichindeedcontinueunabated，livelyinPeaceasinWar，totheendofhislifeandreign。
ThespeedwithwhichPrussiarecoveredwasextraordinary。
Withinlittlemorethanayear（June1st，1764），theCoinwasallinorderagain；in1765，theKinghadrebuilt，nottomentionotherthings，\"inSilesia8，000Houses，inPommern6，500。\"[Rodenbeck，ii。234，261。]PrussiahasbeenameritoriousNation；and，howevercutandruined，isandwasinahealthystate，capableofrecoveringsoon。Prussiahasdefendeditselfagainstoverwhelmingodds，——bravePrussia；buttherealsoulofitsmeritwasthatofhavingmeritedsuchaKingtocommandit。WithoutthisKing，allitsvalors，disciplines，resourcesofwar，wouldhaveavailedPrussialittle。NowonderPrussiahasstillaloyaltytoitsgreatFriedrich，toitsHohenzollernSovereignsgenerally。WithouttheseHohenzollerns，Prussiahadbeen，whatwelongagosawit，theunluckiestofGermanProvinces；andcouldneverhavehadthepretensiontoexistasaNationatall。WithoutthisparticularHohenzollern，ithadbeentrampledoutagain，afterapparentlysucceeding。TohaveachievedaFriedrichtheSecondforKingoverit，wasPrussia’sgrandmerit。
Anaccidentalmerit，thinksthereader？No，reader，youmaybelieveme，itisbynomeansaltogethersuch。Nay，Iratherthink，couldwelookintotheAccount—BooksoftheRecordingAngelforacourseofcenturies，nopartofitissuch！ThereareNationsinwhichaFriedrichis，orcanbe，possible；andagainthereareNationsinwhichheisnotandcannot。TobepracticallyreverentofHumanWorthtothedueextent，andabhorrentofHumanWantofWorthinthelikeproportion，doyouunderstandthatartatall？Ifear，not，——orthatyouaremuchforgettingitagain！HumanMerit，doyoureallyloveitenough，thinkyou；——humanScoundrelism（broughttothedockforyou，andbrandedasscoundrel），doyouevenabhoritenough？Withoutthatreverenceanditscorrespondingopposite—poleofabhorrence，thereissimplynopossibilityleft。That，myfriend，istheoutcomeandsummaryofallvirtuesinthisworld，foramanorforaNationofmen。ItisthesupremestrengthandgloryofaNation；——withoutwhich，indeed，allotherstrengths，andenormitiesofbullionandarsenalsandwarehouses，arenostrength。
None，Ishouldsay；——andareoftenesteventheREVERSE。
Nationswhohavelostthisquality，orwhoneverhadit，whatFriedrichcantheyhopetobepossibleamongthem？AgeafteragetheygrinddowntheirFriedrichscontentedlyunderthehoofsofcattleontheirhighways；andevenfinditanexcellentpractice，andpridethemselvesonLibertyandEquality。Mostcertainitis，therewillnoFriedrichcometorulethere；byandby，therewillnonebebornthere。SuchNationscannothaveaKingtocommandthem；canonlyhavethisortheotherscandalousswindlingCopperCaptain，constitutionalGiltMountebank，orotherthelikeunsalutaryentitybywayofKing；andthesinsofthefathersarevisiteduponthechildreninafrightfulandtragicalmanner，littlenoticedinthePennyNewspapersandPeriodicalLiteraturesofthisgeneration。Oh，myfriends——！ButthereisplainBusinesswaitingusathand。
ChapterII。
REPAIRINGOFARUINEDPRUSSIA。
ThatofFriedrich’ssittingwraptinacloudofreflectionsOlympian—Abysmal，inthemusic—chapelatCharlottenburg，whilehehadtheAmbrosianSongexecutedforhimthere，asthepreliminarystep，wasaloosemyth；butthefactlyingunderitisabundantlycertain。FewSonsofAdamhadmorereasonforapiouslythankfulfeelingtowardsthePast，apiouslyvalianttowardstheFuture。
Whatkingormanhadseenhimselfdeliveredfromsuchstranglingimbrogliosofdestruction，suchdevouringragesofahostileworld？
Andtheruinworkedbythemlaymonstrousandappallingallround。
FriedrichisnowFifty—onegone；unusuallyoldforhisage；
