3。ContradictionintheTempersofsomeSouthernNations。TheIndians[5]
arenaturallyapusillanimouspeople；eventhechildren[6]ofEuropeansborninIndialosethecouragepeculiartotheirownclimate。Buthowshallwereconcilethiswiththeircustomsandpenancessofullofbarbarity？Themenvoluntarilyundergothegreatesthardships，andthewomenburnthemselves；herewefindaveryoddcompoundoffortitudeandweakness。
Nature，havingframedthosepeopleofatexturesoweakastofillthemwithtimidity，hasformedthematthesametimeofanimaginationsolivelythateveryobjectmakesthestrongestimpressionuponthem。Thatdelicacyoforganswhichrendersthemapprehensiveofdeathcontributeslikewisetomakethemdreadathousandthingsmorethandeath：theverysamesensibilityinducesthemtoflyanddarealldangers。
Asagoodeducationismorenecessarytochildrenthantosuchashavearrivedatmaturityofunderstanding，sotheinhabitantsofthosecountrieshavemuchgreaterneedthantheEuropeannationsofawiserlegislator。Thegreatertheirsensibility，themoreitbehovesthemtoreceiveproperimpressions，toimbibenoprejudices，andtoletthemselvesbedirectedbyreason。
AtthetimeoftheRomanstheinhabitantsofthenorthofEuropeweredestituteofarts，education，andalmostoflaws；andyetthegoodsenseannexedtothegrossfibresofthoseclimatesenabledthemtomakeanadmirablestandagainstthepowerofRome，tillthememorableperiodinwhichtheyquittedtheirwoodstosubvertthatgreatempire。
4。CauseoftheImmutabilityofReligion，Manners，Customs，andLawsintheEasternCountries。Iftothatdelicacyoforganswhichrenderstheeasternnationssosusceptibleofeveryimpressionyouaddlikewiseasortofindolenceofmind，naturallyconnectedwiththatofthebody，bymeansofwhichtheygrowincapableofanyexertionoreffort，itiseasytocomprehendthatwhenoncethesoulhasreceivedanimpressionitcannotchangeit。Thisisthereasonthatthelaws，manners，andcustoms，[7]eventhosewhichseemquiteindifferent，suchastheirmodeofdress，arethesametothisverydayineasterncountriesastheywereathousandyearsago。
5。ThatthosearebadLegislatorswhofavourtheVicesoftheClimate，andgoodLegislatorswhoopposethoseVices。TheIndiansbelievethatreposeandnon—existencearethefoundationofallthings，andtheendinwhichtheyterminate。Hencetheyconsiderentireinactionasthemostperfectofallstates，andtheobjectoftheirdesires。TotheSupremeBeingtheygivethetitleofimmovable。[8]TheinhabitantsofSiambelievethattheirutmosthappiness[9]consistsinnotbeingobligedtoanimateamachine，ortogivemotiontoabody。
Inthosecountrieswheretheexcessofheatenervatesandexhauststhebody，restissodelicious，andmotionsopainful，thatthissystemofmetaphysicsseemsnatural；andFoe，[10]thelegislatoroftheIndies，wasdirectedbyhisownsensationswhenheplacedmankindinastateextremelypassive；buthisdoctrinearisingfromthelazinessoftheclimatefavoureditalsoinitsturn；whichhasbeenthesourceofaninfinitedealofmischief。
ThelegislatorsofChinaweremorerationalwhen，consideringmennotinthepeacefulstatewhichtheyaretoenjoyhereafter，butinthesituationproperfordischargingtheseveraldutiesoflife，theymadetheirreligion，philosophy，andlawsallpractical。Themorethephysicalcausesinclinemankindtoinaction，themorethemoralcausesshouldestrangethemfromit。
6。OfAgricultureinwarmClimates。Agricultureistheprincipallabourofman。Themoretheclimateinclineshimtoshunthislabour，themorethereligionandlawsofthecountryoughttoincitehimtoit。ThustheIndianlaws，whichgivethelandstotheprince，anddestroythespiritofpropertyamongthesubjects，increasethebadeffectsoftheclimate，thatis，theirnaturalindolence。
7。OfMonkery。Theverysamemischiefsresultfrommonkery：ithaditsriseinthewarmcountriesoftheEast，wheretheyarelessinclinedtoactionthantospeculation。
