RepresentativesanddirectTaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion，accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers，whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberoffreePersons，includingthoseboundtoserviceforaTermofYears，andexcludingIndiansnottaxed，three—fifthsofallotherPersons。TheactualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeYearsafterthefirstMeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates，andwithineverysubsequentTermoftenYears，insuchMannerastheyshallbyLawdirect。TheNumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtyThousand，buteachStateshallhaveatLeastoneRepresentative;
anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade，theStateofNewHampshireshallbeentitledtochoosethree，Massachusetts，eight，Rhode—IslandandProvidencePlantationsone，Connecticutfive，NewYorksix，NewJerseyfour，Pennsylvaniaeight，Delawareone，Marylandsix，Virginiaten，NorthCarolinafive，SouthCarolinafive，andGeorgiathree。
WhenvacancieshappenintheRepresentationfromanyState，theExecutiveAuthoritythereofshallissueWritsofElectiontofillsuchVacancies。
TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchoosetheirSpeakerandotherOfficers;andshallhavethesolePowerofImpeachment。
Section3。TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachState，chosenbytheLegislaturethereof，forsixYears;andeachSenatorshallhaveoneVote。
ImmediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinConsequenceofthefirstElection，theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeClasses。TheSeatsoftheSenatorsofthefirstClassshallbevacatedattheExpirationofthesecondYear，ofthesecondClassattheexpirationofthefourthYear，andofthethirdClassattheexpirationofthesixthYear，sothatone—thirdmaybechoseneverysecondYear;andifVacancieshappenbyResignation，orotherwise，duringtheRecessoftheLegislatureofanyState，theExecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryAppointmentsuntilthenextMeetingoftheLegislature，whichshallthenfillsuchVacancies。
NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirtyYears，andbeennineYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beanInhabitantofthatStateforwhichheshallbechosen。
TheVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate，butshallhavenoVote，unlesstheybeequallydivided。TheSenateshallchoosetheirotherOfficers，andalsoaPresidentprotempore，intheAbsenceoftheVice—President，orwhenheshallexercisetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates。
TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallImpeachments。WhensittingforthatPurpose，theyshallbeonOathorAffirmation。WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried，theChiefJusticeshallpreside:AndnoPersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheConcurrenceoftwo—thirdsoftheMemberspresent。JudgmentincasesofImpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromOffice，anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyOfficeofHonor，Trust，orProfitundertheUnitedStates:butthePartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoIndictment，Trial，Judgment，andPunishmentaccordingtoLaw。
Section4。TheTimes，PlacesandMannerofholdingElectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives，shallbeprescribedineachStatebytheLegislaturethereof;buttheCongressmayatanytimebyLawmakeoraltersuchRegulations，exceptastothePlacesofchoosingSenators。
TheCongressshallassembleatleastonceineveryYear，andsuchMeetingshallbeonthefirstMondayinDecember，unlesstheyshallbyLawappointadifferentDay。
Section5。EachHouseshallbetheJudgeoftheElections，ReturnsandQualificationsofitsownMembers，andaMajorityofeachshallconstituteaQuorumtodoBusiness;butasmallerNumbermayadjournfromdaytoday，andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheAttendanceofAbsentMembers，insuchManner，andundersuchPenaltiesaseachHousemayprovide。