feelshimselfanoldman，brokenwithyearsandtoils；andherelieshisKingdominhaggardslashedcondition，worntoskinandbone:HowistheKing，resourceless，toremedyit？Thatisnowtheseeminglyimpossibleproblem。\"Beginit，——therebyalonewilliteverceasetobeimpossible！\"Friedrichbegins，wemaysay，onthefirstmorrowmorning。Laborsathisproblem，ashedidinthemarchtoLeuthen；findsittobecomemorepossible，dayafterday，monthaftermonth，thefartherhestriveswithit。
\"WhynotleaveittoNature？\"thinkmany，withtheDismalScienceattheirelbow。Well；thatwastheeasiestplan，butitwasnotFriedrich’s。Hisremainingmoneys，25millionthalersreadyforaCampaignwhichhasnotcome，hedistributestothemostnecessitous:\"allhisartillery—horses\"arepartedintoplough—
teams，andgiventothosewhocanotherwisegetnone:thinkwhatafinefigureofryeandbarley，insteadofmerewindlestraws，beggaryanddesolation，wasrealizedbythatactalone。Natureisreadytodomuch；willofherselfcover，withsomeveilofgrassandlichen，thenakednessofruin:buthervictoriousact，whenshecanaccomplishit，isthatofgettingYOUtogowithherhandsomely，andchangedisasteritselfintonewwealth。Intonewwisdomandvalor，whicharewealthinallkinds；Californiamerezerotothem，zero，orevenafrightfulMINUSquantity！
Friedrich’sproceduresinthismatterIbelievetobelittlelessdidacticthanthoseother，whicharesocelebratedinWar:butnoDryasdust，notevenaDryasdustoftheDismalScience，hasgoneintothem，renderedmenfamiliarwiththemintheirdetailsandresults。HisSilesianLand—Bank（joint—stockMoneys，lentonsecurityofLand）wasofitself，hadIroomtoexplainit，animmensefurtherance。[Preuss，iii。75；OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。84。]Friedrich，manytellus，wasasgreatinPeaceasinWar:andtruly，intheeconomicandmaterialprovinces，myownimpression，gatheredpainfullyindarkness，andcontradictionoftheDismal—ScienceDoctors，ismuchtothateffect。Afirst—rateHusbandman（ashisFatherhadbeen）；whonotonlydefendedhisNation，butmadeitrichbeyondwhatseemedpossible；anddiligentlysowedannualsintoit，andperennialswhichflourishaloftatthisday。
Mirabeau’sMonarchiePrussienne，in8thickVolumes8vo，——composed，orhastilycobbledtogether，someTwentyyearsafterthisperiod，——containsthebesttabularviewoneanywheregetsofFriedrich’seconomics，militaryandotherpracticalmethodsandresources:——solidexactTablestheseare，andintelligentintelligibledescriptions，donebyMauvillonFILS，thesamepunctualMajorMauvillonwhousedtoattendusinDukeFerdinand’sWar；——andsofarasMirabeauisconcerned，theWorkconsistsfartherofacertainsmallEssaydoneinbigtype，shovedintothebellyofeachVolume，andeloquentlyrecommending，withrespectfulcensuresandregretsoverFriedrich，theGospelofFreeTrade，deartoPapaMirabeau。TheSonishimselfaconvert；farabovelying，eventopleasePapa:butonecansee，thethoughtofPapagiveshimnewfireofexpression。Theyareeloquent，ruggedlystrongEssays，thoseofMirabeauJunioruponFreeTrade:
——theycontain，incondensedshape，everythingwewereprivilegedtohear，seventyyearslater，fromallorgans，coach—horns，jews—
harpsandscrannel—pipes，PROandCONTRA，onthesamesublimesubject:\"Godisgreat，andPlugsonofUndershotishisProphet。
ThussaiththeLord，Buyinthecheapestmarket，sellinthedearest！\"Towhichtheafflictedhumanmindlistenswhatitcan；——
andafterseventyyears，mournfullyasksitselfandMirabeau，\"M。leComte，wouldtherehavebeeninPrussia，forexample，anyTradeatall，anyNationatall，haditalwaysbeenleft’Free’？
Therewouldhavebeenmeresandandquagmire，andacommunityofwolvesandbisons，M。leComte。HavethegoodnesstoterminatethatLitany，andtakeupanother！\"
Wesaid，Friedrichbeganhisproblemonthefirstmorrowmorning；
andthatisliterallytrue，thatorevenMORE。HereishowFriedrichtakeshisstandamidthewreck，speedyenoughtobegin:
thisviewofouroldfriendNusslerandhimisoneofthePieceswecangive，——thankstoHerrBuschingandhisBeitrageforthelasttime！NusslerisnowsomethingofaCountryGentleman，sotospeak；hasapleasantplaceouttoeastofBerlin；