InAsiathenumberofdervishesormonksseemstoincreasetogetherwiththewarmthoftheclimate。TheIndies，wheretheheatisexcessive，arefullofthem；andthesamedifferenceisfoundinEurope。
Inordertosurmountthelazinessoftheclimate，thelawsoughttoendeavourtoremoveallmeansofsubsistingwithoutlabour：butinthesouthernpartsofEuropetheyactquitethereverse。Tothosewhowanttoliveinastateofindolence，theyaffordretreatsthemostproperforaspeculativelife，andendowthemwithimmenserevenues。Thesemen，wholiveinthemidstofplentywhichtheyknownothowtoenjoy，areintherighttogivetheirsuperfluitiesawaytothecommonpeople。Thepoorarebereftofproperty；andthesemenindemnifythembysupportingtheminidleness，soastomakethemevengrowfondoftheirmisery。
8。AnexcellentCustomofChina。Thehistoricalrelations[11]ofChinamentionaceremony[12]ofopeningthegroundwhichtheemperorperformseveryyear。Thedesignofthispublicandsolemnactistoexcitethepeopletotillage。[13]
Further，theemperoriseveryyearinformedofthehusbandmanwhohasdistinguishedhimselfmostinhisprofession；andhemakeshimamandarinoftheeighthorder。
AmongtheancientPersians[14]thekingsquittedtheirgrandeurandpompontheeighthdayofthemonth，calledChorrem—ruz，toeatwiththehusbandmen。Theseinstitutionswereadmirablycalculatedfortheencouragementofagriculture。
9。MeansofencouragingIndustry。Weshallshow，inthenineteenthbook，thatlazynationsaregenerallyproud。Nowtheeffectmightwellbeturnedagainstthecause，andlazinessbedestroyedbypride。InthesouthofEurope，wherepeoplehavesuchahighnotionofthepointofhonour，itwouldberighttogiveprizestohusbandmenwhohadexcelledinagriculture；ortoartistswhohadmadethegreatestimprovementsintheirseveralprofessions。ThispracticehassucceededinourdaysinIreland，whereithasestablishedoneofthemostconsiderablelinenmanufacturesinEurope。
10。OftheLawsinrelationtotheSobrietyofthePeople。Inwarmcountriestheaqueouspartofthebloodlosesitselfgreatlybyperspiration；[15]itmustthereforebesuppliedbyalikeliquid。Wateristhereofadmirableuse；strongliquorswouldcongealtheglobules[16]
ofbloodthatremainafterthetransudingoftheaqueoushumour。
Incoldcountriestheaqueouspartofthebloodisverylittleevacuatedbyperspiration。Theymaythereforemakeuseofspirituousliquors，withoutwhichthebloodwouldcongeal。Theyarefullofhumours；
consequentlystrongliquors，whichgiveamotiontotheblood，areproperforthosecountries。
ThelawofMahomet，whichprohibitsthedrinkingofwine，isthereforefittedtotheclimateofArabia：andindeed，beforeMahomet’stime，waterwasthecommondrinkoftheArabs。Thelaw[17]whichforbadetheCarthaginianstodrinkwinewasalawoftheclimate；and，indeed，theclimateofthosetwocountriesisprettynearlythesame。
Suchalawwouldbeimproperforcoldcountries，wheretheclimateseemstoforcethemtoakindofnationalintemperance，verydifferentfrompersonalebriety。Drunkennesspredominatesthroughouttheworld，inproportiontothecoldnessandhumidityoftheclimate。Gofromtheequatortothenorthpole，andyouwillfindthisviceincreasingtogetherwiththedegreeoflatitude。Gofromtheequatoragaintothesouthpole，andyouwillfindthesamevicetravellingsouth，[18]
exactlyinthesameproportion。
Itisverynaturalthatwherewineiscontrarytotheclimate，andconsequentlytohealth，theexcessofitshouldbemoreseverelypunishedthanincountrieswhereintoxicationproducesveryfewbadeffectstotheperson，fewertothesociety，andwhereitdoesnotmakepeoplefranticandwild，butonlystupidandheavy。Hencethoselaws[19]
whichinflictedadoublepunishmentforcrimescommittedindrunkennesswereapplicableonlytoapersonal，andnottoanational，ebriety。A
Germandrinksthroughcustom，andaSpaniardbychoice。