EachHousemaydeterminetheRulesofitsProceedings，punishitsMembersfordisorderlyBehaviour，and，withaConcurrenceoftwo—thirds，expelaMember。
EachHouseshallkeepaJournalofitsProceedings，andfromtimetotimepublishthesame，exceptingsuchPartsasmayintheirJudgmentrequireSecrecy;andtheYeasandNaysoftheMembersofeitherHouseonanyquestionshall，attheDesireofone—fifthofthosepresent，beenteredontheJournal。
NeitherHouse，duringtheSessionofCongress，shall，withouttheConsentoftheother，adjournformorethanthreedays，nortoanyotherPlacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousesshallbesitting。
Section6。TheSenatorsandRepresentativesshallreceiveaCompensationfortheirServices，tobeascertainedbyLaw，andpaidoutoftheTreasuryoftheUnitedStates。TheyshallinallCases，exceptTreason，Felony，andBreachofthePeace，beprivilegedfromArrestduringtheirattendanceattheSessionoftheirrespectiveHouses，andingoingtoandreturningfromthesame;andforanySpeechorDebateineitherHouse，theyshallnotbequestionedinanyotherPlace。
NoSenatororRepresentativeshall，duringtheTimeforwhichhewaselected，beappointedtoanycivilOfficeundertheAuthorityoftheUnitedStates，whichshallhavebeencreated，ortheEmolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreasedduringsuchtime;andnoPersonholdinganyOfficeundertheUnitedStates，shallbeaMemberofeitherHouseduringhisContinuanceinOffice。
Section7。AllBillsforRaisingRevenueshalloriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives;buttheSenatemayproposeorconcurwithAmendmentsasonotherBills。
EveryBillwhichshallhavepassedtheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate，shall，beforeitbecomeaLaw，bepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;ifheapproveheshallsignit，butifnotheshallreturnit，withhisObjections，tothatHouseinwhichitshallhaveoriginated，whoshallentertheObjectionsatlargeontheirJournal，andproceedtoreconsiderit。IfaftersuchReconsiderationtwo—thirdsofthatHouseshallagreetopasstheBill，itshallbesent，togetherwiththeObjections，totheotherHouse，bywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered，andifapprovedbytwo—thirdsofthatHouse，itshallbecomeaLaw。ButinallsuchCasestheVotesofbothHousesshallbedeterminedbyYeasandNays，andtheNamesofthePersonsvotingforandagainsttheBillshallbeenteredontheJournalofeachHouserespectively。IfanyBillshallnotbereturnedbythePresidentwithintendays（Sundaysexcepted）
afteritshallhavebeenpresentedtohim，theSameshallbeaLaw，inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit，unlesstheCongressbytheirAdjournmentpreventitsReturn，inwhichCaseitshallnotbeaLaw。
EveryOrder，Resolution，orVotetowhichtheConcurrenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesmaybenecessary（exceptonaquestionofAdjournment）shallbepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;andbeforetheSameshalltakeEffect，shallbeapprovedbyhim，orbeingdisapprovedbyhim，shallberepassedbytwo—thirdsoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，accordingtotheRulesandLimitationsprescribedinthecaseofaBill。
Section8。TheCongressshallhavePowertolayandcollectTaxes，Duties，Imposts，andExcises，topaytheDebtsandprovideforthecommonDefenceandgeneralWelfareoftheUnitedStates;
butallDuties，ImpostsandExcisesshallbeuniformthroughouttheUnitedStates;
ToborrowMoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates;
ToregulateCommercewithforeignNations，andamongtheseveralStates，andwiththeIndianTribes;
ToestablishanUniformRuleofNaturalization，anduniformLawsonthesubjectofBankruptciesthroughouttheUnitedStates;
TocoinMoney，regulatetheValuethereof，andofforeignCoin，andfixtheStandardofWeightsandMeasures;
ToprovideforthePunishmentofcounterfeitingtheSecuritiesandcurrentCoinoftheUnitedStates;
ToestablishPostOfficesandPostRoads;
TopromotetheProgressofScienceandusefulArts，bysecuringforlimitedTimestoAuthorsandInventorstheexclusiveRighttotheirrespectiveWritingsandDiscoveries;
ToconstituteTribunalsinferiortotheSupremeCourt;
TodefineandpunishPiraciesandFeloniescommittedonthehighSeas，andOffencesagainsttheLawofNations;