isLANDRATH（CountyChairman）there，\"LandrathofNether—BarnimCircle；\"whereweheardoftheCossacksspoilinghim:he，aswhonot，hassuffereddreadfullyinthesetumults。HereisBusching’swelcomeAccount。
LANDRATHNUSSLERANDTHEKING（30thMarch—3dApril，1763）。
\"MARCH30th，1763，Friedrich，onhisreturntoBerlin，camebytherouteofTassdorf，\"——Tassdorf，inNether—BarnimCircle（40oddmilesfromFrankfurt，andabove15fromBerlin）；——\"andchangedhorsesthere。Duringthislittlepause，amongacrowdassembledtoseehim，hewasaddressedbyNussler，LandrathoftheCircle，whohadaverypiteousstorytotell。NusslerwishedtheKingjoyofhisnoblevictories，andofthegloriousPeaceatlastachieved:
’MayyourMajestyreigninhealthandhappinessoverusmanyyears，totheblessingofusall！’——andrecommendedtohisgraciouscaretheextremelyruined，and，especiallybytheRussians，uncommonlydevastatedCircle，forwhich，\"continuesBusching\"thisindustriousLandrathhadnothithertobeenabletoextractanyeffectivehelp。\"
GenerallyfortheProvinceswastedbytheRussianstherehadalreadysomepoor300，000thalers（45，000pounds）beenallowedbyahelpfulMajesty，notover—richhimselfatthemoment；andofthis，Nether—Barnimnodoubtgetsitsshare:butwhatisthistosuchruinasthereis？Amerepreliminarydrop，insteadofthebucketandbucketsweneed！——Busching，adull，thoughsolidaccuratekindofman，heavy—footed，andyetalwaysinahurry，alwaysslipshod，hasnothingofdramatichere；farfromit；butthefactsthemselvesfallnaturallyintothatform，——inThreeScenes:——
I。TASSDORF（stilltwohoursfromBerlin），KING，NUSSLERANDA
CROWDOFPEOPLE，NusslerALONEDARINGTOSPEAK。
KING（fromhisCarriage，ostlersmakingdespatch）。\"WhatisyourCirclemostshortof？\"
LANDRATHNUSSLER。\"Ofhorsesforploughingtheseedfieldsofryetosowthem，andofbreadtillthecropscome。\"
KING。\"Ryeforbread，andtosowwith，Iwillgive；withhorsesI
cannotassist。\"
NUSSLER。\"OnrepresentationofPrivy—CouncillorvanBrenkenhof[theMinisterconcernedwithsuchthings]，yourMajestyhasbeenpleasedtogivetheNeumarkandPommernanallowanceofArtilleryandCommissariatHorses:butpoorNether—Barnim，nobodywillspeakforit；andunlessyourMajesty’sgraciousselfpleasetotakepityonit，Nether—Barnimislost！\"（Agreatmanythingsmorehesaid，inpresenceofalargecrowdofmenwhohadgatheredroundtheKing’sCarriageasthehorseswerebeingchanged；andspokewithsuchforceandfranknessthattheKingwassurprised，andasked:）——
KING。\"Whoareyou？\"（hasforgottenthelong—serviceableman！）
NUSSLER。\"IamtheNusslerwhowasluckyenoughtomanagetheFixingoftheSilesianBoundariesforyourMajesty！\"
KING。\"JA，JA，nowIknowyouagain！BringmealltheLandrathsoftheKurmark[MarkofBrandenburgProper，ELECTORALMark]inabody；
Iwillspeakwiththem。\"
NUSSLER。\"AllofthembuttwoareinBerlinalready。\"
KING。\"SendoffestafettesforthosetwotocomeatoncetoBerlin；
andonThursday，\"dayafterto—morrow，\"comeyourself，withalltheothers，totheSchlosstome:Iwillthenhavesomecloserconversation，andsaywhatIcanandwilldoforhelpingofthecountry，\"（King’sCarriagerollsaway，withlowbowsandblessingsfromNusslerandeverybody）。
II。THURSDAY，APRIL1st，NUSSLERANDASSEMBLEDLANDRATHSATTHE
SCHLOSSOFBERLIN。Tothem，enterKING……
NUSSLER（whomtheyhaveappointedspokesman）……\"YourMajestyhasgivenusPeace；youwillalsogiveusWell—beingintheLandagain:
weleaveittoHighest—the—Same’sgraciousjudgment[nolimittoHighest—the—Same’sPOWER，itwouldseem]whatyouwillvouchsafetousasindemnificationfortheRussianplunderings。\"
KING。\"Beyouquiet；letmespeak。Haveyougotapencil（HATER
CRAYON）？Yes！Wellthen，write，andtheseGentlemenshalldictatetoyou:——
\"’Howmuchryeforbread；Howmuchforseed；HowmanyHorses，Oxen，Cows，theirCirclesdoinanentirelypressingwayrequire？’
