第61章
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  ThedaughterofWilliamV,CountofToulouse,didnotsucceedtothecounty。ButEleanorsucceededtoAquitaine,andMatildatoNormandy;andtherightofthesuccessionoffemalesseemedsowellestablishedinthosedays,thatLouistheYoung,afterhisdivorcefromEleanor,madenodifficultyinrestoringGuiennetoher。Butasthesetwolastinstancesfollowedcloseonthefirst,thegenerallawbywhichthewomenwerecalledtothesuccessionoffiefsmusthavebeenintroducedmuchlaterintothecountyofToulousethanintotheotherprovincesofFrance。[212]

  TheconstitutionofseveralkingdomsofEuropehasbeendirectedbythestateoffeudaltenuresatthetimewhenthosekingdomswerefounded。

  ThewomensucceededneithertothecrownofFrancenortotheempire,becauseatthefoundationofthosetwomonarchiestheywereincapableofsucceedingtofiefs。Buttheysucceededinkingdomswhosefoundationwasposteriortothatoftheperpetuityofthefiefs,suchasthosefoundedbytheNormans,thosebytheconquestsmadeontheMoors,andothers,infine,whichwerebeyondthelimitsofGermany,andinlatertimesreceivedinsomemeasureasecondbirthbytheestablishmentofChristianity。

  Whenthesefiefswereatwill,theyweregiventosuchaswerecapableofdoingserviceforthem,and,therefore,wereneverbestowedonminors;butwhentheybecameperpetual,thelordstookthefiefintotheirownhands,tillthepupilcameofage,eithertoincreasetheirownemoluments,ortotrainthewardtotheuseofarms。[213]Thisiswhatourcustomscalltheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren,whichisfoundedonprinciplesdifferentfromthoseoftutelage,andisentirelyadistinctthingfromit。

  Whenthefiefswereforlife,itwascustomarytovowfealtyforafief;

  andtherealdelivery,whichwasmadebyasceptre,confirmedthefief,asitisnowconfirmedbyhomage。Wedonotfindthatthecounts,oreventheking’scommissaries,receivedthehomageintheprovinces;noristhisceremonytobemetwithinthecommissionsofthoseofficerswhichhavebeenhandeddowntousintheCapitularies。Theysometimes,indeed,madealltheking’ssubjectstakeanoathofallegiance;[214]

  butsofarwasthisoathfrombeingofthesamenatureastheserviceafterwardsestablishedbythenameofhomage,thatitwasonlyacere—moneyoflesssolemnity,occasionallyused,eitherbeforeorafterthatactofobeisance;inshort,itwasquiteadistinctthingfromhomage。[215]

  Thecountsandtheking’scommissariesfurthermadethosevassalswhosefidelitywassuspectedgiveoccasionallyasecurity,whichwascalledfirmitas,[216]butthissecuritycouldnotbeanhomage,sincekingsgaveittoeachother。[217]

  AndthoughtheAbbotSuger[218]makesmentionofachairofDagobert,inwhichaccordingtothetestimonyofantiquity,thekingsofFrancewereaccustomedtoreceivethehomageofthenobility,itisplainthatheexpresseshimselfagreeablytotheideasandlanguageofhisowntime。

  Whenthefiefsdescendedtotheheirs,theacknowledgmentofthevassal,whichatfirstwasonlyanoccasionalservice,becamearegularduty。Itwasperformedinamoresplendidmanner,andattendedwithmoreformalities,becauseitwastobeaperpetualmemorialofthereciprocaldutiesofthelordandvassal。

  IshouldbeapttothinkthathomagesbegantobeestablishedunderKingPepin,whichisthetimeImentionedthatseveralbeneficesweregiveninperpetuity,butIshouldnotthinkthuswithoutcaution,andonlyuponasuppositionthattheauthorsoftheancientannalsoftheFrankswerenotignorantpretenders,[219]whoindescribingthefealtyprofessedbyTassillon,DukeofBavaria,toKingPepin,spokeaccordingtotheusagesoftheirowntime。[220]

