The Social Contract

第3章

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第3章

The Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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The Social Contract
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  Thesedifficultieshavenotescapedourwriters,who,allthesame,arenottroubledbythem。Theremedy,theysay,istoobeywithoutamurmur:

  GodsendsbadkingsinHiswrath,andtheymustbeborneasthescourgesofHeaven。Suchtalkisdoubtlessedifying;butitwouldbemoreinplaceinapulpitthaninapoliticalbook。Whatarewetothinkofadoctorwhopromisesmiracles,andwhosewholeartistoexhortthesufferertopatience?Weknowforourselvesthatwemustputupwithabadgovernmentwhenitisthere;thequestionishowtofindagoodone。7。MIXEDGOVERNMENTSSTRICTLYspeaking,thereisnosuchthingasasimplegovernment。Anisolatedrulermusthavesubordinatemagistrates;apopulargovernmentmusthaveahead。Thereistherefore,inthedistributionoftheexecutivepower,alwaysagradationfromthegreatertothelessernumber,withthedifferencethatsometimesthegreaternumberisdependentonthesmaller,andsometimesthesmalleronthegreater。

  Sometimesthedistributionisequal,wheneithertheconstituentpartsareinmutualdependence,asinthegovernmentofEngland,ortheauthorityofeachsectionisindependent,butimperfect,asinPoland。Thislastformisbad;foritsecuresnounityinthegovernment,andtheStateisleftwithoutabondofunion。

  Isasimpleoramixedgovernmentthebetter?Politicalwritersarealwaysdebatingthequestion,whichmustbeansweredaswehavealreadyansweredaquestionaboutallformsofgovernment。

  Simplegovernmentisbetterinitself,justbecauseitissimple。Butwhentheexecutivepowerisnotsufficientlydependentuponthelegislativepower,i。e。,whentheprinceismorecloselyrelatedtotheSovereignthanthepeopletotheprince,thislackofproportionmustbecuredbythedivisionofthegovernment;forallthepartshavethennolessauthorityoverthesubjects,whiletheirdivisionmakesthemalltogetherlessstrongagainsttheSovereign。

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