\"Considerallthattothebottom；andcometomeagainthedayafterto—morrow。Butseethatyoufixeverythingwiththeutmostexactitude，forIcannotgivemuch。\"（EXITKing。）
NUSSLER（totheLandraths）。\"MEINEHERREN，havethegoodnesstoaccompanymetoourLandschaftHouse[wehaveakindofCountyHall，itseems]；therewewillconsidereverything。\"
AndNussler，guidingthedeliberations，whicharegladtofollowhimoneverypoint，andwritingasPRO—TEMPORESecretary，hasallthingsbroughttoluminousProtocolinthecourseofthisdayandnext。
III。SATURDAY，APRIL3d，INTHESCHLOSSAGAIN:NUSSLERAND
LANDRATHS。Tothem，theKING。
Nussler。\"WedelivertoyourMajestythewrittenSpecificationyouweregraciouslypleasedtocommandofus。ItcontainsonlytheindispensablestthingsthattheCirclesareinneedof。
Moreover，itregardsonlytheSTANDE[richerNobility]，whopaycontribution；theGentry[ADEL]，andotherpoorpeople，whohavebeenutterlyplunderedoutbytheRussians，arenotincludedinit:——theGentrytoohavesufferedverymuchbytheWarandthePlundering。\"
KING。\"WhatEDELLEUTEthataremembersofSTANDEhaveyou[ER]gotinyourCircle？\"
NUSSLER（namesthem；and，asfinisofthelist，adds）:……
\"Imyself，too，yourMajesty，Ihavesufferedmorethananybody:
Iabsolutelycouldnotfurnishthose4，000bushelsofmealorderedofmebytheRussians；uponwhichthey——\"
KING。\"Icannotgivetoall:butifyouhavepoorNoblesinyourCircle，whocaninnowayhelpthemselves，Iwillgivethemsomething。\"
NUSSLER（hasnotanyinNether—Barnimwhoarealtogetherinthatextremepredicament；butknowsseveralinLebusCircle，namesthemtotheKing；——andturningtotheLandrathofLebus，andtoanotherwhoismute）:\"Herr，youcannamesomemoreinLebus；andyou，inTeltowCircle，HerrLandrath，sincehisMajestypermits。\"……Inaword，theKinghavinginformedhimselfanddeclaredhisintention，NusslerleadstheLandrathstotheiroldCountyHall，andbringstoProtocolwhathadtakenplace。
Nextday，theKammerPresident（ExchequerPresident），VanderGroben，hadNussler，withotherLandraths，todinner。
Duringdinner，therecamefromHeadSecretaryEichel（Majesty’sunweariedClerkofthePELLS，Sheepskins，orPAPERS）anearnestrequesttoVonderGrobenforhelp，——Eichelnotbeingabletoremember，withtherequisiteprecision，everythinghisMajestyhadbidhimputdownonthismatter。\"Youwillgo，HerrvonNussler；
besokind，won’tyou？\"AndNusslerwent，andfullyilluminatedEichel……
TothepoorestoftheNobility，Buschingtellsus，whatisotherwisewellknown，theKinggaveconsiderablesums:tooneCircle12，000pounds，toanother9，000pounds，6，000pounds，andsoon。Byhelpofwhichbounties，andofNusslerlaboringincessantlywithallhisstrength，Nieder—BarnimCirclegotonitsfeetagain，nosubjecthavingbeenentirelyruined，butallprovingabletorecover。[Busching，Beitrage（oNussler），i。401—405。]
ThisBuschingFragmentisnotinthestyleoftheElderDramatists，orfortheBanksideTheatre；butthisrepresentsaFactwhichbefellinGod’sCreation，andmayhaveaninterestofitsowntothePracticalSoul，especiallyinanarchicCountries，faradvancedinthe\"Gold—nuggetandNothingtoBuywithit\"CareerofunexampledProsperities。
OnthesesameerrandstheKingissoongoingonanInspectionJourney，wherewemeantoaccompany。Butfirst，oneword，andonewillsuffice，onthedebasedCoin。ThePeacewasnosoonersigned，thanFriedrichproceededontheCoin。Thethirdweekafterhisarrivalhome，therecameoutasalutaryEdictonit，April21st；
Kingeagertodoitwithoutlossoftime，yetwiththedeliberationrequisite。Notatonebigleap，whichmightshake，todangerofoversetting，muchcommercialarrangement；butattwoleaps，withahalfwaystationintervening。Halfwaystation，withanewcoinageready，muchpurerofalloy（andmarkedHOWmuch，forthebenefitofpartieswithaccountstosettle），istocommenceonTRINITATIS
