Hesentitimmediately，andIreturn’ditinaboutaweekwithanothernote，expressingstronglymysenseofthefavour。
WhenwenextmetintheHouse，hespoketome（whichhehadneverdonebefore），andwithgreatcivility；andheeveraftermanifestedareadinesstoservemeonalloccasions，sothatwebecamegreatfriends，andourfriendshipcontinuedtohisdeath。
ThisisanotherinstanceofthetruthofanoldmaximIhadlearned，whichsays，\"Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbemorereadytodoyouanother，thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged。\"
Anditshowshowmuchmoreprofitableitisprudentlytoremove，thantoresent，return，andcontinueinimicalproceedings。
In1737，ColonelSpotswood，lategovernorofVirginia，andthenpostmaster—general，beingdissatisfiedwiththeconductofhisdeputyatPhiladelphia，respectingsomenegligenceinrendering，andinexactitudeofhisaccounts，tookfromhimthecommissionandofferedittome。Iaccepteditreadily，andfounditofgreatadvantage；
for，tho’thesalarywassmall，itfacilitatedthecorrespondencethatimprov’dmynewspaper，increas’dthenumberdemanded，aswellastheadvertisementstobeinserted，sothatitcametoaffordmeaconsiderableincome。Myoldcompetitor’snewspaperdeclin’dproportionably，andIwassatisfy’dwithoutretaliatinghisrefusal，whilepostmaster，topermitmypapersbeingcarriedbytheriders。
Thushesuffer’dgreatlyfromhisneglectindueaccounting；andI
mentionitasalessontothoseyoungmenwhomaybeemploy’dinmanagingaffairsforothers，thattheyshouldalwaysrenderaccounts，andmakeremittances，withgreatclearnessandpunctuality。
Thecharacterofobservingsuchaconductisthemostpowerfulofallrecommendationstonewemploymentsandincreaseofbusiness。
Ibegannowtoturnmythoughtsalittletopublicaffairs，beginning，however，withsmallmatters。ThecitywatchwasoneofthefirstthingsthatIconceiv’dtowantregulation。
Itwasmanagedbytheconstablesoftherespectivewardsinturn；
theconstablewarnedanumberofhousekeeperstoattendhimforthenight。Thosewhochosenevertoattendpaidhimsixshillingsayeartobeexcus’d，whichwassuppos’dtobeforhiringsubstitutes，butwas，inreality，muchmorethanwasnecessaryforthatpurpose，andmadetheconstableshipaplaceofprofit；andtheconstable，foralittledrink，oftengotsuchragamuffinsabouthimasawatch，thatrespectablehousekeepersdidnotchoosetomixwith。
Walkingtherounds，too，wasoftenneglected，andmostofthenightsspentintippling。Ithereuponwroteapaper，tobereadinJunto，representingtheseirregularities，butinsistingmoreparticularlyontheinequalityofthissix—shillingtaxoftheconstables，respectingthecircumstancesofthosewhopaidit，sinceapoorwidowhousekeeper，allwhosepropertytobeguardedbythewatchdidnotperhapsexceedthevalueoffiftypounds，paidasmuchasthewealthiestmerchant，whohadthousandsofpoundsworthofgoodsinhisstores。
Onthewhole，Iproposedasamoreeffectualwatch，thehiringofpropermentoserveconstantlyinthatbusiness；andasamoreequitablewayofsupportingthechargethelevyingataxthatshouldbeproportion’dtotheproperty。Thisidea，beingapprov’dbytheJunto，wascommunicatedtotheotherclubs，butasarisingineachofthem；andthoughtheplanwasnotimmediatelycarriedintoexecution，yet，bypreparingthemindsofpeopleforthechange，itpavedthewayforthelawobtainedafewyearsafter，whenthemembersofourclubsweregrownintomoreinfluence。
AboutthistimeIwroteapaper（firsttobereadinJunto，butitwasafterwardpublish’d）onthedifferentaccidentsandcarelessnessesbywhichhousesweresetonfire，withcautionsagainstthem，andmeansproposedofavoidingthem。Thiswasmuchspokenofasausefulpiece，andgaverisetoaproject，whichsoonfollowedit，offormingacompanyforthemorereadyextinguishingoffires，andmutualassistanceinremovingandsecuringthegoodswhenindanger。
Associatesinthisschemewerepresentlyfound，amountingtothirty。
Ourarticlesofagreementoblig’deverymembertokeepalwaysingoodorder，andfitforuse，acertainnumberofleatherbuckets，withstrongbagsandbaskets（forpackingandtransportingofgoods），whichweretobebroughttoeveryfire；andweagreedtomeetonceamonthandspendasocialeveningtogether，indiscoursingandcommunicatingsuchideasasoccurredtousuponthesubjectoffires，asmightbeusefulinourconductonsuchoccasions。
Theutilityofthisinstitutionsoonappeared，andmanymoredesiringtobeadmittedthanwethoughtconvenientforonecompany，theywereadvisedtoformanother，whichwasaccordinglydone；andthiswenton，onenewcompanybeingformedafteranother，tilltheybecamesonumerousastoincludemostoftheinhabitantswhoweremenofproperty；
andnow，atthetimeofmywritingthis，tho’upwardoffiftyyearssinceitsestablishment，thatwhichIfirstformed，calledtheUnionFireCompany，stillsubsistsandflourishes，tho’thefirstmembersarealldeceas’dbutmyselfandone，whoisolderbyayearthanIam。
Thesmallfinesthathavebeenpaidbymembersforabsenceatthemonthlymeetingshavebeenapply’dtothepurchaseoffire—engines，ladders，fire—hooks，andotherusefulimplementsforeachcompany，sothatI
questionwhetherthereisacityintheworldbetterprovidedwiththemeansofputtingastoptobeginningconflagrations；and，infact，sincetheseinstitutions，thecityhasneverlostbyfiremorethanoneortwohousesatatime，andtheflameshaveoftenbeenextinguishedbeforethehouseinwhichtheybeganhasbeenhalfconsumed。
In1739arrivedamongusfromIrelandtheReverendMr。Whitefield，whohadmadehimselfremarkablethereasanitinerantpreacher。
Hewasatfirstpermittedtopreachinsomeofourchurches；
buttheclergy，takingadisliketohim，soonrefus’dhimtheirpulpits，andhewasoblig’dtopreachinthefields。Themultitudesofallsectsanddenominationsthatattendedhissermonswereenormous，anditwasmatterofspeculationtome，whowasoneofthenumber，toobservetheextraordinaryinfluenceofhisoratoryonhishearers，andbowmuchtheyadmir’dandrespectedhim，notwithstandinghiscommonabuseofthem，byassuringthemthattheywerenaturallyhalfbeastsandhalfdevils。Itwaswonderfultoseethechangesoonmadeinthemannersofourinhabitants。Frombeingthoughtlessorindifferentaboutreligion，itseem’dasifalltheworldweregrowingreligious，sothatonecouldnotwalkthro’thetowninaneveningwithouthearingpsalmssungindifferentfamiliesofeverystreet。