  34。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenthefiefswereeitherprecariousorforlife,theyseldomborearelationtoanyotherthanthepoliticallaws;forwhichreasoninthecivilinstitutionsofthosetimesthereisverylittlementionmadeofthelawsoffiefs。Butwhentheybecamehereditary,whentherewasapowerofgiving,selling,andbequeathingthem,theyborearelationbothtothepoliticalandthecivillaws。Thefief,consideredasanobligationofperformingmilitaryservice,dependedonthepoliticallaw;consideredasakindofcommercialproperty,itdependedonthecivillaw。Thisgaverisetothecivilregulationsconcerningfeudaltenures。

  Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelawrelatingtotheorderofsuccessionmusthavebeeninrelationtotheperpetuityoffiefs。HencethisruleoftheFrenchlaw,estatesofinheritancedonotascend,[221]

  wasestablishedinspiteoftheRomanandSaliclaws。[222]Itwasnecessarythatserviceshouldbepaidforthefief;butagrandfatheroragreat—unclewouldhavebeentoooldtoperformanyservice;thisrulethusheldgoodatfirstonlyinregardtothefeudaltenures,aswelearnfromBoutillier。[223]

  Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelordswhoweretoseethatservicewaspaidforthefief,insistedthatthefemaleswhoweretosucceedtothefeudalestate,andIfancysometimesthemales,shouldnotmarrywithouttheirconsent;insomuchthatthemarriagecontractsbecameinrespecttothenobilitybothofafeudalandacivilregulation。[224]Inanactofthiskindunderthelord’sinspection,regulationsweremadeforthesuccession,withtheviewthattheheirsmightpayserviceforthefief:hencenonebutthenobilityatfirsthadthelibertyofdisposingofsuccessionsbymarriagecontract,asBoyer[225]andAufrerius[226]haveobserved。

  Itisneedlesstomentionthatthepowerofredemption,foundedontheoldrightoftherelatives,amysteryofourancientFrenchjurisprudenceIhavenottimetounravel,couldnottakeplacewithregardtothefiefstilltheybecameperpetual。

  Italiam,Italiam……[227]

  Ifinishmytreatiseoffiefsataperiodwheremostauthorscommencetheirs。

  ______

  1。GregoryofTours,iv。42。

  2。Chapter7。

  3。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。

  4。ClothariusII,sonofChilperic,andthefatherofDagobert。

  5。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。

  6。SeeGregoryofTours,viii。31。

  7。Fredegarius,Chronicle,27,intheyear605。

  8。Ibid。,28,intheyear607。

  9。Ibid。,41,intheyear613。

  10。Ibid。,42,intheyear613。

  11。SometimeafterBrunehault’sexecution,intheyear615。SeeBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,p。21。

  12。Ibid。,art。16。

  13。Ibid。

  14。Ibid。,art。17。

  15。Ibid。,art。1。

  16。Ibid。,art。8。

  17。Ibid。,art。9。

  18。Ibid。,art。21。

  19。Theywereorderswhichthekingsenttothejudgestodoortotoleratethingscontrarytolaw。

  20。SeeGregoryofTours,iv,p。227。Bothourhistoryandthechartersarefullofthis;andtheextentoftheseabusesappearsespeciallyinClotharius’constitution,insertedintheeditionoftheCapitulariesmadetoreformthem。Baluzius’sedition,p。7。

  21。Ibid。,art。22。

  22。Ibid。,art6。

  23。Ibid。,art。18。

  24。InBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i。p。7。

  25。IntheprecedingbookIhavemadementionoftheseimmunities,whichweregrantsofjudicialrights,andcontainedprohibitionstotheregaljudgestoperformanyfunctionintheterritory,andwereequivalenttotheerectionorgrantofafief。

  26。Hebegantoreigntowardstheyear670。

  27。SeetheLifeofSt。Leger。

  28。InstiganteBrunihault,Theodoricojubente,&c。——Fredegarius,27,intheyear605。

  29。GestaregumFrancorum,36。

  30。SeeFredegarius,Chronicle,54,intheyear626,andhisanonymouscontinuator,101,intheyear695,and105,intheyear715。Aimoin,iv。