（Whitsunday）instant；fromandafterWhitsundaytheimprovednewcointobesolelegaltender，tillfarthernotice。Farthernoticecomesaccordingly，withinayear，March29th，1764:\"Puremoneyofthestandardof1750[honestsilvercoinage:readersmayrememberLinsenbarth，theCANDIDATUSTHEOLOGIAE，andhissackofBatzen，confiscatedatthePaekhof]shallbereadyonthe1stofJuneinstant；\"[Rodenbeck，ii。214，234。]——fromandafterwhichdaywehearnomoreofthatsadmatter。Finishedoffinaboutfourteenmonths。Here，meanwhile，istheInspectionJourney。
KRIEGSRATHRODENANDTHEKING（6th—13thJune，1763）。
JUNE2d，1763，FriedrichleftPotsdamforWestphalia；gotasfarasMagdeburgthatday。Intendsseeingintomatterswithhisowneyesinthatregion，asinothers，aftersolongandsadanabsence。
TherearewithhimFriedrichWilhelmPrinceofPrussia，atallyoungfellowofnineteen；General—AdjutantvonAnhalt；andoneortwoPrussianmilitarypeople。FromMagdeburgandonwardsthegreatDukeFerdinandaccompanies，——whoisnowagainGovernorofMagdeburg，andaquietPrussianOfficerasheretofore，thoughwithexcellentPensionsfromEngland，andgloryfromalltheworld。
TheRoyalPartygoesbyHalberstadt，whichsufferedgreatlyintheWar；thencebyMINDEN（June4th）；andthefirstthingnextday，FriedrichtakesviewoftheBATTLE—FIELDthere，——underFerdinand’sownguidance，doubtless；andaninterestingthingtobothFriedrichandhim，thoughleftsilenttous。Thisdone，theystartforLippstadt，arereceivedthereunderjoyousclangorousoutburstofallthebellsandallthehonors，thatsameafternoon；andtowardssunset，HammbeingtheNight—quarterahead，arecrossingVELLINGHAUSENBATTLE—GROUND，——wheredoubtlessFerdinandagain，likeadutifulapprentice，willexplainmatterstohisoldmaster，sofarasneedfulorpermissible。Theconversation，Isuppose，mayhavebeenlivelyandmiscellaneous:Ferdinandmentionsacleverbusiness—personofthenameofRoden，whomhehasknownintheseparts；\"Roden？\"theKingcarefullymakesnote；——and，infact，weshallseeRodenpresently；andhisbitofDIALOGUEwiththeKing（recordedbyhisownhand）isourchieferrandonthisJourney。
FromHamm，nextmorning（June6th），theygettoWeselby11A。M。
（onlysixtymiles）；Weselallingala，asLippstadtwas，orstillmorethanLippstadt；andforfourdaysfarther，theycontinuethereverybusy。AsRodenisourchieferrand，letusattendtoRoden。
WESEL，MONDAY，JUNE6th，\"Dinnerbeingdone，\"saysanauthenticThird—Party，[Rodenbeck，ii。217。]\"theKinghadKammer—DirectorMeyensummonedtohimwithhisRegister—Books，SchedulesandReports[whattheycallETATS]；andwasbutindifferentlycontentedwithMeyenandthem。\"Andinshort，\"orderingMeyentoremodeltheseintoamoredistinctcondition，\"——wemaynowintroducetheHerrKriegsrathRoden，asubaltern，inrank，butwhohasperhapsabetterheadthanMeyen，tojudgeoftheseETATS。Rodenhimselfshallnowreport。ThisistheRoyalDialoguewithRoden；
accuratelypreservedforusbyhim；——Iwishithadbeenbetterworththereader’strouble；butitsperfectcredibilityineverypointwillbesomerecommendationtoit。
\"MONDAY，6thJUNE，1763，about11A。M。，hisMajestyarrivedinWesel，\"saysRoden（confirmingtoustheauthenticThird—Party）；
\"IwaitedonAdjutant—GeneralColonelvonAnhalttoannouncemyself；whoreferredmetoKriegsrathCoper[\"MEINSEGRETERKOPER\"
isanamewehaveheardbefore]，whotoldmetobereadysosoonasDinnershouldbeover。Dinnerwasnosoonerover[2P。M。orso]，thantheHerrKammer—DirectorMeyenwithhisETATSwascalledin。
HisMajestywasnotcontentwiththese，HerrMeyenwastold；
andtheyweretoberemodelledintoamoredistinctcondition。
TheinstantHerrMeyensteptout，Iwascalledin。HisMajestywasstandingwithhisbacktothefire；andsaid:——
KING。\"’Comenearer[Rodencomesnearer]。PrinceFerdinand[ofBrunswick，whomwegenerallycallDUKEandgreat，todistinguishhimfromalittlePrussianPrinceFerdinand]hastoldmemuchgoodofyou:wheredoyoucomefrom？’
RODEN。\"’FromSoest’[venerable\"stone—old\"littleTown，inVellinghausenregion]。
