Part1
XI。Letusseebywhatmethodtheseclassesmaybefarthersubdivided。
First，then，withregardtooffencesagainstindividuals。
Inthepresentperiodofexistence，aman\'sbeingandwellbeing，hishappinessandhissecurity；inaword，hispleasuresandhisimmunityfrompains，arealldependent，moreorless，inthefirstplace，uponhisownperson；inthenextplace，upontheexteriorobjectsthatsurroundhim。Theseobjectsareeitherthings，orotherpersons。Underoneorotheroftheseclassesmustevidentlybecomprisedeverysortofexteriorobject，bymeansofwhichhisinterestcanbeaffected。Ifthen，bymeansofanyoffence，amanshouldonanyoccasionbecomeasufferer，itmustbeinoneorotheroftwoways:1。absolutely，towit，immediatelyinhisownperson；inwhichcasetheoffencemaybesaidtobeanoffenceagainsthisperson:or，2。relatively，byreasonofsomematerialrelationwhichthebeforementionedexteriorobjectsmayhappentobear，inthewayofcausalityseech。vii。Actions，par。24tohishappiness。Nowinasfarasamanisinawaytoderiveeitherhappinessorsecurityfromanyobjectwhichbelongstotheclassofthings，suchthingissaidtobehisproperty，oratleastheissaidtohaveapropertyoraninteresttherein:anoffence，therefore，whichtendstolessenthefacilityhemightotherwisehaveofderivinghappinessorsecurityfromanobjectwhichbelongstotheclassofthingsmaybestyledanoffenceagainsthisproperty。Withregardtopersons，inasfaras，fromobjectsofthisclass，amanisinawaytoderivehappinessorsecurity，itisinvirtueoftheirservices:
invirtueofsomeservices，which，byonesortofinducementoranother，theymaybedisposedtorenderhim。Now，then，takeanyman，bywayofexample，andthedisposition，whateveritmaybe，whichhemaybeintorenderyouservice，eitherhasnootherconnectiontogivebirthorsupporttoit，thanthegeneralonewhichbindshimtothewholespecies，orithassomeotherconnectionmoreparticular。Inthelattercase，suchaconnectionmaybespokenofasconstituting，inyourfavour，akindoffictitiousorincorporealobjectofproperty，whichisstyledyourcondition。Anoffence，therefore，thetendencyofwhichistolessenthefacilityyoumightotherwisehaveofderivinghappinessfromtheservicesofapersonthusspeciallyconnectedwithyou，maybestyledanoffenceagainstyourconditioninlife，orsimplyagainstyourcondition。Conditionsinlifemustevidentlybeasvariousastherelationsbywhichtheyareconstituted。Thiswillbeseenmoreparticularlyfartheron。Inthemeantimethoseofhusband，wife，parent，child，master，servant，citizenofsuchorsuchacity，natural-bornsubjectofsuchorsuchacountry，mayanswerthepurposeofexamples。