DIVISIONS
GENERALDIVISIONSOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALS
I。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSASASYSTEMOF
DUTIESGENERALLY。
1。Alldutiesareeitherdutiesofright，thatis，juridicalduties（officiajuris），ordutiesofvirtue，thatis，ethicalduties（officiavirtutiss。ethica）。Juridicaldutiesaresuchasmaybepromulgatedbyexternallegislation;ethicaldutiesarethoseforwhichsuchlegislationisnotpossible。Thereasonwhythelattercannotbeproperlymadethesubjectofexternallegislationisbecausetheyrelatetoanendorfinalpurpose，whichisitself，atthesametime，embracedintheseduties，andwhichitisadutyfortheindividualtohaveassuch。Butnoexternallegislationcancauseanyonetoadoptaparticularintention，ortoproposetohimselfacertainpurpose;forthisdependsuponaninternalconditionoractoftheminditself。However，externalactionsconducivetosuchamentalconditionmaybecommanded，withoutitsbeingimpliedthattheindividualwillofnecessitymakethemanendtohimself。
Butwhy，then，itmaybeasked，isthescienceofmorals，ormoralphilosophy，commonlyentitled—especiallybyCicero—thescienceofdutyandnotalsothescienceofright，sincedutiesandrightsrefertoeachother？Thereasonisthis。Weknowourownfreedom—fromwhichallmorallawsandconsequentlyallrightsaswellasalldutiesarise—onlythroughthemoralimperative，whichisanimmediateinjunctionofduty;whereastheconceptionofrightasagroundofputtingothersunderobligationhasafterwardstobedevelopedoutofit。
2。Inthedoctrineofduty，manmayandoughttoberepresentedinaccordancewiththenatureofhisfacultyoffreedom，whichisentirelysupra—sensible。Heis，therefore，toberepresentedpurelyaccordingtohishumanityasapersonalityindependentofphysicaldeterminations（homonoumenon），indistinctionfromthesamepersonasamanmodifiedwiththesedeterminations（homophenomenon）。Hencetheconceptionsofrightandendwhenreferredtoduty，inviewofthistwofoldquality，givethefollowingdivision:
DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSACCORDINGTOTHEOBJECTIVE
RELATIONOFTHELAWOFDUTY。
I。TheRightofHumanity。
I。JuridicalOneselfinourownperson（juridicialDutiestoordutiestowardsoneself）PerfectOthersDutyII。TheRightofMankind。
inothers（juridicaldutiestowardsothers。）
III。TheEndofHumanity。
II。EthicalOneselfinourperson（eithicaldutiesDutiestoortowardsoneself）ImperfectOthersDutyIV。TheEndofMankind。
inothers（ethicaldutiestowardsothers。）
II。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSACCORDINGTORELATIONS
OFOBLIGATION。
Asthesubjectsbetweenwhomarelationofrightanddutyisapprehended—whetheritactuallyexistsornot—admitofbeingconceivedinvariousjuridicalrelationstoeachother，anotherdivisionmaybeproposedfromthispointofview，asfollows:
DIVISIONPOSSIBLEACCORDINGTOTHESUBJECTIVERELATIONOF
THOSEWHOBINDUNDEROBLIGATIONS，ANDTHOSEWHOARE
BOUNDUNDEROBLIGATIONS。
1。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohaveneitherrightnorduty:
Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelation，forsuchbeingsareirrational，andtheyneitherputusunderobligation，norcanwebeputunderobligationbythem。
2。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohavebothrightsandduties:
Adest。Thereissucharelation，foritistherelationofmentomen。
3。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohaveonlydutiesandnorights:
Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelation，forsuchbeingswouldbemenwithoutjuridicalpersonality，asslavesofbondsmen。
4Thejuridicalrelationofmantoabeingwhohasonlyrightsandnoduties（God）:
Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelationinmerephilosophy，becausesuchabeingisnotanobjectofpossibleexperience。
Arealrelationbetweenrightanddutyisthereforefound，inthisscheme，onlyinNo。2。ThereasonwhysuchisnotlikewisefoundinNo。4isbecauseitwouldconstituteatranscendentduty，thatis，onetowhichnocorrespondingsubjectcanbegiventhatisexternalandcapableofimposingobligation。Consequentlytherelationfromthetheoreticalpointofviewisheremerelyideal;thatis，itisarelationtoanobjectofthoughtwhichweformforourselves。Buttheconceptionofthisobjectisnotentirelyempty。Onthecontrary，itisafruitfulconceptioninrelationtoourselvesandthemaximsofourinnermorality，andthereforeinrelationtopracticegenerally。Anditisinthisbearingthatallthedutyinvolvedandpracticableforusinsuchamerelyidealrelationlies。
III。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSASASYSTEMOF
DUTIESGENERALLY。
Accordingtotheconstituentprinciplesandthemethodofthesystem。
I。PrinciplesI。DutiesofRightI。PrivateRight。
II。PublicRightII。DutiesofVirtue，etc。
Andsoon，includingallthatrefersnotonlytothematerials，butalsotothearchitectonicformofascientificsystemofmorals，whenthemetaphysicalinvestigationoftheelementshascompletelytracedouttheuniversalprinciplesconstitutingthewhole。
II。MethodI。DidacticsII。AsceticsGENERALINTRODUCTIONTOTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALS
I。THERELATIONOFTHEFACULTIESOFTHEHUMANMINDTOTHE