Inwarmcountriestherelaxingofthefibresproducesagreatevacuationoftheliquids，butthesolidpartsarelesstranspired。Thefibres，whichactbutfaintly，andhaveverylittleelasticity，arenotmuchimpaired；andasmallquantityofnutritiousjuiceissufficienttorepairthem；forwhichreasontheyeatverylittle。
Itisthevarietyofwantsindifferentclimatesthatfirstoccasionedadifferenceinthemannerofliving，andthisgaverisetoavarietyoflaws。Wherepeopleareverycommunicativetheremustbeparticularlaws，andotherswherethereisbutlittlecommunication。
11。OftheLawsinrelationtotheDistempersoftheClimate。
Herodotus[20]informsusthattheJewishlawsconcerningtheleprosywereborrowedfromthepracticeoftheEgyptians。And，indeed，thesamedistemperrequiredthesameremedies。TheGreeksandtheprimitiveRomanswerestrangerstotheselaws，aswellastothedisease。TheclimateofEgyptandPalestinerenderedthemnecessary；andthefacilitywithwhichthisdiseaseisspreadissufficienttomakeussensibleofthewisdomandsagacityofthoselaws。
Evenweourselveshavefelttheeffectsofthem。TheCrusadesbroughttheleprosyamongstus；butthewiseregulationsmadeatthattimehindereditfrominfectingthemassofthepeople。
WefindbythelawoftheLombards[21]thatthisdiseasewasspreadinItalybeforetheCrusades，andmeritedtheattentionofthelegislature。
Rotharisordainedthatalepershouldbeexpelledfromhishouse，banishedtoaparticularplace，andrenderedincapableofdisposingofhisproperty；becausefromtheverymomenthehadbeenturnedoutofhishousehewasreckoneddeadintheeyeofthelaw。Inordertopreventallcommunicationwithlepers，theywererenderedincapableofcivilacts。
IamapttothinkthatthisdiseasewasbroughtintoItalybytheconquestsoftheGreekemperors，inwhosearmiestheremightbesomesoldiersfromPalestineorEgypt。Bethatasitmay，theprogressofitwasstoppedtillthetimeoftheCrusades。
ItisrelatedthatPompey’ssoldiersreturningfromSyriabroughtadistemperhomewiththemnotunliketheleprosy。Wehavenoaccountofanyregulationmadeatthattime；butitishighlyprobablethatsomesuchstepwastaken，sincethedistemperwascheckedtillthetimeoftheLombards。
Itisnowtwocenturiessinceadiseaseunknowntoourancestorswasfirsttransplantedfromthenewworldtoours，andcametoattackhumannatureevenintheverysourceoflifeandpleasure。MostoftheprincipalfamiliesinthesouthofEuropewereseentoperishbyadistemperthathadgrowntoocommontobeignominious，andwasconsideredinnootherlightthaninthatofitsbeingfatal。Itwasthethirstofgoldthatpropagatedthisdisease；theEuropeanswentcontinuallytoAmerica，andalwaysbroughtbackanewleavenofit。
Reasonsdrawnfromreligionseemedtorequirethatthispunishmentofguiltshouldbepermittedtocontinue；buttheinfectionhadreachedthebosomofmatrimony，andgiventhevicioustainteventoguiltlessinfants。
Asitisthebusinessoflegislatorstowatchoverthehealthofthecitizens，itwouldhavebeenawisepartinthemtohavestoppedthiscommunicationbylawsmadeontheplanofthoseofMoses。
Theplagueisadiseasewhoseinfectiousprogressismuchmorerapid。
Egyptisitsprincipalseat，whenceitspreadsoverthewholeglobe。
MostcountriesinEuropehavemadeexceedinglygoodregulationstopreventthisinfection，andinourtimesanadmirablemethodhasbeencontrivedtostopit；thisisbyformingalineoftroopsroundtheinfectedcountry，whichcutsoffallmannerofcommunication。
TheTurks，[22]whohavenosuchregulations，seetheChristiansescapethisinfectioninthesametown，andnonebutthemselvesperish；theybuytheclothesoftheinfected，wearthem，andproceedintheiroldway，asifnothinghadhappened。Thedoctrineofarigidfate，whichdirectstheirwholeconduct，rendersthemagistrateaquietspectator；
hethinksthateverythingcomesfromthehandofGod，andthatmanhasnothingmoretodothantosubmit。