TodeclareWar，grantLettersofMarqueandReprisal，andmakeRulesconcerningCapturesonLandandWater;
ToraiseandsupportArmies，butnoAppropriationofMoneytothatUseshallbeforalongerTermthantwoyears;
ToprovideandmaintainaNavy;
TomakeRulesfortheGovernmentandRegulationofthelandandnavalForces。
ToprovideforcallingforththeMilitiatoexecutetheLawsoftheUnion，suppressInsurrectionsandrepelInvasions。
Toprovidefororganizing，arming，anddisciplining，theMilitia，andforgoverningsuchPartofthemasmaybeemployedintheServiceoftheUnitedStates，reservingtotheStatesrespectively，theAppointmentoftheOfficers，andtheAuthorityoftrainingtheMilitiaaccordingtothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress;
ToexerciseexclusiveLegislationinallCaseswhatsoever，oversuchDistrict（notexceedingtenMilessquare）asmay，byCessionofparticularStates，andtheAcceptanceofCongressbecometheSeatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，andtoexerciselikeAuthorityoverallPlacespurchasedbytheConsentoftheLegislatureoftheStateinwhichtheSameshallbe，fortheErectionofForts，Magazines，Arsenals，Dock—Yards，andotherneedfulBuildings;—AndTomakeallLawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoExecutiontheforegoingPowers，andallotherPowersvestedbythisConstitutionintheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，orinanyDepartmentorOfficerthereof。
Section9。TheMigrationorImportationofsuchPersonsasanyoftheStatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit，shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeight，butataxordutymaybeimposedonsuchImportation，notexceedingtendollarsforeachPerson。
ThePrivilegeoftheWritofHabeasCorpusshallnotbesuspended，unlesswheninCasesofRebellionorInvasionthepublicSafetymayrequireit。
NoBillofAttainderorexpostfactoLawshallbepassed。
NoCapitation，orotherdirectTaxshallbelaid，unlessinProportiontotheCensusorEnumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobetaken。
NoTaxorDutyshallbelaidonArticlesexportedfromanyState。
NopreferenceshallbegivenbyanyRegulationofCommerceorRevenuetothePortsofoneStateoverthoseofanother:norshallVesselsboundto，orfrom，oneState，beobligedtoenter，clear，orpayDutiesinanother。
NoMoneyshallbedrawnfromtheTreasury，butinconsequenceofAppropriationsmadebyLaw;andaregularStatementandAccountoftheReceiptsandExpendituresofallpublicMoneyshallbepublishedfromtimetotime。
NoTitleofNobilityshallbegrantedbytheUnitedStates:
AndnoPersonholdinganyOfficeofProfitorTrustunderthem，shall，withouttheConsentoftheCongress，acceptofanypresent，Emolument，Office，orTitleofanykindwhatever，fromanyKing，Prince，orforeignState。
Section10。NoStateshallenterintoanyTreaty，Alliance，orConfederation;grantLettersofMarqueorReprisal;coinMoney;emitBillsofCredit;makeanyThingbutgoldandsilverCoinaTenderinPaymentofDebts;passanyBillofAttainder，expostfactoLaw，orLawimpairingtheObligationofContracts，orgrantanyTitleofNobility。
NoStateshall，withouttheConsentoftheCongress，layanyImpostsorDutiesonImportsorExports，exceptwhatmaybeabsolutelynecessaryforexecutingitsinspectionLaws:andthenetProduceofallDutiesandImposts，laidbyanyStateonImportsorExportsshallbefortheUseoftheTreasuryoftheUnitedStates;andallsuchlawsshallbesubjecttotheRevisionandControloftheCongress。
NoStateshall，withouttheConsentofCongress，layanyDutyofTonnage，keepTroops，orShipsofWarintimeofPeace，enterintoanyAgreementorCompactwithanotherState，orwithaforeignPower，orengageinWar，unlessactuallyinvaded，orinsuchimminentDangeraswillnotadmitofdelay。
ArticleII
Section1。TheExecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica。HeshallholdhisOfficeduringtheTermoffourYears，and，togetherwiththeVice—President，chosenforthesameTerm，beelectedasfollows:
EachStateshallappoint，insuchMannerastheLegislaturethereofmaydirect，aNumberofElectors，equaltothewholeNumberofSenatorsandRepresentativestowhichtheStatemaybeentitledintheCongress:butnoSenatororRepresentative，orPersonholdinganOfficeofTrustorProfitundertheUnitedStates，shallbeappointedanElector。