Anditbeingfoundinconvenienttoassembleintheopenair，subjecttoitsinclemencies，thebuildingofahousetomeetinwasnosoonerpropos’d，andpersonsappointedtoreceivecontributions，butsufficientsumsweresoonreceiv’dtoprocurethegroundanderectthebuilding，whichwasonehundredfeetlongandseventybroad，aboutthesizeofWestminsterHall；andtheworkwascarriedonwithsuchspiritastobefinishedinamuchshortertimethancouldhavebeenexpected。Bothhouseandgroundwerevestedintrustees，expresslyfortheuseofanypreacherofanyreligiouspersuasionwhomightdesiretosaysomethingtothepeopleatPhiladelphia；
thedesigninbuildingnotbeingtoaccommodateanyparticularsect，buttheinhabitantsingeneral；sothateveniftheMuftiofConstantinopleweretosendamissionarytopreachMohammedanismtous，hewouldfindapulpitathisservice。
Mr。Whitefield，inleavingus，wentpreachingallthewaythro’
thecoloniestoGeorgia。Thesettlementofthatprovincehadlatelybeenbegun，but，insteadofbeingmadewithhardy，industrioushusbandmen，accustomedtolabor，theonlypeoplefitforsuchanenterprise，itwaswithfamiliesofbrokenshop—keepersandotherinsolventdebtors，manyofindolentandidlehabits，takenoutofthejails，who，beingsetdowninthewoods，unqualifiedforclearingland，andunabletoendurethehardshipsofanewsettlement，perishedinnumbers，leavingmanyhelplesschildrenunprovidedfor。
Thesightoftheirmiserablesituationinspir’dthebenevolentheartofMr。WhitefieldwiththeideaofbuildinganOrphanHousethere，inwhichtheymightbesupportedandeducated。Returningnorthward，hepreach’dupthischarity，andmadelargecollections，forhiseloquencehadawonderfulpowerovertheheartsandpursesofhishearers，ofwhichImyselfwasaninstance。
Ididnotdisapproveofthedesign，but，asGeorgiawasthendestituteofmaterialsandworkmen，anditwasproposedtosendthemfromPhiladelphiaatagreatexpense，Ithoughtitwouldhavebeenbettertohavebuiltthehousehere，andbroughtthechildrentoit。ThisIadvis’d；buthewasresoluteinhisfirstproject，rejectedmycounsel，andIthereforerefus’dtocontribute。
Ihappenedsoonaftertoattendoneofhissermons，inthecourseofwhichIperceivedheintendedtofinishwithacollection，andIsilentlyresolvedheshouldgetnothingfromme，Ihadinmypocketahandfulofcoppermoney，threeorfoursilverdollars，andfivepistolesingold。AsheproceededIbegantosoften，andconcludedtogivethecoppers。Anotherstrokeofhisoratorymademeasham’dofthat，anddetermin’dmetogivethesilver；
andhefinish’dsoadmirably，thatIempty’dmypocketwhollyintothecollector’sdish，goldandall。Atthissermontherewasalsooneofourclub，who，beingofmysentimentsrespectingthebuildinginGeorgia，andsuspectingacollectionmightbeintended，had，byprecaution，emptiedhispocketsbeforehecamefromhome。
Towardstheconclusionofthediscourse，however，hefeltastrongdesiretogive，andapply’dtoaneighbour，whostoodnearhim，toborrowsomemoneyforthepurpose。Theapplicationwasunfortunately[made]toperhapstheonlymaninthecompanywhohadthefirmnessnottobeaffectedbythepreacher。Hisanswerwas，\"Atanyothertime，FriendHopkinson，Iwouldlendtotheefreely；
butnotnow，fortheeseemstobeoutofthyrightsenses。\"
SomeofMr。Whitefield’senemiesaffectedtosupposethathewouldapplythesecollectionstohisownprivateemolument；butIwhowasintimatelyacquaintedwithhim（beingemployedinprintinghisSermonsandJournals，etc。），neverhadtheleastsuspicionofhisintegrity，butamtothisdaydecidedlyofopinionthathewasinallhisconductaperfectlyhonestman，andmethinksmytestimonyinhisfavouroughttohavethemoreweight，aswehadnoreligiousconnection。
Heus’d，indeed，sometimestoprayformyconversion，butneverhadthesatisfactionofbelievingthathisprayerswereheard。
Ourswasamerecivilfriendship，sincereonbothsides，andlastedtohisdeath。
Thefollowinginstancewillshowsomethingofthetermsonwhichwestood。UpononeofhisarrivalsfromEnglandatBoston，hewrotetomethatheshouldcomesoontoPhiladelphia，butknewnotwherehecouldlodgewhenthere，asheunderstoodhisoldfriendandhost，Mr。Benezet，wasremovedtoGermantown。
Myanswerwas，\"Youknowmyhouse；ifyoucanmakeshiftwithitsscantyaccommodations，youwillbemostheartilywelcome。\"
Hereply’d，thatifImadethatkindofferforChrist’ssake，Ishouldnotmissofareward。AndIreturned，\"Don’tletmebemistaken；itwasnotforChrist’ssake，butforyoursake。\"
Oneofourcommonacquaintancejocoselyremark’d，that，knowingittobethecustomofthesaints，whentheyreceivedanyfavour，toshifttheburdenoftheobligationfromofftheirownshoulders，andplaceitinheaven，Ihadcontriv’dtofixitonearth。
ThelasttimeIsawMr。WhitefieldwasinLondon，whenheconsultedmeabouthisOrphanHouseconcern，andhispurposeofappropriatingittotheestablishmentofacollege。
Hehadaloudandclearvoice，andarticulatedhiswordsandsentencessoperfectly，thathemightbeheardandunderstoodatagreatdistance，especiallyashisauditories，howevernumerous，observ’dthemostexactsilence。Hepreach’doneeveningfromthetopoftheCourt—housesteps，whichareinthemiddleofMarket—street，andonthewestsideofSecond—street，whichcrossesitatrightangles。
Bothstreetswerefill’dwithhishearerstoaconsiderabledistance。
BeingamongthehindmostinMarket—street，Ihadthecuriositytolearnhowfarhecouldbeheard，byretiringbackwardsdownthestreettowardstheriver；andIfoundhisvoicedistincttillI
camenearFront—street，whensomenoiseinthatstreetobscur’dit。
Imaginingthenasemi—circle，ofwhichmydistanceshouldbetheradius，andthatitwerefill’dwithauditors，toeachofwhomIallow’dtwosquarefeet，Icomputedthathemightwellbeheardbymorethanthirtythousand。Thisreconcil’dmetothenewspaperaccountsofhishavingpreach’dtotwenty—fivethousandpeopleinthefields，andtotheantienthistoriesofgeneralsharanguingwholearmies，ofwhichIhadsometimesdoubted。
Byhearinghimoften，Icametodistinguisheasilybetweensermonsnewlycompos’d，andthosewhichhehadoftenpreach’dinthecourseofhistravels。Hisdeliveryofthelatterwassoimprov’dbyfrequentrepetitionsthateveryaccent，everyemphasis，everymodulationofvoice，wassoperfectlywellturn’dandwellplac’d，that，withoutbeinginterestedinthesubject，onecouldnothelpbeingpleas’dwiththediscourse；apleasureofmuchthesamekindwiththatreceiv’dfromanexcellentpieceofmusick。Thisisanadvantageitinerantpreachershaveoverthosewhoarestationary，asthelattercannotwellimprovetheirdeliveryofasermonbysomanyrehearsals。