12。OftheLawsagainstSuicides。WedonotfindinhistorythattheRomanseverkilledthemselveswithoutacause；buttheEnglishareapttocommitsuicidemostunaccountably；theydestroythemselveseveninthebosomofhappiness。ThisactionamongtheRomanswastheeffectofeducation，beingconnectedwiththeirprinciplesandcustoms；amongtheEnglishitistheconsequenceofadistemper，[23]beingconnectedwiththephysicalstateofthemachine，andindependentofeveryothercause。
Inallprobabilityitisadefectofthefiltrationofthenervousjuice：themachine，whosemotivefacultiesareoftenunexerted，iswearyofitself；thesoulfeelsnopain，butacertainuneasinessinexisting。
Painisalocalsensation，whichleadsustothedesireofseeinganendofit；theburdenoflife，whichpromptsustothedesireofceasingtoexist，isanevilconfinedtonoparticularpart。
Itisevidentthatthecivillawsofsomecountriesmayhavereasonsforbrandingsuicidewithinfamy：butinEnglanditcannotbepunishedwithoutpunishingtheeffectsofmadness。
13。EffectsarisingfromtheClimateofEngland。Inanationsodistemperedbytheclimateastohaveadisrelishofeverything，nay，evenoflife，itisplainthatthegovernmentmostsuitabletotheinhabitantsisthatinwhichtheycannotlaytheiruneasinesstoanysingleperson’scharge，andinwhich，beingunderthedirectionratherofthelawsthanoftheprince，itisimpossibleforthemtochangethegovernmentwithoutsubvertingthelawsthemselves。
Andifthisnationhaslikewisederivedfromtheclimateacertainimpatienceoftemper，whichrendersthemincapableofbearingthesametrainofthingsforanylongcontinuance，itisobviousthatthegovernmentabovementionedisthefittestforthem。
Thisimpatienceoftemperisnotveryconsiderableofitself；butitmaybecomesowhenjoinedwithcourage。
Itisquiteadifferentthingfromlevity，whichmakespeopleundertakeordropaprojectwithoutcause；itbordersmoreuponobstinacy，becauseitproceedsfromsolivelyasenseofmiserythatitisnotweakenedevenbythehabitofsuffering。
Thistemperinafreenationisextremelyproperfordisconcertingtheprojectsoftyranny，[24]whichisalwaysslowandfeebleinitscommencement，asintheenditisactiveandlively；whichatfirstonlystretchesoutahandtoassist，andexertsafterwardsamultitudeofarmstooppress。
Slaveryiseverprecededbysleep。Butapeoplewhofindnorestinanysituation，whocontinuallyexploreeverypart，andfeelnothingbutpain，canhardlybelulledtosleep。
Politicsisasmoothfile，whichcutsgradually，andattainsitsendbyaslowprogression。Nowthepeopleofwhomwehavebeenspeakingareincapableofbearingthedelays，thedetails，andthecoolnessofnegotiations：inthesetheyaremoreunlikelytosucceedthananyothernation；hencetheyareapttolosebytreatieswhattheyobtainbytheirarms。
14。OtherEffectsoftheClimate。Ourancestors，theancientGermans，livedinaclimatewherethepassionswereextremelycalm。Theirlawsdecidedonlyinsuchcaseswheretheinjurywasvisibletotheeye，andwentnofurther。Andastheyjudgedoftheoutragesdonetomenfromthegreatnessofthewound，theyactedwithnootherdelicacyinrespecttotheinjuriesdonetowomen。ThelawoftheAlemans[25]onthissubjectisveryextraordinary。Ifapersonuncoversawoman’shead，hepaysafineoffiftysous；ifheuncoversherleguptotheknee，hepaysthesame；anddoublefromthekneeupwards。Onewouldthinkthatthelawmeasuredtheinsultsofferedtowomenaswemeasureafigureingeometry；itdidnotpunishthecrimeoftheimagination，butthatoftheeye。ButuponthemigrationofaGermannationintoSpain，theclimatesoonfoundanecessityfordifferentlaws。ThelawoftheVisigothsinhibitedthesurgeonstobleedafreewoman，excepteitherherfather，mother，brother，son，orunclewaspresent。Astheimaginationofthepeoplegrewwarm，sodidthatofthelegislators；thelawsuspectedeverythingwhenthepeoplehadbecomesuspicious。