[TheElectorsshallmeetintheirrespectiveStates，andvotebyBallotfortwopersons，ofwhomoneatleastshallnotbeaninhabitantofthesameStatewiththemselves。AndtheyshallmakeaListofallthePersonsvotedfor，andoftheNumberofVotesforeach;whichListtheyshallsignandcertify，andtransmitsealedtotheSeatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，directedtothePresidentoftheSenate。ThePresidentoftheSenateshall，inthePresenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，openalltheCertificates，andtheVotesshallthenbecounted。ThePersonhavingthegreatestNumberofVotesshallbethePresident，ifsuchNumberbeaMajorityofthewholeNumberofElectorsappointed;andiftherebemorethanonewhohavesuchMajority，andhaveanequalnumberofVotes，thentheHouseofRepresentativesshallimmediatelychoosebyBallotoneofthemforPresident;andifnoPersonhaveaMajority，thenfromthefivehighestontheListthesaidHouseshallinlikeMannerchoosethePresident。ButinchoosingthePresident，theVotesshallbetakenbyStates，theRepresentationfromeachStatehavingoneVote;AquorumforthisPurposeshallconsistofaMemberorMembersfromtwo—thirdsoftheStates，andaMajorityofalltheStatesshallbenecessarytoaChoice。IneveryCase，aftertheChoiceofthePresident，thePersonhavingthegreatestnumberofVotesoftheElectorsshallbetheVice—President。ButifthereshouldremaintwoormorewhohaveequalVotes，theSenateshallchoosefromthembyBallottheVice—President。]*d[Footnote*d:ThisclauseissupersededbyArticleXII，Amendments。Seepage396。]
TheCongressmaydeterminetheTimeofchoosingtheElectors，andtheDayonwhichtheyshallgivetheirVotes;whichDayshallbethesamethroughouttheUnitedStates。
NoPersonexceptanaturalbornCitizen，oraCitizenoftheUnitedStates，atthetimeoftheAdoptionofthisConstitution，shallbeeligibletotheOfficeofPresident;neithershallanypersonbeeligibletothatOfficewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirty—fiveYears，andbeenfourteenYearsaResidentwithintheUnitedStates。
IncaseoftheRemovalofthePresidentfromOffice，orofhisDeath，ResignationorInabilitytodischargethePowersandDutiesofthesaidOffice，thesameshalldevolveontheVice—president，andtheCongressmaybyLawprovidefortheCaseofRemoval，Death，ResignationorInability，bothofthePresidentandVice—President，declaringwhatOfficershallthenactasPresident，andsuchOfficershallactaccordingly，untiltheDisabilityberemoved，oraPresidentshallbeelected。
ThePresidentshall，atstatedTimes，receiveforhisServices，aCompensation，whichshallneitherbeincreasednordiminishedduringthePeriodforwhichheshallhavebeenelected，andheshallnotreceivewithinthatperiodanyotherEmolumentfromtheUnitedStates，oranyofthem。
BeforeheenterontheExecutionofhisOffice，heshalltakethefollowingOathorAffirmation:—\"Idosolemnlyswear（oraffirm）thatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates，andwilltothebestofmyAbility，preserve，protect，anddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates。\"
Section2。ThePresidentshallbeCommanderinChiefoftheArmyandNavyoftheUnitedStates，andoftheMilitiaoftheseveralStates，whencalledintotheactualServiceoftheUnitedStates;hemayrequiretheOpinion，inwriting，oftheprincipalOfficerineachoftheexecutiveDepartments，uponanySubjectrelatingtotheDutiesoftheirrespectiveOffices，andheshallhavePowertograntReprievesandPardonsforOffencesagainsttheUnitedStates，exceptinCasesofImpeachment。
HeshallhavePower，byandwiththeAdviceandConsentoftheSenate，tomakeTreaties，providedtwo—thirdsoftheSenatorspresentconcur;andheshallnominate，andbyandwiththeAdviceandConsentoftheSenate，shallappointAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls，JudgesoftheSupremeCourt，andallotherOfficersoftheUnitedStates，whoseAppointmentsarenothereinotherwiseprovidedfor，andwhichshallbeestablishedbyLaw:buttheCongressmaybyLawvesttheAppointmentofsuchinferiorOfficers，astheythinkproper，inthePresidentalone，intheCourtsofLaw，orintheHeadsofDepartments。