KING。\"’DidyougetmyLetter？’
RODEN。\"’Yea，IHROMAJESTAT。’
KING。\"’Iwillgiveyousomeemployment。Haveyougotapencil？’
RODEN。\"’Yea’[andtookouthisNote—bookandtools，whichhehad\"boughtinashopaquarterofanhourbefore\"]。
KING。\"’Listen。BytheWarmanyHouseshavegotruined:Imeanthattheyshallbeputinorderagain；forwhichend，——tothosethatcannotthemselveshelp，particularlytoSoest，Hamm，LunenandinpartWesel，asplacesthathavesufferedmost，——Iintendtogivethemoneys。NowyoumustmakemeanexactListofwhatistobedoneinthoseplaces。Thus[King，liftinghisfinger，letusfancy，dictates；Roden，withbrand—newpencilandtablets，writes:]
\"’1。IneachofthoseTowns，howmanyruinedHousestherearewhichtheproprietorsthemselvescanmanagetorebuild。2。Howmanywhichtheproprietorscannot。3。Thevacantgroundsorsteadingsofsuchproprietorsasareperhapsdead，orgoneelse—whither，mustbegiventoothersthatarewillingtobuild:butinregardtothis，Lawalsomustdoitspart，andtheabsentandtheheirsmustbecitedtosay，Whethertheywillthemselvesbuild？andincasetheywon’t，thesteadingscanthenbegiventoothers。’\"
Rodenhavingwritten，——
KING。\"’Inthecourseofsixdaysyoumustbeready[whatanexpeditiousKing！IstobeatClevethesixthdayhence:Meetmethere，then]，——longerIcannotgiveyou。’
RODEN（consideringamoment）。\"’IfyourMajestywillpermitmetouseESTAFETTES[expressmessengers]fortheTownsfarthestoff，——asIcannotmyself，withinthetime，traveloveralltheTowns，——I
hopetobeready。’
KING。\"’ThatIpermit；andwillrepayyoutheESTAFETTEmoneys。——
Tellme，Howcomesthedecreaseofpopulationintheseparts？
RecruitsIgotnone。’
RODEN。\"’UnderfavorofyourMajesty，RegimentSchenkendorfgot，everyyear，forrecompletion，whatrecruitswerewanted，fromitsCantonintheGrafschaftMarkhere。’
KING。\"’Thereyoumayberight:butfromCleveCountrywehadnorecruits；notwe，thoughtheAustrianshad，[withaslightsarcasmoftone]。
RODEN。\"’OutofCleve，sofarasIknow，therewerenorecruitsdeliveredtotheAustrians。’
KING。\"’Youcouldnotknow；youwerewiththeAlliedArmy’[DukeFerdinand’s，commissariatingandthelike，whereDukeFerdinandrecognizedyoutohaveahead]。
RODEN。\"’Therehavebeenmanyepidemicdiseasestoo；especiallyinSoest；——aftertheBattleofVellinghausenallthewoundedwerebroughtthither，andthehospitalswereestablishedthere。’
KING。\"’EpidemicdiseasestheymighthavegotwithoutaBattle[dislikeshearingillofthesoldiertrade]。IwillhaveOrdersenttotheCleveKammer，Nottolayhindranceinyourway，butthecontrary。NowGodkeepyou（GOTTBEWAHREIHN）。’\"——EXITRoden；——
\"DARAUFRETIRIRTEMICH，\"sayshe；——butwillreappearshortly。
Sunday，12thJune，isthesixthdayhence；laterthantheendofSundayisnotpermissibletoswiftRoden；nordoesheneedit。
Friday，10th，FriedrichleftWesel；crossedtheRhine，intendingforCleve；wentbyCREFELD，——atCrefeldhadviewofanotherBATTLE—
FIELD，undergoodciceroneship；remarksorcircumstancesotherwisenotgiven:——and，nextday，Saturday，11th，pickedupD’Alembert，who，byappointment，isproceedingtowardsPotsdam，atamoreleisurelyrate。ThatsameSaturday，aftermuchbusinessdone，theKingwasatKempen，thenceatGeldern；speedingforCleveitself，duetherethatnight。AtGeldern，wesay，hepickedupD’Alembert；
——concerningwhom，morebyandby。Andfinally，\"onSaturdaynight，abouthalf—past8，theKingenteredCleve，\"amidjoyancesextraordinary，hutdidnotalight；drovedirectthroughbytheNassauGate，andtookquarter\"intheneighboringCountry—houseofBellevue，withtheDutchGeneralvonSpaenthere，\"——anobligingacquaintanceonce，whileLIEUTENANTSpaen，inouroldCrown—Princetimesoftrouble！HadhisyearinSpandauforusthere，whilepoorKattelosthishead！Towhom，Ihaveheard，theKingtalkedcharminglyonthisoccasion，butwassilentastooldPotsdammatters。[Supra，vii。165。]——