Hiswritingandprintingfromtimetotimegavegreatadvantagetohisenemies；unguardedexpressions，andevenerroneousopinions，deliveredinpreaching，mighthavebeenafterwardsexplain’dorqualifi’dbysupposingothersthatmighthaveaccompani’dthem，ortheymighthavebeendeny’d；butliterascriptamonet。
Criticsattack’dhiswritingsviolently，andwithsomuchappearanceofreasonastodiminishthenumberofhisvotariesandpreventtheirencrease；sothatIamofopinionifhehadneverwrittenanything，hewouldhaveleftbehindhimamuchmorenumerousandimportantsect，andhisreputationmightinthatcasehavebeenstillgrowing，evenafterhisdeath，astherebeingnothingofhiswritingonwhichtofoundacensureandgivehimalowercharacter，hisproselyteswouldbeleftatlibertytofeignforhimasgreatavarietyofexcellenceastheirenthusiasticadmirationmightwishhimtohavepossessed。
Mybusinesswasnowcontinuallyaugmenting，andmycircumstancesgrowingdailyeasier，mynewspaperhavingbecomeveryprofitable，asbeingforatimealmosttheonlyoneinthisandtheneighbouringprovinces。
Iexperienced，too，thetruthoftheobservation，\"thataftergettingthefirsthundredpound，itismoreeasytogetthesecond，\"
moneyitselfbeingofaprolificnature。
ThepartnershipatCarolinahavingsucceeded，Iwasencourag’dtoengageinothers，andtopromoteseveralofmyworkmen，whohadbehavedwell，byestablishingthemwithprinting—housesindifferentcolonies，onthesametermswiththatinCarolina。
Mostofthemdidwell，beingenabledattheendofourterm，sixyears，topurchasethetypesofmeandgoonworkingforthemselves，bywhichmeansseveralfamilieswereraised。Partnershipsoftenfinishinquarrels；butIwashappyinthis，thatminewereallcarriedonandendedamicably，owing，Ithink，agooddealtotheprecautionofhavingveryexplicitlysettled，inourarticles，everythingtobedonebyorexpectedfromeachpartner，sothattherewasnothingtodispute，whichprecautionIwouldthereforerecommendtoallwhoenterintopartnerships；for，whateveresteempartnersmayhavefor，andconfidenceineachotheratthetimeofthecontract，littlejealousiesanddisgustsmayarise，withideasofinequalityinthecareandburdenofthebusiness，etc。，whichareattendedoftenwithbreachoffriendshipandoftheconnection，perhapswithlawsuitsandotherdisagreeableconsequences。
Ihad，onthewhole，abundantreasontobesatisfiedwithmybeingestablishedinPennsylvania。Therewere，however，twothingsthatIregretted，therebeingnoprovisionfordefense，norforacompleateducationofyouth；nomilitia，noranycollege。
Itherefore，in1743，drewupaproposalforestablishinganacademy；
andatthattime，thinkingtheReverendMr。Peters，whowasoutofemploy，afitpersontosuperintendsuchaninstitution，Icommunicatedtheprojecttohim；buthe，havingmoreprofitableviewsintheserviceoftheproprietaries，whichsucceeded，declin’dtheundertaking；and，notknowinganotheratthattimesuitableforsuchatrust，Ilettheschemelieawhiledormant。
Isucceededbetterthenextyear，1744，inproposingandestablishingaPhilosophicalSociety。ThepaperIwroteforthatpurposewillbefoundamongmywritings，whencollected。
Withrespecttodefense，SpainhavingbeenseveralyearsatwaragainstGreatBritain，andbeingatlengthjoin’dbyFrance，whichbroughtusintogreatdanger；andthelabouredandlong—continuedendeavourofourgovernor，Thomas，toprevailwithourQuakerAssemblytopassamilitialaw，andmakeotherprovisionsforthesecurityoftheprovince，havingprovedabortive，Ideterminedtotrywhatmightbedonebyavoluntaryassociationofthepeople。Topromotethis，Ifirstwroteandpublishedapamphlet，entitledPLAINTRUTH，inwhichI
statedourdefencelesssituationinstronglights，withthenecessityofunionanddisciplineforourdefense，andpromis’dtoproposeinafewdaysanassociation，tobegenerallysignedforthatpurpose。
Thepamphlethadasuddenandsurprisingeffect。Iwascall’duponfortheinstrumentofassociation，andhavingsettledthedraftofitwithafewfriends，Iappointedameetingofthecitizensinthelargebuildingbeforementioned。Thehousewasprettyfull；
Ihadpreparedanumberofprintedcopies，andprovidedpensandinkdispers’dallovertheroom。Iharanguedthemalittleonthesubject，readthepaper，andexplainedit，andthendistributedthecopies，whichwereeagerlysigned，nottheleastobjectionbeingmade。
Whenthecompanyseparated，andthepaperswerecollected，wefoundabovetwelvehundredhands；and，othercopiesbeingdispersedinthecountry，thesubscribersamountedatlengthtoupwardoftenthousand。Theseallfurnishedthemselvesassoonastheycouldwitharms，formedthemselvesintocompaniesandregiments，chosetheirownofficers，andmeteveryweektobeinstructedinthemanualexercise，andotherpartsofmilitarydiscipline。
Thewomen，bysubscriptionsamongthemselves，providedsilkcolors，whichtheypresentedtothecompanies，paintedwithdifferentdevicesandmottos，whichIsupplied。
TheofficersofthecompaniescomposingthePhiladelphiaregiment，beingmet，chosemefortheircolonel；but，conceivingmyselfunfit，Ideclin’dthatstation，andrecommendedMr。Lawrence，afineperson，andmanofinfluence，whowasaccordinglyappointed。
Ithenpropos’dalotterytodefraytheexpenseofbuildingabatterybelowthetown，andfurnishingitwithcannon。
Itfilledexpeditiously，andthebatterywassoonerected，themerlonsbeingfram’doflogsandfill’dwithearth。WeboughtsomeoldcannonfromBoston，but，thesenotbeingsufficient，wewrotetoEnglandformore，soliciting，atthesametime，ourproprietariesforsomeassistance，tho’withoutmuchexpectationofobtainingit。
Meanwhile，ColonelLawrence，WilliamAllen，AbramTaylor，Esqr。，andmyselfweresenttoNewYorkbytheassociators，commission’dtoborrowsomecannonofGovernorClinton。Heatfirstrefus’dusperemptorily；butatdinnerwithhiscouncil，wheretherewasgreatdrinkingofMadeirawine，asthecustomofthatplacethenwas，hesoftenedbydegrees，andsaidhewouldlendussix。
Afterafewmorebumpersheadvanc’dtoten；andatlengthheverygood—naturedlyconcededeighteen。Theywerefinecannon，eighteen—pounders，withtheircarriages，whichwesoontransportedandmountedonourbattery，wheretheassociatorskeptanightlyguardwhilethewarlasted，andamongtherestIregularlytookmyturnofdutythereasacommonsoldier。