ThePresidentshallhavePowertofillupallvacanciesthatmayhappenduringtherecessoftheSenate，bygrantingCommissionswhichshallexpireattheEndoftheirnextSession。
Section3。HeshallfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressInformationofthestateoftheUnion，andrecommendtotheirConsiderationsuchMeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryandexpedient;hemay，onextraordinaryOccasions，convenebothHouses，oreitherofthem，andinCaseofDisagreementbetweenthem，withRespecttotheTimeofAdjournment，hemayadjournthemtosuchTimeasheshallthinkproper;heshallreceiveAmbassadorsandotherPublicMinisters;heshalltakeCarethattheLawsbefaithfullyexecuted，andshallCommissionalltheOfficersoftheUnitedStates。
Section4。ThePresident，Vice—PresidentandallcivilOfficersoftheUnitedStates，shallberemovedfromOfficeonImpeachmentfor，andConvictionof，Treason，Bribery，orotherHighCrimesandMisdemeanors。
ArticleIII
Section1。ThejudicialPoweroftheUnitedStatesshallbevestedinonesupremeCourt，andinsuchinferiorCourtsastheCongressmayfromtimetotimeordainandestablish。TheJudges，bothoftheSupremeandinferiorCourts，shallholdtheirOfficesduringgoodBehaviour，andshall，atstatedTimes，receivefortheirServices，aCompensation，whichshallnotbediminishedduringtheirContinuanceinOffice。
Section2。ThejudicialPowershallextendtoallcases，inLawandEquity，arisingunderthisConstitution，theLawsoftheUnitedStates，andTreatiesmade，orwhichshallbemade，undertheirAuthority;—toallCasesaffectingAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls;—toallcasesofAdmiraltyandmaritimeJurisdiction;toControversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesshallbeaParty;—toControversiesbetweentwoormoreStates;—betweenaStateandCitizensofanotherState;betweenCitizensofdifferentStates，—betweenCitizensofthesameStateclaimingLandsunderGrantsofdifferentStates，andbetweenaState，ortheCitizensthereof，andforeignStates，CitizensorSubjects。
InallCasesaffectingAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls，andthoseinwhichaStateshallbeParty，theSupremeCourtshallhaveoriginalJurisdiction。InalltheotherCasesbeforementioned，theSupremeCourtshallhaveappellateJurisdiction，bothastoLawandFact，withsuchExceptionsandundersuchRegulationsastheCongressshallmake。
TheTrialofallCrimes，exceptinCasesofImpeachment，shallbebyJury;andsuchTrialshallbeheldintheStatewherethesaidCrimesshallhavebeencommitted;butwhennotcommittedwithinanyState，theTrialshallbeatsuchPlaceorPlacesastheCongressmaybyLawhavedirected。
Section3。TreasonagainsttheUnitedStatesshallconsistonlyinlevyingWaragainstthem，orinadheringtotheirEnemies，givingthemAidandComfort。NopersonshallbeconvictedofTreasonunlessontheTestimonyoftwoWitnessestothesameovertAct，oronConfessioninopenCourt。
TheCongressshallhavepowertodeclarethePunishmentofTreason，butnoAttainderofTreasonshallworkCorruptionofBloodorForfeitureexceptduringthelifeofthepersonattainted。
ArticleIV
Section1。FullFaithandCreditshallbegivenineachStatetothePublicActs，Records，andjudicialProceedingsofeveryotherState。AndtheCongressmaybygeneralLawsprescribetheMannerinwhichsuchActs，RecordsandProceedingsshallbeproved，andtheEffectthereof。
Section2。TheCitizensofeachStateshallbeentitledtoallPrivilegesandImmunitiesofCitizensintheseveralStates。
ApersonchargedinanyStatewithTreason，Felony，orotherCrime，whoshallfleefromJustice，andbefoundinanotherState，shallonDemandoftheexecutiveAuthorityoftheStatefromwhichhefled，bedeliveredup，toberemovedtotheStatehavingJurisdictionoftheCrime。
NoPersonheldtoServiceorLabourinoneState，undertheLawsthereof，escapingintoanother，shall，inconsequenceofanyLaworRegulationtherein，bedischargedfromsuchServiceorLabour，butshallbedelivereduponClaimofthePartytowhomsuchServiceorLabourmaybedue。
Section3。NewStatesmaybeadmittedbytheCongressintothisUnion;butnonewStateshallbeformedorerectedwithintheJurisdictionofanyotherState;noranyStatebeformedbytheJunctionoftwoormoreStates，orPartsofStates，withouttheConsentoftheLegislaturesoftheStatesconcernedaswellasoftheCongress。