Byhissetday，RodenisalsoinCleve，punctualman，finishedorjustfinishing；andreadyforsummonsbyhisMajesty。
Andaccordingly:——
\"CLEVE，MONDAY，JUNE13th，At9inthemorning，\"recordshe，\"IhadaudienceoftheKing’sMajesty。[InSpaen’sVillaofBellevue，shallwestillsuppose？DukeFerdinand，PrinceofPrussiaandtherest，havebestowedthemselvesinotherfithouses；D’Alemberttoo，——whoistomakedirectforPotsdamhenceforth，byhisownroute；andwillmeetusonarriving。]——IhandedhimmyReport，withtheTabularSchedule。HisMajestyreaditcarefullythrough，inmypresence；andexaminedallofitwithstrictness。Waspleasedtosignifyhissatisfactionwithmywork。Resolvedtoallow250，000
thalers（37，500pounds）forthisbusinessofRebuilding；gaveoutthedueOrderstohisKammer，inconsequence，andcommandedmetoarrangewiththeKammerwhatwasnecessary。Thisdone，hisMajestysaid:——
KING。\"’Whatyouweredescribedtome，Ifindyoutobe。Youareadiligentlaboriousman；Imusthaveyounearertome；——intheBerlinHammeryououghttobe。Youshallhaveagood，arightgoodSalary；yourPatentIwillgiveyougratis；alsoaVORSPANN—PASS
[StandingOrderavailableatallPrussianPost—Stations]fortwocarriages[rapidProgramofthething，thoughyetdistant，risingintheRoyalfancy！]。Nowserveonasfaithfullyasyouhavehithertodone。’
RODEN。\"’Thatistheobjectofallmyendeavors。’\"（EXIT:——Ididnothearspeciallywhitherwardjustnow；buthecomestobesupremeKammer—Presidentinthosepartsbyandby。）
\"TheHerrKriegsrathCoperwaspresent，andnotedalltheOrderstoheexpedited。\"[Preuss，ii。442；Rodenbeck，ii。217，218:inregardtoD’Alembert，seeOEuvresdeFrederic，
xxiv。190。]
Thesesnatchesofnoticeatfirst—hand，andwhatthereader’sfancymaymakeofthese，areallwecanbestowonthisSectionofFriedrich’sLabors；whichisnaturallymoreinterestingtoPrussianreadersthantoEnglish。Hehashimselfgivenlucidandeloquentaccountofit，——TwoampleChapters，\"DESFINANCES；\"
\"DUMILITAIRE，\"[OEuvresdeFrederic，vii。
73—90，91—109。]——altogetherpleasantreading，shouldtherestillbecuriosityuponit。ThereissomethingofflowinglyeloquentinFriedrich’saccountofthisBattlewagedagainsttheinanimateChaos；somethingofexultantandtriumphant，notnoticeableofhiminregardtohisotherVictories。OntheLeuthens，Rossbachs，heisalwayscoldaswater，andnobodycouldgatherthathehadtheleastpleasureinrecordingthem。Notsohere。Andindeedhereheisasbeautifulasanywhere；andthereader，asageneralsonofAdam，——
proudtoseehumanintellectandheroismslayingthatkindoflions，anddoingwhatincertainsadepochsisunanimouslyvotedtobeimpossibleandunattemptable，——exultsalongwithhim；
andperhapswhisperstohisownpoorheart，nearlychokedbytheimmeasurableimbroglioofBlue—booksandParliamentaryEloquenceswhichforthepresentencumberHeavenandEarth，\"MELIORASPERO。\"
ToMirabeau，thefollowingdetails，fromfirst—hand，butalreadyoftwenty—threeyearsdistance，werenotknown，[AppearedfirstinTomev。of\"OEuvresPosthumesdeFredericII。\"（areinTomevi。ofPreuss’sEditionofOEUVRES），\"Berlin，1788；\"——aboveayearafterMirabeauhadleft。]whilehesatpenningthoserobustEssaysontheDutyofLEAVE—ALONE。
\"Toformanideaofthegeneralsubversion，\"saystheKing，inregardto1763，\"andhowgreatwerethedesolationanddiscouragement，youmustrepresenttoyourselfCountriesentirelyravaged，theverytracesoftheoldhabitationshardlydiscoverable；Towns，someruinedfromtoptobottom，othershalfdestroyedbyfire；——13，000Houses，ofwhichtheveryvestigesweregone。Nofieldinseed；nograinforthefoodoftheinhabitants；
60，000horsesneeded，iftherewastobeploughingcarriedon:
intheProvincesgenerallyHalfaMillionPopulation（500，000）lessthanin1756，——thatistosay，upononlyFourMillionsandaHalf，theninthmanwaswanting。NobleandPeasanthadbeenpillaged，ransomed，foraged，eatenoutbysomanydifferentArmies；
