Byestablishedestablishmentofcoloniesindistantcountries，notonlyparticularprivileges，butamonopolywasfrequentlyprocuredforthegoodsandmerchantsofthecountrywhichestablishedthem。
Thetwosortsofrestraintsuponimportationabove—mentioned，togetherwiththesefourencouragementstoexportation，constitutethesixprincipalmeansbywhichthecommercialsystemproposestoincreasethequantityofgoldandsilverinanycountrybyturningthebalanceoftradeinitsfavour。Ishallconsidereachoftheminaparticularchapter，andwithouttakingmuchfurthernoticeoftheirsupposedtendencytobringmoneyintothecountry，Ishallexaminechieflywhatarelikelytobetheeffectsofeachofthemupontheannualproduceofitsindustry。Accordingastheytendeithertoincreaseordiminishthevalueofthisannualproduce，theymustevidentlytendeithertoincreaseordiminishtherealwealthandrevenueofthecountry。
CHAPTERII
OfRestraintsupontheImportationfromForeignCountriesofsuchGoodsascanbeproducedatHomeBYrestraining，eitherbyhighdutiesorbyabsoluteprohibitions，theimportationofsuchgoodsfromforeigncountriesascanbeproducedathome，themonopolyofthehomemarketismoreorlesssecuredtothedomesticindustryemployedinproducingthem。ThustheprohibitionofimportingeitherlivecattleorsaltprovisionsfromforeigncountriessecurestothegraziersofGreatBritainthemonopolyofthehomemarketforbutcher’smeat。Thehighdutiesupontheimportationofcorn，whichintimesofmoderateplentyamounttoaprohibition，givealikeadvantagetothegrowersofthatcommodity。Theprohibitionoftheimportationofforeignwoollensisequallyfavourabletothewoollenmanufacturers。Thesilkmanufacture，thoughaltogetheremployeduponforeignmaterials，haslatelyobtainedthesameadvantage。Thelinenmanufacturehasnotyetobtainedit，butismakinggreatstridestowardsit。Manyothersortsofmanufacturershave，inthesamemanner，obtainedinGreatBritain，eitheraltogetherorverynearly，amonopolyagainsttheircountrymen。ThevarietyofgoodsofwhichtheimportationintoGreatBritainisprohibited，eitherabsolutely，orundercertaincircumstances，greatlyexceedswhatcaneasilybesuspectedbythosewhoarenotwellacquaintedwiththelawsofthecustoms。
Thatthismonopolyofthehomemarketfrequentlygivesgreatencouragementtothatparticularspeciesofindustrywhichenjoysit，andfrequentlyturnstowardsthatemploymentagreatershareofboththelabourandstockofthesocietythanwouldotherwisehavegonetoit，cannotbedoubted。Butwhetherittendseithertoincreasethegeneralindustryofthesociety，ortogiveitthemostadvantageousdirection，isnot，perhaps，altogethersoevident。