Theselawshad，therefore，aparticularregardforthetwosexes。Butintheirpunishmentstheyseemrathertohumourtherevengefultemperofprivatepersonsthantoadministerpublicjustice。Thus，inmostcases，theyreducedboththecriminalstobeslavestotheoffendedrelativesortotheinjuredhusband；afree—bornwoman[26]whohadyieldedtotheembracesofamarriedmanwasdelivereduptohiswifetodisposeofherasshepleased。Theyobligedtheslaves，[27]iftheyfoundtheirmaster’swifeinadultery，tobindherandcarryhertoherhusband；
theyevenpermittedherchildren[28]tobeheraccusers，andherslavestobetorturedinordertoconvicther。Thustheirlawswerefarbetteradaptedtorefine，eventoexcess，acertainpointofhonourthantoformagoodciviladministration。Wemustnot，therefore，besurprisedifCountJulianwasofopinionthatanaffrontofthatkindoughttobeexpiatedbytheruinofhiskingandcountry：wemustnotbesurprisediftheMoors，withsuchaconformityofmanners，founditsoeasytosettleandtomaintainthemselvesinSpain，andtoretardthefalloftheirempire。
15。OfthedifferentConfidencewhichtheLawshaveinthePeople，accordingtotheDifferenceofClimates。ThepeopleofJapanareofsostubbornandperverseatemperthatneithertheirlegislatorsnormagistratescanputanyconfidenceinthem：theysetnothingbeforetheireyesbutjudgments，menaces，andchastisements；everysteptheytakeissubjecttotheinquisitionofthecivilmagistrate。Thoselawswhichoutoffiveheadsoffamiliesestablishoneasamagistrateovertheotherfour；thoselawswhichpunishafamilyorawholewardforasinglecrime；thoselaws，infine，whichfindnobodyinnocentwhereonemayhappentobeguilty，aremadewithadesigntoimplantinthepeopleamutualdistrust，andtomakeeverymantheinspector，witness，andjudgeofhisneighbour’sconduct。
Onthecontrary，thepeopleofIndiaaremild，[29]tender，andcompassionate。Hencetheirlegislatorsreposegreatconfidenceinthem。
Theyhaveestablished[30]veryfewpunishments；thesearenotsevere，noraretheyrigorouslyexecuted。Theyhavesubjectednephewstotheiruncles，andorphanstotheirguardians，asinothercountriestheyaresubjectedtotheirfathers；theyhaveregulatedthesuccessionbytheacknowledgedmeritofthesuccessor。Theyseemtothinkthateveryindividualoughttoplaceentireconfidenceinthegoodnatureofhisfellow—subjects。[31]
Theyenfranchisetheirslaveswithoutdifficulty，theymarrythem，theytreatthemastheirchildren。[32]Happyclimatewhichgivesbirthtoinnocence，andproducesalenityinthelaws！
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1。Thisappearseveninthecountenance：incoldweatherpeoplelookthinner。
2。Weknowthatitshortensiron。
3。ThoseforthesuccessiontotheSpanishmonarchy。
4。Forinstance，inSpain。
5。\"OnehundredEuropeansoldiers，\"saysTavernier，\"wouldwithoutanygreatdifficultybeatathousandIndiansoldiers。\"
6。EventhePersianswhosettleintheIndiescontractinthethirdgenerationtheindolenceandcowardiceoftheIndians。SeeBernierontheMogul，i，p。182。
7。WefindbyafragmentofNicolausDamascenus，collectedbyConstantinePorphyrogenitus，thatitwasanancientcustomintheEasttosendtostrangleagovernorwhohadgivenanydispleasure；itwasinthetimeoftheMedes。
8。Panamanack：SeeKircher。
9。LaLoubere，AccountoftheKingdomofSiam，p。446。
10。Foeendeavouredtoreducethehearttoamerevacuum：\"Wehaveeyesandears，butperfectionconsistsinneitherseeingnorhearing；amouth，hands，&c。，butperfectionrequiresthatthesemembersshouldbeinactive。\"ThisistakenfromthedialogueofaChinesephilosopher，quotedbyFatherDuHalde，iii。
11。FatherDuHalde，HistoryofChina，i，p。72。
12。SeveralofthekingsofIndiadothesame。LaLoubere，AccountoftheKingdomofSiam，p。69。
13。Venty，thethirdemperorofthethirddynasty，tilledthelandshimself，andmadetheempressandhiswivesemploytheirtimeinthesilkworksinhispalace。HistoryofChina。
14。Hyde，ReligionofthePersians。
15。MonsieurBernier，travellingfromLahoretoCashmere，wrotethus：
\"Mybodyisasieve；scarcelyhaveIswallowedapintofwater，butI
seeittransudelikedewoutofallmylimbs，eventomyfingers’ends。