Myactivityintheseoperationswasagreeabletothegovernorandcouncil；
theytookmeintoconfidence，andIwasconsultedbythemineverymeasurewhereintheirconcurrencewasthoughtusefultotheassociation。
Callingintheaidofreligion，Ipropos’dtothemtheproclaimingafast，topromotereformation，andimploretheblessingofHeavenonourundertaking。Theyembrac’dthemotion；but，asitwasthefirstfasteverthoughtofintheprovince，thesecretaryhadnoprecedentfromwhichtodrawtheproclamation。MyeducationinNewEngland，whereafastisproclaimedeveryyear，washereofsomeadvantage：
Idrewitintheaccustomedstile，itwastranslatedintoGerman，printedinbothlanguages，anddivulg’dthro’theprovince。Thisgavetheclergyofthedifferentsectsanopportunityofinfluencingtheircongregationstojoinintheassociation，anditwouldprobablyhavebeengeneralamongallbutQuakersifthepeacehadnotsooninterven’d。
Itwasthoughtbysomeofmyfriendsthat，bymyactivityintheseaffairs，Ishouldoffendthatsect，andtherebylosemyinterestintheAssemblyoftheprovince，wheretheyformedagreatmajority。
AyounggentlemanwhohadlikewisesomefriendsintheHouse，andwishedtosucceedmeastheirclerk，acquaintedmethatitwasdecidedtodisplacemeatthenextelection；andhe，therefore，ingoodwill，advis’dmetoresign，asmoreconsistentwithmyhonourthanbeingturn’dout。Myanswertohimwas，thatIhadreadorheardofsomepublicmanwhomadeitarulenevertoaskforanoffice，andnevertorefuseonewhenoffer’dtohim。\"Iapprove，\"
saysI，\"ofhisrule，andwillpracticeitwithasmalladdition；
Ishallneverask，neverrefuse，noreverresignanoffice。
Iftheywillhavemyofficeofclerktodisposeoftoanother，theyshalltakeitfromme。Iwillnot，bygivingitup，losemyrightofsometimeorothermakingreprisalsonmyadversaries。\"
Iheard，however，nomoreofthis；Iwaschosenagainunanimouslyasusualatthenextelection。Possibly，astheydislik’dmylateintimacywiththemembersofcouncil，whohadjoin’dthegovernorsinallthedisputesaboutmilitarypreparations，withwhichtheHousehadlongbeenharass’d，theymighthavebeenpleas’difIwouldvoluntarilyhaveleftthem；buttheydidnotcaretodisplacemeonaccountmerelyofmyzealfortheassociation，andtheycouldnotwellgiveanotherreason。
IndeedIhadsomecausetobelievethatthedefenseofthecountrywasnotdisagreeabletoanyofthem，providedtheywerenotrequir’dtoassistinit。AndIfoundthatamuchgreaternumberofthemthanIcouldhaveimagined，tho’againstoffensivewar，wereclearlyforthedefensive。Manypamphletsproandconwerepublish’donthesubject，andsomebygoodQuakers，infavourofdefense，whichIbelieveconvinc’dmostoftheiryoungerpeople。
Atransactioninourfirecompanygavemesomeinsightintotheirprevailingsentiments。Ithadbeenpropos’dthatweshouldencouragetheschemeforbuildingabatterybylayingoutthepresentstock，thenaboutsixtypounds，inticketsofthelottery。Byourrules，nomoneycouldbedispos’doftillthenextmeetingaftertheproposal。
Thecompanyconsistedofthirtymembers，ofwhichtwenty—twowereQuakers，andeightonlyofotherpersuasions。Weeightpunctuallyattendedthemeeting；but，tho’wethoughtthatsomeoftheQuakerswouldjoinus，wewerebynomeanssureofamajority。
OnlyoneQuaker，Mr。JamesMorris，appear’dtoopposethemeasure。
Heexpressedmuchsorrowthatithadeverbeenpropos’d，ashesaidFriendswereallagainstit，anditwouldcreatesuchdiscordasmightbreakupthecompany。Wetoldhimthatwesawnoreasonforthat；
weweretheminority，andifFriendswereagainstthemeasure，andoutvotedus，wemustandshould，agreeablytotheusageofallsocieties，submit。Whenthehourforbusinessarriv’ditwasmov’dtoputthevote；heallow’dwemightthendoitbytherules，but，ashecouldassureusthatanumberofmembersintendedtobepresentforthepurposeofopposingit，itwouldbebutcandidtoallowalittletimefortheirappearing。
Whileweweredisputingthis，awaitercametotellmetwogentlemenbelowdesir’dtospeakwithme。Iwentdown，andfoundtheyweretwoofourQuakermembers。Theytoldmetherewereeightofthemassembledatatavernjustby；thattheyweredetermin’dtocomeandvotewithusifthereshouldbeoccasion，whichtheyhop’dwouldnotbethecase，anddesir’dwewouldnotcallfortheirassistanceifwecoulddowithoutit，astheirvotingforsuchameasuremightembroilthemwiththeireldersandfriends。Beingthussecureofamajority，Iwentup，andafteralittleseeminghesitation，agreedtoadelayofanotherhour。ThisMr。Morrisallow’dtobeextreamlyfair。
Notoneofhisopposingfriendsappear’d，atwhichheexpress’dgreatsurprize；and，attheexpirationofthehour，wecarry’dtheresolutioneighttoone；andas，ofthetwenty—twoQuakers，eightwerereadytovotewithus，andthirteen，bytheirabsence，manifestedthattheywerenotinclin’dtoopposethemeasure，IafterwardestimatedtheproportionofQuakerssincerelyagainstdefenseasonetotwenty—oneonly；forthesewereallregularmembersofthatsociety，andingoodreputationamongthem，andhadduenoticeofwhatwaspropos’datthatmeeting。
ThehonorableandlearnedMr。Logan，whohadalwaysbeenofthatsect，wasonewhowroteanaddresstothem，declaringhisapprobationofdefensivewar，andsupportinghisopinionbymanystrongarguments。
Heputintomyhandssixtypoundstobelaidoutinlotteryticketsforthebattery，withdirectionstoapplywhatprizesmightbedrawnwhollytothatservice。Hetoldmethefollowinganecdoteofhisoldmaster，WilliamPenn，respectingdefense。HecameoverfromEngland，whenayoungman，withthatproprietary，andashissecretary。
Itwaswar—time，andtheirshipwaschas’dbyanarmedvessel，suppos’dtobeanenemy。Theircaptainprepar’dfordefense；
buttoldWilliamPennandhiscompanyofQuakers，thathedidnotexpecttheirassistance，andtheymightretireintothecabin，whichtheydid，exceptJamesLogan，whochosetostayupondeck，andwasquarter’dtoagun。Thesuppos’denemyprov’dafriend，sotherewasnofighting；butwhenthesecretarywentdowntocommunicatetheintelligence，WilliamPennrebuk’dhimseverelyforstayingupondeck，andundertakingtoassistindefendingthevessel，contrarytotheprinciplesofFriends，especiallyasithadnotbeenrequiredbythecaptain。Thisreproof，beingbeforeallthecompany，piqu’dthesecretary，whoanswer’d，\"Ibeingthyservant，whydidtheenotordermetocomedown？ButtheewaswillingenoughthatI