nothingnowleftthembutlifeandmiserablerags。
\"Therewasnocredit，bytradingpeople，evenforthedailynecessariesoflife。\"Andfurthermore，whatwewerenotpreparedfor，\"NopoliceintheTowns:tohabitsofequityandorderhadsucceededavilegreedofgainandananarchicdisorder。
TheCollegesofJusticeandofFinancehad，bythesefrequentinvasionsofsomanyenemies，beenreducedtoinaction:\"noJudge，inmanyplacesnotevenaTax—gatherer:thesilenceoftheLawshadproducedinthepeopleatasteforlicense；boundlessappetiteforgainwastheirmainruleofaction:thenoble，themerchant，thefarmer，thelaborer，raisingemulouslyeachthepriceofhiscommodity，seemedtoendeavoronlyfortheirmutualruin。
Such，whentheWarended，wasthefatalspectacleovertheseProvinces，whichhadoncebeensoflourishing:howeverpatheticthedescriptionmaybe，itwillneverapproachthetouchingandsorrowfulimpressionwhichthesightofitproduced。\"
FriedrichfoundthatitwouldneverdototrusttothemereaidofTimeinsuchcircumstances:attheendoftheThirty—YearsWar，\"Time\"had，owingtoabsolutewantofmoney，beentheonerecipeoftheGreatElectorinasimilarcase；andTimewasthenfoundtomean\"aboutahundredYears。\"Friedrichfoundthathemustatoncestepinwithactiveremedies，andonallhandsstrivetomaketheimpossiblepossible。Luckilyhehadinreadiness，asusual，thefundsforanEighthCampaign，hadsuchbeenneeded。OutofthesemoneysheproceededtorebuildtheTownsandVillages；\"fromtheCorn—Stores（GRANARIESD’ABONDANCE，\"Governmentestablishmentsgatheredfromplentifulharvestsagainstscarce，accordingtooldrule）\"weretakenthesuppliesforfoodofthepeopleandsowingoftheground:thehorsesintendedfortheartillery，baggageandcommissariat，\"60，000horseswehaveheard，\"weredistributedamongthosewhohadnone，tobeemployedintillageoftheland。
Silesiawasdischargedfromalltaxesforsixmonths；PommernandtheNeumarkfortwoyears。AsumofaboutThreeMillionsterling[inTHALERS20，389，000]wasgivenforreliefoftheProvinces，andasacquittanceoftheimpositionstheEnemyhadwrungfromthem。
\"Greataswasthisexpense，itwasnecessaryandindispensable。
TheconditionoftheseProvincesafterthePeaceofHubertsburgrecalledwhatweknowofthemwhenthePeaceofMunsterclosedthefamousThirty—YearsWar。OnthatoccasiontheStatefailedofhelpfromwantofmeans；whichputit，out，oftheGreatElector’spowertoassisthispeople:andwhathappened？ThatawholecenturyelapsedbeforehisSuccessorscouldrestoretheTownsandChampaignstowhattheywere。ThisimpressiveexamplewasadmonitorytotheKing:thattorepairthePublicCalamities，assistancemustbepromptandeffective。Repeatedgifts（LARGESSES）
restoredcouragetothepoorHusbandmen，whobegantodespairoftheirlot；bythehelpsgiven，hopeinallclassessprangupanew:
encouragementoflaborproducedactivity；loveofCountryroseagainwithfreshlife:inaword[withinthesecondyearinamarkedlyhopefulmanner，andwithinsevenyearsaltogether]，thefieldswerecultivatedagain，manufacturershadresumedtheirwork；
andthePolice，oncemoreinvigor，correctedbydegreesthevicesthathadtakenrootduringthetimeofanarchy。\"[OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。74，75。]
ToFriedrich’sdifficulties，whichwerenotinconsiderable，markonlythislastadditament:\"DuringthisWar，theelderoftheCouncillors，andalltheMinistersoftheGrandDirectorium[centreofPrussianAdministration]，hadsuccessivelydied:andinsuchtimeoftroubleithadbeenimpossibletoreplacethem。
Theembarrassmentwas，Tofindpersonscapableoffillingthesedifferentemployments[somewouldhaveverysoondoneit，yourMajesty；buttheirhastewouldnothavetendedtospeed！]——WesearchedtheProvinces（ONFOUILLA，sifted），wheregoodheadswerefoundasrareasintheCapital:atlengthfiveChiefMinisterswerepitchedupon，\"——whoprovetobetolerable，andevengood。