Idrinktenpintsaday，anditdoesmenomannerofharm。\"——Bernier，Travels，ii，p。261。
16。Inthebloodthereareredglobules，fibrousparts，whiteglobules，andwater，inwhichthewholeswims。
17。Plato，Laws，ii；Aristotle，OftheCareofDomesticAffairs；
Eusebius，EvangelicalPreparation，xii。17。
18。ThisisseenintheHottentots，andtheinhabitantsofthemostsouthernpartofChili。
19。AsPittacusdid，accordingtoAristotle，Politics，ii。12。Helivedinaclimatewheredrunkennessisnotanationalvice。
20。Bookii。
21。Bookii。tit。1，§3；tit。18，§1。
22。Ricaut，StateoftheOttomanEmpire，p。284。
23。Itmaybecomplicatedwiththescurvy，which，insomecountriesespecially，rendersamanwhimsicalandunsupportabletohimself。SeePirard，Voyages，partII，21。
24。HereItakethiswordforthedesignofsubvertingtheestablishedpower，andespeciallythatofdemocracy；thisisthesignificationinwhichitwasunderstoodbytheGreeksandRomans。
25。Chapter58，§§1，2。
26。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§9。
27。Ibid。，§6。
28。Ibid。，§13。
29。SeeBernier，ii，p。140。
30。SeeintheEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，p。403，theprincipallawsorcustomsoftheinhabitantsofthepeninsulaonthissidetheGanges。
31。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll，ix，p。378。
32。IhadoncethoughtthatthelenityofslaveryinIndiahadmadeDiodorussaythattherewasneithermasternorslaveinthatcountry；
butDiodorushasattributedtothewholecontinentofIndiawhat，accordingtoStrabo，xv，belongedonlytoaparticularnation。
BookXV。InWhatMannertheLawsofCivilSlaveryRelatetotheNatureoftheClimate1。OfcivilSlavery。Slavery，properlysocalled，istheestablishmentofarightwhichgivestoonemansuchapoweroveranotherasrendershimabsolutemasterofhislifeandfortune。Thestateofslaveryisinitsownnaturebad。Itisneitherusefultothemasternortotheslave；
nottotheslave，becausehecandonothingthroughamotiveofvirtue；
nortothemaster，becausebyhavinganunlimitedauthorityoverhisslavesheinsensiblyaccustomshimselftothewantofallmoralvirtues，andthencebecomesfierce，hasty，severe，choleric，voluptuous，andcruel。
Indespoticcountries，wheretheyarealreadyinastateofpoliticalservitude，civilslaveryismoretolerablethaninothergovernments。
Everyoneoughttobesatisfiedinthosecountrieswithnecessariesandlife。Hencetheconditionofaslaveishardlymoreburdensomethanthatofasubject。
Butinamonarchicalgovernment，whereitisoftheutmostimportancethathumannatureshouldnotbedebasedordispirited，thereoughttobenoslavery。Indemocracies，wheretheyarealluponequality；andinaristocracies，wherethelawsoughttousetheirutmostendeavourstoprocureasgreatanequalityasthenatureofthegovernmentwillpermit，slaveryiscontrarytothespiritoftheconstitution：itonlycontributestogiveapowerandluxurytothecitizenswhichtheyoughtnottohave。
2。OriginoftheRightofSlaveryamongtheRomanCivilians。Onewouldneverhaveimaginedthatslaveryshouldoweitsbirthtopity，andthatthisshouldhavebeenexcitedinthreedifferentways。[1]
Thelawofnationstopreventprisonersfrombeingputtodeathhasallowedthemtobemadeslaves。ThecivillawoftheRomansempowereddebtors，whoweresubjecttobeill—usedbytheircreditors，tosellthemselves。Andthelawofnaturerequiresthatchildrenwhomafatherinastateofservitudeisnolongerabletomaintainshouldbereducedtothesamestateasthefather。
Thesereasonsoftheciviliansareallfalse。Itisfalsethatkillinginwarislawful，unlessinacaseofabsolutenecessity：butwhenamanhasmadeanotherhisslave，hecannotbesaidtohavebeenunderanecessityoftakingawayhislife，sinceheactuallydidnottakeitaway。Wargivesnootherrightoverprisonersthantodisablethemfromdoinganyfurtherharmbysecuringtheirpersons。Allnations[2]concurindetestingthemurderingofprisonersincoldblood。