shouldstayandhelptofighttheshipwhentheethoughttherewasdanger。\"
MybeingmanyyearsintheAssembly，themajorityofwhichwereconstantlyQuakers，gavemefrequentopportunitiesofseeingtheembarrassmentgiventhembytheirprincipleagainstwar，wheneverapplicationwasmadetothem，byorderofthecrown，tograntaidsformilitarypurposes。Theywereunwillingtooffendgovernment，ontheonehand，byadirectrefusal；andtheirfriends，thebodyoftheQuakers，ontheother，byacompliancecontrarytotheirprinciples；henceavarietyofevasionstoavoidcomplying，andmodesofdisguisingthecompliancewhenitbecameunavoidable。
Thecommonmodeatlastwas，tograntmoneyunderthephraseofitsbeing\"fortheking’suse，\"andnevertoinquirehowitwasapplied。
But，ifthedemandwasnotdirectlyfromthecrown，thatphrasewasfoundnotsoproper，andsomeotherwastobeinvented。As，whenpowderwaswanting（IthinkitwasforthegarrisonatLouisburg），andthegovernmentofNewEnglandsolicitedagrantofsomefromPennsilvania，whichwasmuchurg’dontheHousebyGovernorThomas，theycouldnotgrantmoneytobuypowder，becausethatwasaningredientofwar；
buttheyvotedanaidtoNewEnglandofthreethousandpounds，toheputintothehandsofthegovernor，andappropriateditforthepurchasingofbread，flour，wheat，orothergrain。Someofthecouncil，desirousofgivingtheHousestillfurtherembarrassment，advis’dthegovernornottoacceptprovision，asnotbeingthethinghehaddemanded；butbereply’d，\"Ishalltakethemoney，forI
understandverywelltheirmeaning；othergrainisgunpowder，\"
whichheaccordinglybought，andtheyneverobjectedtoit。
Seethevotes。——[Marg。note。]
Itwasinallusiontothisfactthat，wheninourfirecompanywefearedthesuccessofourproposalinfavourofthelottery，andI
hadsaidtomyfriendMr。Syng，oneofourmembers，\"Ifwefail，letusmovethepurchaseofafire—enginewiththemoney；theQuakerscanhavenoobjectiontothat；andthen，ifyounominatemeandI
youasacommitteeforthatpurpose，wewillbuyagreatgun，whichiscertainlyafire—engine。\"\"Isee，\"sayshe，\"youhaveimprov’dbybeingsolongintheAssembly；yourequivocalprojectwouldbejustamatchfortheirwheatorothergrain。\"
TheseembarrassmentsthattheQuakerssuffer’dfromhavingestablish’dandpublisheditasoneoftheirprinciplesthatnokindofwarwaslawful，andwhich，beingoncepublished，theycouldnotafterwards，howevertheymightchangetheirminds，easilygetridof，remindsmeofwhatIthinkamoreprudentconductinanothersectamongus，thatoftheDunkers。Iwasacquaintedwithoneofitsfounders，MichaelWelfare，soonafteritappear’d。Hecomplain’dtomethattheyweregrievouslycalumniatedbythezealotsofotherpersuasions，andcharg’dwithabominableprinciplesandpractices，towhichtheywereutterstrangers。
Itoldhimthishadalwaysbeenthecasewithnewsects，andthat，toputastoptosuchabuse，Iimagin’ditmightbewelltopublishthearticlesoftheirbelief，andtherulesoftheirdiscipline。
Hesaidthatithadbeenpropos’damongthem，butnotagreedto，forthisreason：\"Whenwewerefirstdrawntogetherasasociety，\"
sayshe，\"ithadpleasedGodtoenlightenourmindssofarastoseethatsomedoctrines，whichweonceesteemedtruths，wereerrors；
andthatothers，whichwehadesteemederrors，wererealtruths。
FromtimetotimeHehasbeenpleasedtoaffordusfartherlight，andourprincipleshavebeenimproving，andourerrorsdiminishing。
Nowwearenotsurethatwearearrivedattheendofthisprogression，andattheperfectionofspiritualortheologicalknowledge；
andwefearthat，ifweshouldonceprintourconfessionoffaith，weshouldfeelourselvesasifboundandconfin’dbyit，andperhapsbeunwillingtoreceivefartherimprovement，andoursuccessorsstillmoreso，asconceivingwhatwetheireldersandfoundershaddone，tobesomethingsacred，nevertobedepartedfrom。\"
Thismodestyinasectisperhapsasingularinstanceinthehistoryofmankind，everyothersectsupposingitselfinpossessionofalltruth，andthatthosewhodifferaresofarinthewrong；
likeamantravelinginfoggyweather，thoseatsomedistancebeforehimontheroadheseeswrappedupinthefog，aswellasthosebehindhim，andalsothepeopleinthefieldsoneachside，butnearhimallappearsclear，tho’intruthheisasmuchinthefogasanyofthem。Toavoidthiskindofembarrassment，theQuakershaveoflateyearsbeengraduallydecliningthepublicserviceintheAssemblyandinthemagistracy，choosingrathertoquittheirpowerthantheirprinciple。
Inorderoftime，Ishouldhavementionedbefore，thathaving，in1742，inventedanopenstoveforthebetterwarmingofrooms，andatthesametimesavingfuel，asthefreshairadmittedwaswarmedinentering，ImadeapresentofthemodeltoMr。RobertGrace，oneofmyearlyfriends，who，havinganiron—furnace，foundthecastingoftheplatesforthesestovesaprofitablething，astheyweregrowingindemand。
Topromotethatdemand，Iwroteandpublishedapamphlet，entitled\"AnAccountofthenew—inventedPennsylvaniaFireplaces；whereintheirConstructionandMannerofOperationisparticularlyexplained；
theirAdvantagesaboveeveryotherMethodofwarmingRoomsdemonstrated；
andallObjectionsthathavebeenraisedagainsttheUseofthemansweredandobviated，\"etc。Thispamphlethadagoodeffect。
Gov’r。Thomaswassopleas’dwiththeconstructionofthisstove，asdescribedinit，thatheofferedtogivemeapatentforthesolevendingofthemforatermofyears；butIdeclin’ditfromaprinciplewhichhaseverweighedwithmeonsuchoccasions，viz。，That，asweenjoygreatadvantagesfromtheinventionsofothers，weshouldbegladofanopportunitytoserveothersbyanyinventionofours；
andthisweshoulddofreelyandgenerously。
AnironmongerinLondonhowever，assumingagooddealofmypamphlet，andworkingitupintohisown，andmakingsomesmallchangesinthemachine，whichratherhurtitsoperation，gotapatentforitthere，andmade，asIwastold，alittlefortunebyit。
Andthisisnottheonlyinstanceofpatentstakenoutformyinventionsbyothers，tho’notalwayswiththesamesuccess，whichI
nevercontested，ashavingnodesireofprofitingbypatentsmyself，andhatingdisputes。Theuseofthesefireplacesinverymanyhouses，bothofthisandtheneighbouringcolonies，hasbeen，andis，agreatsavingofwoodtotheinhabitants。