TheCongressshallhavePowertodisposeofandmakeallneedfulRulesandRegulationsrespectingtheTerritoryorotherPropertybelongingtotheUnitedStates;andnothinginthisConstitutionshallbesoconstruedastoPrejudiceanyClaimsoftheUnitedStates，orofanyparticularState。
Section4。TheUnitedStatesshallguaranteetoeveryStateinthisUnionaRepublicanFormofGovernment，andshallprotecteachofthemagainstInvasion;andonApplicationoftheLegislature，oroftheExecutive（whentheLegislaturecannotbeconvenedagainstdomesticViolence。
ArticleV
TheCongress，whenevertwo—thirdsofbothHousesshalldeemitnecessary，shallproposeAmendmentstothisConstitution，or，ontheApplicationoftheLegislaturesoftwo—thirdsoftheseveralStates，shallcallaConventionforproposingAmendments，which，ineitherCase，shallbevalidtoallIntentsandPurposes，asPartofthisConstitution，whenratifiedbytheLegislaturesofthree—fourthsoftheseveralStates，orbyConventionsinthree—fourthsthereof，astheoneortheotherModeofRatificationmaybeproposedbytheCongress;ProvidedthatnoAmendmentwhichmaybemadepriortotheYearOnethousandeighthundredandeightshallinanyManneraffectthefirstandfourthClausesintheNinthSectionofthefirstArticle;andthatnoState，withoutitsConsent，shallbedeprivedofitsequalSuffrageintheSenate。
ArticleVI
AllDebtscontractedandEngagementsenteredinto，beforetheAdoptionofthisConstitution，shallbeasvalidagainsttheUnitedStatesunderthisConstitution，asundertheConfederation。
ThisConstitution，andtheLawsoftheUnitedStateswhichshallbemadeinPursuancethereof;andallTreatiesmade，orwhichshallbemade，undertheAuthorityoftheUnitedStates，shallbethesupremeLawoftheLand;andtheJudgesineveryStateshallbeboundthereby，anyThingintheConstitutionorLawsofanyStatetothecontrarynotwithstanding。
TheSenatorsandRepresentativesbeforementioned，andtheMembersoftheseveralStateLegislatures，andallexecutiveandjudicialOfficers，bothoftheUnitedStatesandoftheseveralStates，shallbeboundbyOathorAffirmationtosupportthisConstitution;butnoreligioustestshalleverberequiredasaQualificationtoanyOfficeorpublicTrustundertheUnitedStates。
ArticleVII
TheRatificationoftheConventionsofnineStatesshallbesufficientfortheEstablishmentofthisConstitutionbetweentheStatessoratifyingtheSame。
DoneinConventionbytheUnanimousConsentoftheStatespresenttheSeventeenthDayofSeptemberintheYearofOurLordOnethousandsevenhundredandeighty—sevenandoftheIndependenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmericatheTwelfth。
InwitnesswhereofWehavehereuntosubscribedourNames，Go:WashingtonPresidt。anddeputyfromVirginia。
NewHampshireJohnLangdonNicholasGilmanMassachusettsNathanielGorhamRufusKingConnecticutWm。Saml。JohnsonRogerShermanNewYorkAlexanderHamiltonNewJerseyWil:Livingston。
DavidBrearley。
Wm。Paterson。
Jona。DaytonPennsylvaniaBFranklinThomasMifflinRobt。Morris。
Geo。ClymerThos。FitzsimonsJaredIngersollJamesWilsonGouvMorrisDelawareGeo:ReadGunningBedfordJunJohnDickinsonRichardBassettJaco:BroomMarylandJamesMcHenryDanofStThos。JeniferDanl。CarrollVirginiaJohnBlair—
JamesMadisonJr。
NorthCarolinaWm。BlountRichd。DobbsSpaightHuWilliamsonSouthCarolinaJ。RutledgeCharlesCotesworthPinckneyCharlesPinckneyPeirceButler。
GeorgiaWilliamFewAbrBaldwinAttestWilliamJackson，SecretaryTheWord’the，’beinginterlinedbetweentheseventhandeighthLinesofthefirstPage，Theword’Thirty’beingpartlywrittenonanErasureinthefifteenthLineofthefirstPage，TheWords’istried’beinginterlinedbetweenthethirty—secondandthirty—thirdLinesofthefirstPage，andtheWord’the’
beinginterlinedbetweentheforty—thirdandforty—fourthLinesofthesecondpage。
[NotebytheDepartmentofState。—Theforegoingexplanationintheoriginalinstrumentisplacedontheleftoftheparagraphbeginningwiththewords，’DoneinConvention，’andthereforeprecedesthesignatures。Theinterlinedandrewrittenwords，mentionedinit，areinthiseditionprintedintheirproperplacesinthetext。]
