[14。]SeethepassagefromXenophonquotedlater[15。]Jacob,op。cit。,Vol。11,ch。25and26
[16。]\"Intimesofgreatagitationandinsecurity,especiallyduringinternalcommotionsorinvasions,goldandsilverarticlesarerapidlyconvertedintornoney;whilst,duringperiodsoftranquillityandprosperity,moneyisconvertedintoplateandjewellery\"（op。cit。,Vol。II,p。357）。
[17。]InthefollowingpassageXenophondiscussesmoneyandhoard,twospecificanddistinctaspectsofmoney:\"OfalloperationswithwhichIamacquainted,thisistheonlyoneinwhichnosortofjealousyisfeltatafurtherdevelopmentoftheindustry……thelargerthequantityoforediscoveredandthegreatertheamountofsilverextracted,thegreaterthenumberofpersonsreadytoengageintheoperation……Noonewhenhehasgotsufficientfurnitureforhishousedreamsofmakingfurtherpurchasesonthishead,butofsilvernooneeveryetpossessedsomuchthathewasforcedtocry\'Enough\'。Onthecontrary,ifeveranybodydoesbecomepossessedofanimmoderateamounthefindsasmuchpleasureindiggingaholeinthegroundandhoardingitasanactualemploymentofit……Whenastateisprosperousthereisnothingwhichpeoplesomuchdesireassilver。Themenwantmoneytoexpendonbeautifularmourandfinehorses,andhousesandsumptuousparaphernaliaofallsorts。Thewomenbetakethemselvestoexpensiveapparelandornamentsofgold。Orwhenstatesaresick,eitherthroughbarrennessofcornandotherfruits,orthroughwar,thedemandforcurrentcoinisevenmoreimperative（whilstthegroundliesunproductive）,topayfornecessariesormilitaryaid。\"（XenophonDeVectigalibus,C。IV[transl。byH。G。Dakyns,London,1892,Vol。II,pp。33i—36]。）InCh。9,BookIofhisPolitics,AristotlesetsforththetwocircuitsofcirculationC——M——CandM——C——M,whichhecalls\"economics\"
and\"Chrematistics\",andtheirdifferences。ThetwoformsarecontrastedwitheachotherbytheGreektragedians,especiallyEuripides。
MeansofPaymentKarlMarx\'sACONTRIBUTIONTOTHECRITIQUEOFPOLITICALECONOMY