Peacebeingconcluded，andtheassociationbusinessthereforeatanend，Iturn’dmythoughtsagaintotheaffairofestablishinganacademy。ThefirststepItookwastoassociateinthedesignanumberofactivefriends，ofwhomtheJuntofurnishedagoodpart；
thenextwastowriteandpublishapamphlet，entitledProposalsRelatingtotheEducationofYouthinPennsylvania。ThisI
distributedamongtheprincipalinhabitantsgratis；andassoonasIcouldsupposetheirmindsalittlepreparedbytheperusalofit，Isetonfootasubscriptionforopeningandsupportinganacademy；itwastobepaidinquotasyearlyforfiveyears；
bysodividingit，Ijudg’dthesubscriptionmightbelarger，andIbelieveitwasso，amountingtonoless，ifIrememberright，thanfivethousandpounds。
Intheintroductiontotheseproposals，Istatedtheirpublication，notasanactofmine，butofsomepublick—spiritedgentlemen，avoidingasmuchasIcould，accordingtomyusualrule，thepresentingmyselftothepublickastheauthorofanyschemefortheirbenefit。
Thesubscribers，tocarrytheprojectintoimmediateexecution，choseoutoftheirnumbertwenty—fourtrustees，andappointedMr。Francis，thenattorney—general，andmyselftodrawupconstitutionsforthegovernmentoftheacademy；whichbeingdoneandsigned，ahousewashired，mastersengag’d，andtheschoolsopened，Ithink，inthesameyear，1749。
Thescholarsincreasingfast，thehousewassoonfoundtoosmall，andwewerelookingoutforapieceofground，properlysituated，withintentiontobuild，whenProvidencethrewintoourwayalargehousereadybuilt，which，withafewalterations，mightwellserveourpurpose。Thiswasthebuildingbeforementioned，erectedbythehearersofMr。Whitefield，andwasobtainedforusinthefollowingmanner。
Itistobenotedthatthecontributionstothisbuildingbeingmadebypeopleofdifferentsects，carewastakeninthenominationoftrustees，inwhomthebuildingandgroundwastobevested，thatapredominancyshouldnotbegiventoanysect，lestintimethatpredominancymightbeameansofappropriatingthewholetotheuseofsuchsect，contrarytotheoriginalintention。Itwasthereforethatoneofeachsectwasappointed，viz。，oneChurch—of—Englandman，onePresbyterian，oneBaptist，oneMoravian，etc。，those，incaseofvacancybydeath，weretofillitbyelectionfromamongthecontributors。TheMoravianhappen’dnottopleasehiscolleagues，andonhisdeaththeyresolvedtohavenootherofthatsect。
Thedifficultythenwas，howtoavoidhavingtwoofsomeothersect，bymeansofthenewchoice。
Severalpersonswerenamed，andforthatreasonnotagreedto。
Atlengthonemention’dme，withtheobservationthatIwasmerelyanhonestman，andofnosectatall，whichprevail’dwiththemtochuseme。Theenthusiasmwhichexistedwhenthehousewasbuilthadlongsinceabated，anditstrusteeshadnotbeenabletoprocurefreshcontributionsforpayingtheground—rent，anddischargingsomeotherdebtsthebuildinghadoccasion’d，whichembarrass’dthemgreatly。Beingnowamemberofbothsettsoftrustees，thatforthebuildingandthatfortheAcademy，Ihadagoodopportunityofnegotiatingwithboth，andbroughtthemfinallytoanagreement，bywhichthetrusteesforthebuildingweretocedeittothoseoftheacademy，thelatterundertakingtodischargethedebt，tokeepforeveropeninthebuildingalargehallforoccasionalpreachers，accordingtotheoriginalintention，andmaintainafree—schoolfortheinstructionofpoorchildren。
Writingswereaccordinglydrawn，andonpayingthedebtsthetrusteesoftheacademywereputinpossessionofthepremises；
andbydividingthegreatandloftyhallintostories，anddifferentroomsaboveandbelowfortheseveralschools，andpurchasingsomeadditionalground，thewholewassoonmadefitforourpurpose，andthescholarsremov’dintothebuilding。Thecareandtroubleofagreeingwiththeworkmen，purchasingmaterials，andsuperintendingthework，felluponme；andIwentthro’itthemorecheerfully，asitdidnottheninterferewithmyprivatebusiness，havingtheyearbeforetakenaveryable，industrious，andhonestpartner，Mr。DavidHall，withwhosecharacterIwaswellacquainted，ashehadwork’dformefouryears。Hetookoffmyhandsallcareoftheprinting—office，payingmepunctuallymyshareoftheprofits。
Thispartnershipcontinuedeighteenyears，successfullyforusboth。
Thetrusteesoftheacademy，afterawhile，wereincorporatedbyacharterfromthegovernor；theirfundswereincreas’dbycontributionsinBritainandgrantsoflandfromtheproprietaries，towhichtheAssemblyhassincemadeconsiderableaddition；
andthuswasestablishedthepresentUniversityofPhiladelphia。
Ihavebeencontinuedoneofitstrusteesfromthebeginning，nownearfortyyears，andhavehadtheverygreatpleasureofseeinganumberoftheyouthwhohavereceiv’dtheireducationinit，distinguish’dbytheirimprov’dabilities，serviceableinpublicstationsandornamentstotheircountry。
WhenIdisengagedmyself，asabovementioned，fromprivatebusiness，Iflatter’dmyselfthat，bythesufficienttho’moderatefortuneIhadacquir’d，Ihadsecuredleisureduringtherestofmylifeforphilosophicalstudiesandamusements。IpurchasedallDr。Spence’sapparatus，whohadcomefromEnglandtolecturehere，andIproceededinmyelectricalexperimentswithgreatalacrity；
butthepublick，nowconsideringmeasamanofleisure，laidholdofmefortheirpurposes，everypartofourcivilgovernment，andalmostatthesametime，imposingsomedutyuponme。
Thegovernorputmeintothecommissionofthepeace；thecorporationofthecitychosemeofthecommoncouncil，andsoonafteranalderman；
andthecitizensatlargechosemeaburgesstorepresenttheminAssembly。Thislatterstationwasthemoreagreeabletome，asIwasatlengthtiredwithsittingtheretoheardebates，inwhich，asclerk，Icouldtakenopart，andwhichwereoftensounentertainingthatIwasinduc’dtoamusemyselfwithmakingmagicsquaresorcircles，oranythingtoavoidweariness；andI
conceiv’dmybecomingamemberwouldenlargemypowerofdoinggood。
Iwouldnot，however，insinuatethatmyambitionwasnotflatter’dbyallthesepromotions；itcertainlywas；for，consideringmylowbeginning，theyweregreatthingstome；andtheywerestillmorepleasing，asbeingsomanyspontaneoustestimoniesofthepublicgoodopinion，andbymeentirelyunsolicited。