BillOfRightsInadditionto，andamendmentof，theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，proposedbyCongressandratifiedbytheLegislaturesoftheseveralStates，pursuanttotheFifthArticleoftheoriginalConstitutionArticleI
Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion，orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;orabridgingthefreedomofspeech，orofthepress;ortherightofthepeplepeaceablytoassemble，andtopetitiontheGovernmentforaredressofgrievances。
ArticleII
AwellregulatedMilitiabeingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState，therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArmsshallnotbeinfringed。
ArticleIII
NoSoldiershallintimeofpeacebequarteredinanyhousewithouttheconsentoftheOwner，norintimeofwar，butinamannertobeprescribedbylaw。
ArticleIV
Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons，houses，papers，andeffects，againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures，shallnotbeviolated，andnowarrantsshallissue，butuponprobablecause，supportedbyOathorAffirmation，andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched，andthepersonsorthingstobeseized。
ArticleV
Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerforacapital，orotherwiseinfamouscrime，unlessonapresentmentorindictmentofaGrandJury，exceptincasesarisinginthelandornavalforces，orintheMilitia，wheninactualserviceintimeofWarorpublicdanger;norshallanypersonbesubjectforthesameoffencetobetwiceputinjeopardyoflifeorlimb;norshallbecompelledinanyCriminalCasetobeawitnessagainsthimself，norbedeprivedoflife，liberty，orproperty，withoutdueprocessoflaw;norshallprivatepropertybetakenforpublicuse，withoutjustcompensation。
ArticleVI
Inallcriminalprosecutions，theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoaspeedyandpublictrial，byanimpartialjuryoftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeencommitted，whichdistrictshallhavebeenpreviouslyascertainedbylaw，andtobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusation;tobeconfrontedwiththewitnessesagainsthim;tohavecompulsoryprocessforobtainingwitnessesinhisfavour，andtohavetheAssistanceofCounselforhisdefence。
ArticleVII
Insuitsatcommonlaw，wherethevalueincontroversyshallexceedtwentydollars，therightoftrialbyjuryshallbepreserved，andnofacttriedbyajuryshallbeotherwisere—
examinedinanyCourtoftheUnitedStates，thanaccordingtotherulesofthecommonlaw。
ArticleVIII
Excessivebailshallnotberequired，norexcessivefinesimposed，norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted。
ArticleIX
TheenumerationintheConstitution，ofcertainrights，shallnotbeconstruedtodenyordisparageothersretainedbythepeople。
ArticleX
ThepowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution，norprohibitedbyittotheStates，arereservedtotheStatesrespectively，ortothepeople。
ArticleXI
TheJudicialpoweroftheUnitedStatesshallnotbeconstruedtoextendtoanysuitinlaworequity，commencedorprosecutedagainstoneoftheUnitedStatesbyCitizensofanotherState，orbyCitizensorSubjectsofanyForeignState。
ArticleXII
TheelectorsshallmeetintheirrespectiveStates，andvotebyballotforPresidentandVice—President，oneofwhom，atleast，shallnotbeaninhabitantofthesameStatewiththemselves;theyshallnameintheirballotsthepersonvotedforasPresident;andindistinctballotsthepersonvotedforasVice—President;andtheyshallmakedistinctlistsofallpersonsvotedforasPresident，andofallpersonsvotedforasVicePresident，andofthenumberofvotesforeach，whichliststheyshallsignandcertify，andtransmitsealedtotheseatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates，directedtothePresidentoftheSenate;—ThePresidentoftheSenateshall，inthepresenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，openallthecertificatesandthevotesshallthenbecounted;—ThepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesforPresident，shallbethePresident，ifsuchnumberbeamajorityofthewholenumberofElectorsappointed;andifnopersonhavesuchmajority，thenfromthepersonshavingthehighestnumbersnotexceedingthreeonthelistofhosevotedforasPresident，theHouseofRepresentativesshallchooseimmediately，byballot，thePresident。