  15,Eginhard。LifeofCharlemagne,48。GestaregumFrancorum,45。

  31。SeetheLawoftheBurgundians,pref。,andthesecondsupplementtothislaw,tit。13。

  32。SeeGregoryofTours,ix。36。

  33。Fredegarius,Chronicle,44,intheyear626。

  34。Fredegarius,Chronicle,68,intheyear630。

  35。Fredegarius,Chronicle,75,intheyear632。

  36。Fredegarius,Chronicle,79,intheyear638。

  37。Ibid。

  38。Ibid。,80,intheyear639。

  39。Fredegarius,Chronicle,89,intheyear641。

  40。Ibid。

  41。DeMajoribusDomusRegi?。

  42。DeMoribusGermanorum,7。

  43。SeeSulpiciusAlexander,inGregoryofTours,ii。

  44。Intheyear552。

  45。Agathias,i。GregoryofTours,iv。9。

  46。GontramdidnotevenmarchagainstGondovald,whostyledhimselfsonofClotharius,andclaimedhisshareofthekingdom。

  47。Sometimestothenumberoftwenty。SeeGregoryofTours,v。27,viii。28and30,x。3。Dagobert,whohadnomayorinBurgundy,observedthesamepolicy,andsentagainsttheGasconstendukesandseveralcountswhoLadnodukesoverthem。——Fredegarius,Chronicle,78,intheyear636。

  48。GregoryofTours,viii。30,andx。3。

  49。Ibid。,viii。30。

  50。SeethesecondsupplementtothelawoftheBurgundians,tit。13,andGregoryofTours,ix。36。

  51。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,years687and688。

  52。Ibid。,year695。

  53。Ibid。,year719。

  54。Ibid。

  55。ExchronicoCentulensi,ii。

  56。AnnalsofMetz,year691。AnnalsofFulda,orofLaurishan,PippinusduxFrancorumobtinuitregnumFrancorumperannos27,cumregibussibisubjectis。

  57。TheanonymouscontinuatorofFredegarius,104,intheyear714。

  58。CitedbyGregoryofTours,ix。SeealsotheedictofClothariusII,intheyear615,art。16。

  59。Seethe24thandthe34thofthefirstbook。

  60。Seethe14thformulaofthefirstbook,whichisequallyapplicabletothefiscalestatesgivendirectinperpetuity,orgivenatfirstasabenefice,andafterwardsinperpetuity。Seealsothe17thformula,ibid。

  61。Booki,form。13。

  62。Tit。44。Seealsotit。66,§§3,4;andtit。74。

  63。Tit。11。

  64。SeealsothelawoftheRipuarians,tit。7;andtheSaliclaw,tit。

  44,art。1and4。

  65。Saliclaw,tit。59and76。

  66。Ibid。

  67。Ibid。,tit。59,§1。

  68。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。

  69。Ibid。,tit。56and59。

  70。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。

  71。Ibid。,§2。

  72。Apudvernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and11。

  73。CapitularyofCharlemagne,secondoftheyear812,art。1and3。

  74。Heribannum。

  75。Noninfirmisreliquith?redibus,saysLambertd’ArdresinDuCange,onthewordalodis。

  76。SeethosequotedbyDuCange,inthewordalodis,andthoseproducedbyGalland,inhisTreatiseonAllodialLands,p。14,ff。

  77。SecondCapitularyoftheyear802,art。10;andtheseventhCapitularyoftheyear803,art。3;thefirstCapitulary,incertianni,art。49;thefifthCapitularyoftheyear806,art。7;theCapitularyoftheyear779,art。29;theCapitularyofLouisthePious,intheyear829,art。1。

  78。Thefifthoftheyear806,art。8。

  79。InGregoryofTours,vi。46。

  80。Thisiswhatinducedhimtoannulthetestamentsmadeinfavouroftheclergy,andeventhedonationsofhisfather;Gontramre—establishedthem,andevenmadenewdonations。——GregoryofTours,vii。7。