TheofficeofjusticeofthepeaceItry’dalittle，byattendingafewcourts，andsittingonthebenchtohearcauses；butfindingthatmoreknowledgeofthecommonlawthanIpossess’dwasnecessarytoactinthatstationwithcredit，Igraduallywithdrewfromit，excusingmyselfbymybeingoblig’dtoattendthehigherdutiesofalegislatorintheAssembly。Myelectiontothistrustwasrepeatedeveryyearfortenyears，withoutmyeveraskinganyelectorforhisvote，orsignifying，eitherdirectlyorindirectly，anydesireofbeingchosen。OntakingmyseatintheHouse，mysonwasappointedtheirclerk。
Theyearfollowing，atreatybeingtobeheldwiththeIndiansatCarlisle，thegovernorsentamessagetotheHouse，proposingthattheyshouldnominatesomeoftheirmembers，tobejoin’dwithsomemembersofcouncil，ascommissionersforthatpurpose。TheHousenamedthespeaker（Mr。Norris）andmyself；and，beingcommission’d，wewenttoCarlisle，andmettheIndiansaccordingly。
Seethevotestohavethismorecorrectly。
——[Marg。note。]
Asthosepeopleareextreamlyapttogetdrunk，and，whenso，areveryquarrelsomeanddisorderly，westrictlyforbadthesellinganyliquortothem；andwhentheycomplain’dofthisrestriction，wetoldthemthatiftheywouldcontinuesoberduringthetreaty，wewouldgivethemplentyofrumwhenbusinesswasover。
Theypromis’dthis，andtheykepttheirpromise，becausetheycouldgetnoliquor，andthetreatywasconductedveryorderly，andconcludedtomutualsatisfaction。Theythenclaim’dandreceiv’dtherum；thiswasintheafternoon；theywerenearonehundredmen，women，andchildren，andwerelodg’dintemporarycabins，builtintheformofasquare，justwithoutthetown。Intheevening，hearingagreatnoiseamongthem，thecommissionerswalk’douttoseewhatwasthematter。
Wefoundtheyhadmadeagreatbonfireinthemiddleofthesquare；
theywerealldrunk，menandwomen，quarrelingandfighting。
Theirdark—colour’dbodies，halfnaked，seenonlybythegloomylightofthebonfire，runningafterandbeatingoneanotherwithfirebrands，accompaniedbytheirhorridyellings，form’dascenethemostresemblingourideasofhellthatcouldwellbeimagin’d；therewasnoappeasingthetumult，andweretiredtoourlodging。Atmidnightanumberofthemcamethunderingatourdoor，demandingmorerum，ofwhichwetooknonotice。
Thenextday，sensibletheyhadmisbehav’dingivingusthatdisturbance，theysentthreeoftheiroldcounselorstomaketheirapology。
Theoratoracknowledg’dthefault，butlaiditupontherum；
andthenendeavoredtoexcusetherumbysaying，\"TheGreatSpirit，whomadeallthings，madeeverythingforsomeuse，andwhateverusehedesign’danythingfor，thatuseitshouldalwaysbeputto。
Now，whenhemaderum，hesaid’LetthisbefortheIndianstogetdrunkwith，’anditmustbeso。\"And，indeed，ifitbethedesignofProvidencetoextirpatethesesavagesinordertomakeroomforcultivatorsoftheearth，itseemsnotimprobablethatrummaybetheappointedmeans。Ithasalreadyannihilatedallthetribeswhoformerlyinhabitedthesea—coast。
In1751，Dr。ThomasBond，aparticularfriendofmine，conceivedtheideaofestablishingahospitalinPhiladelphia（averybeneficentdesign，whichhasbeenascrib’dtome，butwasoriginallyhis），forthereceptionandcureofpoorsickpersons，whetherinhabitantsoftheprovinceorstrangers。Hewaszealousandactiveinendeavouringtoprocuresubscriptionsforit，buttheproposalbeinganoveltyinAmerica，andatfirstnotwellunderstood，hemetwithbutsmallsuccess。
Atlengthhecametomewiththecomplimentthathefoundtherewasnosuchthingascarryingapublic—spiritedprojectthroughwithoutmybeingconcern’dinit。\"For，\"sayshe，\"Iamoftenask’dbythosetowhomIproposesubscribing，HaveyouconsultedFranklinuponthisbusiness？Andwhatdoeshethinkofit？
AndwhenItellthemthatIhavenot（supposingitratheroutofyourline），theydonotsubscribe，butsaytheywillconsiderofit。\"
Ienquiredintothenatureandprobableutilityofhisscheme，andreceivingfromhimaverysatisfactoryexplanation，Inotonlysubscrib’dtoitmyself，butengag’dheartilyinthedesignofprocuringsubscriptionsfromothers。Previously，however，tothesolicitation，Iendeavouredtopreparethemindsofthepeoplebywritingonthesubjectinthenewspapers，whichwasmyusualcustominsuchcases，butwhichhehadomitted。
Thesubscriptionsafterwardsweremorefreeandgenerous；
but，beginningtoflag，IsawtheywouldbeinsufficientwithoutsomeassistancefromtheAssembly，andthereforepropos’dtopetitionforit，whichwasdone。Thecountrymembersdidnotatfirstrelishtheproject；theyobjectedthatitcouldonlybeserviceabletothecity，andthereforethecitizensaloneshouldbeattheexpenseofit；andtheydoubtedwhetherthecitizensthemselvesgenerallyapprov’dofit。Myallegationonthecontrary，thatitmetwithsuchapprobationastoleavenodoubtofourbeingabletoraisetwothousandpoundsbyvoluntarydonations，theyconsideredasamostextravagantsupposition，andutterlyimpossible。
OnthisIform’dmyplan；andaskingleavetobringinabillforincorporatingthecontributorsaccordingtotheprayeroftheirpetition，andgrantingthemablanksumofmoney，whichleavewasobtainedchieflyontheconsiderationthattheHousecouldthrowthebilloutiftheydidnotlikeit，Idrewitsoastomaketheimportantclauseaconditionalone，viz。，\"Andbeitenacted，bytheauthorityaforesaid，thatwhenthesaidcontributorsshallhavemetandchosentheirmanagersandtreasurer，andshallhaveraisedbytheircontributionsacapitalstockof—————value（theyearlyinterestofwhichistobeappliedtotheaccommodatingofthesickpoorinthesaidhospital，freeofchargefordiet，attendance，advice，andmedicines），andshallmakethesameappeartothesatisfactionofthespeakeroftheAssemblyforthetimebeing，thatthenitshallandmaybelawfulforthesaidspeaker，andbeisherebyrequired，tosignanorderontheprovincialtreasurerforthepaymentoftwothousandpounds，intwoyearlypayments，tothetreasurerofthesaidhospital，tobeappliedtothefounding，building，andfinishingofthesame。\"
Thisconditioncarriedthebillthrough；forthemembers，whohadoppos’dthegrant，andnowconceiv’dtheymighthavethecreditofbeingcharitablewithouttheexpence，agreedtoitspassage；
andthen，insolicitingsubscriptionsamongthepeople，weurg’dtheconditionalpromiseofthelawasanadditionalmotivetogive，sinceeveryman’sdonationwouldbedoubled；thustheclausework’dbothways。Thesubscriptionsaccordinglysoonexceededtherequisitesum，andweclaim’dandreceiv’dthepublicgift，whichenabledustocarrythedesignintoexecution。Aconvenientandhandsomebuildingwassoonerected；theinstitutionhasbyconstantexperiencebeenfounduseful，andflourishestothisday；andIdonotrememberanyofmypoliticalmanoeuvres，thesuccessofwhichgavemeatthetimemorepleasure，orwherein，afterthinkingofit，Imoreeasilyexcus’dmyselfforhavingmadesomeuseofcunning。