ButinchoosingthePresident，thevotesshallbetakenbyStates，therepresentationfromeachStatehavingonevote;aquorumforthispurposeshallconsistofamemberormembersfromtwo—thirdsoftheStates，andamajorityofalltheStatesshallbenecessarytoachoice。AndiftheHouseofRepresentativesshallnotchooseaPresidentwhenevertherightofchoiceshalldevolveuponthem，beforethefourthdayofMarchnextfollowing，thentheVice—PresidentshallactasPresident，asinthecaseofthedeathorotherconstitutionaldisabilityofthePresident。ThepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesasVice—President，shallbetheVice—President，ifsuchanumberbeamajorityofthewholenumberofElectorsappointed，andifnopersonhaveamajority，thenfromthetwohighestnumbersonthelist，theSenateshallchoosetheVice—President;aquorumforthepurposeshallconsistoftwo—thirdsofthewholenumberofSenators，andamajorityofthewholenumbershallbenecessarytoachoice。ButnopersonconstitutionallyineligibletotheofficeofPresidentshallbeeligibletothatofVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStates。
ArticleXIII
Section1。Neitherslaverynorinvoluntaryservitude，exceptasapunishmentforcrimewhereofthepartyshallhavebeendulyconvicted，shallexistwithintheUnitedStates，oranyplacesubjecttotheirjurisdiction。
Section2。Congressshallhavepowertoenforcethisarticlebyappropriatelegislation。
ArticleXIV
Section1。AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates，andsubjecttothejurisdictionthereof，arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside。NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates;norshallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife，liberty，orproperty，withoutdueprocessoflaw;nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws。
Section2。RepresentativesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStatesaccordingtotheirrespectivenumbers，countingthewholenumberofpersonsineachState，excludingIndiansnottaxed。ButwhentherighttovoteatanyelectionforthechoiceofelectorsforPresidentandVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStates，RepresentativesinCongress，theExecutiveandJudicialofficersofaState，orthemembersoftheLegislaturethereof，isdeniedtoanyofthemaleinhabitantsofsuchState，beingtwenty—oneyearsofage，andcitizensoftheUnitedStates，orinanywayabridged，exceptforparticipationinrebellion，orothercrime，thebasisofrepresentationthereinshallbereducedintheproportionwhichthenumberofsuchmalecitizensshallbeartothewholenumberofmalecitizenstwenty—oneyearsofageinsuchState。
Section3。NopersonshallbeaSenatororRepresentativeinCongress，orelectorofPresidentandVice—President，orholdanyoffice，civilormilitary，undertheUnitedStates，orunderanyState，who，havingpreviouslytakenanoath，asamemberofCongress，orasanofficeroftheUnitedStates，orasamemberofanyStatelegislature，orasanexecutiveorjudicialofficerofanyState，tosupporttheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，shallhaveengagedininsurrectionorrebellionagainstthesame，orgivenaidorcomforttotheenemiesthereof。ButCongressmaybyavoteoftwo—thirdsofeachHouse，removesuchdisability。
Section4。ThevalidityofthepublicdebtoftheUnitedStates，authorizedbylaw，includingdebtsincurredforpaymentofpensionsandbountiesforservicesinsuppressinginsurrectionorrebellion，shallnotbequestioned。ButneithertheUnitedStatesnoranyStateshallassumeorpayanydebtorobligationincurredinaidofinsurrectionorrebellionagainsttheUnitedStates，oranyclaimforthelossoremancipationofanyslave;
butallsuchdebts，obligationsandclaimsshallbeheldillegalandvoid。
Section5。TheCongressshallhavepowertoenforce，byappropriatelegislation，theprovisionsofthisarticle。
ArticleXV
Section1。TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStatestovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanyStateonaccountofrace，colour，orpreviousconditionofservitude。
Section2。TheCongressshallhavepowertoenforcethisarticlebyappropriatelegislation。