  81。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,year687。

  82。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。

  83。InGregoryofTours。

  84。FromChronicaCentulensi,ii。

  85。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。

  86。Ibid。,year741。

  87。Year858,inCarisiacus;Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。101。

  88。Ibid。,ii,art。7,p。109。

  89。Precaria,quodprecibusutendumconceditur,saysCujas,inhisnotesuponthefirstBookofFiefs。IfindinadiplomaofKingPepin,datedthethirdyearofhisreign,thatthisprincewasnotthefirstwhoestablishedtheseprecaria;hecitesonemadebytheMayorEbroin,andcontinuedafterhistime。Seethediplomaoftheking,intheHistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,art。6。

  90。Intheyear743,seethe5thbookoftheCapitularies,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。825。

  91。ThatofMetz,intheyear736,art。4。

  92。SeehisCapitulary,intheyear803,givenatWorms;Baluzius’sedition,p。411,whereheregulatestheprecariouscontract,andthatofFrankfort,intheyear794,p。267,art。24,inrelationtotherepairingofthehouses;andthatoftheyear800,p。330。

  93。Asappearsbytheprecedingnote,andbytheCapitularyofPepin,KingofItaly,whereitsays,thatthekingwouldgivethemonasteriesinfieftothosewhowouldswearallegianceforfiefs:itisaddedtothelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§30;andtotheSalicLaw,CollectionofPepin’sLawsinEchard,p。195,tit。26,art。4。

  94。SeetheconstitutionofLothariusI,inthelawoftheLombards,iii。Leg。1,§43。

  95。Ibid。,§44。

  96。Ibid。

  97。Giventhe28thyearofthereignofCharlestheBald,intheyear868。Baluzius’sedition,p。203。

  98。ConciliumapudBonoilum,the16thyearofCharlestheBald,intheyear856,Baluzius’sedition,p。78。

  99。InthecivilwarswhichbrokeoutatthetimeofCharlesMartel,thelandsbelongingtothechurchofRheimsweregivenawaytolaymen;\"theclergywerelefttoshiftaswellastheycould,\"saysthelifeofRemigius,Surius,i,p。279。

  100。LawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§§1and2。

  101。ItisthatonwhichIhavedescantedinthe4thchapterofthisbook,andwhichistobefoundinBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i,art。11,p。9。

  102。TheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear800,Baluzius’sedition,p。336,explainsextremelywellwhatismeantbythatsortoftithefromwhichthechurchisexemptedbyClotharius;itwasthetitheoftheswinewhichwereputintotheking’sforeststofatten;andCharlemagneenjoinshisjudgestopayit,aswellasotherpeople,inordertosetanexample:itisplainthatthiswasarightofseignioryoreconomy。

  103。Canone5,extomo1,conciliorumantiquorumGalli?operaJacobiSirmundi。

  104。Art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。332。Itwasgivenintheyear800。

  105。HeldunderCharlemagne,intheyear794。

  106。Baluzius’sedition,p。267,art。23。

  107。SeeamongtherestthecapitularyofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear829,Baluzius’sedition,p。663;againstthosewho,toavoidpayingtithesneglectedtocultivatethelands,&c。,art。5。

  108。Amongothers,thatofLotharius,iii,tit。3,cap。vi。

  109。Intheyear829,art。7,inBaluzius,i,p。663。

  110。InthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§8。

  111。ItisakindofcodicilproducedbyEginhard,anddifferentfromthewillitself,whichwefindinGoldastusandBaluzius。

  112。SeetheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear803,art。2,Baluzius’sedition,p。379;andtheedictofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear834,inGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,i。

  113。Thisismentionedinthefamouscanon,egoLudovicus,whichisapalpableforgery;itisBaluzius’sedition,p。591,intheyear817。

  114。AsappearsbyhisCapitulary,intheyear801,art。17,inBaluzius,i,p。360。

  115。Seehisconstitution,insertedinthecodeoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§44。

  116。Seetheaboveconstitution,andtheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear846,cap。xx。inVillaSparnaco,Baluzius’sedition,ii。p。