Itwasaboutthistimethatanotherprojector，theRev。GilbertTennent，cametomewitharequestthatIwouldassisthiminprocuringasubscriptionforerectinganewmeeting—house。ItwastohefortheuseofacongregationhehadgatheredamongthePresbyterians，whowereoriginallydisciplesofMr。Whitefield。Unwillingtomakemyselfdisagreeabletomyfellow—citizensbytoofrequentlysolicitingtheircontributions，Iabsolutelyrefus’d。HethendesiredIwouldfurnishhimwithalistofthenamesofpersonsI
knewbyexperiencetobegenerousandpublic—spirited。Ithoughtitwouldbeunbecominginme，aftertheirkindcompliancewithmysolicitations，tomarkthemouttobeworriedbyotherbeggars，andthereforerefus’dalsotogivesuchalist。Hethendesir’dI
wouldatleastgivehimmyadvice。\"ThatIwillreadilydo，\"saidI；
\"and，inthefirstplace，Iadviseyoutoapplytoallthosewhomyouknowwillgivesomething；next，tothosewhomyouareuncertainwhethertheywillgiveanythingornot，andshowthemthelistofthosewhohavegiven；and，lastly，donotneglectthosewhoyouaresurewillgivenothing，forinsomeofthemyoumaybemistaken。\"
Helaugh’dandthank’dme，andsaidhewouldtakemyadvice。
Hedidso，forheask’dofeverybody，andheobtainedamuchlargersumthanheexpected，withwhichheerectedthecapaciousandveryelegantmeeting—housethatstandsinArch—street。
Ourcity，tho’laidoutwithabeautifulregularity，thestreetslarge，strait，andcrossingeachotheratrightangles，hadthedisgraceofsufferingthosestreetstoremainlongunpav’d，andinwetweatherthewheelsofheavycarriagesplough’dthemintoaquagmire，sothatitwasdifficulttocrossthem；andindryweatherthedustwasoffensive。Ihadliv’dnearwhatwascall’dtheJerseyMarket，andsawwithpaintheinhabitantswadinginmudwhilepurchasingtheirprovisions。Astripofgrounddownthemiddleofthatmarketwasatlengthpav’dwithbrick，sothat，beingonceinthemarket，theyhadfirmfooting，butwereoftenovershoesindirttogetthere。Bytalkingandwritingonthesubject，Iwasatlengthinstrumentalingettingthestreetpav’dwithstonebetweenthemarketandthebrick’dfoot—pavement，thatwasoneachsidenextthehouses。This，forsometime，gaveaneasyaccesstothemarketdry—shod；but，therestofthestreetnotbeingpav’d，wheneveracarriagecameoutofthemuduponthispavement，itshookoffandleftitsdirtuponit，anditwassooncover’dwithmire，whichwasnotremov’d，thecityasyethavingnoscavengers。
AftersomeinquiryIfoundapoorindustriousman，whowaswillingtoundertakekeepingthepavementclean，bysweepingittwiceaweek，carryingoffthedirtfrombeforealltheneighbours’
doors，forthesumofsixpencepermonth，tobepaidbyeachhouse。
Ithenwroteandprintedapapersettingforththeadvantagestotheneighbourhoodthatmightbeobtain’dbythissmallexpense；
thegreatereaseinkeepingourhousesclean，somuchdirtnotbeingbroughtinbypeople’sfeet；thebenefittotheshopsbymorecustom，etc。，etc。，asbuyerscouldmoreeasilygetatthem；andbynothaving，inwindyweather，thedustblowninupontheirgoods，etc。，etc。
Isentoneofthesepaperstoeachhouse，andinadayortwowentroundtoseewhowouldsubscribeanagreementtopaythesesixpences；
itwasunanimouslysign’d，andforatimewellexecuted。
Alltheinhabitantsofthecityweredelightedwiththecleanlinessofthepavementthatsurroundedthemarket，itbeingaconveniencetoall，andthisrais’dageneraldesiretohaveallthestreetspaved，andmadethepeoplemorewillingtosubmittoataxforthatpurpose。
AftersometimeIdrewabillforpavingthecity，andbroughtitintotheAssembly。ItwasjustbeforeIwenttoEngland，in1757，anddidnotpasstillIwasgone。andthenwithanalterationinthemodeofassessment，whichIthoughtnotforthebetter，butwithanadditionalprovisionforlightingaswellaspavingthestreets，whichwasagreatimprovement。Itwasbyaprivateperson，thelateMr。JohnClifton，hisgivingasampleoftheutilityoflamps，byplacingoneathisdoor，thatthepeoplewerefirstimpress’dwiththeideaofenlightingallthecity。Thehonourofthispublicbenefithasalsobeenascrib’dtomebutitbelongstrulytothatgentleman。Ididbutfollowhisexample，andhaveonlysomemerittoclaimrespectingtheformofourlamps，asdifferingfromtheglobelampswewereatfirstsupply’dwithfromLondon。
Thosewefoundinconvenientintheserespects：theyadmittednoairbelow；thesmoke，therefore，didnotreadilygooutabove，butcirculatedintheglobe，lodg’donitsinside，andsoonobstructedthelighttheywereintendedtoafford；giving，besides，thedailytroubleofwipingthemclean；andanaccidentalstrokeononeofthemwoulddemolishit，andrenderittotallyuseless。
Ithereforesuggestedthecomposingthemoffourflatpanes，withalongfunnelabovetodrawupthesmoke，andcrevicesadmittingairbelow，tofacilitatetheascentofthesmoke；bythismeanstheywerekeptclean，anddidnotgrowdarkinafewhours，astheLondonlampsdo，butcontinu’dbrighttillmorning，andanaccidentalstrokewouldgenerallybreakbutasinglepane，easilyrepair’d。
Seevotes。
Ihavesometimeswonder’dthattheLondonersdidnot，fromtheeffectholesinthebottomoftheglobelampsus’datVauxhallhaveinkeepingthemclean，learntohavesuchholesintheirstreetlamps。But，theseholesbeingmadeforanotherpurpose，viz。，tocommunicateflamemoresuddenlytothewickbyalittleflaxhangingdownthro’them，theotheruse，oflettinginair，seemsnottohavebeenthoughtof；andtherefore，afterthelampshavebeenlitafewhours，thestreetsofLondonareverypoorlyilluminated。
ThementionoftheseimprovementsputsmeinmindofoneIpropos’d，wheninLondon，toDr。Fothergill，whowasamongthebestmenIhaveknown，andagreatpromoterofusefulprojects。Ihadobserv’dthatthestreets，whendry，wereneverswept，andthelightdustcarriedaway；
butitwassuffer’dtoaccumulatetillwetweatherreduc’dittomud，andthen，afterlyingsomedayssodeeponthepavementthattherewasnocrossingbutinpathskeptcleanbypoorpeoplewithbrooms，itwaswithgreatlabourrak’dtogetherandthrownupintocartsopenabove，thesidesofwhichsuffer’dsomeoftheslushateveryjoltonthepavementtoshakeoutandfall，sometimestotheannoyanceoffoot—passengers。Thereasongivenfornotsweepingthedustystreetswas，thatthedustwouldflyintothewindowsofshopsandhouses。