TheexplorationsinAustraliaandneighbouringislandsmademattersstillworse，fortherewasfoundinthoseregionsawholerealmofanimalsdifferingwidelyfromthoseofotherpartsoftheearth。
Theproblembeforethestricttheologiansbecame，forexample，howtoexplainthefactthatthekangaroocanhavebeeninthearkandbenowonlyfoundinAustralia：hissaltatorypowersareindeedgreat，buthowcouldhebyanyseriesofleapshavesprungacrosstheinterveningmountains，plains，andoceanstothatremotecontinent？and，ifthetheorywereadoptedthatatsomeperiodacausewayextendedacrossthevastchasmseparatingAustraliafromthenearestmainland，whydidnotlions，tigers，camels，andcamelopardsforceorfindtheirwayacrossit？
Thetheologicaltheory，therefore，hadbytheendoftheeighteenthcenturygonetopieces。Thewisertheologianswaited；
theunwiseindulgedinexhortationsto“rootoutthewickedheartofunbelief。”indenunciationof“sciencefalselysocalled。”andinfranticdeclarationsthat“theBibleistrue“——bywhichtheymeantthatthelimitedunderstandingofitwhichtheyhadhappenedtoinheritistrue。
Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcenturythewholetheologicaltheoryofcreation——thoughstillpreachedeverywhereasamatterofform——wasclearlyseenbyallthinkingmentobehopelesslylost：suchstrongmenasCardinalWisemanintheRomanChurch，DeanBucklandintheAnglican，andHughMillerintheScottishChurch，madeheroiceffortstosavesomethingfromit，butalltonopurpose。ThatsturdyTeutonicandAnglo-Saxonhonesty，whichisthebestlegacyoftheMiddleAgestoChristendom，asserteditselfintheoldstrongholdsoftheologicalthought，theuniversities。NeitherthepowerfullogicofBishopButlernorthenimblereasoningofArchdeaconPaleyavailed。JustasthelineofastronomicalthinkersfromCopernicustoNewtonhaddestroyedtheoldastronomy，inwhichtheearthwasthecentre，andtheAlmightysittingabovethefirmamenttheagentinmovingtheheavenlybodiesaboutitwithhisownhands，sonowaraceofbiologicalthinkershaddestroyedtheoldideaofaCreatorminutelycontrivingandfashioningallanimalstosuittheneedsandpurposesofman。Theyhaddevelopedasystemofaverydifferentsort，andthisweshallnextconsider。[18]