  31,andthatoftheyear853,cap。iiiandv,intheSynodofSoissons,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。54;andthatoftheyear854,apudAttiniacum,cap。x。Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。70。SeealsothefirstCapitularyofCharlemagne,incertianni,art。49and56。Baluzius’sedition,i,p。519。

  117。SeetheCapitularies,v。art。44,andtheedictofPistesintheyear869,art。8and9,wherewefindthehonoraryrightsofthelordsestablished,inthesamemannerastheyareatthisveryday。

  121。HistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,p。9。

  122。Ibid。,p。10。

  123。Intheyear768。

  124。Tom。ii,lectionisantiqu?。

  125。EditionoftheCapitularies,i,p。188。

  126。Inthe1stCapitularyoftheyear806。Baluzius’sedition,p。439,art。5。

  127。InGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,ii,p。19。

  128。Baluzius’sedition,p。574,art。14。

  129。Capitularyoftheyear877。Baluzius’sedition,p。272。

  130。InFatherLabbe’sCouncils,ix,col。424;andinDumont’sCorp。

  Diplomat。,i,art。36。

  131。Bythemother’sside。

  132。SeehisthirdCapitularyoftheyear811,p。486,art。1,2,3,4,5,6,7,and8;andthefirstCapitularyoftheyear812,p。490,art。

  1;andtheCapitularyoftheyear812,p。494,art。9and11,etc。

  133。SeetheCapitularydeVillisintheyear800;hissecondCapitularyoftheyear813,art。6and19;andthefifthbookoftheCapitularies,art。303。

  134。CapitularydeVillis,art。39。SeethiswholeCapitulary,whichisamasterpieceofprudence,goodadministration,andeconomy。

  135。SeeamongothersthefoundationoftheArchbishopricofBremen,intheCapitularyoftheyear789。Baluzius’sedition,p。245。

  136。Forinstance,theprohibitionoftheking’sjudgesagainstenteringupontheterritorytodemandthefreda,andotherduties。Ihavesaidagooddealconcerningthisintheprecedingbook,20,21,22。

  137。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。295。

  138。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。333。

  139。Hedirectedhimtoshowunlimitedclemency(indeficientemmisericordiam)tohissisters,hisbrothers,andhisnephews。TeganinthecollectionofDuchesne,ii,p。276。

  140。Seehisletters。

  141。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。331。SeealsohislifewrittenbyTegan:

  \"Tantoenimodiolaborabat,utt?dereteosvitaipsius,\"saysthisanonymousauthorinDuchesne,ii,p。307。

  142。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。298。

  143。TegansaysthatwhatseldomhappenedunderCharlemagnewasacommonpracticeunderLouis。

  144。Beingdesiroustocheckthenobility,hepromotedoneBernardtotheplaceofchamberlain,bywhichthegreatlordswereexasperatedtothehighestpitch。

  145。Tegan,DeGestisLudovicipii。

  146。Nitard,iv,propefinem。

  147。Ibid。

  148。Seebookxxx。13。

  149。Hincmar,let。1,toLouistheStammerer。

  150。SeethefragmentoftheChronicleoftheMonasteryofSt。SergiusofAngers,inDuchesne,ii,p。401。

  151。Seewhatthebishopssayinthesynodoftheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。4。

  152。Seethesynodintheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。3and4,whichgivesaveryexactdescriptionofthings;asalso,thatofthesameyear,heldatthepalacesofVernes,art。12,andthesynodofBeauvais,alsointhesameyear,art。3,4,and6,intheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846,art。20,andtheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswrotein858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。

  153。SeetheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846。ThenobilityhadsettheKingagainstthebishops,insomuchthatheexpelledthemfromtheassembly;afewofthecanonsenactedincouncilwerepickedout,andtheprelatesweretoldthattheseweretheonlyoneswhichshouldbeobserved;nothingwasgrantedthemthatcouldberefused。Seeart。20,21and22。SeealsotheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8,andtheedictofPistes,intheyear864,art。5。

