Democracy In America

第21章

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第21章

Democracy In America Alexis de Toqueville

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Democracy In America
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  Thegovernmentofdemocracybringsthenotionofpoliticalrightstothelevelofthehumblestcitizens,justasthedisseminationofwealthbringsthenotionofpropertywithinthereachofallthemembersofthecommunity;andIconfessthat,tomymind,thisisoneofitsgreatestadvantages。Idonotassertthatitiseasytoteachmentoexercisepoliticalrights;butI

  maintainthat,whenitispossible,theeffectswhichresultfromitarehighlyimportant;andIaddthat,ifthereeverwasatimeatwhichsuchanattemptoughttobemade,thattimeisourown。

  Itisclearthattheinfluenceofreligiousbeliefisshaken,andthatthenotionofdivinerightsisdeclining;itisevidentthatpublicmoralityisvitiated,andthenotionofmoralrightsisalsodisappearing:thesearegeneralsymptomsofthesubstitutionofargumentforfaith,andofcalculationfortheimpulsesofsentiment。If,inthemidstofthisgeneraldisruption,youdonotsucceedinconnectingthenotionofrightswiththatofpersonalinterest,whichistheonlyimmutablepointinthehumanheart,whatmeanswillyouhaveofgoverningtheworldexceptbyfear?WhenIamtoldthat,sincethelawsareweakandthepopulaceiswild,sincepassionsareexcitedandtheauthorityofvirtueisparalyzed,nomeasuresmustbetakentoincreasetherightsofthedemocracy,Ireply,thatitisfortheseveryreasonsthatsomemeasuresofthekindmustbetaken;andIampersuadedthatgovernmentsarestillmoreinterestedintakingthemthansocietyatlarge,becausegovernmentsareliabletobedestroyedandsocietycannotperish。

  Iamnot,however,inclinedtoexaggeratetheexamplewhichAmericafurnishes。InthoseStatesthepeopleareinvestedwithpoliticalrightsatatimewhentheycouldscarcelybeabused,forthecitizenswerefewinnumberandsimpleintheirmanners。

  Astheyhaveincreased,theAmericanshavenotaugmentedthepowerofthedemocracy,buttheyhave,ifImayusetheexpression,extendeditsdominions。Itcannotbedoubtedthatthemomentatwhichpoliticalrightsaregrantedtoapeoplethathadbeforebeenwithoutthemisaverycritical,thoughitbeanecessaryone。Achildmaykillbeforeheisawareofthevalueoflife;andhemaydepriveanotherpersonofhispropertybeforeheisawarethathisownmaybetakenawayfromhim。Thelowerorders,whenfirsttheyareinvestedwithpoliticalrights,stand,inrelationtothoserights,inthesamepositionasthechilddoestothewholeofnature,andthecelebratedadagemaythenbeappliedtothem,Homopuerrobustus。ThistruthmayevenbeperceivedinAmerica。TheStatesinwhichthecitizenshaveenjoyedtheirrightslongestarethoseinwhichtheymakethebestuseofthem。

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