  154。SeethisveryCapitularyintheyear846,invillaSparnaco。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheassemblyheldapudMarsnamintheyear847,art。4,whereintheclergyreducedthemselvestodemandonlytherestitutionofwhattheyhadbeenpossessedofunderLouistheDebonnaire。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear851,apudMarsnam,art。

  6,and7,whichconfirmsthenobilityandclergyintheirseveralpossessions,andthatapudBonoilum,intheyear856,whichisaremonstranceofthebishopstotheking,becausetheevils,aftersomanylaws,hadnotbeenredressed;and,infine,theletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。

  155。Art。8。

  156。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear851,art。6and7。

  157。CharlestheBald,intheSynodofSoissons,says,thathehadpromisedthebishopsnottoissueanymorepreceptsrelatingtochurch—lands。Capitularyoftheyear853,art。11,Baluzius’sedition。

  ii,p。56。

  158。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,apudSaponarias,intheyear859,art。3。\"Venilon,whomImadeArchbishopofSens,hasconsecratedme;andIoughtnottobeexpelledthekingdombyanybody。\"

  159。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,DeCarisiaco,intheyear857,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。88,§§1,2,3,4,and7。

  160。SeethesynodofPistesintheyear862,art。4,andtheCapitularyofLewisII,apudVernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and5。

  161。Capitularyoftheyear876,underCharles,theBald,insynodoPontigonensi,Baluzius’sedition,art。12。

  162。Seewhathasbeensaidalready,bookxxx,lastchapter,towardstheend。

  163。Intheyear587,inGregoryofTours,ix。

  164。Seethefollowingchapter,whereIshallspeakmorediffuselyofthosepartitions;andthenotesinwhichtheyarequoted。

  165。Intheyear806,betweenCharles,Pepin,andLouis,itisquotedbyGoldast,andbyBaluzius,ii,p。439。

  166。Art。9,p。443,whichisagreeabletothetreatyofAndelot,inGregoryofTours,ix。

  167。Art。10,andthereisnomentionmadeofthisinthetreatyofAndelot。

  168。InBaluzius,i,p。174,art。9。Seealsothedivisionmadebythesameemperorintheyear837,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。686。

  169。Intheyear811,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。486,art。7and8,andthatoftheyear812,ibid。p。490,art。1。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear807,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。458。

  170。Intheyear793,insertedinthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。9,cap。ix。

  171。Intheyear847,quotedbyAubertleMire,andBaluzius,ii,page42。

  172。Adnunciatio。

  173。Art。2,oftheDeclarationofCharles。

  174。Capitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum,similiteretdenostrisvassallisfaciendumest,&c。ThisCapitularyrelatestoanotherofthesameyear,andofthesameplace,art。3。

  175。CapitularyofAixlaChapelle,intheyear813,art。16,andtheCapitularyofPepin,intheyear783,art。5。

  176。SeethecapitularydeCarisiaco,intheyear856,art。10and13。

  Baluzius’sedition,tom。ii,p。83,inwhichtheking,togetherwiththelordsspiritualandtemporal,agreedtothis。

  177。Intheyear757,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。181。

  178。Booki,1。

  179。AtleastinItalyandGermany。

  180。Booki,offiefs,1。

  181。Ibid。

  182。Capitularyoftheyear802,art。7,Baluzius’sedition,p。365。

  183。ApudMarsnam,intheyear847,Baluzius’sedition,p。42。

  184。Art。5,ibid。,p。44。

  185。ApudArgentoratum,inBaluzius,Capitularies,ii,p。39。

  186。SeethelawofGuy,KingoftheRomans,amongthosewhichwereaddedtotheSaliclaw,andtothatoftheLombards,tit。6,§2inEchard。

  187。SomeauthorspretendthattheCountyofToulousehadbeengivenawaybyCharlesMartel,andpassedbyinheritancedowntoRaymond,thelastcount;but,ifthisbetrue,itwasowingtosomecircumstanceswhichmighthavebeenaninducementtochoosetheCountsofToulousefromamongthechildrenofthelastpossessor。

  188。SeehisCapitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum。ThisCapitularybearsrelationtoanotherofthesameyearandplace,art。3。

  189。ThethirdCapitularyoftheyear812,art。7,andthatoftheyear815,art。6,ontheSpaniards。ThecollectionoftheCapitularies,book5,art。288,andtheCapitularyoftheyear869,art。2,andthatoftheyear877,art。13,Baluzius’sedition。

  190。AsappearsfromOthoofFrissingue,OftheActionsofFrederic,ii。

  29。

  191。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustusintheyear1209,inthenewcollection。

  192。Booki,tit。1。

  193。Ibid。

  194。AtleastinItalyandGermany。

  195。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。

  196。GerardusNigerandAubertusdeOrto。

  197。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。

  198。Cujashasproveditextremelywell。

  199。Ibid。

  200。ArnoldandhissonLouisIV。

  201。Intheyear926,quotedbyAubertleMire,Cod。donationumpiarum,27。

  202。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear877,apudCarisiacum,ontheimportanceofParis,St。Denis,andthecastlesontheLoire,inthosedays。

  203。Seeabove,chapter30。

  204。SeetheSaliclaw,andthelawoftheRipuarians,inthetitleofAllodia。

  205。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear817,whichcontainsthefirstpartitionmadebyLouistheDebonnaireamonghischildren。

  206。Seehistwolettersuponthissubject,thetitleofoneofwhichisDeDivisioneimperii。

  207。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustus,intheyear1209,onthefiefs。

  208。Wefindseveraloftheseconventionsinthecharters,asintheregisterbookofVend?me,andthatoftheabbey,inSt。CyprianinPoitou,ofwhichMr。Gallandhasgivensomeextracts,p。55。

  209。Buttheycouldnotabridgethefiefs,thatis,abolishaportionofit。

  210。Theyfixedtheportionwhichtheycoulddismember。

  211。Thiswasthereasonthatthelordsobligedthewidowtomarryagain。

  212。Mostofthegreatfamilieshadtheirparticularlawsofsuccession。

  SeewhatM。delaThaumassièresaysconcerningthefamiliesofBerri。

  213。WeseeintheCapitularyoftheyear817,apudCarisiacum,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。269,themomentinwhichthekingscausedthefiefstobeadministeredinordertopreservethemfortheminors;anexamplefollowedbythelords,andwhichgaverisetowhatwehavementionedbythenameoftheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren。

  214。WefindtheformulathereofinthesecondCapitularyoftheyear802。Seealsothatoftheyear854,art。13,andothers。

  215。M。DuCangeinthewordhominium,p。1163,andinthewordfidelitas,p。474,citesthechartersoftheancienthomageswherethesedifferencesarefound,andagreatnumberofauthoritieswhichmaybeseen。Inpayinghomage,thevassalputhishandonthatofhislord,andtookhisoath;theoathoffealtywasmadebyswearingonthegospels。

  Thehomagewasperformedkneeling,theoathoffealtystanding。Nonebutthelordcouldreceivehomage,buthisofficersmighttaketheoathoffealty。——SeeLittleton,§§91,92,faithandhomage,thatis,fidelityandhomage。

  216。CapitulariesofCharlestheBald,intheyear860,postreditumaConftuentibus,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。145。

  217。Ibid。,art。1。

  218。Suger,Lib。deadministrationesua。

  219。Year757,cap。xvii。

  220。Onewouldthinkthatherewasanhomageandanoathoffealty。Seenote6,p。314。

  221。Bookiv,defendis,tit。59。

  222。InthetitleofAllodia。

  223。SommeRurale,i,tit。76,p。447。

  224。AccordingtoanordinanceofSt。Louis,intheyear1246tosettlethecustomsofAnjouandMaine;thosewhoshallhavethecareoftheheiressofafiefshallgivesecuritytothelord,thatsheshallnotbemarriedwithouthisconsent。

  225。Decision155,No。8;and204,No。38。

  226。InCapell。Thol。,decision453。

  227。?neid,iii,523。

  TheEnd

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